What determines the richness of a language, including the language of an individual? To reveal the meaning of Vvedenskaya's statement: The richness of the language is determined by the semantic richness of the word (USE in Russian) The richness of the language is determined primarily
The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality of the native language is, its richness Vvedenskaya L. A., Pavlova L. G., Culture and art of speech. modern rhetoric. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix Publishing House, 1996.
The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages in the world, with the richest book and written tradition. What is the richness of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?
The richness of any language is determined, first of all, by the richness of the dictionary. The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. V.I. Dal included more than 200 thousand words in the Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, D.N. Ushakov in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" - about 90 thousand words.
What is a person's vocabulary? It is very difficult to answer this question unambiguously. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary modern man usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand. different words, according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. And now compare these data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21 thousand words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and he used half of these words only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the brilliant poet. Let us give information about the number of words of some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand), Gogol - about 10 thousand words. And some people's vocabulary is extremely poor. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous "Twelve Chairs" ridiculed Ellochka the cannibal, which cost only thirty words. These words were enough for her to talk with relatives, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not difficult to imagine what that fellowship was like.
The speaker needs to have a sufficient vocabulary to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock, to try to use the riches of the native language. The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic richness of the word, i.e., its ambiguity. Is it important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what in question what does the speaker mean?
Most often, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstand. However, polysemy can be used as a method of enriching the content of speech.
Of particular interest are cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors write about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense”, “The ruler fenced himself off from his people both figuratively and literally”, “The extreme right was the first to make an attempt to pocket the flag. To pocket not only figuratively, but also literally.
What could shake London in the literal and figurative sense? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. How could the ruler isolate himself from the people in the literal sense? He "barricaded his residence like a fortress." In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word pocket has only one figurative meaning - “to take possession of something else, to appropriate”. The word has no other meaning. How can a party pocket a flag in the literal sense? The following text resolves the confusion. It turns out that members of the party wear star-striped handkerchiefs in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.
Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should know perfectly well the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings. Must be able to correlate, oppose not only words related to each other by various semantic, thematic, associative relations, but also different meanings of one word.
Our language is very rich in synonyms, that is, words that are close in meaning. Each of the synonyms, differing in a shade of meaning, highlights one feature of the quality of an object, phenomenon or some sign of an action, and in the aggregate, the synonyms contribute to a deeper, more comprehensive description of the phenomena of reality Vinokur T.G. The speaker and the listener. Variants of speech behavior. M., 2001.
Synonyms make speech more colorful, more diverse, help to avoid repetition of the same words, allow you to figuratively express an idea. For example, the concept of a large amount of something is conveyed by the words: many (apples), darkness (books), abyss (work), abyss (cases), cloud (mosquitoes), swarm (thoughts), ocean (smiles), sea (flags ), forest (pipes). All the above words, with the exception of the word many, create a figurative representation of a large number.
There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, that is, they have expression. So, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain a positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression.
The grammatical structure of the language is also distinguished by richness, flexibility and expressiveness. Let's take the view category as an example. Unlike the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of aspect indicates the way the action proceeds. So, in the aspect pair read - read the verbs characterize the action in different ways. The verb read (perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. The verb read (imperfective) indicates an action that is not limited.
In reviews of the style of good writers, you can hear: "What a rich language!" And they say about a bad writer or speaker: "His language is so poor ..." What is the difference between rich speech and poor Klyuev E.V. Speech communication: A textbook for universities and universities. - M., 1998?
Number of words (active dictionary). The very first criterion for the wealth and poverty of speech is the number of words that the speaker uses. The active vocabulary of a person speaking to the public must be sufficiently rich.
