In addition to what part of speech in Russian. Grammatical means of the modern Russian language. Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun

"Beyond"

Part of speech:

Grammar:

part of speech: preposition; answers the question:

initial form:

Sentences with "besides"

General anesthesia, or anesthesia, in addition to inhibition of sensitivity, involves turning off consciousness.

The composition of the Committee headed by the director of the FSB is even wider: in addition to the already named officials, it includes the deputy head of the presidential administration, deputy chairman of the Federation Council, deputy chairman of the State Duma, head of the government apparatus, minister of health and social development, minister information technologies and Communications, the Minister of Industry and Energy, the Minister of Transport, the Minister of Justice and the Chief of the General Staff.

Within the framework of this project, with the help of scientific equipment installed on board, in addition to searching for water, it is planned to study the distribution of fossils in the surface layer of the planet, as well as to monitor the level of radiation in open space and in the orbit of Mars, to understand how its effect is detrimental to the human body.

Thus, the cat family, numbering thirty-seven species, includes, in addition to lions, panthers, leopards, jaguars and other mustachioed and fluffy quadrupeds, five subspecies of tigers.

History, as Kremlin leaders began to teach fellow citizens, should serve the cause patriotic education young people and, in addition to the negative, you need to constantly remember the positive moments.

And then no one in the USSR imagined any other possibilities besides primitive power ones.

And does it have a more rigorous scientific component in addition to grandiose in boldness ideas and philosophical lining?

But, in addition to these obvious advantages, electrocontact heating during rolling has two more unusual features.

All ministries, in addition to the general norms of behavior of civil servants, were asked to develop targets and rules for improving the quality of administrative services and work efficiency.

Of course, the analysis of current information should be carried out in addition to the operator, in automatic mode according to proven algorithms.

Parsing parts of speech

1. Independent parts of speech:

• nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
• Verbs:
• • sacraments;
  • gerunds;
• adjectives;
• numerals;
• pronouns;
• adverbs;

2. Service parts of speech:

• prepositions;
• unions;
• particles;

3. Interjections.

None of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language fall into:

• the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
• introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.

Morphological analysis of a noun

• the initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
• own or common noun;
• animate or inanimate;
• gender (m, f, cf.);
• number (unit, plural);
• declination;
• case;
• syntactic role in a sentence.

Plan of morphological analysis of a noun

"The baby is drinking milk."

Kid (answers the question who?) - noun;

• initial form - baby;
• permanent morphological features: animated, common noun, concrete, masculine, I-th declension;
• inconsistent morphological features: Nominative case, singular;
• in the syntactic analysis of the sentence, it plays the role of the subject.

Morphological analysis of the word "milk" (answers the question of whom? What?).

• initial form - milk;
• constant morphological characteristic of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, 2nd declension;
• variable morphological features: accusative, singular;
• in a sentence with a direct object.

Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:

"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: Luzhin's Defense, Vladimir Nabokov)."

Ladies (who?) - noun;

• the initial form is a lady;
• permanent morphological features: common noun, animate, specific, feminine, 1st declension;
• fickle morphological noun characteristic: singular, genitive;
• syntactic role: part of the subject.

Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;

• initial form - Luzhin;
• faithful morphological characteristic of the word: proper name, animated, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
• non-permanent morphological features of a noun: singular, dative case;

Palm (what?) - noun;

• initial form - palm;
• constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
• unstable morphos. signs: singular, instrumental;
• syntactic role in context: complement.

Dust (what?) - noun;

• initial form - dust;
• main morphological features: common noun, real, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
• fickle morphological word characteristic: accusative;
• syntactic role: complement.

(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;

• the initial form is a coat;
• constant correct morphological characteristic of the word: inanimate, common noun, concrete, neuter, indeclinable;
• morphological features are unstable: the number cannot be determined from the context, the genitive case;
• syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

The adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers questions What? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the features or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:

• initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
• constant morphological features of adjectives:
• • rank, according to the value:
  • • - quality (warm, silent);
    • - relative (yesterday, reading);
    • - possessive (hare, mother's);
  • degree of comparison (for qualitative, in which this feature is constant);
  • full / short form (for quality, in which this feature is permanent);
• non-permanent morphological features of the adjective:
• • quality adjectives change according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees, a simple form, in superlatives - complex): beautiful-beautiful-most beautiful;
  • full or short form (only qualitative adjectives);
  • genus sign (only in the singular);
  • number (consistent with the noun);
  • case (consistent with the noun);
• syntactic role in the sentence: the adjective is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Plan of morphological analysis of the adjective

Suggestion example:

The full moon rose over the city.

Full (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - complete;
• permanent morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
• inconstant morphological characteristic: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
• according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, performs the role of a definition.

Here is another whole literary passage and a morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:

The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looked into your soul.

Beautiful (what?) - adjective;

• the initial form is beautiful (in this sense);
• constant morphological norms: qualitative, short;
• non-permanent signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;

Slender (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - slender;
• permanent morphological features: qualitative, complete;
• inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
• syntactic role in the sentence: part of the predicate.

Thin (what?) - adjective;

• the initial form is thin;
• morphological permanent features: qualitative, complete;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative;
• syntactic role: part of the predicate.

Blue (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - blue;
• table of constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative;
• inconsistent morphological characteristics: complete, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative;
• syntactic role: definition.

Amazing (what?) - adjective;

• initial form - amazing;
• permanent signs in morphology: relative, expressive;
• inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive;
• syntactic role in the sentence: part of the circumstance.

Morphological features of the verb

According to the morphology of the Russian language, the verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what have you been doing? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms are characterized by heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.

