What is the culture of speech in the Russian language. The main functions of the language. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech

People live in society, and communication is an integral part of human existence. Therefore, without it, the evolution of the mind would hardly have been possible. At first, these were attempts at communication, similar to baby talk, which gradually, with the advent of civilization, began to improve. A letter appeared, and speech became not only oral, but also written, which made it possible to preserve the achievements of mankind for future descendants. According to these monuments, one can trace the development of oral traditions of speech. What is speech culture and culture of speech? What are their standards? Is it possible to master speech culture on your own? All questions will be answered by this article.

What is speech culture?

Speech is a form of verbal communication between people. It involves the formation and formulation of thoughts, on the one hand, and perception and understanding, on the other.

Culture is a term with many meanings, it is the object of study of many disciplines. There is also a meaning that is close in meaning to communication and speech. This is a part of the culture associated with the use of verbal signals, which means the language, its ethnic characteristics, functional and social varieties that have oral and written forms.

Speech is the life of a person, and therefore he must be able to speak correctly and beautifully both in writing and orally.

Thus, speech culture and the culture of speech is the possession of the norms of the language, the ability to use its expressive means in various conditions.

The culture of speech, regardless of the nationality of the speakers, developed gradually. Over time, there was a need to systematize existing knowledge about the language. Thus, a branch of linguistics appeared, which is called the culture of speech. This section explores the problems of language normalization with a view to improving it.

How was the culture of speech formed?

Speech culture and the culture of speech as a branch of linguistics developed in stages. They reflect all the changes that have taken place in the language. For the first time, they thought about fixing the norms of written speech in the 18th century, when society realized that the lack of uniform rules for writing made communication difficult. In 1748, V. K. Trediakovsky wrote about Russian orthography in his work “A Conversation Between a Foreign Man and a Russian About the Old and New Spelling”.

But the foundations of the grammar and style of the native language were laid by M. V. Lermontov in his works “Russian Grammar” and “Rhetoric” (1755, 1743-1748).

In the 19th century, N. V. Koshansky, A. F. Merzlyakov and A. I. Galich supplemented the library of studies of the culture of speech with their works on rhetoric.

Linguists of the pre-revolutionary period understood the importance of standardizing the rules of the language. In 1911, a book by V. I. Chernyshevsky “Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech. The experience of Russian stylistic grammar”, in which the author analyzes the norms of the Russian language.

The post-revolutionary period was the time when the established norms were shaken speech culture. Then people were engaged in social activities, whose speech was simple and abounded in jargon and dialect expressions. The literary language would have been under threat if a stratum of the Soviet intelligentsia had not formed in the 1920s. She fought for the purity of the Russian language, and a directive was given according to which the "masses" were to master the proletarian culture. At the same time, the concepts of “language culture” and “speech culture” appeared. These terms are used for the first time in relation to the new, reformed language.

In the postwar years, speech culture as a discipline receives a new round of development. An important contribution to the formation of the discipline was made by S. I. Ozhegov as the author of the Dictionary of the Russian Language and E. S. Istrina as the author of the Norms of the Russian Language and Culture of Speech.

The 50-60s of the XX century became the time of the formation of the culture of speech as an independent discipline:

The “Grammar of the Russian language” was published.
The scientific principles of the culture of speech were clarified.
Issues of the Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language are published.
At the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a sector of speech culture appeared under the leadership of S. I. Ozhegov. Under his editorship, the journal “Questions of the Culture of Speech” is published.
D. E. Rozental and L. I. Skvortsov are working on the theoretical substantiation of some issues. They devote their works to the separation of two terms from each other - “culture of speech” and “culture of language”.

In the 1970s, the culture of speech becomes an independent discipline. She has a subject, an object, a technique and techniques scientific research.

Linguists of the 90s are not far behind their predecessors. At the end of the 20th century, a number of works devoted to the problem of speech culture were published.

The development of speech and the culture of speech communication continue to be one of the urgent linguistic problems. Today, the attention of linguists is riveted to such questions.

Establishment of internal links between the increase in the speech culture of society and the development of national culture.
Improving the modern Russian language, taking into account the changes taking place in it.
Scientific analysis of the processes occurring in modern speech practice.

What are the features and properties of speech culture?

Speech culture in linguistics has a number of distinctive properties and features, which are also the logical basis of the phenomenon under study:

Knowing the basics of speech culture and applying them for their intended purpose is the duty of every educated person.

What is the type of speech culture?

The type of speech culture is a characteristic of native speakers depending on their level of language proficiency. The ability to use language means is also important. Here an important role is played by how well developed speech communication, the culture of speech is. Let's consider the issue in more detail.

Based on the foregoing, the main norms of speech culture should be distinguished:

Normative. Protects the literary language from the penetration of colloquial expressions and dialectisms and keeps it intact and in accordance with generally accepted norms.
Communicative. It implies the ability to use the functions of the language in accordance with the situation. For example, accuracy in scientific speech and the admissibility of inaccurate expressions in colloquial speech.
Ethical. It means the observance of speech etiquette, that is, the norms of behavior in communication. Greetings, appeals, requests, questions are used.
Aesthetic. It implies the use of techniques and methods of figurative expression of thought and the decoration of speech with epithets, comparisons and other techniques.

What is the essence of human speech culture?

Above, we considered the concepts of "language", "speech culture" as a social phenomenon that characterizes society. But society is made up of individuals. Therefore, there is a kind of culture that characterizes oral speech individual personality. This phenomenon is called "human speech culture". The term should be understood as a person's attitude to knowledge of the language and the ability to use and improve it if necessary.

These are skills not only speaking and writing, but also listening and reading. For communicative perfection, a person must master all of them. Mastering them presupposes knowledge of samples, signs and patterns of constructing a communicatively perfect speech, mastery of etiquette and the psychological foundations of communication.

The speech culture of a person is not static - it, like language, is subject to changes that depend both on social transformations and on the person himself. It begins to form with the first words of the child. It grows with him, transforming into the speech culture of a preschooler, then a schoolchild, a student and an adult. The older a person is, the better their speaking, writing, reading and listening skills become.

What is the difference between Russian speech culture?

Russian speech culture belongs to the section of disciplines that are engaged in the study of national speech cultures. Each nation during its existence has formed its own language norm. What is natural for one ethnic group may be alien to another. These features include:

ethnic features of the language picture of the world;

use of verbal and non-verbal means;

a collection of texts that includes all texts ever written in that language, both ancient and modern.

The ethnic picture of the world is understood as a set of views on the world through the words and expressions of a particular language, which is shared by everyone in it. talking people and is taken for granted. But the difference between national pictures of the world can be easily traced through the analysis of folklore and the epithets used. For example, the expressions “bright head” and “kind heart” imply high intelligence and responsiveness. It is no coincidence that the head and the heart are chosen in these epithets, since in the understanding of Russians a person thinks with his head, but feels with his heart. But this is not the case in other languages. For example, in the language of Ifaluk, internal feelings are conveyed by the intestines, in the Dogon language - by the liver, and in Hebrew, they do not feel with the heart, but think.

At what level is the modern Russian culture of speech?

Modern speech culture reflects:

typological features of the Russian language;
scope of its application;
unity of speech throughout the territory of the Russian Federation;
territorial variants of the Russian language;
written and oral texts of not only artistic, but also national significance, which reveal ideas about good and correct speech, about the achievements of the science of the Russian language.

Russian speech etiquette

Russian speech etiquette is understood as a set of norms and rules of communication that have developed under the influence of national culture.

Russian speech etiquette divides communication into formal and informal. Formal is communication between people who are little known to each other. They are connected by the event or occasion on which they gathered. Such communication requires unquestioning observance of etiquette. In contrast to this style, informal communication occurs between people who are well acquainted with each other. This is family, friends, relatives, neighbors.

Features of speech etiquette in Russia involve addressing a person to you in formal communication. In this case, you need to address the interlocutor by name and patronymic. This is mandatory, since there are no forms similar to "sir", "mister", "mrs" or "miss" in Russian speech etiquette. There is a general "ladies and gentlemen", but it applies to a large number of people. In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were such appeals as sir and madam, but with the advent of the Bolsheviks they were supplanted by such words as comrade, citizen and citizen. With the collapse of the USSR, the word "comrade" became obsolete and acquired its original meaning - "friend", and "citizen" and "citizen" became associated with the police or the court. Over time, they also disappeared, and words that attracted attention came to replace them. For example, “sorry”, “excuse me”, “could you...”.

Unlike the speech culture of the West, in Russian there are many topics for discussion - politics, family, work. At the same time sexual are prohibited.

In general, the culture of speech etiquette is assimilated from childhood and improves over time, acquiring more and more subtleties. The success of its development depends on the family in which the child grew up, and on the environment in which he develops. If the people around him are highly cultured, then the child will master this form of communication. Conversely, supporters of the vernacular type of speech culture will teach their child to communicate in simple and uncomplicated sentences.

Is it possible to develop speech culture on your own?

