How to explain to a child what an adjective is. How to explain cases to a child quickly and clearly? The most important is the nominative case

Devoted to how to clearly explain to the child parts of speech.

Video Lesson #1

We present to your attention a lesson from the first grade of the School of Smart Children, where Lyubov Strekalovskaya explains how easily, unobtrusively, understandably and in game form can you introduce children to such concepts as word-objects (noun), words-actions (verbs) and words-signs (adjectives)?

This lesson is helpful for teachers. primary school, tutors, parents of first grade students and older preschoolers

From the lesson you will learn how to introduce children to the topic, how to dissolve questions of the noun who? what ?, what kind of games can be used so that the child masters these concepts and does not confuse them.

This is enough for first graders.

In the second grade, in the lessons of the Russian language, children are already thoroughly acquainted with the parts of speech noun, adjective, verb, as well as some morphological features.

Any topic can discourage learning, or you can kindle sparks in the eyes of children. This is what Love does every day in her lessons.

Video Lesson #2

We bring to your attention a lesson from the School of Smart Children dedicated to the topic of the noun.

After the child has played with the teacher or mother in the games proposed in the video, we recommend that you explain to him the second part of speech - the verb.

AT school curriculum often three parts of speech are divorced from each other in different weeks and even months of training, thereby children study the material discretely, without having a complete picture.

However, it has been scientifically proven that the use of training "from general to specific" (ie, when the entire body of knowledge is visible) is much more effective. Therefore, it is important to introduce children to the three parts of speech almost simultaneously.

At the lesson "Rechland", which will be held on April 9, we will analyze all the parts of speech of the Russian language using the "from general to particular" method

The map will be useful for students in grades 2-11, teachers and tutors, parents and those involved in family education.

This is a squeeze of information and its presentation in the most convenient form for perception, memorization and work with it.

We will make a map of the parts of speech of the language, where we will determine not only the place in the language and the signs of the part of speech, the questions to which it answers and note the syntactic role, but we will also talk about how to clearly explain the topic “Parts of Speech” to children once and for all, so that they schooling was simple and effective.

Video Lesson #3

From the next video you will learn how to explain to a child the topic - Verb.

Be sure to use the following games:

• You name the subject, baby the action
• The child names objects, you come up with actions
• You list the actions, the child guesses what subject you have guessed
• You list actions (smile, stand up, sit down) - the child performs
• You list actions and items. On the subject, the child should sit down, if he hears a word-action - jump

And finally, we turn to the acquaintance of the child with the adjective.

Video Lesson #4

For some reason, this part of speech is most difficult for elementary school students. But Lyubov Strekalovskaya, Nikita and Cat Scientist easily bypassed all the pitfalls in their lesson, look:

The presented lessons are included in the materials of the School of Smart Children.

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The school today explains cases to children, starting from the second or third grade. Although earlier the concept of cases was introduced only in the fifth grade. And it is no coincidence that a child of 10 years old is much easier to explain cases than a child of 8-9 years old. Therefore, in the classroom, most children do not understand the meaning of cases, and cannot decline words according to cases. And often asked to explain the concept of cases of their parents. It is necessary to approach the issue creatively and explain the cases using examples understandable to the child.

It would seem that such simple concepts- and there are only 6 cases, but children remember cases with difficulty. We offer several simple ways to explain cases.

What happens if there are no cases?

Try to use all nouns in the nominative case in the sentence. For example: "Mom eats porridge" or "Dad reads the newspaper." clarifies - why does mom eat porridge? Or “why does the newspaper read dad?” That's impossible. Then you explain to the child why it is so important - what ending the word has.

And the end of the word indicates a certain case. That is, in fact, cases are needed to control the endings of words and help us to subordinate one word to another in speech. Hence the name - case! Fall down before the main word.

The most important is the nominative case

And the most important word in a sentence is the word in the nominative case. The main, nominative word. It answers the question "who?" or "what?". Usually this word has an action. For example, "Mom is eating." Mom is a word (noun) in the nominative case.

All six cases in detail

Genitive,

Dative,

Accusative,

Instrumental,

Prepositional.

How to explain these cases to a child? We draw the attention of the child to the name of each case.

Genitive- gave birth, parent. And the question can be put like this no one? what?» Not yet - but « give birth, and will". Genitive.

For example, "Today we will have an orchestra rehearsal." The word "orchestra" here is in the genitive case. Because from the main word "Rehearsal" we can ask this word the question "what?"

Next case " Dative". From the word "give". From the main word to which the word in the dative case obeys, we can ask a question to this word "give to whom?" "give what?” (for example, a move, a ticket to life, etc.)

Example: "The child needs to explain the cases." Here the word "child" is in the dative case "to whom?". It is worth explaining to the child that sometimes there is no main word in the sentence. And sometimes there is only one main word. For example, in the sentence "Fog".

Case " Accusative"- the most problematic case to explain to children. Children very often confuse the accusative case with the nominative case or with the genitive case. After all, the word in the accusative case answers the question " whom?" or “what?". However, there is an important detail - the ending of words and their hierarchy in sentences. Let's consider it with examples.

