Brief biography of Kruzenshtern. Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich: biography and discoveries. Teaching and public service

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern

Main events

First Russian circumnavigation

pinnacle of career

Admiral, honorary member of the Academy of Sciences

Order of St. Anne 2nd class

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern(at birth Adam Johann von Krusenstern, German. Adam Johann von Krusenstiern; November 19, 1770 - August 24, 1846 - Russian navigator, admiral. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps. Member of the war with Sweden (1788-1790) Veteran of the Gogland and Eland battles. After the war, he completed an internship in the British Navy, during which he fought with the French off the coast of North America. In 1803-1806. led the first Russian circumnavigation. In subsequent years of his life, he passed on his accumulated experience, first as an inspector, and then as director of the Marine cadet corps.

Biography

Childhood

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, comes from a Russified German noble family, great-great-grandson of the founder in Russia, Philip Crusius von Kruzenshtern, son of Judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenshtern (1724-1791).

From the age of 12, he was educated for three years at a church school, which was located in the city of Revel. He continued his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps located in Kronstadt.

From early childhood, the future admiral dreamed of circumnavigating the globe by sea. It didn't take long for the dream to come true.

Service

He was released from the Naval Cadet ahead of time (May 1788), as the war with Sweden began. He was promoted to midshipman and assigned to the 74-gun ship Mstislav, commanded by Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky.

Gogland battle

On July 6, 1788, in the Gulf of Finland, fifty kilometers west of the island of Gogland, the Russian and Swedish squadrons met. The squadrons lined up, one opposite the other. The movement of ships was hampered by the lack of wind. In fact, the ships of the enemy for several long hours aimed at each other.

The Russian squadron lost over 300 men killed and over 600 wounded. Mulovskiy's ship "Mstislav" suffered the most. He practically lost control, was mangled by the cannonballs of the Swedish cannons, but remained in service until the very end of the battle. The victory was for the Russians, the most powerful Swedish ship - "Prince Gustav" - surrendered, the rest of the enemy squadron hastened to retreat. A barely alive "Mstislav" rushed to pursue her.

The Swedes took refuge in the sea fortress of Sveaborg. Until late autumn, the Russian fleet kept the siege. Participated in it and "Mstislav". Almost all the officers were killed and wounded on it, and midshipman Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant commander of the ship.

The following year, Ivan Fedorovich took part in the Battle of Eland, and two years later (1790) in naval battles at Reval, Krasnaya Gorka and in the Vyborg Bay. Based on the totality of the results of his actions, he was promoted to lieutenant at the age of 19.

In 1793, among the twelve excellent officers, he was sent to England, which was the greatest maritime power of that time, in order to improve maritime affairs. With the British he went to the shores of North America, where he fought the French. On this journey, Krusenstern visited Barbados, Suriname and Bermuda. For the study of East Indian waters and the discovery of Russian trade routes to the East Indies, he visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in the Russian fur trade with China, which went from Okhotsk along the dry route to Kyakhta, Krusenstern decided that it could be more profitable to go directly by sea, he also had in mind to establish direct relations between the metropolis and Russian possessions in America.

Circumnavigation

Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation route

In St. Petersburg, Kruzenshtern presented his ideas to the authorities in 1799, but his project was rejected. In 1802, the main board of the Russian-American Company made a similar proposal, Emperor Alexander I approved the project. To fulfill it, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped. So Ivan Fedorovich's old dream came true.

"Nadezhda" and "Neva" - these are the names of the ships that made up the expedition, which went down in the history of Russian navigation as the first Russian round-the-world trip.

Nadezhda was commanded by Kruzenshtern himself, the Neva was another wonderful Russian sailor, Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky. The voyage began on August 7, 1803 with the departure from Kronstadt. The path ran across the Atlantic Ocean and on March 3, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn; from the Russians and their neighboring lands in the North Pacific, the expedition members paid special attention to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. August 19, 1806 in Kronstadt, circumnavigation ended.

Expedition route

Kronstadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaiian Islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (Hokkaido Island, Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin Island, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (Great Britain) - Corvo and Flores Islands (Azores, Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).

During the expedition, I.F. Kruzenshtern conducted extensive research, the results of which can be summarized as follows:

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (born Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern) is a Russian navigator and admiral. Born November 19, 1770, died August 24, 1846. Kruzenshtern is a unique historical figure, his name is inextricably linked with Russian geography and oceanology. Ivan Fedorovich became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. He first mapped most of the coast of Sakhalin, was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society.