Morphological forms of verbs:

• the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or invariable form of the verb. Variable morphological features are absent;
• conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
• non-conjugated forms: participles and participles.

Morphological analysis of the verb

• the initial form is the infinitive;
• constant morphological features of the verb:
• • transitivity:
  • • transitive (used with accusative nouns without a preposition);
    • intransitive (not used with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition);
  • returnability:
  • • returnable (there are -sya, -sya);
    • irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
  • • imperfect (what to do?);
    • perfect (what to do?);
  • conjugation:
  • • I conjugation (do-eat, do-et, do-eat, do-et, do-yut / ut);
    • II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat / at);
    • conjugated verbs (want, run);
• non-permanent morphological features of the verb:
• • mood:
  • • indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
    • conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
    • imperative: do it!;
  • time (in the indicative mood: past / present / future);
  • person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
  • gender (in the past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
  • number;
• syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
• • predicate: To be a holiday today;
  • Subject: Learning is always useful;
  • addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
  • definition: He has an overwhelming desire to eat;
  • circumstance: I went out for a walk.

Morphological analysis of the verb example

To understand the scheme, we will conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:

Crow somehow God sent a piece of cheese ... (fable, I. Krylov)

Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;

• initial form - send;
• permanent morphological features: perfective, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: indicative mood, past tense, masculine, singular;

Next online sample morphological analysis verb in a sentence:

What silence, listen.

Listen (what to do?) - verb;

• the initial form is to listen;
• morphological constant features: perfect form, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristics of the word: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Plan for the morphological analysis of the verb online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:

He needs to be warned.

No need, let him know another time how to break the rules.

What are the rules?

Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“The Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)

Warn (what to do?) - verb;

• initial form - warn;
• morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocable, 1st conjugation;
• non-permanent morphology of the part of speech: infinitive;
• syntactic function in a sentence: an integral part of the predicate.

Let him know (what is he doing?) - part of speech verb;

• the initial form is to know;
• inconstant morphology of the verb: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;

• the initial form is to violate;
• permanent morphological features: imperfective, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• non-permanent signs of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
• syntactic role in the context: part of the predicate.

Wait (what to do?) - part of speech verb;

• initial form - wait;
• permanent morphological features: perfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: imperative, plural, 2nd person;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Entered (what did?) - verb;

• initial form - enter;
• permanent morphological features: perfective, irrevocable, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
• inconstant morphological characteristic of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
• syntactic role in the sentence: predicate.

Instruction

The second group consists of service parts of speech. They do not name and do not characterize objects, signs, actions. The words of this group serve to ensure the integrity of expressions, to give semantic and emotional meanings to sentences. The service parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions and particles.

Ask a question to the word as if you are clarifying or asking again: who? what? which? How many? Find in the definitions below independent parts speech your interrogative variant:

1. Who? What? - noun. This part of speech refers to an object. For example: joy, word, person.

2. What? Whose? What? - adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object. For example: cheerful, fox, winter.

3. What to do? What to do? What is he doing? What will he do? What will do? What have you been doing? What did you do? - verb. Names an action that happens to an object or is performed by it. For example: draw, built, writes.

4. How much? Which the? What's the score? - numeral. Indicates the number, serial number of the item or the total number of items. For example: two, one hundred, three.

5. How? Where? When? Where? What for? Why? - adverb. This is a variable part of speech that describes a sign of an action or a sign of a sign. For example: carefully, attentively, skillfully, barely, reasonably.

6. Who? Which? Which the? - pronoun. This part of speech replaces nouns, adjectives, numerals. The pronoun indicates an object, sign or quantity, but does not name them. For example: I, you, he, this, who, ourselves, ours, so many.

If you cannot ask any of the following questions by the word, then you have one of the service parts of speech:

1. The preposition serves to link words in phrases and sentences. For example: in, on, from, because of, at, after, except.

2. The union connects homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence. For example: and, but, or, to, because, when, what, since.

3. The particle introduces additional meaning into the sentence (negation, question, doubt, etc.). For example: really, even, but, only, neither, whether.

4. Interjection. These unchanging words serve to convey emotions, express strong feelings. For example: uh, uh, uh, uh.

You will receive the answer to the question asked from the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what a part of speech is in general, what signs it has.

General information

“More” is what part of speech? Before answering the question posed, it should be said that absolutely all words in the Russian language can be divided into peculiar groups, which are officially called parts of speech. Moreover, each of them has its own special features, combined into three groups:

• common grammatical meanings, that is, meanings that are the same for all words of the Russian language that belong to the same part of speech;
• morphological features (case, person, gender, time and number, as well as conjugation and declension);
• syntactic features (the ability of words belonging to the same part of speech to be certain members of a sentence, as well as the features of their connection with other words).

What groups of parts of speech exist in Russian?

In order to understand what part of speech is “still”, you should find out into which groups all the words of the Russian language are generally divided.

So they may refer to:

• Independent parts of speech (or so-called significant).
• Service. These include prepositions and particles.

Independent group (parts of speech)

Answering the question of "still" - what part of speech is quite easy. But first it should be said that this word can refer to both a significant group and a service one. In this regard, it is necessary to pay special attention to the context under study.

Thus, in order to determine which part of speech the word is “still”, it is necessary to list all existing parts of speech (independent) in Russian, as well as their questions:

What part of speech is the word "still"? We find out together

Now you know all the parts of speech that exist in Russian. Moreover, almost all the questions that relate to them are presented to your attention. It should be especially noted that this information will make it much easier for you to find the answer to the question asked (the part of speech of the word “still”).

Let's analyze the word "more"

In order to determine the category of the named word, it is necessary to carefully study the sentence in which it is used. For example:

• Give me more potatoes.
• He hasn't arrived yet.
• Come visit again.
• I can still catch the bus.
• The moon shone even brighter.