Polysemy. Rich speech is also characterized by the correct use of polysemantic words. For example, the word house . In what meanings is it used by Pushkin? one) master'shouse solitary, protected from the winds by a mountain, stood above the river" (house - "building, structure"); 2) I'm scared to go outfrom home (house - "a dwelling where someone lives"); 3) Everyonehome rules one Parasha (house -"household"); four) Threeat home called for the evening (house - "a family"); 5) House was on the move (house - "people living together"). Thus, the different meanings of the word expand the boundaries of its use in speech. And we ourselves can increase the wealth of our native language if we learn to discover new meanings in words.
Synonyms. Nothing enriches a speaker's speech like native language synonyms. There are very few completely unambiguous words in Russian: linguistics - linguistics. But on the other hand, synonyms with different semantic and stylistic shades are common. For example:
Laugh - giggle, laugh, neigh, die with laughter, roll with laughter, chuckle, cackle, laugh, laugh to tears, until you drop.
Be in love - to be indifferent, to have weakness, to adore, to burn with love, to suffer for someone, to sigh, to dry, to be crazy, do not have a soul.
Not - deliver, fire, pipes, for nothing, here's another, something else, for any gingerbread, keep your pocket wider, by no means! Never!
When conveying this or that thought, one should use the rich synonymic possibilities of the Russian language!
Comparisons. Replenishment of the speaker's vocabulary also occurs due to comparisons. Comparisons create unique images.
D. Carnegie in the book "How to develop self-confidence and influence people by speaking in public" gives comparisons, for example, to the word cold:cold , how … frog, ramrod, tomb, salt, autumn rain, clay, ice peak
A good comparison makes speech rich, decorates it.
Phraseologisms. Phraseologisms create special images in the speaker's language, i.e. complex in composition linguistic units that have a stable character ( puzzle, exaggerate, the cat cried, upside down).
The main condition for the correctness of speech is the use of phraseological units in accordance with their exact meaning. Speakers who are inattentive to their speech most often distort the composition of phraseological units. At the same time, they mistakenly insert extra words into stable combinations, for example: The writer goes toone keep up withtheir time;chief the highlight of the evening's program was the magician's performance. It is also unacceptable to mix phraseological units, for example: 3gathered herenarrow a circlelimited of people(right: narrow circle or limited circle of people).
So wealth and diversity public speech is created by a rich active dictionary, using polysemantic words, synonyms, figurative comparisons, phraseological units.
Phenomenon that clogs speech
In a tongue-tied person, speech poverty, the inability to express a thought often coexist with negative phenomena that "clog" speech. Among them are Klyuev E. V. Rhetoric: Textbook for universities. - M., 1999:
1) "hackneyed" wording: more or less, normal, nothing;
3) slang forms: waste! cool! cool! joke! trudge!
4) word abbreviations: communal apartment, B MB-ear, video recorder, telly;
5) phonetic contractions: a thousand, right now, finally, what?
7) spelling errors: * catalogue, incin dent.
These phenomena are unacceptable in the speaker's speech.
The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what the originality of the native language is, its richness.
The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages in the world, with the richest book and written tradition. What is the richness of the Russian language, what properties of the lexical composition, grammatical structure, sound side of the language create its positive qualities?
The richness of any language is determined primarily by the richness of the dictionary. The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. Thus, the "Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language", published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words. V. I. Dal included more than 200 thousand words in the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”, D. N. Ushakov in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” - about 90 thousand words.
What is a person's vocabulary? It is very difficult to answer this question unambiguously. Some researchers believe that the active vocabulary of a modern person usually does not exceed 7-9 thousand different words, but according to others, it reaches 11-13 thousand words. And now compare these data with the dictionary of the great masters of the artistic word. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21,000 words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and he used half of these words only once or twice. This testifies to the exceptional richness of the vocabulary of the brilliant poet. Let us give information about the number of words of some other writers and poets: Yesenin - 18890 words, Cervantes - about 17 thousand words, Shakespeare - about 15 thousand words (according to other sources - about 20 thousand). Gogol - about 10 thousand words. And some people's vocabulary is extremely poor. No wonder I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the famous “Twelve Chairs” ridiculed Ellochka, the “cannibal”, who managed only thirty words. These words were enough for her to talk with relatives, friends, acquaintances and strangers. It is not difficult to imagine what that fellowship was like.