Biography

Traveler-explorer Kruzenshtern is by nationality a descendant of the German Russified noble family of Kruzenshtern. Adam Kruzenshtern became the seventh child in the family of the Swedish judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenshtern and Christina Frederika, nee von Tol. The Krusenstern family gave Europe several prominent figures, among which the German diplomat Philipp Crusius and Admiral of the Swedish Navy Moritz-Adolf Krusenstern, who was Ivan Krusenstern's cousin, are especially famous. Perhaps it was the uncle's stories that impressed the boy so much that he began to dream of the sea. Adam found books about naval battles in his father's library and re-read them many times. That is why, when the young man turned 15, immediately after graduating from the city school at the Dome Cathedral in Revel, it was decided to send him to study at the Naval Cadet Corps in Krondshtat.

Education in the cadet corps

Despite the prestige educational institution, the life of the cadets turned out to be difficult: food was scarce, the classrooms were not heated, and there were no windows in the barracks. For a noble boy, accustomed to home comfort, study has become a real test. Despite the fact that Ivan Fedorovich tried to remember only pleasant moments, when they declared their desire to become sailors, he assigned his sons to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In 1787, Ivan Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipmen. However, it was not possible to go through the full training program: the Russian-Swedish war began - all the cadets were released ahead of schedule directly into battle.

Gogland battle


Military service

In 1788, Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky were sent to serve on the Mstislav ship. Unlike other graduates, the rank of midshipman was not given to him, but only indicated in the documents - "he served as a midshipman." In the same year, Ivan Fedorovich participated in the Dutch battle, and later, in 1789, in the Eland battle. In 1790 he fought at Revell, Krasnaya Gorka and Vyborg Bay. The authorities noticed the sailor, who showed himself to be a brave and courageous person. After some discussions, Ivan Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant. After the military battles, life seemed insipid to the young lieutenant, and he asked to be sent to where the battles were still being fought. So it ended up in England, where, on the orders of the high command, he began to get acquainted with the traditions of the local fleet. On an English ship, he sailed to the shores of North America and Philadelphia, visited South America, Barbados, Suriname and Bermuda. Went to the Strait of Bengal, lived in India for a whole year. The English "business trip" of Ivan Kruzenshtern lasted 6 years.

Krusenstern's first round-the-world expedition

In 1799 Kruzenshtern returned to Russia. Wanting to open the way for Russian trade to India, he submitted to the Admiralty a project for a circumnavigation. The idea was rejected. The reasons were the uncertainty of Kruzenshtern and the difficult financial situation of Russia, which was then at war with France. The situation changed with the advent of Alexander I. In 1802, the same proposal was received from the leadership of the RAC, and that's when they remembered Ivan Fedorovich. The round-the-world trip of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky was undertaken in 1803–1806. The ships of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were called "Nadezhda" and "Neva". The ships were commanded by Ivan Kruzenshtern and Lieutenant Commander Yuri Lisyansky, respectively.

On July 26 (August 7), 1803, the expedition set sail from Kronstadt. The ships headed across the Atlantic Ocean and on February 20 (March 3) rounded Cape Horn. In the North Pacific, the attention of the expedition was attracted by Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The participants of the first round-the-world trip returned to Krondshtat on August 7 (August 19), 1806. In his journal, Kruzenshtern spoke about the culture, economic features of the places he saw, interesting facts illustrating the life of savages. Descriptions of the banks of the Sitka and Kodiak have been preserved in Lisyansky's notes. It cannot be said that the expedition went smoothly. The first part was overshadowed by the eccentric behavior of Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who even had to be landed in Kamchatka, and the conflict between Kruzenshtern and Ambassador Nikolai Ryazanov, who was officially the head of the expedition. Ryazanov and Kruzenshtern had to share one cabin. Relations escalated so much that notes became the only way to communicate. One of the reasons for Ivan Fedorovich's dissatisfaction was that the ambassador's retinue hampered the crew on a small ship. Arriving in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ryazanov complained to the local governor about the recalcitrant crew. Later, the head of the expedition said that Kruzenshtern brought him an official apology.

Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation route

After the expedition

After Kruzenshtern made a round-the-world trip, in 1811 Kruzenshtern was appointed class inspector of the naval cadet corps. In 1814, Ivan Fedorovich completed work on instructions for a round-the-world trip in 1815-1816 under the leadership of Kotzebue, who took part in the first expedition. Then Kruzenshtern went to England to buy all the tools necessary for the trip. After his return, he received an indefinite leave of absence and set to work on the creation of the Atlas of the South Sea and an appendix called the Collected Works Serving as an Analysis and Explanation of the Atlas of the South Sea.

