Verbs in the initial form do not have. Synopsis of the Russian lesson “The initial form of the verb. Morphological characteristics of the infinitive form of verbs in Russian

In order for phrases and sentences in Russian to be coherent and understandable, significant words for the most part have different grammatical forms that allow them to be connected with each other. And all such significant words have a “starting point” - the initial form of the word, and each part of speech has its own grammatical indicators. To put a word in this form means to learn a lot about it, for example, how it is spelled or what it means.

What is the initial form and how to put a word in it?

Most often, the word must be put in the initial form in order to make it easier to find it in the dictionary - spelling, explanatory, etymological, etc. Since invariable words, including service parts of speech, do not change in any way, they do not have an initial forms.

In Russian, there are words that do not have an initial form, for example, the verbs itching and oppressing are not used in the infinitive.

So, in order to find out the initial form of a noun, you need to bring it to the form “singular, nominative” (except when it is used only in the plural).

For pronouns, the initial form depends on which category they belong to. So, for personal it is the same as for nouns, and for possessive indicators the same as adjectives.

For numerals, the initial form is the nominative case, and for those that change by gender and number, the corresponding forms, that is, the singular, masculine.

initial form of the verb

It is also important to answer the question what is the initial form of the verb, that is, the infinitive. This is an indefinite verb that answers the question what to do or what to do?

It is devoid of mood, gender, number, tense and person, that is, it is, as they say, a verb in its purest form, which has the most complete lexical information and at the same time is minimalistic from a grammatical point of view.

A study was conducted, the purpose of which was the frequency of the use of infinitives in the text compared to the use of verbs in general. And it was found that although verbs were used the least in business speech, it was the indefinite form that prevailed among them. In the scientific style, which is abstract, the infinitive is also often used, but in the artistic style it is not so popular.

What have we learned?

Those words in Russian that can take different grammatical forms, that is, changeable, also have an initial form. It is needed in order to get general information about the word and look it up in the dictionary. Each part of speech has its own initial form, which depends on what changing grammatical features it has. A special case is the verb. Its initial form is the infinitive, that is, the most impersonal verbal form, devoid of grammatical features. Moreover, it is among the verbs that most often there are words without an initial form.

In this lesson, you will remember what a verb is, learn the features of the indefinite form of the verb, its syntactic role in the sentence, consolidate the knowledge gained.

In the present tense verb, it is necessary to indicate the person, the attitude of the speaker to the action, if I perform the action I - i do, if you - you do.

The verb category exists in all languages, but not all languages ​​behave in the same way. For example, in the Russian verb everything is obvious - there is time (present, future, past). But in the Arabic language there is no time, that is, we cannot determine the time by the form of the verb. To do this, you need to use the words of another part of speech, for example today, now etc. For more information, see the link in the additional materials.

But the verb also has the most uninformative form. According to it, neither gender, nor number, nor person, nor tense, nor inclination can be determined. This form is called indefinite verb form , it is a dictionary for the verb and the initial form in morphological parsing. According to the indefinite form of the verb, we can determine only constant features: aspect, transitivity, conjugation (not always).

Indefinite form of the verb (infinitive)- this is such a form of the verb, according to which we can determine only constant signs (reflexivity, aspect, transitivity).

For example:

go road(Fig. 2) is a transitive verb, it controls a noun in the accusative case, without a preposition. We defined it in an indefinite form.

Rice. 2. Children cross the road ()Go - the verb is intransitive, this is also understandable by the indefinite form.

To study - the verb is reflexive, because it has a suffix -sya.

Learn - irrevocable verb (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. The boy is learning lessons ()

News (what to do?) - imperfect species.

take away (what to do?) - perfect view.

But in none of these verbs can we determine either the time, or the person, or the number.

The indefinite form of the verb is usually formed with the help of suffixes - ti and - be. For example:

sing- suffix -th(Fig. 4)

Rice. 4. Children sing ()

row- suffix -ti

wash your face- suffix -th who stands before -sya

But sometimes the infinitive ends with -whose, which arose from the combination - to or -G with -ti. Verb cut formed like this: shearing + ti - haircut(existed for a long time). Here's another example: baking + ti - pekti, and from the word pekti arose bake.