The development of speech culture depends not only on the environment of a person, but also on himself. At a conscious age, if desired, it can be developed independently. To do this, you need to devote time to self-study every day. It will take 3 days to complete all the tasks, and before mastering the new one, you need to repeat the old one. Gradually, it will be possible to perform tasks not only together, but also separately. At first, such a lesson in speech culture will take 15-20 minutes, but will gradually increase to an hour.

Vocabulary expansion. For the exercise, you need to take any and a dictionary of Russian or foreign languages. Write out or underline all the words of one part of speech - nouns, adjectives or verbs. And then choose synonyms. This exercise contributes to the expansion of passive vocabulary.

Compose a story with keywords. Take any book, pick up at random with your eyes closed 5 any words and make up a story based on them. You need to compose up to 4 texts at a time, each of which takes no more than 3 minutes in time. This exercise contributes to the development of imagination, logic and ingenuity. A more difficult option is to compose a story of 10 words.

Conversation with a mirror. For this exercise, you will need the text from task 2. Stand by the mirror and tell your story without facial expressions. Then retell your story a second time, using facial expressions. Analyze your facial expression and the manner of the story by answering 2 questions - "do you like your facial expression and the way you present information" and "whether others will like them." This task is aimed at developing the habit of consciously managing your facial expressions.

Listening to a recording from a voice recorder. This exercise will help you hear yourself from the outside and identify the strengths and weaknesses of your speech, and therefore, correct the shortcomings and learn to use the advantages of your manner of speaking. Read any literary text or poem you like on the recorder. Listen, analyze it like the previous task, and try to retell or read it by heart a second time, taking into account the corrections.

Conversation with the interlocutor. This type of exercise helps develop dialogue skills. If among your friends or acquaintances there are people who do these exercises, then you can do exercise 2 with one of them. If not, then ask someone to help you. To do this, prepare a topic of conversation and a plan in advance. Your goal is to interest the interlocutor, arouse his curiosity and hold his attention for at least 5 minutes. The task is considered completed if the interlocutors talked on 3-4 of the given topics.

The development of speech culture requires constant training - only in this case, success will not be long in coming.

A culture of speech

- the area of spiritual culture associated with the use of language; speech qualities that ensure the effective achievement of the goal of communication while observing language rules, ethical standards, situational requirements and aesthetic attitudes.

The term K. r. indicates the degree of development achieved by society in the field of speech use. In K. r. connects the language and the social experience of using the language. The tradition of speech use (especially the experience of the most authoritative people in this area - Chrysostom, masters of eloquence) is transferred to the area of value characteristics: some means of language and speech techniques are distinguished and recommended as role models (become a literary norm), others are not recommended as socially condemned or not prestigious. Thus, at the heart of the concept of K. r. is the concept of normativity.

When mastering the culture of native speech, a person has four major landmarks: a set of norms lit. language, the totality of the ethical principles of one's people, the totality of the goals and circumstances of communication, and, finally, the national idea of the beauty of speech (linguistic, ethical, communicative, and aesthetic factors and, accordingly, the components of K. r. are distinguished accordingly). In each specific case, the speaker has to take into account not one, but all four landmarks, so choosing some units and rejecting others, combining them correctly is not so easy in the native language either. This is all the more true, since each of the components of K. R., corresponding to the named guidelines, is an extensive set of speech customs and rules that are accepted in society and which the majority adheres to, they can be studied separately. Rule, correctness, norm - these are the central concepts of K. R., acting in all its spheres.

The language component of the K. r., first of all, covers the rules of preference for a literary language unit, and not its non-literary language competitor, i.e. circle of binding norms lit. language (correct put, but not lay down; engineers, but not engineer, pl.; what time is it now?, but not what time is it?). In order to make this choice and achieve correctness of speech, it is necessary to have an idea about the division of the national language into lit. and nonlit. varieties (dialects, vernacular, jargons), about the features of lit. language and its composition, as well as to know the range of facts related to the relations of competition, as in the examples above. The second part of the language component is related to the rules for choosing one of the options within lit. language - the variant that is more appropriate for a certain area of use, i.e. circle of variable norms lit. language (in colloquial it is better to say potatoes: peel potatoes, boil potatoes, in business - potatoes: purchase of potatoes, potato prices). In order to correctly carry out such a choice, you need to have an idea about funkts. speech styles and emotional-expressive stratification of language units. This component also includes the completeness of understanding of the language unit, on which depends, and the possession of the laws of logic in the creation and perception of texts, expressed in logic of speech.

Ethical component K. r. associated with the speech expression of the moral code of the people and the consideration of this factor. At the same time, the choice in favor of a more effective unit of communication is carried out not only between literary (correct) and non-literary (incorrect), but also between correct units. For example, a greeting Hello, Konstantin Alexandrovich!(1), and greetings Hello Kostya! (2), Hello Kostik!(3) are correct, but in the communication of adults in a formal setting or the address of the younger to the elder, it will be better (1), and in the informal communication of peers or the friendly address of the elder to the younger - (2) or (3). The right choice here requires knowledge of cultural traditions and prohibitions, an understanding of what relevance and purity of speech.

The communicative component is associated with the influence that the communication environment, external circumstances, i.e. situation. K. r. suggests that, knowing the linguistic norms and knowing the cultural and ethical synonymy, one must also behave flexibly in relation to the situation. In the same relationship (suppose with an older official) in a "meet on the go" situation, the greeting can be reduced to one word hello, and the presence of third parties will force peers to choose something unusual for them "Hello, Kostya! - Hello, Andryukha!" but a more neutral one. Even more strongly will influence the choice of effective means extreme situation: under its influence, many rules cease to matter. The situation also determines the amount of speech necessary and sufficient in a particular case. Flexibility also requires the adaptation of speech to the capabilities of the addressee: the presentation of information must correspond to the speech erudition of the interlocutor. In the theory of speech qualities, these properties are called relevance, conciseness, clarity of speech.

The aesthetic component is associated with the ideas that are rooted in the national culture about what is beautiful and what is ugly in speech. These representations are related to specific external qualities of speech: utterance But Anna didn't have it either. ugly and uncomfortable due to unusual Russian. the language of confluence of vowels; in expression I knew that the storm did not threaten us unaesthetic sound repetition (something). In general, they are associated with the concept of wealth and expressiveness of speech.

Thus, the sphere of K. r. - this is the sphere of interaction between language and culture, language and non-linguistic reality, the use of language, taking into account the requirements of national culture and the circumstances of communication. Various communicative qualities, of course, are not strictly separated, they partially intersect and complement each other.

The science of K. r. called the same as the object itself studied by it: a culture of speech, and if you want to emphasize their difference, then speech culture theory. In general terms, language speech studies the nature of language use and regulates speech activity from a normative standpoint. This area of linguistics belongs to the field of linguistic axiology: all linguistic and speech data, as well as the development of all the sciences on which the K. r. (including linguopragmatics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, ethics, aesthetics, linguistic and regional studies), are transferred to the evaluation plane on the basis of the concept of a norm, interpreted as a cultural value. In addition, the tasks of this science include predicting changes in the norm based on the sum of external and intralinguistic factors. In parallel, the phenomenon of "anti-culture" is considered, both in general and in particular (communicative aggression and communicative failures), as well as communicative interference.

K. r. as a field of linguistics evolved for a long time and in various versions. It originates from the works of M.V. Lomonosov, A.Kh. Vostokova, Ya.K. Grotto. One of the first special works that influenced the further development of K.R. is the work of V.I. Chernyshev "Correctness and purity of Russian speech. Experience of Russian stylistic grammar" (1911). As an independent scientific discipline, K.r. takes shape by the 1920s, standing out at the intersection of linguistics, rhetoric and stylistics as an integrative applied area of science. In creating the theory of K. r. and practical normalization activities (first of all, the creation of cultural and speech equipment explanatory dictionaries) leading scientists take part: G.O. Vinokur, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, D.N. Ushakov, later R.I. Avanesov, S.I. Ozhegov, F.P. Filin and others. Their works formed the theory of norms and normativity, developed a systematic of language norms, and laid the foundations for normalization. The normative branch of C. R., which has such a powerful support, was actively developed in the future (by such scientists as K. S. Gorbachevich, L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. I. Skvortsov, and others).

The communicative aspect of K. r. initially received little attention. However, in parallel, on an empirical basis, such a cultural and speech discipline of a communicative orientation as practical stylistics has developed ( M.K. Milykh, D.E. Rosenthal). Its main content is a reasonable criticism of speech based on the theory of communicative speech qualities, the systematics of which was made in ancient rhetoric, and proposals for improving speech and text in accordance with the specifics of a certain sphere of speech interaction, communication tasks, the author's goal setting and the characteristics of the addressee. This branch is still being productively used in the training of journalists, language teachers, editors ( L.M. Maidanova).

The first integral concept in the field of the theory of K. r. also arises on the basis of practical needs in the training of specialists in the humanities. Its author B.N. Golovin consistently considers all the interrelations of speech with non-speech structures external to speech (the concept was developed in the 60–70s of the 20th century, in 1976 the first university textbook on this issue was published: "Fundamentals of Speech Culture"). According to Golovin, systemic connections between speech and language, speech and thinking, speech and reality, speech and a person, speech and communication conditions, create a common coordinate grid of speech communication, which allows us to consider various qualities of speech (logicality, accuracy, clarity, relevance, etc.). .) on a single - communicative - basis and taking into account their mutual conditionality in a communicative act. The relationship between the general criteria of speech culture and the principles of speech functioning is also clearly traced in the works of A.N. Vasilyeva (1990 and others).