After studying the context for this word, you need to ask the question: "How?" - more. From the information presented above, it is known that it is answered by a pronoun, an adverb and a participle. The first and last are dropped, since the word "yet" does not have the features of a verb and does not indicate any person. From these exceptions, we can safely conclude that this is an adverb. However, this raises a new question: "Why at the end of the word after hissing letter it is written not “o”, but “e”?” The fact is that this expression falls into the category of exceptions.

Define the particle "still"

The part of speech is a special category of words in the Russian language, which has both syntactic and morphological features. It should be noted that in some cases the same expressions may belong to completely different categories. The word "still" is one of them. After all, in addition to the adverb, in a sentence it can also be expressed by an ordinary particle. Here are some examples:

• She's still a slut!
• Where else will fate take us?
• Ask him this question! – Why else?
• I don't remember the name of the movie. Andrei Polyadkovsky also played there.

In these contexts, the word "still" acts as a particle. What is it connected with? The fact is that you cannot ask a question about a particle, since it belongs to the service part of speech. Actually, this fact is the main difference between the adverb “still” and a particle similar in spelling and pronunciation.

Summing up

Now you know what part of speech a word like “still” belongs to. It should be noted that this information will especially help you if you need to determine all the members of a particular proposal. Recall that most often adverbs appear in it as a circumstance.

There are ten parts of speech in Russian: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections.

Noun, adjective, numeral, verb, adverb are significant parts of speech; words belonging to these grammatical classes have their own lexical meaning, have special grammatical categories and play the role of main or secondary members in the sentence. According to syntactic functions, the pronoun also belongs to the significant parts of speech, but it does not have its own lexical meaning, and its grammatical categories repeat, depending on the category of the pronoun, the grammatical categories of a noun, adjective, adverb or numeral.

Prepositions, conjunctions, particles - service parts of speech; they indicate relationships between words or between sentences, and also give utterances different semantic and modal shades. Interjection does not belong to either significant or auxiliary parts of speech.

Noun

- a part of speech that includes words that name an object or living being: pine, teacher, tiger.

Adjective

- a part of speech that contains words denoting signs of an object or living being: tall pine, new teacher, young tiger.

Numerals

denote the number of items ( one, fifteen, one hundred twenty seven) or their serial number ( first car, September fifteenth, one hundred and twenty seventh page).

Pronouns

- these are words that do not have their own lexical meaning: they do not name objects, properties, actions, but point to them. Pronouns are used instead of nouns, adjectives, numerals, and also instead of adverbs: A woman entered the room. She is carrying a kettle; The carpenters built a new house. AT this house decided to place Kindergarten ; Five came out of the forest. On the all were camouflage robes; I will arrive in the evening, then and talk.

Verb

– part of speech, which includes words denoting the action or state of an object or living being: go, sleep, be.

Communion and participle.

In addition to the diverse forms expressing various specific verbal grammatical meanings, the verb has such forms that bring it closer to other parts of speech. This is a participle, which, while preserving the meaning of action and state inherent in the verb and the grammatical categories of voice, tense and aspect, changes in gender, number and case, and thereby approaches the adjective ( reading boy, reading girl, reading device), - and the gerund, which, also retaining the basic properties of the verb, in terms of formal features and syntactic role in the sentence, approaches another part of speech - the adverb: just like the adverb, the gerund has no inflectional forms, and in the sentence it acts as a circumstance ( cf.: The rains are pouring incessantly. - It's raining, without ceasing).

Adverbs

- these are immutable words that denote the nature of an action or state, quality or attribute of an object. In a sentence, adverbs are adjacent to a verb, adjective, noun, or other adverb and are either adverbs or inconsistent definitions: run fast, turn right, seriously ill, scrambled eggs, painfully long.

By meaning, several categories of adverbs are distinguished: 1) adverbs of place: on right, at the bottom, up, from everywhere;

2) adverbs of time: always, never, yesterday, now;

3) adverbs of mode of action: strongly, fun, blindly, dry;

4) adverbs of degree of action: very(tired), half(gray-haired), absolutely(healthy), a little-a little(move);

5) adverbs of reason: rashly, foolishly; 6) adverbs of purpose: out of spite, on purpose, intentionally.

A special group is the so-called. predicative adverbs; they denote the state of a person or nature, the possibility / impossibility or necessity of action and play the role of a predicate in impersonal sentences: It was already light ; It's a pity was parting; Can to come in?It's time get up etc.

Like the words of other parts of speech, adverbs differ in stylistic coloring and terms of use. Many of them are stylistically neutral and can be used without any restrictions; such are, for example, pronominal adverbs where, where, there, where, here, there, how, So, when, then, a significant part of the adverbs of place, time, mode of action, etc.: upstairs, for a long time, from afar, in the morning. suddenly, Good, at all etc.

Some adverbs have book coloring and are used mainly in book and written speech: very, exclusively(cf. stylistically neutral very), immediately(cf. fast), in vain(cf. in vain, colloquial in vain), truly, certainly, excessively and under. Others, on the contrary, have a reduced stylistic coloring and are characteristic mainly of colloquial speech: first, brutally, in the dark, foolishly, blindly and under.

Prepositions

- these are service words that, combined with nouns or pronouns, denote various relationships between objects or the relationship of objects to actions, states, signs: behind the closet, in front of me, from the forest, In a minute, for relax, in a dream, from fatigue.