Suffixes -ti, -th and -whose in some textbooks and in some theories it is usually distinguished as an ending. In general, this is logical, because they form the form of a word and are not included in the stem. But we know that the infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, that there is a formative suffix in Russian, which is also not included in the stem, for example, the suffix -l.

Formative suffixes -th and -l-

bake(suffix -who-) - baked(suffix -l-)

try(suffix -th) - tried(suffix -l-)

Infinitive is the dictionary form. That is, if you need to look up words in the dictionary fled, I'm going, looks, you will not find them in this form. You will have to put them in the indefinite form:

run away

go

look

Therefore, foreigners also need to be able to put the verb in an indefinite form in order to find out its translation.

Let's see how this helps us deal with the verb conjugation rule. We need to learn how the verb is written:

continue ... t

To do this, put it in the initial form:

proceed

Look: before the suffix -th spelled -and-, means the verb in IIconjugation and at the end we write and - continue and t.

But actually it is not. The error came out because we initially put the verb in the wrong initial form. You need to remember very well that the aspect of the verb is a constant sign. And if in personal form we have an imperfect look ( what is he doing?), then in the indefinite form there must also be an imperfect form:

continue (what to do?).

And from an indefinite form proceed (what to do?) of the perfect aspect, the personal form of the perfect aspect is also formed - will continue (what will he do?).

Difficulty can be associated not only with the form of the verb, but also with its meaning. For example, take the verb running and put it in indefinite form - run away(but not run). Although both of these verbs are imperfective ( what to do?), but their values ​​are different. run is a single action run- repetitive (personal form from him will be - running around). The same with the words:

approve - approve, but not approve b. From the word approve we form a shape approve.

visits - visit, but not come in, from which the personal form - comes in.

Care must be taken to preserve the suffix of the stem and the meaning of the verb.

In additional materials there are tasks. Be sure to practice whether you can put the verb in the indefinite form correctly.

This is the first difficulty that we have with the indefinite form of the verb. The second difficulty is that, even if you correctly put the verb in the indefinite form, you still need to know how it is written. Consider a list of verbs to remember:

-yat verbs:sow, sow, bayat, melt, winnow, cherish, repent, start, bark, toil, bleat, find fault, smell, tease, hope, bow, cough.

verb in -it:glue.

With the advent of electronic dictionaries, the difficulties for foreigners have become much less. Electronic dictionaries recognize the form of the verb and immediately determine its meaning. But you need to know that the basis of all electronic dictionaries is the manual work of one person - Andrey Anatolievich Zaliznyak(Fig. 5). He made up "Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language".

Rice. 5. A.A. Zaliznyak ()

Just imagine what a great job he did. Collected all forms of all words of the Russian language. Then he classified them according to the ways of inflection and created a dictionary so accurate and correct that it can be used in programming. It was the electronic version of this dictionary that formed the basis of most modern computer programs working with Russian morphology, a spelling check system (what is underlined in red in Word) and machine translation, automatic referencing.

The syntactic role of the infinitive must be discussed separately, because it is really unusual. The infinitive behaves in a sentence quite surprisingly. He behaves like normal nouns and adjectives, i.e. acts in a completely unusual role for the verb.

The infinitive often plays the role subject(which is quite unusual for a verb).

Or as an addition:

asked(about what?) give away - addition. We even pose a case question, which is not at all natural for a verb.

Or as a circumstance:

Came(why?) discuss - purpose circumstance.

The definition of infinitives can also be:

Wish(which?) express .

The predicate infinitive can also be:

Warn - is a predicate.

Verb is an independent part of speech that denotes the action of an object and answers questions what to do? what to do?.

The meaning of the action and process of the Russian verb is expressed in the categories of aspect, mood, time (in the indicative mood), person (in the present and future tense and in the imperative mood), number, and in the past tense and in the conditional mood - in the form of gender.

In addition, the verb has such properties as reflexivity and transitivity.

In a sentence, the verb is primarily characterized by the role of the predicate, but it can also perform other syntactic functions (subject, object, definition and circumstance).

Bibliography

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

1. Postnauka.ru ().
2. Postnauka.ru ().
3. Wikipedia ().

Homework

• Define terms such as verb and infinitive .
• Read the words and determine their initial form:

Walked, thought, played, removed, washed, cooked.

• Learn seventeen verbs in -yat and one on -it and remember their spelling.