Development of the theory of K. r. associated, especially in the last decade, with increased attention to the communicative component, the strengthening of anthropocentrism and a more vivid identification of cultural approaches to the material. The concepts of norm and normativity have also undergone some changes: normativity as the foundation of speech culture is now understood not only as a property of the units of the language system, but also as a parameter of discourse and text. The theoretical basis of these ideas is, first of all, the typology of norms, according to which, along with linguistic (systemic) norms, communicative and stylistic norms are distinguished ( Edlicka and etc.). The communicative-pragmatic aspect of the culture of speech is currently being developed most actively, since it is with it that the success and effectiveness of communication is most of all associated. Modern studies of communicative norms suggest an orientation towards the values developed in Russian communication (including ethical and aesthetic ones) and regulations (including those related to the moral sphere), i.e. characterized by ethical and culturological content, focus on understanding and disseminating tolerant speech communication as opposed to the phenomena of "anti-culture". Thus, in recent works ( E.N. Shiryaeva, L.K. Graudina, S.I. Vinogradova, N.N. Kokhteva, N.I. Formanovskaya etc.) K. r. appears as an integrative science of the effectiveness of verbal communication, at a new stage in the development of scientific knowledge, approaching rhetoric.

Lit.: Vinokur G.O. Language culture. - 2nd ed. - M., 1929; Rosenthal D.E. A culture of speech. - 3rd ed. - M., 1964; Itskovich V.A. language norm. - M., 1968; Actual problems of speech culture / Edited by V.G. Kostomarov and L.I. Skvortsova. - M., 1970; Gorbachevich K.S. Changing the norms of the Russian literary language. - L., 1971; His own: Norms of the modern Russian literary language. –2nd ed. - M., 1981; Ozhegov S.I. Lexicology. Lexicography. A culture of speech. - M., 1974; Practical stylistics of the Russian language. - Rostov n / D., 1974; Skvortsov L.I. Theoretical basis speech culture. - M., 1980; Fundamentals of the culture of speech: a reader / Comp. L.I. Skvortsov. - M., 1984; Maidanova L.M. Essays on practical style. - Sverdlovsk, 1986; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. – 5th ed. - M., 1987; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - 2nd ed. - M., 1988; Edlichka A. Types of norms of language communication // New in foreign linguistics. Issue. XX. - M., 1988; Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M., 1990; Shiryaev E.N. Culture of Russian speech: theory, methodology, practice. - Izv. RAN. Ser. L. and Ya. T. 51. - 1992. - No. 2; Culture of Parliamentary Speech / Edited by L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaev. - M., 1994; The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. - M., 1996; Culture of Russian speech / Edited by L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaev. - M., 1998; Maidanova L.M. Speech criticism and literary editing. - Yekaterinburg, 2001.

T.V. Matveeva

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what "Culture of Speech" is in other dictionaries:

A culture of speech- The culture of speech is a concept common in Soviet and Russian linguistics of the 20th century, combining the knowledge of the language norm of the oral and written language, as well as "the ability to use expressive language means in different conditions ... ... Wikipedia

A CULTURE OF SPEECH- A CULTURE OF SPEECH. 1. Possession of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form. 2. The field of linguistics dealing with the problems of normalization of speech, developing recommendations for the skillful use of the language. K. r. contains such ... ... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

A culture of speech- level speech development, the degree of proficiency in the norms of a language or dialect, together with the ability to reasonably deviate from these norms. See also: Oral speech Financial Dictionary Finam ... Financial vocabulary

A CULTURE OF SPEECH- compliance of individual speech with the norms of a given language (see Language norm), the ability to use language means in different communication conditions in accordance with the goals and content of speech; branch of linguistics that studies the problems of normalization ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A CULTURE OF SPEECH- SPEECH CULTURE, compliance of individual speech with the norms of a given language (see Language Norm); branch of linguistics that studies the problems of normalizing the literary language ... Modern Encyclopedia

A culture of speech- SPEECH CULTURE, compliance of individual speech with the norms of a given language (see Language Norm); a branch of linguistics that studies the problems of normalizing the literary language. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

COURSE OF LECTURES ON THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

The difference between speech and language

The difference between speech and language is that speech is an individual mental phenomenon, while language as a system - a social phenomenon. Speech- dynamic, mobile, situationally determined. Language- a balanced system of internal relations. It is constant and stable, invariant in its basic patterns. The elements of the language are organized into a system according to the formal-semantic principle, they function in speech on a communicative-semantic basis. In speech, general linguistic patterns are always manifested concretely, situationally and contextually. Knowledge about the language system, which is formulated in the form of rules, can be acquired theoretically, while mastering speech requires appropriate practice, as a result of which speech skills and abilities are created.

The original unit of the language is a word and original unit of speech- a sentence or a phrase. For the theoretical purposes of the language being studied, it is important to have complete knowledge of its system. For practical purposes in high school it is necessary to possess such a volume of language material that is sufficient for limited communicative purposes and is real for mastering it in given conditions.

Speech is the use of language in communication. The starting point of speech actions is a speech situation when a person has a need or need to perform one or another speech action. At the same time, verbal communication takes place in any specific conditions: in one place or another, with one or another participant in the communicative act. In each speech situation, one or another function of the language is realized in order to achieve the goal for which the communicative act is performed. So, speech can be characterized as follows: it is a concrete, private, random, individual, non-systemic, variable phenomenon.

Language is a specific sign system that a person uses to communicate with other people. Thanks to language, a person has a universal means of accumulating and transmitting information, and without this, the development of human society would not be possible. The system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical means, which are a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings, expressions of will, serving as the most important means of communication between people.

Basic language features

Different scientists distinguish a different number of language functions, since language has many purposes in human society. The functions of the language are not equivalent. However, the main function is already reflected in the definition of the language. Language- the main means of communication (or communication). In human speech activity language features combined in different combinations. In each specific speech message, one function out of several may predominate.

Language Features represented by the following set: communicative(ensuring mutual understanding of people) - the function of being the basis of thought; expressive(to express attitude towards what is being said). The dominant position of the communicative function is determined by the frequency of language implementation precisely for the purpose of communication, which determines its main properties.

Availability ternary language function: expressions, appeals, representations. In earlier terminology: expression, motivation, representation. They actually represent the various purposes of speech utterances: representative- message, expressive- expression of emotions appellative- motivation to action. These functions are not only hierarchically correlated (the representative function has a dominant role), but it is also possible to have a language implementation with the complete predominance of one of them.

six functions are defined as orientations, attitudes towards the six elements of the situation. First three: referential(communicative) - orientation to the context (referent), expressive(emotive) - orientation to the addresser (an expression of the speaker's attitude to what he is talking about), conative(appellative) - orientation to the addressee. There are also additional ones derived from the given triad (and according to the model of the speech situation): phatic(focus on contact), metalinguistic(focus on code, language), poetic(directed to the message). The verbal structure of a message depends primarily on the predominant function.

Functions of language and speech:

1) in relation to humanity as a whole ( communicative function as a unity communication and generalizations);

2) in relation to historically specific societies, groups of communicating (functions as spheres use language and speech: functions of servicing everyday communication; communication in the field of primary, secondary, higher education, communication in the business sphere, in the sphere of science, in the sphere of production, in the sphere of socio-political and state activity, in the field of mass communication, in the field of religion, in the field of interethnic, regional and international communication);

3) in relation to the components of the current communication situation: representative, expressive (emotive), contact-setting (phatic), impact function, metalinguistic and poetic, or aesthetic;

4) in relation to the goals and results of statements in specific speech actions, or acts of communication (message, expression of an internal state, request for information, directive function; concretization of these functions in the theory of speech acts).

The most fundamental are communicative function and function of way of expressing thought (cognitive and cognitive function). In the communicative function, there are: 1) a function communication– as the main F. Ya., one of the sides of the communicative function, which consists in the mutual exchange statements members of the language community; 2) the function of the message - as one of the sides of the communicative function, which consists in the transfer of some logical content; 3) the function of influence, the implementation of which is: a) a voluntarily function - an expression of the will of the speaker; b) expressive function - a message to the statement of expressiveness; c) emotive function - the expression of feelings, emotions.

The concept of "culture of speech". The main features of cultural speech

A culture of speech- possession of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, grammar and style). Used in modern science in two main meanings: 1) socio-historically conditioned modern speech culture of society; 2) a set of requirements for the quality of oral and written speech of native speakers of a literary language from the point of view of a socially perceived linguistic ideal, the taste of a certain era. In mastering the culture of speech, they usually distinguish two stages. The first is associated with the development of literary and linguistic norms by students. Possession of them ensures the correctness of speech, which forms the basis of individual K. r. The second stage involves the creative application of norms in different situations of communication, including speech skills, the ability to choose the most accurate, stylistically and situationally appropriate options.