Management of the naval cadet corps

In 1827, Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps and a member of the Admiralty Council. In 1828 he became an honorary member of Moscow University. Ivan Kruzenshtern served as director for 16 years. During his work, many positive changes took place: new educational subjects were introduced, libraries and museums were replenished with manuals, officer class.

Retired activities

In 1842, Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern resigned and went to his estate. However, he did not stop working. In 1845, together with other famous researchers - F.P. Wrangel, F.P. Litke and K.M. Baer - became the founder of the Russian Geographical Society. Ivan Kruzenshtern died on August 12, 1846, was buried in the Dome Cathedral in Revelle.

Awards

Order of St. George IV class,
Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree,
Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky,
Diamond signs to the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Order of Saint Anne 2nd class
Prussian Order Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste.

What did Kruzenshtern discover?

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is famous for his numerous merits and achievements. The discoveries made by Krusenstern are of great importance not only for our country, but for the whole world. For example, in 1812, Krusenstern published his three-volume Journey Around the World..., and in 1813 he was elected a member of many scientific societies and even academies in England and Denmark, Germany and France. Until 1836, Kruzenshtern published his Atlas of the South Sea, in which he made many hydrographic notes. From 1827 to 1842, gradually rising in rank, the Russian traveler Kruzenshtern eventually reached the rank of admiral. Many outstanding travelers and navigators turned to Ivan Fedorovich for support or advice. In addition, for a long time Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps. At this educational institution, on his initiative, the highest officer class was created, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy.

Proceedings

Wörtersammlungen aus den Sprachen einiger Völker des östlichen Asiens und der Nordwestküste von Amerika (St. Petersburg, 1813);
Memoire sur une carte da detroit de la Sonde et de la rade de Batavia (St. Petersburg, 1813);
Beitrage zur Hydrographie d. grösseren Oceane (Lpts., 1819);
Articles in Bulletin acad. Sciences, "Notes" of the Admiralty Doctor (1807 - 27), Nouvelles Annales de Geographie de Malte-Brun and other publications.

The work “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva” was published in Russian three times:

First edition. Its first part was published in 1809, the second and third - in 1810 and 1812, respectively. Already in 1813, the Atlas of a large format came out of print, which contained maps and illustrations. The third part became scientific, it reflected the results of observations, tables of longitudes.

The second edition appeared in 1950 with changes and abridgements. Highly specialized information was released, which required additional comments, the third part was almost completely absent: only musical notes of Kamchadal and Marquesas music and a letter from the Minister of Commerce, Count N.P. Rumyantsev.

The third edition, published in 2007, completely repeated the 1950 version. The only difference is the new preface.

In memory of Krusenstern

On November 6, 1873, in St. Petersburg, opposite the naval corps, a monument to Kruzenshtern took its place.
The authors of the project were the sculptor I.N. Stern and architect I.A. Monighetti. The monument was erected with private funds, but some financial assistance was also received from the state.

In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins "The first Russian trip around the world".

In honor of I.F. Krusenstern were named:

Krusenstern Island,
Krusenstern Strait,
reef Krusenstern,
crater on the visible side of the moon,
ship "Kruzenshtern"

The name of the traveler is:

Bark "Kruzenshtern"
Icebreaker "Ivan Kruzenshtern"
Aeroflot Airbus A320 with the number VP-BKC.

Interesting Facts

While studying in the cadet corps, Adam Kruzenshtern became Ivan Fedorovich. The name Adam hurt the ear, so the future traveler chose a consonant, but more familiar name for Russians - Ivan. He borrowed his patronymic from a bosom friend, Ivan Fedorovich Lisyansky.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern had the honor to meet with President George Washington when he visited Philadelphia.

Kruzenshtern was in good physical shape. As contemporaries noted, he stood out against the background of the strongest sailors with his athletic physique and heroic chest. The bewilderment of the sailors was caused by the fact that the traveler carried with him two two-pound weights. With them, he daily performed his favorite exercise - push press.

Ivan Fedorovich loved pets. On expeditions, he was accompanied by a spaniel, which became the favorite of the team. The sailors even had a ritual: to scratch behind the ear of a spaniel so that the voyage goes well. Cases are known when savages, who had never seen animals with such long ears, fled in horror.