Most of the prepositions are assigned to certain cases: without, for, before, from, from, at used with the genitive to- with dative, about, through, through- with an accusative above, before - with creativity, at - with a preposition. Some prepositions can be used with different cases of nouns: in, on the, about- with accusative and prepositional ( went to the forest - were in the forest, move to the edge - sit on the edge, hit a stone - talk about a stone), per, under- with accusative and instrumental ( roll behind (under) the closet–lie behind (under) the closet), on - with dative, accusative and prepositional ( swipe down the throat - up to the throat - meet at the end of the session), With- with genitive, accusative and instrumental ( get off the stove - the height of the stove - a house with a stove).

Of the features of the use of prepositions in speech, it is necessary to note the nature of their combination with personal pronouns of the 3rd person. So called. primitive prepositions - these include all one-phonemic and monosyllabic: in, to, about, With, without, before, per, from, from, above, on, under, at etc., as well as prepositions from-per, from-under, between, before, through, – joining a pronoun, "cause" an insertion n- at its beginning; cf. : him - to him, her - with her, them - between them, them from-for them. Non-primitive prepositions (historically, they appeared in the language much later than the first ones, from words of other parts of speech) do not cause such an effect: thanks to him(not: *thanks to him), towards her(not: * towards her) etc.

Unions

- these are service words that connect sentences and sentence members: The boy is reading, a girl writes; The boy is reading and writes.

Unions are divided into two categories:

1) coordinative, which connect homogeneous members of the sentence and are divided into connecting ( and, Yes- in function and, - no no…), opposing (a, but, Yes - in function but, - but, but), separating ( or, or, then... then..., either...or..., not that... not that...);

2) subordinates that bind subordinate clause with main: to, because, how, because, if, although and etc.

Particles

- these are service words with which the speaker gives various modal shades to statements - for example, surprise ( Really you couldn't do it?), admiration ( What the ear!), doubts ( Hardly It's right) etc.

By value, particles are divided into the following categories:

1) amplifying: even, same, then, and, neither, after all, already;

2) restrictive: only, only;

3) index: out, here;

4) interrogative: unless, really, whether;

5) exclamatory: what the, how

6) negative: not and containing not: not at all, far from, by no means and some others.

Some particles are word-forming:- then, -or, -someday, something- (they serve to form indefinite pronouns) and formative: would, let, let, -ka(they serve to form the subjunctive and imperative moods of the verb: would say, let(let)he will say, tell-ka).

Words are close to particles, showing the relation of the content of speech to reality and the assessment that the speaker gives to the reported facts: certainly, undoubtedly, seems, probably, they say, means, supposedly etc. In the offer they are introductory words and stand out intonation (in oral speech) and commas (in writing): Seems, I am late; They say, he is ill; You, means, and you're not going to leave?

Interjection

– these are words that express the feelings and motives of the speaker, but do not name them: Oh , how glad I am to see you! Oh , will come to you from your father! Fathers , yes is that you?

Interjections can be subdivided into

1) expressing feelings - surprise, annoyance, approval, threat, etc.: a! Oh! ba! Hurrah! uh-eh! oh! Alas! about!

2) expressing various motives: well, well-ka, out! away!

3) expressing a reaction to the words of the interlocutor: oh is it?well, yes?(mistrust), here's another! (disagreement or indignation) and some. etc. Onomatopoeic words adjoin interjections: bam! clap! meow! crowing!

The scope of the use of interjections and onomatopoeic words is mainly colloquial speech and the language of fiction.

Morphemic means of the Russian language.

They consist of two classes: derivational means and inflectional means. Word-building means are root and service morphemes. A root morpheme is a common part of related words that expresses a certain lexical meaning. Service, or affixal, morphemes serve to form words (suffixes, prefixes), and inflectional service morphemes - to change words according to grammatical categories - cases, numbers, genders, persons, tenses, etc. (ends).

Syntactic means (phrases and sentences).

These are language units that are longer than a word: phrases and sentences.

phrase, the simplest non-predicative (unlike a sentence) unit of speech, which is formed according to a syntactic model based on a subordinating grammatical connection - agreement, control, adjacency of two or more significant words (BSE).

Sentence, a unit of grammar, usually corresponding to a complete utterance and capable of acting as a separate message (text of minimum length). The sentence consists of words that appear in morphological forms and in a linear order, which are provided for by the grammar of the language. Sentence structure is the subject of syntax.

Noun

Noun- a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions who? what?

Note.

A subject in grammar is anything that can be asked about. who is it? what is this?

By meaning, nouns are divided into own and common nouns, animated and inanimate.
Nouns are either masculine, feminine or neuter.

Note.
Nouns by gender do not change.

Nouns change by cases and by numbers.
The initial form of a noun is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, nouns are most often subject and object, as well as inconsistent definition, application, circumstance and nominal part of the compound predicate.

Proper nouns and common nouns

Proper nouns- These are the names of individuals, single objects.
Proper nouns include:

1. surnames (pseudonyms, nicknames), first names, patronymics of people, as well as nicknames of animals.
2. geographical names
3. astronomical names
4. names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature and art, factories, ships, etc.

Note.
Proper nouns should be distinguished from proper denominations.

Proper nouns sometimes turn into common nouns (for example: Ampere - a French scientist, ampere - a unit of electric current strength

Common nouns- this is a common name for all homogeneous objects and phenomena.
Common nouns can become proper nouns (for example: earth - land, Earth - a planet in the solar system).

Nouns, animate and inanimate

Animated nouns serve as the names of people, animals and answer the question who?
Inanimate nouns serve as the names of inanimate objects, as well as objects flora and answer the question what?
Inanimate also include nouns such as group, people, crowd, flock, youth, etc.

The number of nouns.

Nouns are used in the singular when we are talking about one subject, and in the plural when several subjects are meant.
Some nouns are either used only in the singular or only in the plural.