The speaker needs to have a sufficient vocabulary to express his thoughts clearly and clearly. It is important to constantly take care of expanding this stock, to try to use the riches of the native language. The richness of the language is also determined by the semantic richness of the word, i.e. its ambiguity. Is it important whether the word is chosen to express the thought? Does the listener understand what is being said, what does the speaker mean?
Most often, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is realized in speech. If it were otherwise, then people would often not understand each other or misunderstand. However, polysemy can be used as a method of enriching the content of speech.
Of particular interest are cases when the writer, using a word, takes into account its two meanings and this stipulates, emphasizes, intriguing the reader, forcing him to think about the further content of the text. How to explain what the authors write about if the text begins like this: “London was shocked in the literal and figurative sense”, “The ruler fenced himself off from his people both figuratively and literally”, “The extreme right was the first to make an attempt to pocket the flag. To pocket not only figuratively, but also literally.
What could shake London in the literal and figurative sense? It turns out that one of the skyscrapers collapsed. How could the ruler isolate himself from the people in the literal sense? He "barricaded his residence like a fortress." In the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the word pocket has only one figurative meaning - "to take possession of someone else's, to appropriate." The word has no other meaning. How can a party pocket a flag in the literal sense? The following text resolves the confusion. It turns out that members of the party wear star-striped handkerchiefs in the breast pockets of their frock coats. The author expanded the semantic volume of the word, gave it a new meaning, fully motivated by its word-formation structure.
Everyone who is interested in improving their speech should know perfectly well the entire semantic volume of the word, all its meanings. Must be able to correlate, oppose not only words related to each other by various semantic, thematic, associative relations, but also different meanings of one word.
Our language is very rich in synonyms, i.e. words that are close in meaning. Each of the synonyms, differing in a shade of meaning, singles out some one feature of the quality of an object, phenomenon or some sign of an action, and together the synonyms contribute to a deeper, more comprehensive description of the phenomena of reality.
Synonyms make speech more colorful, more diverse, help to avoid repetition of the same words, allow you to figuratively express an idea. For example, the concept of a large amount of something is conveyed by the words: many (apples), darkness (books), abyss (work), abyss (cases), cloud (mosquitoes), swarm (thoughts), ocean (smiles), sea (flags ), forest (pipes). All the above words, with the exception of the word many, create a figurative representation of a large number.
There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, i.e. have expression. So, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain a positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression.
The grammatical structure of the language is also distinguished by richness, flexibility and expressiveness. Let's take the view category as an example. Unlike the category of time, which indicates the relationship of the action to the moment of speech, the category of aspect indicates the way the action proceeds. So, in the aspect pair read - read the verbs characterize the action in different ways. The verb read (perfect form) indicates an action that has exhausted itself and cannot continue further. The verb read (imperfective) indicates an action that is not limited.
It should be remembered: a gray speech filled with verbal clichés does not evoke the necessary associations in the minds of the listeners. It is unlikely that a person who abuses standard expressions can excite listeners, convince them of something, influence them. A stereotyped, hackneyed phrase bounces off the listeners, does not give them the opportunity to delve into the essence of the statement.
In addition, poor, linguistically poor speech is perceived as a negative characteristic of a person, indicating his superficial knowledge, low speech culture, and insufficient vocabulary. But the main thing: poverty, dullness, monotony of language is associated with poverty, dullness and unoriginal thought.
The Russian language consists of units belonging to one of its levels: phonetic, derivational, lexical, morphological and syntactic. Accordingly, the wealth of the Russian language also consists of the wealth of each of its levels.
Phonetic richness- this is the wealth of phonemes (vowels and consonants) of their combinations. Perceiving oral speech, we first of all hear its sounds, which are characteristic of this language.