Fyodor Tolstoy and Nikolai Petrovich Ryazanov took part in the voyage of Kruzenshtern. The latter is known thanks to Andrei Voznesensky and the rock opera "Juno and Avos" by Alexei Rybnikov.

The name of the explorer-traveler is mentioned in the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino". Cat Matroskin says that the ship on which his grandmother sailed was named after Kruzenshtern.

In 1799, Kruzenshtern from his trip on the English frigate Oiseau to Southeast Asia brought a list of the monument of Malay literature "Malay Genealogies". Now it is stored in the archives of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg.

August 24 marks the 170th anniversary of the death of the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (birth name - Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern) was born on November 19, 1770, died on August 24, 1846. This is the famous Russian navigator, Admiral. Kruzenshtern became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, he was the first to map most of the coast of Sakhalin Island, and became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Today, the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands bears his name, the passage between Tsushima Island and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korean Strait, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago.

Without a doubt, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was a unique historical figure, was one of the founders of Russian oceanology. He had a significant impact both on Russian sea expeditions and on navigation in general. His short biography is today in all textbooks, it is taught in all special educational institutions in Russia. Today it is a name that is familiar to every educated person in our country without exception. It is inextricably linked with Russian geography and oceanology.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern comes from the Ostsee nobles. He is a descendant of the Russified noble family of Kruzenshtern, great-great-grandson of the founder in Russia, Philip Kruzius von Kruzenshtern, son of Judge Johann Friedrich von Kruzenshtern (1724-1791) and Christina Frederica, nee von Toll (1730-1804). After five daughters, Karl Friedrich (1769-1847) was born in their family, and, finally, Adam Johann himself, who was already the seventh child in the family.

From the age of 12, Krusenstern studied at the city school at the Dome Cathedral in Revel (modern Tallinn) for three years, and then continued his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1787 he was promoted to midshipman. It should be noted that from childhood, the future navigator and admiral dreamed of circumnavigating the entire globe by sea. This is the rare case when a childhood dream really came true, although it was far from being realized right away.

In 1788, in connection with the outbreak of war with Sweden, he was prematurely released from the Naval Cadet Corps and promoted to midshipman, having been assigned to the 74-gun ship Mstislav. July 6, 1788 in the Gulf of Finland, at a distance of 50 kilometers west of the island of Gogland, there was a meeting of two squadrons - Russian and Swedish. The squadrons lined up, one opposite the other. At the same time, the movement of ships was seriously hampered due to the lack of wind. In fact, Russian and Swedish ships aimed at each other for several hours.

The Russian squadron lost in this battle more than 300 people killed and more than 600 wounded. The 74-gun ship Mstislav suffered the most in the battle. This ship almost lost control, the ship was badly damaged by the fire of the Swedish guns, but remained in service until the end of the battle. Both sides claimed victory in the Battle of Gogland to themselves, although their losses were roughly comparable. The 60-gun ship Prince Gustav surrendered from the Swedes, in the Russian squadron the flag was forced to lower the 74-gun Vladislav, whose crew lost 260 people. If we talk about the strategic outcome, then the victory was for the Russians. The Swedish fleet was forced to retreat and take refuge in the fortress of Sveaborg. Swedish plans for warfare were upset already in the first naval battle.

The severely damaged Mstislav also took part in the pursuit of the Swedish fleet and the blockade of Sveaborg, which continued until late autumn. Almost all officers were killed or wounded on the ship, so midshipman Kruzenshtern was appointed assistant commander of Mstislav. Having distinguished himself in the Gogland battle, already in 1789 Krusenstern took part in the Eland battle. Among the few losses of the Russian squadron in this battle, the most severe was the death of the commander of the 74-gun "Mstislav" - Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky, who was preparing to make the first round-the-world trip in the history of Russia, subsequently it was destined to be made by Kruzenshtern, who served on the same ship. In 1790, Ivan Kruzenshtern took part in the naval battles at Reval, Krasnaya Gorka, and Vyborg Bay. After these battles, at the age of 19, he was promoted to lieutenant.