Literacy - Traditional sign"cultural" language. signs: correctness, purity, accuracy, expressiveness, consistency, relevance, richness.

4. Forms of existence of the national language .

Language is a complex phenomenon that exists in several forms. These include: dialects, vernacular, jargon and literary language.

Dialects are local dialects of Russia, limited territorially. They exist only in oral speech, they serve for everyday communication.

Vernacular is the speech of people that does not correspond to the literary norms of the Russian language (ridiculitis, kolidor, without a coat, a driver).

Jargon is the speech of social and professional groups of people united by a common occupation, interests, etc. Jargon is characterized by the presence of specific vocabulary and phraseology. Sometimes the word slang is used as a synonym for the word jargon. Argo is the speech of the lower classes of society, the criminal world, beggars, thieves and swindlers.

Literary language is the highest form of the national language, processed by masters of the word. It has two forms - oral and written. Oral speech is subject to orthoepic and intonational forms, it is influenced by the direct presence of the addressee, it is created spontaneously. Written speech is graphically fixed, subject to spelling and punctuation rules, the absence of the addressee has no effect, it allows processing, editing.

5. Literary language as the highest form of the national language .

The Russian literary language is the highest form of the national language and the basis of the culture of speech. It serves various spheres of human activity - politics, legislation, culture, verbal art, office work, etc. Many prominent scientists emphasize the importance of the literary language as for individual person and for the whole people. It is noteworthy that not only Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov, but also Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov, Likhachev emphasized the importance of mastering the norms of the Russian literary language. Wealth, clarity of expression of thought, accuracy testify to the richness of the general culture of a person, to a high degree of his professional training.

In the scientific linguistic literature, the main features of the literary language are defined:

· processing,

· Sustainability,

· Obligation,

The presence of oral and written form,

・Normalization

The presence of functional styles.

The Russian language exists in two forms - oral and written. Oral speech is sound, obeys orthoepic and intonational forms, it is influenced by the direct presence of the addressee, it is created spontaneously. Written speech is graphically fixed, subject to spelling and punctuation norms, the absence of an addressee has no effect, it allows processing, editing.

6. Language norm, its role in the formation and functioning of the literary language .

The founder of the first Russian philological school is Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, who put forward the criterion of historical expediency in streamlining the norms of the literary language. He distinguished the styles of the literary language depending on the stylistic characteristics of the language units, for the first time defining the norms of the literary language.

Yakov Karlovich Grot was the first to systematize and theoretically comprehend the set of spelling laws of the literary language. A system of grammatical and stylistic marks was developed for his normative "dictionary of the Russian language".

A new stage in the codification of norms is associated with the names of Ushakov, Vinogradov, Vinokurov, Ozhegov, Shcherva. The norms were formed as a result of the selection of language means in the process of communication and become correct and obligatory. The norm is cultivated in print media, in the media, in the process of school and vocational training.

Codification of the norm - fixing it in dictionaries, grammars, textbooks. The norm is relatively stable and systemic, since it includes the rules for choosing elements of all levels of the language system. It is mobile and changeable, it can change over time under the influence of spoken language.

The norms of the modern Russian language are enshrined in publications Russian Academy sciences: various grammars and dictionaries.

The terms of normalization and codification are different. Normalization is the process of formation, approval of the norm, its description and ordering by the linguist. Normalization activity finds its expression in the codification of the literary norm - its recognition and description in the form of rules.

The norms of the language are stable and systemic, but at the same time stable. Norms exist at different levels of the language - phonetic, lexical, grammatical. According to the degree of obligation, there are imperative (strictly mandatory norms) and dispositive (assuming variants of pronunciation of grammatical and syntactic units). Objective fluctuations in the literary norm are associated with the development of the language, when variants are transitional steps from the outdated to the new. The norm is one of the most important conditions for stability, unity and originality of the national language. The norm is dynamic, because it is the result of human activity, enshrined in tradition. Fluctuations in the norm are the result of the interaction of functional styles. Such phenomena of social life as anti-normalization and purism are closely related to the development of norms.

Anti-normalization is the denial of the scientific normalization and codification of the language, based on the assertion of the spontaneity of the development of the language.

Purism is the rejection of innovations or their outright prohibition. Purism plays the role of a regulator that protects against borrowing, excessive innovation

7. Norms of orthoepy. Pronunciation of vowels and consonants .

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy. Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is essential. Orthoepic errors interfere with perceiving the content of speech, and pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication.

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation. In Russian speech, voiced consonants are obligatory stunned at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[p] - bread, sa[t] - garden. The consonant g at the end of a word always turns into a deaf sound paired with it k. An exception is the word god.

In a combination of voiced and deaf consonants, the first of them is likened to the second. If the first of them is voiced, and the second is deaf, the first sound is deafened: lo [sh] ka - a spoon, pro [n] ka - a cork. If the first is deaf, and the second is voiced, the first sound is voiced: [h] doba - muffin, [h] ruin - ruin.

Before the consonants [l], [m], [n], [r], which do not have paired deaf, and before the assimilation does not occur and the words are pronounced as they are written: light [tl] o, [shw] ryat.

The combinations of szh and zzh are pronounced as a double hard [zh]: ra[zh]at - unclench, [zh] life - with life, fry - [zh] to fry.

The combination sch is pronounced as a long soft sound[sh '], just like the sound transmitted in writing by the letter u: [sh '] astier - happiness, [sh '] et - account.

The combination zch is pronounced as a long soft sound [sh ']: prik [sh '] ik - clerk, obra [sh '] ik - sample.

The combinations of tch and dch are pronounced as a long sound [h ']: report [h '] ik - speaker, le [h '] ik - pilot.

The combinations of ts and dts are pronounced as a long sound q: two [ts] at - twenty, gold [ts] e - gold.

In combinations of stn, zdn, stl, consonant sounds [t] and [d] drop out: prettier [sn] y, po [kn] o, che [sn], uch [sl] ive.

The combination ch is usually pronounced like this [ch] (al[ch] th, careless [ch] th). The pronunciation [shn] instead of [ch] is required in female patronymics on -ichna: Ilini[shn]a, Nikiti[shn]a. Some words are pronounced in two ways: bulo [shn] aya and bulo [ch] aya, Molo[shn] y and young [ch] y. In some cases, different pronunciation serves to semantic differentiation of words: heart [ch] beat - heart [shn] friend.

8. Norms of stress. Features of Russian stress .

Incorrect stress in words reduces the culture of oral speech. Errors in stress can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. Features and functions of stress are studied by the department of linguistics accentology. Stress in Russian, unlike other languages, is free, that is, it can fall on any syllable. In addition, the accent can be mobile (if in various forms word falls on the same part) and motionless (if the stress changes place in different forms of the same word).

In some words, difficulties in stress exist due to the fact that many do not know their belonging to a part of speech. For example, the adjective developed. This word is used in the sense of "highly developed". But in Russian there is a participle developed, or developed, formed from the verb to develop. In this case, the stress depends on whether it is an adjective or a participle.

In the Russian alphabet there is a letter ё, which is considered optional, optional. The printing of the letter e instead of e in literature and official papers led to the fact that in many words they began to pronounce on the spot about e: not bile - [zho] lch, but bile - [zhe] lch, not an obstetrician - aku [shor], but obstetrician - aku [Sher]. In some words, the emphasis was shifted: bewitched, underestimated instead of the correct bewitched, underestimated.

9. Pronunciation of loanwords .

Borrowed words usually obey the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features.

In an unstressed position, the sound [o] is preserved in words such as m[o] turf, m[o] del, [o] asis. But most borrowed vocabulary obeys general rules pronunciations [o] and [a] in unstressed syllables: b[a] cal, k[a] styum, r[a] yal.

In most borrowed words, before [e], the consonants are softened: ka [t ']et, pa [t '] efon, [s '] eriya, ga [z '] eta. But in a number of words of foreign origin, the hardness of consonants before [e] is preserved: sh[te]psel, s[te]nd, e[ne]rgia. More often, hardness before [e] is retained by dental consonants: [t], [d], [s], [s], [n], [p].

10. Functional-semantic types of speech:

description, narration, reasoning. Description can be used in any style of speech, but in the scientific characterization of the subject should be as complete as possible, and in the artistic, the emphasis is only on the brightest details. Therefore, linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons, various figurative uses of words are very common.

Examples of descriptions in scientific and artistic style. 1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are rounded, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight 17-23 g. Medium juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste. 2. Linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through an apple in the sun, it shone through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear, you could hear the seeds rattling.

Narration- this is a story, a message about an event in its temporal sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about actions following one after another. For all narrative texts, the beginning of the event (outset), the development of the event, the end of the event (denouement) are common. The story can be told in a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or indicated by the personal pronoun I. In such texts, verbs in the form of the past tense of the perfect form are often used. But, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: the verb in the form of the past tense of the imperfect form makes it possible to single out one of the actions, denoting its duration; present tense verbs make it possible to present actions as if taking place before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with a particle like (how to jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness, surprise of this or that action. Narration as a type of speech is very common in such genres as memoirs, letters.