The sound richness of Russian speech is also used in poetry to create appropriate images with the help of a special selection of sounds (sound recording).
Word-building wealth, which develops as a result of the action of various processes of the formation of new words, is one of the most important ways of replenishing the vocabulary of the language and, consequently, its richness. The use of certain methods of word formation allows one and the same root to form words of those parts of speech and with those shades of meaning that can most accurately express a thought, feeling or state, etc.
Lexical wealth- the most significant layer of the wealth of the language. Vocabulary - a set of words of the language, its vocabulary.
Vocabulary directly or indirectly reflects reality, responds to changes in the field of social, material and cultural life, is constantly updated with new words to designate new objects, phenomena, processes, concepts.
Vocabulary, among other levels of the language, has the most developed and multi-layered structure, differing in the sphere of use, in the spheres of communication, in emotional coloring, in the degree of activity in its use, etc.
Lexical wealth also includes phraseological wealth.
Grammatical richness The Russian language is provided by the diversity and variety of morphological and syntactic means.
Morphological means are represented by parts of speech, the grammatical categories of which make it possible to express various relations of meanings, to give the statement the necessary stylistic, expressive and emotional coloring.
Syntactic richness The Russian language is determined by the variety of syntactic constructions that directly serve for people's communication. It is in the syntax that such special language tools are concentrated, without which communication cannot be realized.
The main sources of speech wealth.
Speech wealth is based not only on linguistic, but also on the actual speech units. It includes intonational richness, semantic, stylistic, genre, thematic, etc., reflecting all the parameters of speech. Speech wealth in general is a much broader and more capacious concept than language.
There are layers of such means that relate exclusively to speech. It is impossible even to list all of them, because no matter what side of the speech we take, we will immediately see the variety of different means and ways of enriching it.
These aspects of the richness of speech are determined by the diversity of the situations themselves and the components of these situations. Speech itself is infinitely varied:
According to the goals, since both the content richness and the expression of the feelings and will of its author have many options in terms of the direction of the impact of speech, its intensity, in terms of the meanings and shades of their meanings;
By topic (subject of speech), since the statement cannot be devoted to absolutely all the facts, events and phenomena of life;
By forms, styles and genres;
By a set of verbal and non-verbal means, means of expression, etc.
Accordingly, oral and written speech have their own characteristics and a diverse repertoire of speech genres characteristic of each of them.
Features of monologue and dialogic forms of speech give rise to a wealth of means for authorizing and dialogizing a message, etc.
But the most important source of speech wealth is the manifestation of individuality - in an individual manner of speech, in personal meanings and associations expressed by speech and perceived through speech. The influence of personality on individual speech is not only in the knowledge of the language. But also in the reflection of the activity of consciousness, in the originality or stamping of thinking, in the direction, coloring and degree of brightness of emotions, in relation to interlocutors, etc.
The richness of speech is manifested not only in the creation of texts, but also in their perception, because the richer the language and speech baggage, the easier and more accurate the recognition and recognition of various elements of speech, and especially their recoding into "one's own language".
The richness of speech is manifested in speech specific person or specific text. At the same time, the richness of speech as a virtue implies not only the variety of language and speech means used, but also their relevance and validity.
Purity of speech.
Purity is the quality of speech, which, if not observed, turns out to be, judging by the polls, the most noticeable for listeners. The lack of purity of speech often causes irritation, since the use of certain "unclean", "dirty" means causes ethical and aesthetic "squeamishness" and rejection, and this is reflected in communicative relations - the mutual disposition of partners to each other is violated (does not arise), therefore - communication as a whole suffers.
All these groups of vocabulary are united by the fact that, as violators of "purity", they are usually foreign, other-style inclusions in speech. In other words, in order for them to be regarded as a kind of "spots", it is necessary that the "main fabric" of the text be "pure", that is, that the Russian literary language with stylistically neutral vocabulary should be the basis of speech.