In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, among 12 Russian honors officers, was sent to England in order to improve maritime affairs and skills. At that time, England firmly held the title of the greatest maritime power. With the British, Kruzenshtern went to the shores of North America, where he participated in battles with the French. During this journey with the British, he visited Barbados, Bermuda and Suriname. To explore the East Indian waters and open trade routes to the East Indies for Russia, Krusenstern visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in the Russian fur trade with neighboring China, which was conducted from Okhotsk by land route to Kyakhta, Ivan Fedorovich decided that if the trade was carried out directly by sea, it would be much more profitable. He also planned to establish direct relations between the metropolis and the Russian possessions located in America in order to be able to supply them with all the necessary supplies. In 1799, Ivan Kruzenshtern presented his vision in St. Petersburg, but his project was rejected. At the same time, in 1802, the main department of the Russian-American Company made a similar proposal, this proposal was satisfied. Russian emperor Alexander I. For its execution, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped. This is how Krusenstern's childhood dream came true.

In total, the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which forever entered the history of our country, included two ships: Nadezhda and Neva. "Nadezhda" was personally commanded by Kruzenshtern, "Neva" - another famous Russian sailor, Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky. The round-the-world voyage began on August 7, 1803, with the departure of ships from Kronstadt. Their path ran across the Atlantic; on March 3, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn. Of the Russian and neighboring lands in the North Pacific, the participants of this expedition paid special attention to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The circumnavigation ended in Kronstadt on August 19, 1806.

During the expedition, Kruzenshtern conducted a large amount of various studies, the results of which can be summarized as follows:

Geographical maps have been substantially corrected; deep-sea studies of the World Ocean were carried out (determination of the specific gravity and salinity of water, temperature measurements at different depths, determination of the speed of currents, etc.);

The western coast of Japan, the eastern coast and the southern part of Sakhalin were put on the map, part of the Kuril Islands was explored;

A new path has been established to the Russian possessions located in Kamchatka and Alaska.

Ivan Fedorovich not only discovered and mapped many islands, described part of the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean and compiled its first atlas, but also became one of the founders of oceanological research. The round-the-world expedition under his leadership collected rich ethnographic, botanical, zoological collections, and also carried out a large number of astronomical observations. In his notes about the round-the-world trip, Kruzenshtern told a lot of new and interesting things about what he saw on the voyage, especially about the temper and life of savages. For its time, the atlas of the Pacific Ocean compiled by him was magnificent, it was replete with plans, maps and drawings. Lisyansky, who steered the second ship of the expedition, the Neva, sometimes sailed separately from the Nadezhda. In his book about the same round-the-world trip, there was a detailed description of the coasts of Kodiak and Sitka.

According to contemporaries of Ivan Fedorovich, he stood out quite strongly in his environment. Kruzenshtern was distinguished by his athletic build, and with his heroic chest and shoulder girdle he surpassed all participants in the round-the-world expedition. It is interesting that during the voyage, despite the bewilderment of his colleagues, he carried weights with him, and worked out with them every day. The seafarer's favorite exercise was the push press. With two-pound (32 kg) kettlebells, Kruzenshtern exercised every day, devoting about 30-40 minutes to these exercises.

In 1811, Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed class inspector of the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1814, he developed detailed instructions for conducting a round-the-world expedition of 1815-1818 under Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first Russian round-the-world voyage. Kruzenshtern also visited England in order to order the tools necessary for the expedition. Returning back to Russia, he received an indefinite leave, devoting it to the creation of the Atlas of the South Sea. His work, which was published in Russian and German, was soon transferred to French and then to all European languages ​​without exception. This work by Krusenstern was awarded the full Demidov Prize.

An interesting detail is that at the beginning Patriotic War In 1812, Kruzenshtern, being a poor man, donated a third of his fortune to the people's militia. At that time it was a large amount - a thousand rubles. In the same 1812, Kruzenshtern published a three-volume book of his own composition, “A Journey Around the World…”, and in 1813 he was elected a member of many scientific societies and academies around the world, including in England, Germany, Denmark and France.

In 1827, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps and became a member of the Admiralty Council. As director of this educational institution, which he himself once successfully completed, he spent a long 16 years. His activity at this time was marked by the introduction to training courses Marine Corps of new items, enrichment of the library and museum of the educational institution with numerous teaching aids. It was also during this period that the Higher Officer Classes were created and approved, which would later be transformed into the Naval Academy. Under Ivan Fedorovich, corporal punishment of pupils was completely abolished in the Naval Cadet Corps.