Nouns that only have the singular form:

1. Names of many identical persons, objects (collective nouns): youth, children, students, humanity and etc.
2. Names of objects with a real value: asphalt, iron, strawberries, milk, steel, beets, kerosene and etc.
3. Names of quality or feature: whiteness, malice, dexterity, youth, freshness, blueness, darkness, blackness and etc.
4. Action or state names: mowing, felling, execution, suggestion, burning and etc.
5. Proper names as names of single objects: Moscow, Volga and etc.
6. The words: burden, udder, flame, crown

Nouns that only have a plural form:

1. Names of composite and paired items: pants, scales, railings, vise, tongs, rakes, scissors, pitchforks, swings and etc.
2. Names of materials or their waste, residues: white, yeast, pasta, cream, bran, sawdust and etc.
3. Names of time intervals, games: hide and seek, hide and seek, chess, holidays, day, weekdays and etc.
4. Names of actions and states of nature: chores, elections, negotiations, shoots, frosts, debates and etc.
5. Some geographical names: Carpathians, Fili, Gorki, Athens, Alps, Sokolniki and etc.

Cases of nouns

There are six cases in Russian. The case is determined by questions.

Nominative - who? or what?
Parent - who? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?

To determine the case of a noun in a sentence, you need:

1. find the word to which the given noun refers;
2. put a question from this word to the noun.

Declension of nouns

Changing words by case is called declension.
Exists three declensions nouns.

First decline.

The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -а (-я) in the nominative singular (country, land), as well as masculine nouns denoting people with the same endings (young man, uncle).

Second decline.

The second declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending (shore, day), as well as with endings -o, -e (house, house) and neuter with endings -o, -e in the nominative singular (word, building ).

Third declension.

The third declension includes feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular.

Variable nouns.

Ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup and crown) and the masculine noun way in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases in the singular have 3rd declension noun endings -i, and in the instrumental case they take the endings of nouns of the 2nd declension -em (-em).

Indeclinable nouns.

Indeclinable are nouns that have the same form for all cases.
Among them there are both common nouns (coffee, radio, cinema, jury) and proper names (Goethe, Zola, Sochi).

Morphological analysis of the noun

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1.
2. Permanent signs:
a) own or common noun,
b) animate or inanimate,
c) gender
d) declination.
3. Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number.
III. syntactic role.

Adjective

The meaning and grammatical features of the adjective

Adjective- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? which? which? whose?

Note.
Under the attribute in grammar, it is customary to understand the properties, belonging, quantities, etc., characterizing objects.

According to the meaning and form, the categories of adjectives are distinguished: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Adjectives, depending on nouns, agree with them, i.e. are put in the same case, number, gender as the nouns to which they refer.
The initial form of adjectives is the nominative case in the singular masculine. Adjectives are in complete and in brief form (only high quality).
In a sentence, adjectives in full form, as a rule, are agreed definitions, sometimes they are the nominal part of the compound predicate.
Short form adjectives are used only as predicates.
Qualitative adjectives have a comparative and a superlative degree.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent.

Qualitative adjectives designate a feature of an object by:

• form(straight, angled)
• size(narrow, low)
• bloom(red, lemon)
• property(durable, tough)
• taste(bitter, salty)
• weight(heavy, weightless)
• smell(odorous, fragrant)
• temperature(warm, cool)
• sound(loud, quiet)
• general assessment(important, harmful)
• and etc.

Most quality adjectives have full and short forms.
Complete the form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
adjectives in brief form change according to numbers and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: much, glad, must, necessary.
Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes denoting a high degree a sign, and an adjective, which are part of the terminological names (fast train, deep rear).

Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb very, have antonyms.
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. In form, each degree can be simple(consists of one word) and composite(consists of two words): harder, quietest.

comparative

comparative shows that in one or another object a sign appears to a greater or lesser extent than in another.

Superlatives

Superlatives shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives denote such a feature of an object that cannot be in the object to a greater or lesser extent.

Relative adjectives do not have a short form, degrees of comparison, do not combine with an adverb very, have no antonyms.

Relative adjectives change by case, number and gender (singular).

Relative adjectives mean:

• material(wooden spoon, clay pot)
• amount(five-year-old daughter, two-story house)
• location(river port, steppe wind)
• time(last year's plan, January frosts)
• appointment(washing machine, passenger train)
• weight, length, measure(meter stick, quarterly plan)
• and etc.

Possessive adjectives indicate the belonging of something to a person and answer the questions of whose? whose? whose? whose?
Possessive adjectives change by case, number and gender.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative singular masculine).
2. Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive.
3. Irregular symptoms:
1) for quality:
a) the degree of comparison,
b) short and long form;
2) For all adjectives:
a) fall
b) number
c) genus.
III. syntactic role.

Numeral

The meaning and grammatical features of the numeral.

Numeral- a part of speech that indicates the number of objects, the number, as well as the order of objects when counting.
According to their meaning and grammatical features, numerals are divided into quantitative and ordinal.
quantitative numerals denote quantity or number and answer the question how much?
Ordinal numerals indicate the order of objects in the count and answer the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.

Quantity can also refer to other parts of speech. Numerals can be written in words and numbers, while other parts of speech can only be written in words: three horses - three horses.

The nouns change according to cases.
The initial form of the numeral is the nominative case.
In a sentence, numerals are subject, predicate, definition, adverb of time.
The numeral denoting the quantity, in combination with nouns, is one member of the sentence.

Simple and compound numbers

By the number of words, numerals are simple and compound.
Simple numerals consist of one word, and composite of two or more words.

Cardinal numbers.

Quantitative numerals are divided into three categories: whole numbers, fractional numbers and collective numbers.

Ordinals.