Verb Parsing Plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form (infinitive). Morphological features:
	A	Permanent morphological features:
		1	view(perfect, imperfect);
		2	recurrence(irrevocable, returnable);
		3	transitivity(transitive, intransitive);
		4	conjugation;
	B	Variable morphological features:
		1	mood;
		2	time(in the indicative mood);
		3	number;
		4	face(in the present, future tense; in the imperative mood);
		5	genus(for verbs in the past tense of the indicative and subjunctive moods of the singular).
III	Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the verb in this sentence).

Verb parsing patterns

Do you like to ride - love to carry sleds(proverb).

Do you love

1. what are you doing?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) irrevocable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   
   2) present time;
   3) singular;
   4) 2nd person.

Ride

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what to do?
2. N. f. - ride. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the infinitive form (invariant form).
3. In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

love

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what do you do?
2. N. f. - be in love. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) imperfect view;
   2) irrevocable;
   3) transitional;
   4) II conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
   1) imperative mood;
   2) singular;
   3) 2nd person.
3. In a sentence, it is part of a compound verb predicate.

Plowing has begun(Prishvin).

started

1. Verb; denotes an action; answers the question what did you do?
2. N. f. - start. Morphological features:
   A) Permanent morphological features:
   1) perfect appearance;
   2) returnable;
   3) intransitive;
   4) I conjugation.
   B) Variable morphological characters. Used in the form:
   1) indicative mood;
   2) past tense;
   3) singular;
   4) feminine.
3. In a sentence it is a predicate.

This form does not allow you to determine:

1. Number;
2. Time.

It only names the action or the state of the subject of the action. The initial form of the verb answers the questions:

• What to do? (Print, eat, watch, love, dream);
• What to do? (Print, eat, see, love, dream).

How to determine the initial form of the verb? It has the following permanent features:

1. Transitivity:
   1. Transitions indicate the type of action directed at a specific object. Example: "You need to read the text five times." There is an addition "text" that answers the question "what?".
   2. Intransitives denote an action that is closed in itself and is not directed to any other object. Example: "The cat loves to sleep." It is impossible to find an addition to the word "sleep" that answers the questions "what?" or "who?"
2. View:
   1. Imperfect - an action that is still taking place regardless of time, and not having completeness (read, act, walk).
   2. Perfect - an action that already has a result (read, burn).
3. Returnability:
   1. Reflexive - verbs that have the postfix "-sya" at the end (to catch one's breath, to engage). They represent actions:
      1. with a return meaning, directed at the subject of the action (shave, dress, wash);
      2. with mutual meaning, performed by several subjects and aimed at each of them (hugging, quarreling, greeting, kissing, hugging);
      3. spontaneous nature (the door can open);
      4. permanent nature (Dog can bite);
      5. in the interests of the subject (to go to bed);
      6. inside the subject, his moral or physical state (laugh, rush, be disappointed, have fun, be upset).
      7. passive character (The house must be built by November).
   2. Irreversible - verbs without the postfix "sya" (draw, solve).
4. Conjugation:
   1. 1 conjugation is determined by the endings "et", "ot", "at", "yat", "ut" (stand, fly, bark).
   2. 2 conjugation is determined only by the ending "it" (glue, whiten).
   3. There are three ways to put a verb in its initial form using:

1. suffix "t" - if the stem of the verb ends in a vowel (fly, run, look, sit; exceptions - gnaw, put);

1. suffix "ti" - if the stem of the verb ends in a consonant letter (carry, carry, acquire).
2. “ch” - when alternating in the root of the verb with the letters “g”, “k”, “x” (guard - guard, shore - protect, bake - oven).

In a sentence, the initial form of the verb can be:

• The subject is at the beginning of a sentence. (Choosing the right road is difficult.)
• Compound predicate - along with an auxiliary verb (I'm starting to worry.)
• Predicate - in impersonal sentences (It began to get dark early.)
• Inconsistent definition - if there is a noun nearby with an abstract meaning. (Mom would understand my desire to buy this book.)
• Complement - when the action of the subject is directed to the action of another person. (Pets teach children to treat living things responsibly.)
• Circumstance - if after the verb, which denotes movement, you can put "to" (Vanya got up early in the morning to watch the sunrise).