Narrative example: I began to stroke Yashkin's paw and I think: just like a baby's. And tickled his hand. And the baby somehow pulls his paw - and me on the cheek. I did not even have time to blink, but he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. Sat down and grins.

reasoning- this is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought. The composition of the reasoning is as follows: the first part is a thesis, that is, a thought that must be logically proved, substantiated or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the expressed thought, evidence, arguments, supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion. The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly articulated, the arguments are convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. Between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments) should
be a logical and grammatical connection. For a grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In the reasoning text, sentences with conjunctions are widely used, however, although, despite the fact that, since.

An example of reasoning: The development of the meanings of a word usually goes from the particular (concrete) to the general (abstract). Let's think about the literal meaning of such, for example, words as education, disgust, previous. Education literally means "feeding", disgust - "turning away" (from an unpleasant person or object), the previous one - "going ahead".

The words-terms denoting abstract mathematical concepts: “segment”, “tangent”, “point”, originated from very specific action verbs: cut, touch, stick (poke).

In all these cases, the original concrete meaning acquires a more abstract meaning in the language.

11. Functional styles of the modern Russian language, their interaction .

Functional styles are created as a result of the selection of language means, depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication.

Usually, the following functional styles are distinguished: 1) scientific, 2) official business, 3) journalistic, 4) colloquial and everyday.

The attachment of words to a certain style is explained by the fact that words that have the same meaning can differ in emotional and stylistic coloring, therefore they are used in different styles (shortage - deficit, liar - liar, squander - squander, cry - complain). In everyday everyday dialogue, characteristic of oral speech, mostly colloquial vocabulary is used. It does not violate the norms of literary speech, but its use is unacceptable in official communication.

The scientific style is characterized by scientific terminology: pedagogy, society, state, theory, process, structure. Words are used in a direct, nominative sense, there is no emotionality. Sentences are narrative in nature, mostly in direct word order.

A feature of the official business style is a concise, compact presentation, economical use of language tools. Characteristic set expressions are used (with gratitude we confirm; we inform that; in case of appearance, etc.). this style is characterized by "dryness" of presentation, lack of means of expression, the use of words in the direct meaning.

Characteristic features journalistic style are the relevance of the content, the sharpness and brightness of the presentation, the author's passion. The purpose of the text is to influence the mind and feelings of the reader, listener. A variety of vocabulary is used: terms of literature and art, general literary words, means of speech expressiveness. The text is dominated by detailed stylistic constructions, interrogative and exclamatory sentences are used.

The everyday colloquial style is characterized by the use various types sentences, free word order, extremely short sentences, words with evaluative suffixes (week, darling), figurative means of the language.

12. Scientific style, its features, scope of implementation .

Scientific style is a speech system specially adapted for optimal communication of people in the scientific field of activity.

The scientific style has a number of common features that are characteristic of all sciences, which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. But texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics cannot but differ from texts on history, philosophy, cultural studies. In accordance with this, the scientific style has sub-styles: scientific - popular, scientific - business, scientific - technical, scientific - journalistic, production - technical, educational - scientific.

The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of links between parts of statements, the desire of authors for accuracy, conciseness, unambiguity of expression while maintaining saturation of content. The scientific style is characterized by a number of general conditions of functioning and linguistic features: 1) preliminary consideration of statements, 2) monologue character, 3) strict selection of linguistic means, 4) attraction to normalized speech.

The original form of the existence of scientific speech is written. Written form fixes information for a long time, and science requires just that.

In writing, it is much easier to operate with complex structures that are used in scientific thinking. The written form is more convenient in detecting the slightest inaccuracies, which in scientific communication can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth. The written form makes it possible to refer to information repeatedly. The oral form also has advantages (simultaneity of mass communication, efficiency of orientation to a specific type of addressee, etc.), but it is temporary, while the written one is permanent. The oral form in scientific communication is secondary - scientific work write first, then reproduce.

Scientific speech is fundamentally without subtext, subtext contradicts its essence. It is dominated by a monologue. Even scientific dialogue is a series of alternating monologues. A scientific monologue takes the form of a work with a thoughtful selection of content, clarity of construction, optimal speech design.

Scientific speech operates with concepts of a complex nature. A concept is a form in which one thinks essential features subject. In the terminology of each science, several layers can be distinguished: 1) general categorical concepts that reflect the most general objects of reality: objects, signs, connections (system, function, element). These concepts constitute the general conceptual fund of science; 2) concepts common to a number of related sciences that have common objects of study (abscissa, protein, vacuum, vector). Such concepts serve as a link between the sciences of the same profile (humanitarian, natural, technical, etc.) and they can be defined as profile-special. 3) highly specialized concepts that are characteristic of one science and reflect the specificity of the research aspect (in biology - biogenic, bothria, etc.).

Along with the selection of types according to the degree of generality, it is also advisable to distinguish types according to the degree of volume, the breadth of the concept. The broadest concepts of this science, in which the most general and essential features and properties are displayed, are called categories. Categories constitute the conceptual core of science. From them comes a network of concepts of ever narrower scope. In general, they constitute the system of special terminology of this science.

13. Formal business style. Genre diversity, scope .

Officially - business style serves the scope of administrative and legal activities. It satisfies the requirements of society in documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication.

Official - business style is implemented in texts of various genres: charter, law, order, complaint, prescription, statement. The genres of this style perform informational, prescriptive and ascertaining functions in various fields of activity. In this regard, the main form of implementation is written.

Common stylistic features of the official ice speech are:

· Accuracy of presentation, not allowing the possibility of interpretation, detail of presentation;

stereotyping, standard presentation;

· Must, prescriptive nature of the presentation.

In addition, they note such features of the official business style as: formality, strictness of expression of thought, objectivity and logic inherent in scientific speech.

The system of official business style is made up of 3 types of language tools:

A) Having an appropriate functional and stylistic coloring (plaintiff, defendant, protocol, identity card, job description.

B) Neutral, interstyle, as well as general book language means.

C) Language means that are neutral in stylistic coloring, but have become a sign of official business style (raise a question, express disagreement).

Many verbs are used in the infinitive form, which is associated with the prescriptive function of style. When naming a person, nouns are more often used, rather than pronouns, the designation of a person on the basis of an action (applicant, defendant, tenant). Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form, even when they refer to females (respondent Proshina). The use of verbal nouns and participles is typical: the arrival of transport, servicing the population, replenishing the budget.

In official business style texts, antonyms are often used, synonyms are rarely used. Typical are compound words formed from two or more stems: tenant, employer, the above. Accuracy, unambiguity and standardization of the means used are the main features of official business speech.

14. Journalistic style, its features, genres, scope of implementation.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional variety of the literary language and is widely used in various areas of public life: newspapers, magazines, on television, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations.

On the language features This style is affected by the breadth of topics: it becomes necessary to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and the vocabulary related to these topics acquires a journalistic coloring. Among such topics, politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminalistics, and military topics should be singled out.

Vocabulary, characteristic of the journalistic style, can be used in other styles: in official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist's impressions of these events.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary, which has a strong emotional connotation (an energetic start, a firm position, a severe crisis).

Journalistic style performs the function of influence and message. The interaction of these functions determines the use of words in journalism. The message function, by the nature of the use of language means, brings the text closer to the scientific and business style, which has features of factuality. The text, which performs the function of influence, has an openly evaluative character, aimed at campaigning influence in certain parameters, approaching fiction.

In addition to the informational and influencing functions, the texts of the journalistic style also perform other functions inherent in the language: communicative, aesthetic, expressive.

15. Book and colloquial speech. Their features .

Colloquial words are opposed to book vocabulary, which includes words of scientific, technical, journalistic and official business styles. The lexical meaning of book words, their grammatical arrangement and pronunciation are subject to the norms of the literary language, deviation from which is unacceptable.

Concreteness of meaning is characteristic of colloquial vocabulary, book vocabulary is predominantly abstract. The terms book and colloquial vocabulary are conditional, book words typical of written speech can also be used orally, and colloquial words can be used in writing.

In the Russian language there is a large group of words used in all styles and characteristic of both oral and written speech. They are called stylistically neutral.

16. Conversational style

Colloquial speech is the oral form of the existence of a language. Distinctive features of oral speech can be entirely attributed to the colloquial style. However, the concept of "colloquial speech" is broader than the concept of "conversational style". They cannot be mixed. Although the conversational style is mainly realized in the oral form of communication, some genres of other styles are also carried out in oral speech, for example: a report, lecture, report, etc. Conversational speech functions only in the private sphere of communication, in everyday life, friendly, family and etc. In the field of mass communication, colloquial speech is not applicable. However, this does not mean that the colloquial style is limited to everyday topics. Colloquial speech can also touch on other topics: for example, a conversation in the family circle or a conversation of people in informal relationships about art, science, politics, sports, etc., a conversation of friends at work related to the profession of speakers, conversations in public institutions, such as clinics, schools, etc.

In the sphere of everyday communication, there is colloquial style. The main features of everyday conversational style:

1. Casual and informal nature of communication;

2. Reliance on an extralinguistic situation, i.e. the immediate environment of speech in which communication takes place. For example: Woman (before leaving home): What am I to wear?(about the coat) This is it, isn't it? Or that?(about the jacket) Will I freeze?