Ordinal numbers are formed, as a rule, from numerals denoting integers, usually without suffixes: five - fifth, six - sixth.

Note.

The ordinal numbers first and second are non-derivative (original words).

Ordinal numbers, like adjectives, change by case, number, and gender.
In compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined.

Morphological analysis of the name of the numeral

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative case).
2. Permanent signs:
a) simple or compound,
b) quantitative or ordinal,
c) category (for quantitative).
3. Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Pronoun

Meaning and grammatical features of the pronoun.

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them.
The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.
In a sentence, pronouns are used as a subject, definition, object, less often - circumstances, and a pronoun can also be used as a predicate.

Pronoun ranks by meaning

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• personal(I you he she)
• returnable(myself)
• interrogative(who, what, what)
• relative(who, which, than, which)
• uncertain(someone, something, some)
• negative(no one, nothing, some)
• possessive(mine, yours, ours)
• index(that, this, such, such, so much)
• defining(all, every, other)

Personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns I and you indicate the participants in the speech.
Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being said, has been said before or will be said. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text.
Pronoun you can refer to one person. The verb is the predicate and the short form of adjectives and participles are used in the plural. If the predicate is expressed by the adjective of the full form, then it is used in the singular.

reflexive pronoun myself.

reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person they are talking about.
Pronoun myself does not have a face, number, gender. It can be applied to any person, singular and plural, to any gender.
reflexive pronoun myself is in the offer an addition, sometimes a circumstance.

Interrogative and relative pronouns.

Words that respond to nouns (who? what?), adjectives (what? whose? what?), numerals (how much?), form a group interrogative pronouns.
The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which the They are used to link simple sentences into complex sentences. It - relative pronouns.
In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much- interrogative. In complex sentences, allied words which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns -something(something, someone, etc.) and -not(someone, several, etc.), which is always under stress, as well as suffixes something, something, something(someone, someone, anyone, etc.).
Indefinite pronouns change according to the type of pronoun from which oi are formed.
In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subject, object, definition.

negative pronouns.

Negative pronouns(no one, not at all, no one, etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity, or to reinforce the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither-(no one, no one, no one) and a percussion device not-(no one, nothing).
Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender.

Note.

Pronouns with a prefix are not most often used in impersonal sentences, in which the predicate is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, definitions.

Possessive pronouns.

Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours indicate to which person the object belongs.
Pronoun my indicates that the subject belongs to the speaker. Your indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking.
Pronoun mine Indicates the belonging of the subject to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third person who are subjects in the sentence.
All of these pronouns in sentences are agreed definitions.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, this, such, such, so much, this serve to distinguish among others any specific object, feature, quantity.
Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much serve to form complex sentences. In this case they are demonstrative words in the main clause, in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to the relative pronouns that are in it allied words.
In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be subject, object, attribute, predicate.

Definitive pronouns.

Definitive pronouns- all, everyone, everyone, everyone, himself, the most, any, different, other.
Pronouns each, any, most point to one object from a series of homogeneous ones.
Pronoun any points to any object from many homogeneous ones.
Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something indivisible.
Pronoun myself refers to the person or thing that performs the action.
Pronoun most, in addition to the above value, can indicate the degree of the feature, serves to form superlatives adjectives.

Morphological analysis of the pronoun

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (nominative singular).
2. Permanent signs:
a) rank
b) person (for personal pronouns).
3. Irregular symptoms:
a) fall
b) number (if any),
c) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Verb

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions what to do? what to do?
Verbs are imperfect and perfect.
Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive.
Verbs change according to moods.
The verb has an initial form, which is called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows no time, no number, no face, no gender.
Verbs in a sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of the verb can be included in the compound predicate, it can be the subject, object, definition, circumstance.

The indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive)

Verbs in indefinite form (infinitive) answer the questions what to do? or what to do?
Verbs in indefinite form have form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation. Verbs in the indefinite form have endings -ty, -ty, or zero.

Verb types

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do?, and the verbs perfect look- what to do?
Imperfective verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result. Perfective verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result.
A verb of one kind can correspond to a verb of another kind with the same lexical meaning.
When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used.
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by an alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are called transitional.
Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object.
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs are intransitive, if the action is not directly transition to another subject.
Intransitive verbs are those with the suffix -sya (-sya).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with suffix -sya (-sya) called returnable.
Some verbs can be reflexive and non-reflexive; others are only reflexive (no suffix -sya they are not used).

verb mood

Verbs in indicative mood denote actions that are happening or will actually happen.
Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. In the present and future tenses, the end vowel of the indefinite stem is sometimes omitted.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.
Verbs in conditional mood denote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.
The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of a suffix -l- and particles would (b). This particle can stand after the verb and before it, can be separated from the verb by other words.
Verbs in the conditional mood change by number and in the singular by gender.
Verbs in imperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request.
Imperative verbs are usually used in the form 2nd person.
Imperative verbs do not change tenses.
Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the basis of the present or future simple tense with the help of the suffix -and- or null suffix. Imperative verbs in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural - -those.
Sometimes a particle is added to imperative verbs -ka, which somewhat softens the order.

verb tense

Present tense.

Verbs in the present tense show that the action is happening at the moment of speaking.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change in person and number.

Past tense.

Verbs in the past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
When describing the past, the present tense is often used instead of the past tense.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using the suffix -l-.
Verbs in the indefinite form -who, -ty, -thread(imperfective form) forms of the past tense singular masculine without a suffix -l-.
Past tense verbs change by number, and in the singular by gender. In the plural, past tense verbs do not change by person.

Future time.

Verbs in the future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.
The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. Shape of the future composite imperfective verbs consists of the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The future tense is formed from perfective verbs simple, from imperfective verbs - future tense composite.