The word is one of the main units of language. The word refers to certain objects, processes, actions, describes their state. All phenomena and objects have their own names in the language. The well-known linguist L.A. Vvedenskaya claims that “the richness of a language is determined by the semantic richness of a word”, which is facilitated by the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. This means that the word contains many meanings and the richness of the native language largely depends on its correct use.
The Russian language is not just expressive, it is infinitely rich. There are many synonyms that allow you to diversify speech, reveal different aspects of concepts. A whole world of meanings is contained in polysemantic words, since such words also have figurative meanings.
In sentence 19 of the cited passage, the word “fall” is used in relation to the hand.
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An ambiguous word can be interpreted as "powerlessly sinking" or "falling under the weight." But in a particular case, of course, the first meaning is meant, because the hero’s hand did not fall off. At the same time, in the depths of the reader's consciousness there remains an idea of something irretrievably lost. Another time, the same word in its former meaning is mentioned in sentence 51, and again it speaks of a difficult period in the life of Vladimir Mikhailovich. But in the second case, this word also emphasizes the opposition, because once the hand fell on the head of a devoted dog, and now - into the void.
When describing the actions of the dog, the author mentions how “sweetly” she stretched (sentence 14). He deliberately chooses this name from options, because "sweet" allows the reader to imagine the pleasure with which the dog sipped from the speeches of the dreaming owner, and at the same time allows you to feel the sweetish taste of the liver in your mouth.
Thanks to the breadth and versatility of the Russian language, writers manage to express many different meanings.
Updated: 2017-02-19
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Discipline abstract
Stylistics of the Russian language
On the topic: Richness of speech
Plan:
1. Introduction
2. The concept of richness of speech
3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech
4. Word formation as a source of speech wealth
5. Grammatical resources of speech wealth
6. Speech richness and functional styles
7. Conclusion
8. References
1. Introduction
I chose “Richness of Speech” as the topic of my message, as I consider it relevant and useful for later life. Because, in Russian, “there are enough colors to vividly depict any picture.” His huge vocabulary allows you to convey the most complex thought.
2. The concept of richness of speech
Level speech culture depends not only on the knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches, the ability to use them in the communication process.
The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in the incalculable stock of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic constructions and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades.
The richness of the speech of an individual is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how “skillfully, in accordance with the content, theme and task of the statement, he uses them in a particular situation. Speech is considered richer, the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, the less often the same language unit is repeated without a special communicative task.
3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech
The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But far from all the vocabulary of the national language is reflected in it: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, obsolete, colloquial, regional words are not included; derivative words formed according to active patterns. The "Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" contains 200,000 words, although it does not record all the words used in Russian in the middle of the 19th century. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. This is eloquently evidenced by the reference dictionaries "New Words and Meanings", as well as the annual issues of the series "New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials". So, a dictionary-reference book on the materials of the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, published before 1970. Dictionary Materials-80 (M., 1984) includes more than 2,700 dictionary entries and 1,000 new words with incomplete descriptions (without interpretations and etymological and derivational references) found in periodicals from September to December 1980
The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the freer, fuller and more accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses oral speech approximately 10-12 thousand words, and in writing ¾ 20-24 thousand. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows, but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.
However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and even not so much by the quantitative indicators of the vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. About 80% of words in Russian have many meanings; moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings (see, for example, take, beat, stand, time etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see. remove, put, reduce, pull, go and etc.). Due to the ambiguity of words, significant savings in language means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can act in different meanings. Therefore, the assimilation of new meanings of already known words is no less important than the assimilation of new words; it contributes to the enrichment of speech.
Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the values of their components, for example: the cat cried¾ ‘little’, slipshod¾ ‘carelessly, carelessly’. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: twist and turn¾1) ‘in different directions’; 2) ‘bad; not as it should, as it should, as it should be’; 3) ‘wrongly, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.)’; submit hand ¾ 1) ‘stretch out a hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell’; 2) ‘offer to lean on one’s hand’; 3) in combination with a noun help¾ ‘help, assist someone’.
Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in terms of expressed meanings and stylistic role, they are an important source of speech wealth.
The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, due to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. Here is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov in the story "Bela", using synonyms, characterizes Kazbich's horse depending on the change in the internal state of Azamat. Stylistically neutral word is used first horse, then ¾ is its ideographic synonym horse(‘high running horse’): ¾ Nice horse you have! ¾ says Azamat, ¾ if I were the owner of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, I would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse at any cost intensifies, the word horse appears in Azamat's vocabulary, the high stylistic coloring of which is quite consistent with the mood of the young man: The first time I saw your horse ¾ continued Azamat, ¾ when he was spinning and jumping under you, flaring his nostrils... something incomprehensible happened in my soul...
Artists of the word creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimov, "in Shchedrin's satire the word said has over 30 synonyms: blurted out, growled, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out of himself, nailed, barked, hiccupped, thorned like a snake, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and others. Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope ". Synonymous series are usually used to clarify, clarify, for a comprehensive description of an object or phenomenon. For example: Mezhenin lazily, reluctantly turned and, swaying, went out(Yu. Bondarev). In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function ¾ is one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms ¾, which allows you to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions and contributes to the diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I thought, will not understand what I myself cannot understand.(M. Lermontov). Here: I don't understand - I don't understand.
4. Word formation as a source of speech wealth
The dictionary of the Russian language, as is known, is enriched, first of all, due to word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words according to ready-made models. For example, in " Spelling Dictionary Russian language" (M., 1985) only with the prefix on the- about 3000 words are given. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words.
For example, a nest with a root empty-: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, empty, empty, devastation, desolator, devastating, desert, deserted, wasted, empty, empty, empty , desolation, empty etc.
Word-building affixes introduce various semantic and emotional shades into words. V.G. Belinsky wrote about this: "The Russian language is unusually rich for expressing natural phenomena ...
Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have kinds! Swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim, swim...: it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!" The suffixes of subjective evaluation in Russian are diverse: they give words shades of endearment, humiliation, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix ¾ yonk(a) gives the noun a contempt connotation:, horse, hut, room; suffix -enk (a)¾ shade of endearment: ruchenka, nochenka, girlfriend, zorenka etc.
The ability to use the word-formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech, allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including ¾ individual author's ones.
5. Grammatical resources of speech wealth
The main sources of richness of speech at the morphological level are the synonymy and variance of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of using them in a figurative sense.
These include:
1) variance of case forms of nouns: piece of cheese ¾ piece of cheese, be on vacation ¾ be on vacation, bunkers ¾ bunker, five grams ¾ five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic coloring (neutral or bookish, on the one hand, colloquial ¾ on the other);
2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me ¾ buy me, bring my brother ¾ bring for brother, didn't open the window ¾ did not open the windows, go through the forest ¾ walk through the forest;
3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: bear clumsy ¾ clumsy bear, the young man dared ¾ brave young man, the street is narrow ¾ the street is narrow;
4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: below ¾ lower, smarter ¾ smarter, smarter ¾ the cleverest ¾ smarter than everyone;
5) synonymy of adjectives and forms of indirect cases of nouns: library book ¾ book from the library, university building ¾ university building, laboratory equipment ¾ laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems ¾ Yesenin's poems;
6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents - residents, three students ¾ three students, two generals - two generals;
7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, any ¾ each ¾ any; something ¾ something ¾ something ¾ anything; somebody ¾ anyone ¾ anyone; someone ¾ someone; some ¾ any ¾ some ¾ some ¾ some);
8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatico-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, using the pronoun we in meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Here we (you, you) have already stopped crying; use we in meaning I(author's we): As a result of the analysis of the factual material, we came to the following conclusions ... (I came); use of the future tense in the sense of the present: You can't take the words out of the song(proverb); You can't even pull a fish out of the pond without difficulty.(proverb), etc.