Listening to these statements, and not knowing the specific situation, it is impossible to guess what is at stake. Thus, in colloquial speech, the extralinguistic situation becomes an integral part of communication.

1) Lexical variety: and common book vocabulary,

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The culture of speech is, first of all, the spiritual culture of a person and the level of his general development as individuals; it testifies to the value of the spiritual heritage and cultural heritage of mankind.

We can say that the culture of speech is an expression of love and respect for the native language, which is naturally connected with the history of the native country and its spiritual wealth.

And in addition to the main components of cultural speech - literacy and compliance with the generally accepted norms of the literary language - such language tools as vocabulary, phonetics and style are of decisive importance.

Cultural speech and culture of speech

In order for speech to be truly cultural, it must be not only correct, but also rich, which largely depends on the person's lexical knowledge. To do this, you need to constantly replenish your vocabulary with new words, read works of different stylistic and thematic directions.

It is important to highlight for yourself the keywords of a particular topic, memorize successful and unusual statements and phraseological turns. But in order to most correctly use the vocabulary and expressions, it is necessary to constantly develop both oral and written speech.

With the help of this, the direction of one's own thoughts changes, which are subsequently formed into words. You must try to find mutual language with different people and select for themselves different topics for conversation.

The concept of speech culture

After all, the concept of speech culture is associated not only with linguistic abilities, but also with the general culture of the individual, with her aesthetic and psychological perception of the world and people.

The culture of speech develops in a person a higher level of spirituality and nobility, and this concept is a condition not only for an educated and highly developed person, but also a necessity for any cultured and attentive person.

After all, human speech is the most frequently used and urgently needed way of expressing oneself for a person, and by making his speech richer and more interesting, a person learns to express himself and his opinion more fully.

Human communication

To communicate with other people, it is extremely important to maintain a culture of speech, which in this case consists in politeness, attentiveness, the ability to support any conversation and support the interlocutor.

It is the culture of speech that makes communication easier and freer, because then it becomes possible to express your opinion, and at the same time not offend or offend anyone.

It is also important to note that cultural speech contains not only the spiritual wealth of our ancestors, who created such a wealth of words and expressions, but also a kind of magic and magic of the traditions and customs of the people to whom the language belongs.

Beautiful, well-chosen words contain power, more powerful than any physical force, and this feature of the language has been tested by time.

The level of speech culture partially reflects the way of life of a person, and to a greater extent - the way of life of entire peoples. And it is in our power and ability to correctly use the spiritual and cultural heritage speech, which, in spite of everything, continues to develop and enrich itself.

Introduction

In our time, communication is one of the main factors of mutual understanding between people, so the culture of speech behavior is important to all people whose activities are somehow related to communication. By the way a person speaks or writes, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture.

The culture of speech is a concept that combines the knowledge of the language norm of oral and written literary language, as well as the ability to use expressive language means in different communication conditions.

In addition, conditions have developed in the modern world when the demand for a specialist in the labor market, his competitiveness largely depend on the availability of competent speech (both oral and written), the ability to communicate effectively, on knowledge of the methods of speech influence, persuasion. The success of any professional activity depends on how skillfully speech activity is carried out.

Thus, the relevance of this topic is beyond doubt.

The purpose of the work is to consider the features of speech culture and its influence on the ethics of communication.

consider the history of the issue;

characterize the concept of "culture of speech";

analyze the features of human speech culture;

identify the process of interaction between the culture of speech and the ethics of communication.

1. History of speech culture

communication culture speech psychological

The culture of speech as a special area of linguistics developed gradually. The norms of the Russian language of ancient times were formed in Kievan Rus under the influence of oral poetry and the Church Slavonic language. Ancient handwritten and subsequent printed books preserved and consolidated the traditions of written speech, however, the Russkaya Pravda code of laws, which was formed orally and recorded under Yaroslav the Wise in 1016, already reflected living speech.

The first attempts to consciously form the norms of written speech date back to the 18th century, when Russian society realized that the lack of unity in writing makes communication difficult and creates many inconveniences.

The work of V.K. Trediakovsky "A conversation between a stranger and a Russian about the spelling of the old and the new" (1748) is the first attempt to substantiate the rules of Russian spelling.

The theoretical normalization of the Russian language is associated with the compilation of the first grammars, rhetorics and dictionaries, with a description for educational purposes of a system of literary, exemplary, language, its norms and styles.

M.V. Lomonosov - the creator of the first scientific grammar of the Russian language "Russian Grammar", (1755) and "Rhetorics" (short - 1743 and "lengthy" - 1748) - laid the foundations of normative grammar and style of the Russian language.

In the 19th century, works on rhetoric by N.F. Koshansky, A.F. Merzlyakova, A.I. Galich, K. Zelenetsky and others.

One of the main tasks of the culture of speech is the protection of the literary language, its norms. It should be emphasized that such protection is a matter of national importance, since the literary language is precisely what unites the nation in linguistic terms.

One of the main functions of the literary language is to be the language of the entire nation, to rise above individual local or social limited language formations. Literary language is what creates, of course, along with economic, political and other factors, the unity of the nation. Without a developed literary language, it is difficult to imagine a full-fledged nation.

The famous modern linguist M.V. Panov among the main features of the literary language names such as the language of culture, the language of the educated part of the people, the consciously codified language, i.e. norms that all native speakers of the literary language must follow.

Any grammar of the modern Russian literary language, any of its dictionary is nothing but its modification. However, the culture of speech begins where the language, as it were, offers a choice for codification, and this choice is far from unambiguous. This indicates that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as a language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. It is constantly in need of regulation. If, however, to follow the once and for all established norms, then there is a danger that society will simply cease to reckon with them and will spontaneously establish its own norms. Spontaneity in such a matter is far from good, therefore, constant monitoring of the development and change in norms is one of the main tasks of linguistic science about the culture of speech.

This was well understood by Russian linguists of the pre-revolutionary period, as evidenced by the analysis of the norms of the Russian language in the book by V.I. Chernyshev "Purity and correctness of Russian speech. The experience of Russian stylistic grammar” (1911), which, according to V.V. Vinogradov, is a remarkable phenomenon in Russian philological literature and retains its significance to this day. He proposed a scientifically based view of the literary language as a complex interaction of entire categories of synonymous, but at the same time, stylistically heterogeneous grammatical forms and syntactic turns of speech.

The main sources of better speech in this work are recognized: the generally accepted modern usage; works of exemplary Russian writers; best grammar and grammar studies. The book was awarded the Academy of Sciences Prize.

After 1917, the preservation of the norms of the literary language became especially relevant, since people who did not speak it were involved in social activities. A stream of colloquial, dialectal and slang vocabulary has poured into the literary language. Naturally, there was a threat of loosening the literary norm.

However, the concept of "culture of speech" and the concept of "language culture" close to it arise only in the 1920s in connection with the emergence of a new Soviet intelligentsia and with the general post-revolutionary attitude that the "masses" "master the worker-peasant (proletarian) culture ”, an important part of which was the struggle for the “purity of the Russian language” (usually based on the relevant statements of Lenin).

The post-war years became a new stage in the development of the culture of speech as a scientific discipline. The largest figure of this period was S.I. Ozhegov, who became widely known as the author of the most popular one-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, which has become a reference book for more than one generation of people. In 1948, a book by E.S. Istrina "Norms of the Russian literary language and culture of speech".

In the 1950s and 1960s, the scientific principles of the culture of speech were refined: an objective and normative point of view on the language, a distinction between codification (as a normalization activity) and norms (an objective historical phenomenon). The “Grammar of the Russian Language” of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953-54) is published, the “Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language” is published in 17 volumes, which received the Lenin Prize, the collections “Questions of the Culture of Speech” are periodically printed

In 1952, the Speech Culture Sector of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was created and it was headed by S.I. Ozhegov, under whose editorship from 1955 to 1968 the collections “Questions of the culture of speech” were published.

The theoretical works of V.V. Vinogradov in the 1960s, D.E. Rosenthal and L.I. Skvortsov in the 1960s-1970s; At the same time, there are attempts to distinguish it from the term "language culture" (under which they propose to understand, first of all, the properties of exemplary literary texts).

The culture of speech has become an independent discipline since the 70s of the twentieth century: it has its own subject and object of study, goals and objectives, methods and techniques of scientific research of the material. The following theoretical directions are being developed:

variability of norms;

functionality in normative assessments;

the ratio of outside - and intra-linguistic factors;

the place and role of standardized literary elements in the modern Russian language;

norm changes.

Cultural and speech activity turns from a "prohibition" into a positive program of linguistic education, the development of linguistic flair, the ability to in the best possible way use the language, its expressive means in accordance with the speech tasks and the laws of the functioning of the language in society.

The communicative component of speech culture received some development (the works of B.N. Golovin, A.N. Vasilyeva, etc.) only in the 60s. 20th century in connection with the needs of teaching the culture of speech in high school.