Morphological analysis of the verb

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (indefinite form).
2. Permanent signs:
a) view
b) conjugation,
c) transition.
3. Irregular symptoms:
a) inclination
b) number
c) time (if any),
d) number (if any),
e) gender (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Participle

Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers the questions what? which? which? which?

Note.

Some scholars consider participles independent part speech, since they have a number of features that are not characteristic of the verb.

As verb forms, participles have some grammatical features. They are perfect and imperfect; present tense and past; returnable and non-refundable.
The forms of the future tense do not have participles.
There are participles real and passive.

Denoting a sign of an object, participles, like adjectives, grammatically depend on nouns that agree with them, i.e. become in the same case, number and gender as the nouns they refer to.
Participles change by cases, by numbers, by gender. The case, number, gender of participles is determined by the case, number, gender of the noun to which the participle refers. Some participles, like adjectives, have a full and short form. initial participle form- nominative singular masculine. All verb signs of the participle correspond to the initial form of the verb - the indefinite form.
Like an adjective, a full participle in a sentence is a definition.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.

Active and passive participles

Valid participles designate a sign of the object that itself produces the action. Passive participles denote a sign of the object that is experiencing the action of another object.

Participle formation

When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:

1. Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb(both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; only real participles are formed from intransitive verbs).
2. Verb type(Present participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Real participles of the present and past tense are formed from imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed from most imperfective verbs, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive present participles).
3. Verb conjugations(both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the conjugation of the verb).
4. Reflexivity or non-recurrence of the verb(passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of which sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix; the suffix -sya stands at the participle after the end.

When forming participles with present tense suffixes -usch- (-yusch-), -ash- (-box-), -em-, -im- and past tense -vsh-, -sh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t- the endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter singular are added ( -th, -th, -th, -her) or plural endings ( -th, -th).
From a number of verbs are formed Not all types of sacraments.

Note.
Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.

Morphological analysis of the sacrament

I. Part of speech (special form of the verb); from which verb the general meaning is formed.

II. Morphological features:
1. The initial form is the nominative singular masculine.
2. Permanent signs:
a) real or passive;
b) time;
c) view.
3. Irregular symptoms:
a) full and short form (for passive participles);
b) case (for participles in full form);
c) number;
d) kind.

III. syntactic role.

gerund

gerund- a special form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions what are you doing? having done what?

As a form of the verb, the participle has some of its grammatical features. gerunds are either perfect or imperfect. They retain the form of the verb from which they are formed.
The gerund retains the verb sign - transitivity.

Note.

A gerund, like a verb, can be returnable and irrevocable.

The participle, like the verb, can be determined by the adverb.
In a sentence, the participle is a circumstance.

Note.

Some scientists consider gerunds to be an independent part of speech, since they do not have many of the grammatical features characteristic of the verb.

Imperfect participles

Imperfect participles denote pending additional action, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb - predicate.
Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem present tense of the verb with a suffix -and I).
After the hissing suffix is ​​used -a, and in other cases - -I.
From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed using the suffix - teach.

Notes.

1. From imperfective verbs with a suffix -va- in an indefinite form (give, recognize, get up, etc.), the gerund participle is formed from the basis of an indefinite form: give out (give out) - giving out.
2. Imperfect participles are not formed from some verbs:
   • from verbs whose roots consist of only consonants:
     beat - beat, tear - tear, sew - sew, burn - tourniquet, etc.
     Exception:
     rush - rush - rush;
   • from verbs with a present tense stem to g, k, x: cherish - cherish, able - can, etc .;
   • from most verbs with the stem of the present tense to hissing: write - write, whip - whip, etc .;
   • from verbs with suffix -well-: fade - fade, get wet - get wet, pull - pull, go out - go out, etc.

Perfect participles

Perfective gerunds denote completed extra action, which is usually completed before the action begins. expressed by the verb predicate.

Perfective gerunds are formed from the stem of the indefinite form or the past tense (which, as a rule, coincide) with the help of suffixes -in, -lice, -shi. From reflexive verbs, perfect participles are formed with the suffix -lice (s), -shi (s). The participles with a consonant stem are formed with the suffix -shi.

Notes.

1. From some verbs, the formation of double forms is possible: from the stem of the indefinite form and from the stem of the past tense (when they do not match).
2. To suffix -to reflexive suffix -sya does not join.
   In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with the help of the suffix -and I) from the basis of the future tense.

Notes.

1. From some verbs, forms with suffixes have been preserved -in, -lice, -shi(having returned, having tuned in, having come, having brought, having brought, having said goodbye, having acquired, having seen, having seen, having heard, having heard). if there are double forms, gerunds with a suffix are more often used -and I) as less cumbersome.
2. Sometimes gerunds with suffixes -in, -lice imperfective verbs are formed, but they are rarely used (former, ate, not having).

Morphological analysis of the participle

I. Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. Initial form (indefinite form of the verb)
2. View.
3. Immutability.
III. syntactic role.

Adverb

Adverb- a part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of an object and another sign.
Adverbs can refer to the verb, to its special forms - participle and gerund, as well as to the noun, adjective and other adverbs.
The adverb means sign of action, if attached to a verb and a participle.
The adverb means object attribute, if attached to a noun.
The adverb means sign of another sign, if attached to an adjective, participle and other adverb.
The adverb does not change, i.e. does not bend or hide.
In a sentence, adverbs are most often circumstances.

Note.

Some adverbs can be predicates.