In 1842, with the rank of admiral, Ivan Kruzenshtern resigned. Leaving the service, he went to his estate, but here the illustrious navigator continued to work. In 1845, together with such Russian scientists as: F. P. Wrangel, F. P. Litke and K. M. Baer Krusenstern took a direct part in the creation of the Russian Geographical Society. After some time, this society became one of the largest centers of geographical sciences, not only in Russian Empire but all over the world.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern passed away on August 24, 1846 at his estate Asya at the age of 75. The navigator was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorodskaya (Domskaya) church. But his work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and then by his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both of them became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk region and the Ob North.

Based on materials from open sources

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern) was born on November 19, 1770 in a family estate near Revel (modern Tallinn, Estonia) into a poor noble family.

In 1788 he graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In the same year he participated in the Battle of Gogland as part of the Russian fleet, and in 1789 and 1790. - in three more naval battles.

In 1793-1799. served as a volunteer on British ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea.

Sailing on English ships, Kruzenshtern traveled to America, Africa, Bermuda, India and China. It was at this time that he came up with the idea of ​​the need for the Russians to circumnavigate the world for research and reconnaissance of trade routes for Russia.

Returning to Russia in 1800, Kruzenshtern submitted to the government notes "On the elevation of the Russian fleet through long-distance navigation to the level of the best foreign fleets" and "On the development of colonial trade and the most profitable supply of Russian-American colonies with everything they need."

In 1802, Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (1803-1806), which included the Nadezhda and Neva ships.

On August 7, 1803, the ships left Kronstadt, in March 1804 they bypassed Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean. After visiting the Hawaiian Islands, the Neva headed to Novoarkhangelsk, and the Nadezhda to Kamchatka and then to Japan. In August 1806 the expedition returned to Kronstadt across the Indian and Atlantic oceans.

During the voyage of Kruzenshtern, for the first time, extensive oceanographic and meteorological work was carried out in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and systematic deep-sea research of the ocean was laid; the expedition made an inventory of part of the Kuril Islands, the coasts of Sakhalin, Kamchatka, and some islands of Japan.

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and specifying the position of the existing ones. They discovered the trade wind countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured the water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, tides and tides in a number of areas of the oceans.

Description of the journey and the results of oceanological and ethnographic research Kruzenshtern outlined in the 3-volume work "Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva" (1809-1812, 2nd ed. 1950).

Since 1811, Kruzenshtern was an inspector, and in 1827-1842. - Director of the Naval Cadet Corps. In his post, he carried out a number of improvements in the institution: he enriched the library, established an officer class, and expanded the list of items.

On the initiative of Kruzenshtern, a round-the-world sea expedition was equipped under the command of Otto Kotzebue.

He was a founding member of the Russian Geographical Society, a member of the Royal Society of London, a member of the academies and scientific societies of France, Germany and Denmark.

Ivan Kruzenshtern died on August 12, 1846 in his estate Ase and was buried in Revel in the Vyshgorodskaya (Domskaya) church. His work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk Territory and the Ob North.

The name of Ivan Kruzenshtern is given to the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between the island of Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korean Strait, the islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya.

In St. Petersburg in 1869 a monument to Ivan Kruzenshtern was erected.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich (1770-1846), navigator, admiral (1842), leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, explorer of the Far East coast.

Born on November 19, 1770 at the Hagidi estate in Estonia (now in Estonia). He graduated from the cadet corps in St. Petersburg (1788). Participated in battles against the Swedes. Then he served as a volunteer in the English fleet: he fought with the French in Atlantic Ocean off the coast of North America, went to the Antilles, to India and even to South China.

Kruzenshtern did not manage to organize his own expedition right away: the first project (1799) was rejected by the government of Paul I. But the second (1802) was accepted by Alexander I. The voyage lasted more than three years: the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Kronstadt at the end of July 1803, crossed the Atlantic, then the ocean, explored the Far East and across the Indian Ocean and Atlantic returned home on August 19, 1806.

In the same year, Kruzenshtern was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

On the Far East the navigator explored the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin and compiled detailed maps. Having measured the depths at the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, he confirmed the conclusion of J. F. La Perouse that Sakhalin is a peninsula. (This conclusion was later refuted.)

In 1811, Kruzenshtern became a teacher at the Naval Cadet Corps, and from 1827 to 1842 - its director. On the initiative of Kruzenshtern, the highest officer class (now the Naval Academy) was created here.

In 1809-1812. The three-volume "Journey around the world in 1803-1806" was published. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", and in 1813 - "Atlas to the journey of Captain Kruzenshtern".

The admiral participated in the founding of the Russian Geographical Society (1845).