The normalization activity of linguists did not weaken in the 90s. 20th century: works by D.E. Rosenthal, T.G. Vinokur, L.K. Graudina, L.I. Skvortsova, K.S. Gorbachevich, N.A. Eskova, V.L. Vorontsova, V.A. Itskovich, L.P. Krysina, B.S. Schwarzkopf, N.I. Formanovskaya and others.

The communicative component of speech culture is also receiving increasing attention.

The modern approach to the problems of speech culture establishes internal links between the increase in the speech culture of society with the development of national culture; scientifically analyzes the processes taking place in modern speech practice; contributes to the improvement of the modern Russian literary language, taking into account the diverse social functions.

. Characteristics of the concept of "culture of speech"

Speech is the activity of communication - expression, influence, communication - through language, a form of existence of consciousness (thoughts, feelings, experiences) for another, serving as a means of communication with him, a form of generalized reflection of reality.

The culture of speech is such a set and such an organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

The main indicators of the culture of speech:

vocabulary (offensive (obscene), slang words, dialectisms are excluded).

vocabulary (the richer it is, the brighter, more expressive, more diverse the speech, the less it tires the listeners, the more it impresses, memorizes and captivates);

pronunciation (the norm of modern pronunciation in Russian is the Old Moscow dialect);

grammar (business speech requires compliance with general grammar rules);

stylistics (a good style of speech is subject to such requirements as the inadmissibility of unnecessary words, the correct word order, logic, accuracy, the absence of standard, hackneyed expressions).

The normative aspect of speech culture presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. compliance with the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as a model.

The language norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the normative aspect of speech culture is considered one of the most important.

This is a necessary but not sufficient regulator, the culture of speech cannot be reduced to a list of prohibitions and definitions of “right or wrong”.

The concept of "culture of speech" is associated with the laws and features of the functioning of the language, as well as with speech activity in all its diversity. It is possible to cite a large number of texts of the most varied content, impeccable from the point of view of literary norms, but not reaching the goal. This is ensured by the fact that the norm regulates to a greater extent the purely structural, symbolic, linguistic side of speech, without affecting the most important relations of speech to reality, society, consciousness, and people's behavior.

The culture of speech develops the skills of selecting and using language means in the process of speech communication, helps to form a conscious attitude to their use in speech practice in accordance with communicative tasks. Selection of language tools necessary for this purpose - the basis of the communicative aspect of the culture of speech. As G.O. Vinokur, a well-known philologist, a major specialist in the culture of speech: "For each goal there are means, this should be the slogan of a linguistically cultural society." Therefore, the second important quality of speech culture is communicative expediency - the ability to find an adequate language form in the language system to express specific content in each real situation of speech communication. The choice of language means necessary for this purpose and in this situation is the basis of the communicative aspect of speech.

The communicative qualities of speech are, first of all, the accuracy of speech, intelligibility, purity, logical presentation, expressiveness, aesthetics and relevance. Clarity of wording, skillful use of terms, foreign words, the successful use of figurative and expressive means of language, proverbs and sayings, winged words, phraseological expressions, of course, increase the level of professional communication of people.

The third aspect, the ethical aspect of the culture of speech, is closely connected with communicative expediency. The rules of speech behavior, the ethical norms of speech culture are one of the most important components of professional communication.

Ethical norms of communication are understood as speech etiquette: speech formulas of greeting, request, question, gratitude, congratulations, etc.; appeal to "you" and "you"; choice of full or abbreviated name, form of address, etc.

Communicative expediency as a criterion of the culture of speech concerns both the form of expression of thought and its content. The ethical aspect of the culture of speech prescribes the knowledge and application of the rules of linguistic behavior in specific situations in such a way as not to humiliate the dignity of the participants in communication. Ethical norms of communication provide for the observance of speech etiquette. Speech etiquette is a system of means and ways of expressing the attitude of those who communicate with each other.

The ethical component of speech culture imposes a strict ban on foul language in the process of communication and other forms that offend the dignity of participants in communication or people around them.

Thus, the culture of speech is the observance in speech of the prevailing in society:

norms of the literary language (correct pronunciation, formation of sentences, construction of sentences, use of words in their accepted meaning and accepted compatibility). The literary language is the highest form of the national language and the basis of the culture of speech. It serves various spheres of human activity: politics, culture, office work, legislation, verbal art, everyday communication, interethnic communication;

norms of speech behavior, etiquette (greet, say goodbye, apologize, be polite, do not be rude, do not insult, be tactful);

norms related to the ability to achieve the greatest effectiveness of one's speech (rhetorical literacy);

norms associated with the ability to switch from one sphere of communication to another, take into account who the speech is addressed to and who is present at the same time, in what conditions, in what environment and for what purpose the speech is being conducted (style and stylistic norms).

All of the above allows us to accept the proposed by E.N. Shiryaev defines the culture of speech: “Culture of speech is such a choice and organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.”

3. Human speech culture

A high level of speech culture is an integral feature of a cultured person. By speech, they judge the level of culture of the individual and the whole society.

Human speech culture is an attitude a person to knowledge about the language (and knowledge in general), the desire (or lack of it) to expand them, the ability (or inability) to use the acquired knowledge .

The culture of speech affects not only the process of creating speech (speaking, writing), but also its perception (listening, reading). In order for the structure of speech to take on the necessary communicative perfection, the author of the speech must possess the totality of the necessary skills and knowledge; At the same time, in order to acquire these skills and knowledge, one must have samples of communicatively perfect speech, one must know its signs and patterns of its construction.

Thus, speech culture reflects the degree of assimilation and observance of cultural norms in the process of transmission and perception of a speech message, the application of knowledge that contributes to the effectiveness of this process in situations of everyday communication. In the content aspect, it includes knowledge of perfect speech patterns, knowledge of speech etiquette, knowledge of the psychological foundations of speech communication.

The culture of speech presupposes, first of all, the correctness of speech, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as a model, therefore the concept of the type of speech culture seems to be extremely important for the current state of society and its culture. Types of speech cultures (according to O.B. Sirotinina):

Full-featured (elitist) - the speaker uses the possibilities of the language as fully and expediently as possible, depending on the situation and the addressee of speech, freely moves from one style to another, always observes all types of norms of speech culture.

Incompletely functional - the carrier does not know how to use all functional styles, but they clearly distinguish two or three styles depending on the situation and their profession, make more mistakes than a representative of an elite culture.

Middle literary - the carrier is "self-confidently illiterate": carriers of this type, making a large number of mistakes, do not doubt their knowledge, are confident in the correctness of their speech, never check themselves in dictionaries and even "correct" specialists.

Literary jargon - the carrier deliberately reduces and coarsens speech.

Everyday - the carrier always uses everyday literary speech, without switching from one stylistic register to another, depending on the situation of communication.

Colloquial - the carrier is not oriented in the style varieties of the language and makes a large number of gross errors.

In Russia, the majority of the population are carriers of types of speech culture, occupying different parts of the transition zone between the two poles: full-fledged and everyday.

Last years within the framework of the culture of speech, a special direction has emerged - the linguistics of good speech (reclamation linguistics), associated with the study of the qualities of "good speech", which, in turn, depend on the communicative qualities of speech. These qualities are revealed on the basis of the correlation of speech with such "non-speech structures" as the language itself as a device that generates speech, as well as the thinking and consciousness of the speaker, the reality surrounding him, the person - the addressee of the speech, the conditions of communication. Accounting for these "non-speech structures" determines the following mandatory qualities of good speech: correctness, purity, accuracy, logic, expressiveness, figurativeness, accessibility, relevance.

4. Ethics of speech communication

The culture of speech has a certain influence on the ethics of communication. Ethics prescribes the rules of moral behavior (including communication), etiquette presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external formulas of politeness expressed in specific speech actions. Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, a completely ethical behavior that is not accompanied by the observance of etiquette will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of a person. When communicating, first of all, the features of speech etiquette are taken into account. The ethical component of speech culture manifests itself in speech acts - purposeful speech actions, such as expressing a request, question, gratitude, friendliness, congratulations, etc.

Thus, the ethics of communication, or speech etiquette, requires compliance with certain rules of linguistic behavior in certain situations.

In speech communication, it is also necessary to observe a number of ethical and etiquette norms that are closely related to each other. Speech etiquette begins with the observance of the conditions for successful speech communication.

First, you must be respectful and kind to the interlocutor. It is forbidden to offend, insult, express disdain to the interlocutor with your speech. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be evaluated, while observing the necessary tact. Rough words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. Yes, and from the practical side, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, because. never contribute to achieving the desired result in communication. Politeness in communication involves understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social position of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, and the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is ordered to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, to avoid excessive categoricalness in speech. Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the center of attention, show interest in his personality, opinion, take into account his interest in a particular topic. It is also necessary to take into account the listener's ability to perceive the meaning of your statements, it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For the sake of this, it is worth avoiding too long sentences, it is useful to make small pauses, use speech formulas to maintain contact: you certainly know…; you might be interested to know...; as you can see...; note…; should be noted... etc.

Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell throughout the conversation.

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

Let (those) get to know you (you).

Let's get acquainted.

It would be nice to meet you.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly - this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor and attention to his words.

Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, You-communication or You-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. Communication also plays an important role.