Rich opportunities to diversify speech are provided by the syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variance, a system of parallel constructions, and an almost free word order. Syntactic synonyms, parallel turns of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differing in semantic or stylistic shades, in many cases can be interchanged, which allows you to express the same idea in a variety of language means. Compare, for example: She is sad ¾ She is sad; No joy ¾ no joy ¾ What joy is there; ended academic year the guys went to the village; ¾ The school year has ended ¾ the guys went to the village; ¾ Because the school year ended, the guys left for the village; ¾ After (as soon as, when) the school year ended, the guys left for the village.
Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify the verbal means of expression. However, in an effort to avoid syntactic uniformity, one should not forget the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions.
The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several variants of one sentence: Nikolai and his brother were at the stadium ¾ Nikolai was with his brother at the stadium ¾ Nikolai was at the stadium with his brother etc. There are no formal grammatical restrictions for permutation of words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing who was at the stadium, in the second ¾ where was Nikolay, in the third ¾ with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, a sentence of five complete words (I will go for a walk tomorrow) depending on their permutation, it allows 120 options, i.e. gives more than a hundred options for semantic and stylistic shades. Therefore, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.
To give the same syntactic construction a variety of shades, in addition to word order, intonation helps. With the help of intonation, you can convey many semantic shades, give speech one or another emotional coloring, highlight the most important, significant, express the attitude of the addressee to the subject of speech. Take, for example, the proposal My brother arrived in the morning. By changing the intonation, one can not only state the fact of the brother's arrival, but also express one's attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.). By moving the intonational center (logical stress), you can change the meaning of this sentence, Brother came in the morning(contains the answer to the question when brother arrived?); Brother arrived in the morning (who arrived in the morning?).
Intonation has the ability to "express semantic differences that are incompatible in one context in sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition: What's her voice like? ¾ What a voice she has!; Your ticket?(those. your or not yours) ¾ Your ticket!(those. present!) Intonation can give the same words completely different shades, expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word hello you can say joyfully, affectionately, affably and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently; it can sound like a greeting and as an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e. take on the exact opposite meaning. "The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered unlimited. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what was said is constantly not in the words themselves, but in the intonations with which they are pronounced."
Thus, speech richness implies, firstly, the assimilation of a large stock of linguistic means, and secondly, the skills and abilities to use the variety of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymous means, the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.
6. Speech richness and functional styles
The Russian language is enriched due to the emergence of new words, expressions and combinations, the development of new meanings for words and stable combinations that already exist in the language, the expansion of the scope of the use of a language unit, etc. Innovations in language reflect changes that have taken place in reality, social activities of a person and his worldview, or are the result of intralinguistic processes. "All language changes, ¾ noted L.V. Shcherba, ¾ ... are forged and accumulated in the forge of colloquial speech." Therefore, in the enrichment of the language, an important role is played by the colloquial style with its less strict, compared to bookish, norms, with its greater variability of speech units. The colloquial style, linking the literary language with the common language, contributes to the enrichment of the literary language with new words, their forms and meanings, phrases that modify the already established semantics, syntactic constructions and various intonations. It is no coincidence that writers, poets, publicists constantly resort to colloquial speech as an inexhaustible source of enrichment of the literary language. More A.S. Pushkin, turning to the folk language, saw in it an ever-living and always refreshing source. The entire 19th century, which gave rise to the geniuses of Russian literature, passed in search of ways to liberate the people under the sign of mastering and establishing folk speech in the struggle for the right of the writer to write in a living, simple and powerful language, not shying away from "peasant" words and phrases, but, on the contrary, relying on on them as a model. Word artists introduce into literary speech the most accurate folk words and expressions, the most successful constructions, colloquial intonations, thereby contributing to its enrichment. Fiction plays a paramount role in consolidating innovations in the literary language. Genuine works of art teach the reader an unconventional verbal formulation of thought, a peculiar use of language means. They are the main source of enrichment of the speech of society and individuals.