Adverbs are divided into the following groups according to their meaning:

• Adverbs of manner- how? how? - quickly, well, to smithereens
• Adverbs of time- when? since when? How long? how long? - today, now, in winter
• Adverbs of place- where? where? where? - away, upstairs, home
• Adverbs of reason- why - rashly, blindly, reluctantly
• Adverbs of purpose- why? - on purpose, on purpose
• Adverbs of measure and degree- How many? In what time? how much? in what degree? to what extent? - very, completely, extremely

A special group is made up of adverbs that do not name signs of action, but only point to them. They, in addition to the main purpose, are used to link sentences in the text.

• demonstrative adverbs(here, there, here, there, from there, then)
• Indefinite adverbs(somewhere, somewhere, somewhere)
• Interrogative adverbs(how, why, where)
• Negative adverbs(nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere)

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs for -o (-e), formed from qualitative adjectives, have two degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple and compound. simple form comparative degree formed with suffixes -her(s), -e, -she from the original form of adverbs, from which the final ones are discarded -o (-e), -ko. The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by combining adverbs and words more and less.
The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of an adverb and a pronoun all (total).

Morphological analysis of the adverb

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1. The unchangeable word.
2. Degree of comparison (if any).
III. syntactic role.

Service parts of speech.

Pretext

Pretext - service unit speech, which expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase, and therefore in a sentence.
Prepositions do not change and are not part of the sentence.
Prepositions express different relationships:

1. spatial;
2. temporary;
3. causal.

Non-derivative and derived prepositions

Suggestions are divided into non-derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivative prepositions: without, in, before, for, for, from, to, on, over, about, about, from, by, under, before, with, about, with, at, through.
Derived prepositions formed from independent parts of speech by losing their meaning and morphological features.

It is necessary to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech homonymous to them.

1. Prepositions:
   • against at home, ahead detachment, near rivers, inside tents, around garden, along road, near coast, according to instructions;
   • around axes, due to bad weather, about work, due to rain, during days, in continuation nights, say Finally, by virtue of circumstances;
   • thanks to rain, in spite of disease.
2. Independent parts of speech:
   • Adverb:
     live against, go ahead, stand near, wash inside, inspected around, stick along, did not have near, live according to, looked back around, have in mind
   • Noun:
     put to the account jar, because of in this case, during rivers, in continuation novel, in custody on the book, believe by virtue of.
   • gerund:
     thanks to mistress, despite on both sides.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case. Many non-derivative prepositions can be used with different cases.

Note.
Prepositions consisting of one word are called simple (in, on, to, from, before, from, in spite of, after and etc.). Prepositions consisting of two or more words are called constituent (in spite of, in conclusion and etc.).

Morphological analysis of the preposition

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological trait:
immutability
III. syntactic role.

Union

Union- a service part of speech that connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex sentence.
Unions are divided into coordinating and subordinating.

writing unions connect homogeneous members and equal simple sentences as part of a complex (compound).

Subordinating unions connect simple sentences in a complex (complex-subordinate) sentence, of which one is subordinate in meaning to the other, i.e. from one sentence to the next one can pose a question.
Unions consisting of one word are called simple: a, and, but, or, either, how, what, when, barely, as if etc., and conjunctions consisting of several words, composite: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, while, due to the fact that, despite the fact that and etc.

Coordinating conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into three groups:

1. Connecting: and; yes (meaning and); not only but; like... so;
2. opposing: a; but; yes (meaning but); though; but;
3. Dividing: or; or or; or; then ... then; not that... not that.

Parts of some unions ( like ... so and, not only ... but also, not that ... not that etc.) are located at different homogeneous members or in different parts complex proposal.

Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

1. Causal: because; because of; because; due to the fact that; thanks to; due to the fact that; due to the fact that and others;
2. Target: to (to); to; so that etc.;
3. Temporary: when; only; just; bye; barely, etc.;
4. Conditional: if; if; once; whether; how soon, etc.;
5. Comparative: how; as if; like; as if; exactly, etc.;
6. Explanatory: what; to; like others;
7. concessions: although; although; no matter how, etc.

Morphological analysis of the union

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1) Composing or subordinating;
2) The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.

Particle

Particle- a service part of speech that introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms.
Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.
According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into three categories: formative, negative and modal.

Shaping particles

Form-building particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.
Particle would (b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb by other words.

negative particles

The negative particles are not and neither.
Particle not can give sentences or individual words not only a negative, but also a positive meaning with a double negation.

The value of the particle is not

1. Negative meaning.
   • of the whole offer: Not hurry up with the answer. Not to be this.
   • a single word: Before us was not small, but a large meadow.
2. Positive value.
   • Comrade not could not help me.

negative particle neither can have other meanings than negative.

The meaning of the particle is neither

1. Negative meaning in a sentence without a subject.
   Neither from place! Around neither souls.
2. Strengthening the negation in sentences with a particle neither and with the word No.
   around no neither souls. Can not see neither bush.
3. Generalizing meaning in sentences with negative pronouns and adverbs.
   What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, fields and fields are everywhere.

modal particles

Modal particles include particles that bring various semantic shades to the sentence, and also express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

Particles that add semantic shades to the sentence are divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. Question: whether, really, really
2. indication: here (and here), out (and out)
3. Clarification: exactly, exactly
4. Highlight, limit: only, exclusively, exclusively, almost

Particles expressing the feelings and attitude of the speaker are also divided into groups according to their meaning:

1. Exclamation: what, how
2. Doubt: hardly, hardly
3. Gain: even, even and, neither, and, yet, after all, really, everything, after all
4. Mitigation, requirement: -ka

Morphological parsing of a particle

I. Part of speech. General value.
II. Morphological features:
1) Discharge;
2) The unchangeable word.
III. syntactic role.

Interjection

Interjection- a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and impulses.
Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Interjections do not change and are not part of the sentence. But sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence.

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