Etiquette defines the norm of behavior. It is customary to introduce a man to a woman, a younger one to a senior, an employee to a boss.

Formal and informal meetings begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greeting is hello. It goes back to the Old Slavonic verb to be healthy, which means “to be healthy”, i.e. healthy. In addition, there are greetings indicating the time of the meeting:

Good morning! Good afternoon! Good evening!

Communication presupposes the presence of another term, another component that manifests itself throughout the entire course of communication, is its integral part, and at the same time, the rate of use and the form of the term itself have not been finally established. It's about about handling.

From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. In addition, the appeal indicates the corresponding sign, it can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment. So, a distinctive feature of officially accepted appeals in Russia was a reflection of the social stratification of society, such characteristic feature like chivalry. In Russia, until the twentieth century, the division of people into estates remained: nobles, clergy, raznochintsy, merchants, philistines, etc. Hence the appeal " lord", "lady" - to people of privileged groups; "sir", "ma'am"- for the middle class and the lack of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

In the languages of other civilized countries, there were appeals that were used both for a person in a high position and for an ordinary citizen: Mr., Mrs., Miss; senor, senora, senorita, etc.

After the October Revolution in Russia, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree. Instead, the appeals "comrade" and "citizen" are spreading. With the growth of the revolutionary movement, the word comrade acquires a socio-political meaning: "a like-minded person who fights for the interests of the people." In the first years after the revolution, this word becomes the main reference in the new Russia. After Patriotic War the word comrade is gradually beginning to emerge from the everyday informal appeal of people to each other.

The problem arises: how to contact a stranger? On the street, in a store, in public transport, the appeal of a man, a woman, grandfather, father, grandmother, boyfriend, aunt, etc. is increasingly heard. Such appeals are not neutral. They can be perceived by the addressee as disrespect for him, even an insult, unacceptable familiarity. The words man Womanviolate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without appeals, using etiquette formulas: be kind, be kind, sorry, sorry. Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open.

label formulas. Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry).

When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one's "interests" in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an act; For example: Could you go to the store now?; Are you going to the store now? When asked how to get through.? Where is.? you should also preface your question with a request. Could you tell me?; You will not say.?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the "rules" of life, which takes place in a multifaceted, human "dimension". This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, thanks, condolences, congratulations, invitations. Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

euphemization of speech. Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanyan's book "1001 questions about it" about intimate relationships. Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression. In addition, mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be realized by the “change of addressee” technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW”. This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.

Interruption. Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However high degree the emotionality of the participants in communication, the demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of the partner's speech - an ordinary phenomenon of dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.

You are communication and You are communication. A feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns You and You, which can be perceived as forms of the second person singular (Table 1). In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of interlocutors:

degree of acquaintance of partners ( you- to a friend You- unfamiliar);

formality of the communication environment ( you- informal You- official);

the nature of the relationship you- friendly, warm You- emphatically polite or strained, aloof, "cold");

equality or inequality of role relations (by age, position: you- equal and inferior, Youequal and superior).

Table 1 - Form selection you and you

VYTY1 To an unfamiliar, unfamiliar addressee1 To a well-known addressee2 In an official setting of communication2 In an informal setting3 With an emphatically polite, restrained attitude towards the addressee3 With a friendly, familiar, intimate attitude towards the addressee4 To an equal and older (by position, age) addressee4 To an equal and younger ( by position, age) to the addressee

The choice of form depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, on the official-informal situation. So, in an official setting, when several people take part in a conversation, Russian speech etiquette recommends switching to you even with a well-known person with whom friendly relations have been established and everyday household address.

In Russian, you-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and not close long term relationship old acquaintances are shown in others by the use of the polite "you". In addition, you-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old, girlfriends, who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata are "more often inclined" to You-communication.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimize relations (compare Pushkin’s lines: “ You are empty heart You she, having mentioned, replaced... ". But with You communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is often lost.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances. The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns “you” and “you” in an informal setting.

Speech taboos - a ban on the use of certain words, due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors. Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may concern the names of certain organizations, the mention of certain persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of public life officially recognized as non-existent in this society. Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that obscene vocabulary, the mention of certain physiological phenomena and parts of the body, is prohibited. Neglect of ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law.

The norms of ethics and etiquette also apply to written speech. An important issue of business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal " Dear Mr. Petrov!For a letter to a superior, an invitation letter, or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dearand call the addressee by name and patronymic. In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the possibilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language. In business correspondence, there is a tendency to avoid the pronoun "I".

Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication. An important component of speech etiquette is a compliment. Tactfully and timely said, it cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. Tactfully and timely said, a compliment lifts the mood of the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous.

A compliment can refer to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, ability to communicate, contain a general positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great) looking.

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You are good (excellent, excellent, excellent) in managing (your) household (business, trade, construction).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

It is a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (to work, to cooperate).

A culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil relations with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake to him. To do this, one should criticize not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of the conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is desirable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in the dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with the interlocutor's doubts general provisions, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, reliable statistical data.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not concern his personal qualities, abilities, character. Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive proposals, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to pointing out shortcomings, since the development of decisions is the business of specialists, and assessing the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

So, the field of speech culture includes not only the actual culture of speech as a system of means, but also the culture of linguistic communication, communication.

Among the phenomena denoted by the term “culture of speech”, one should distinguish, firstly, concern for the language, its culture and level of communication, and, secondly, this level itself, i.e. development of language or linguistic communication, individual acts and results.

The culture of language communication is distinguished by the following features:

it concerns statements (texts) and their perception and interpretation;

it connects the language structure with the content-thematic side and style-forming factors, the situation, the personalities of those who communicate, etc.;

the asymmetry between the culture of speech and the culture of communication lies in the fact that communication uses the entire National language generally.

Thus, the culture of speech acts as part of a broader concept of "culture of communication", which includes both the culture of thinking and the psychological culture of influence and interaction.

Conclusion

Finishing the work, we note the following.

The culture of speech is the possession of the norms of the literary language in its oral and written form, in which the choice and organization of language means are carried out, which allow, in a certain situation of communication and while observing the ethics of communication, to provide the necessary effect in achieving the set communication goals.

When characterizing the totality of knowledge, skills and speech skills of a person, the culture of his speech is defined as follows: it is such a choice and such an organization of language means that, in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, can provide the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks.

The definition emphasizes three aspects of speech culture: normative; ethical; communicative.

The ethics of speech communication requires the speaker and the listener to create a benevolent tone of the conversation, which leads to agreement and success in the dialogue.

The culture of speech is, first of all, its real signs and properties, the totality and systems of which speak of its communicative perfection:

accuracy of speech (“Who thinks clearly, clearly states”);

consistency, possession of the logic of reasoning;

purity, i.e. the absence of elements alien to the literary language and rejected by the norms of morality;

expressiveness - features of the structure of speech that maintain the attention and interest of the listener or reader;

wealth - a variety of speech, the absence of the same signs and chains of signs;

the appropriateness of speech is such a selection, such an organization of language means that make speech consistent with the goals and conditions of communication. Appropriate speech corresponds to the topic of the message, its logical and emotional content, composition of listeners or readers, informational, educational, aesthetic and other tasks of speeches.

Thus, the correctness of speech, the richness of the individual vocabulary increases the effectiveness of communication, enhances the effectiveness of the spoken word.

Human speech activity is the most complex and most common. It forms the basis of any other human activity: industrial, commercial, scientific and others.

It is important to master the culture of speech for everyone who, by the nature of their activities, is connected with people, organizes and directs their work, conducts business negotiations, educates, takes care of health, and provides various services to people.

So, the culture of speech is the most important condition for communication. And mastering the basics of speech culture for each person is not only a necessity, but also a duty. Communicating culturally, people make the right choice in the direction of achieving communicative tasks.

Bibliography

1. Benediktova V.I. About business ethics and etiquette. - M.: Bustard, 2004.

Vasilyeva D.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2006.

3. Valgina N.S. Modern Russian / N.S. Valgina, D.E. Rosenthal, M.I. Fomin. - M.: Logos, 2005. - 527 p.

4. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. - M.: Publishing House UNITY, 2008.

Golub I.B., Rosenthal D.E. Secrets of good speech. - M., 2003.

6. Golub I.B. Russian language and culture of speech. Tutorial/ I.B. Golub. - M.: Logos, 2002. - 432 p.

Dantsev A.A. Russian language and speech culture for technical universities / A.A. Dantsev, N.V. Nefedov. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2004. - 320 p.

The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication / Under. ed. OK. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: Norma, 2000. - 560 p.

9. Kolesov V.V. The culture of speech is the culture of behavior. - M.: Education, 2008.

10. Krysin L.P. Language in modern society. - M.: Nauka, 1977.

11. Sternin I.A. Russian speech etiquette. - Voronezh, 2007.

Shiryaev E.N. The culture of Russian speech and the effectiveness of communication. - M.: Bustard, 2006.

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What is the culture of speech in the Russian language. The main functions of the language. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech

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How was the culture of speech formed?

What are the features and properties of speech culture?

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At what level is the modern Russian culture of speech?

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What is the culture of speech in the Russian language. The main functions of the language. Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech

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