Contributes to the enrichment of speech and journalistic style, characterized by a tendency to eliminate speech clichés, to enliven the narrative with fresh verbal turns. Publicists are constantly looking for language tools designed for emotional impact, making wide and creative use of the richness of the language. In newspaper journalism, faster than anywhere else, the changes taking place in colloquial speech are reflected, which contributes to their consolidation in general use. Many words and combinations, used in journalism, especially in newspapers, acquire a socially evaluative meaning and expand their semantics. Yes, in adjective class a new meaning was formed ‘corresponding to the ideology, interests of this or that class’ (class point of view); word pulse(‘internal impulse, impetus to something, due to the activity of nervous stimuli’) in newspaper speech acquired a positive assessment and a specialized meaning: ‘what accelerates something, promotes development’ ( creative impulse, mighty impulse, acceleration impulse).
At the same time, some newspaper reports are full of familiar, inexpressive words and phrases, speech stamps, patterns that impoverish speech, depriving it of expressiveness and originality. Newspaper speech, like business papers, is the main source of stamps. From here they penetrate into colloquial and artistic speech, giving rise to monotony and poverty.
The official business style with its standardization, widespread verbal formulas, stamps, stencils, which facilitate communication in the field of legal relations, is the poorest, monotonous, in comparison with others. However, business speech, in accordance with its internal functional differentiation, can and should be diversified, including elements of other styles in it. Standardization in the official business style should have reasonable limits, here, as in other styles, a "sense of proportion and conformity" must be observed,
In scientific speech, the choice of language means is completely subordinated to the logic of thought. This ¾ speech is strictly considered, systematized, designed to accurately, logically consistently express complex system concepts with a clear establishment of relationships between them, which, however, does not prevent its richness and diversity.
The scientific style to a certain extent (though to a much lesser extent compared to the artistic, journalistic and colloquial) contributes to the enrichment of the language, primarily due to vocabulary and terminological phrases.
7. Conclusion
I think that this information will be useful to us, students of higher educational institution, in later life. To achieve speech wealth, you need to study the language (in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar).
8. List of references
1. Gritsanov A.A. Philosophy: Encyclopedia. Minsk: Interpressservis. 2002. 1376s.
2. Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment. 1969. 261. p.
3. Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: On the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983. 230 p.
4. LarinB. A. In memory of Academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L. 1951. 323 p.
5. Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of the methodology of the native language, linguistics and stylistics. M .: Gosizdat. 1930.311 p.
6. Pleshchenko T.P., Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G. Stylistics and culture of speech. Minsk.: TetraSystems.2001.543s
7. Rosenthal D.E. Practical style of the Russian language. M .: AST. 1998.384 p.
8. Russian writers.1800-1917.t 3. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992. 623.p.
9. Slavin. L. I. ‘The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky’. M.: Furious 1973. 479. p.
M.Yu. Lermontov is a Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, artist, officer. 1992. p.329.
For more details, see: Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment 1969. p.91.
Y. Bondarev - Russian Soviet writer. For more details, see: Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: On the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983. 230 p.
V.G. Belinsky is a Russian writer, literary critic, publicist, Western philosopher. For more details see: Slavin. L. I. ‘The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky’. M.: Furious 1973. 479. p.
For more details, see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 151¾166, 179¾193, 199¾220, as well as textbooks and manuals on the modern Russian language.
For more details, see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 350 ¾368.
For more details see: Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of the methodology of the native language, linguistics and stylistics .. M .: Gosizdat. 1930s. 157.
L.V. Shcherba (1880–1944) - Russian and Soviet linguist, academician. More cm.: Larin B. A. In memory of Academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L. 1951. S. 12.