« The hen laid an egg"- "egg" is not the main word in the sentence, although it answers the question "what?" So the word "egg" is in accusative.

“Mom eats porridge" - "what?" porridge - accusative. This word ends in at", different from the end of this word in the nominative case" a«.

« Mom put a spoonful of porridge"- and here we are dealing with the genitive case. Because we can ask the question "what". "A spoon of what?" - "porridge".

« Mom saw the girl"- the word" girl "is worth in the accusative. Blame "who?" girl. But if you could ask the question “no one?” - characteristic for the genitive, then the end of the word "girls a" would change to "girls and«.

So let's explain to the child accusative meaning - blame. So the sub-question blame who?» « blame what?". In the genitive case, the auxiliary question " No one?» « no what?«.

Accordingly, here is the word "mouse" in the accusative and in the genitive:

"mice" - Genitive (no one? mice)

"mouse" - accusative (blame who? mouse).

The word "apple" in the accusative and in genitive cases:

"apples" - Genitive (no what?- apples)

"Apple" - accusative (blame what?- Apple).

Instrumental case. The most beautiful fall. Helps to create. And the corresponding question made by whom?» « done by what?". You can come up with something closer to the name of the instrumental case " created by whom?» « created by what?»

The word "mama" in the instrumental case "mom". Answers the question " made by whom?» mom.

The word "dog" in the instrumental case "dog". Can I ask you a question " made by whom?» dog.

The word "pear" in the instrumental case "pear". Can I ask you a question " done by what?» pear.

And the very last case Prepositional". If you explain this case to a child from the point of view of a “sentence”, it will become clear. That is, "prepositional" - to offer and " agree on what? about what?»

We chatted merrily sitting on the logs (" agree on what?» about logs)

Masha told the class about her dad. - the word "daddy" in the prepositional case: " about whom?» about dad.

Usually, prepositional easy to recognize by suggestion before him. This is also why it has the name “prepositional.” For example, if we say “Masha told a fairy tale to dad,” then the word to dad here will be in dative case, but if we say "Masha told a fairy tale about dad" - then there is a preposition and the word dad is in the prepositional case. It is very important to draw the child's attention to this circumstance, since both in the dative and in the prepositional cases the endings of the words are the same.

Everything depends on the context. That is why we draw the attention of children to the fact that cases - subordinate words in a sentence, they do not exist on their own. This is the point. However, we may well decline any noun in cases, but here we immediately ask the appropriate questions.

If we just write a word in different cases, we will not understand which case it is in.

For example:

mouse, mouse, mouse, mouse, mouse, oh mouse.

Have you determined the fall?

And so, when we ask a question:

who? - mouse - nominative case

whom? mice - genitive

to whom? mice - dative case

whom? mouse - accusative

by whom? mouse - instrumental

about whom? about the mouse - prepositional case

Now everything becomes clear. And in the sentence it will ask a question for each word and easily determine in which case the word is.

Case order in declension

How to explain to a child the order of cases in declension.

R- Births

B - Vinyl

T - Created

P - Suggestions were given.

So the order of cases will fit in the child’s head and their meaning will be immediately remembered.

Let's repeat questions for cases - so that you can easily remember

Once again, we list the characteristic questions for the case.

Nominative - who? what?

Parent - no one? no what?

Dative - "to give to whom?" "give what?"

Accusative - "blame who?" "blame what?"

Creative - "made by whom?" "done by what?"

Prepositional - "about whom?" "about what?" There is a preposition before the noun.

Full description

For adults who are fluent in Russian, choosing a pronoun that is appropriate in meaning (he, she, it, they) instead of a familiar word (noun) is the easiest thing. It is rather difficult for some preschoolers to do the same, without mistakes and quickly. It is also difficult to find the correct ending of the adjective, even in oral speech.

For example,

HE- BLUE

SHE IS BLUE

IT IS BLUE

THEY ARE BLUE

This article offers exercises to develop these skills. We also present brief definitions what is noun and adjective, and explain how to determine the gender of a noun.

Not so long ago, in some kindergartens, these issues were discussed in preparatory groups, not considering it a premature occupation. Does the child need to know before school what a noun, an adjective is, what kind of nouns can be - the choice of answer to these questions remains with the parents.

Exercise number 1 (test).

For the convenience of analysis, we give exercises in the form of tables, but the words must be called to the child in random order (not sequentially) from different columns.

Task for the child:

IS HE	SHE IS	IT	THEY
FOREST	SQUIRREL	CLOUD	SLED
WOODPECKER	GRASS	WOOD	CLOCK
FLOWER	PINE	LAKE	PEOPLE
WIND	MOON	SEA	TROUSERS
MUSHROOM	RIVER	GUN	GLASSES

If the child answered without errors, you can proceed to exercise number 4. In case of errors, you need to go to exercises No. 2, No. 3.

Exercise number 2.

IS HE	SHE IS	IT	THEY
DAY	EARTH	BUCKET	SHOES
CREEK	SPRUCE	COAT	BEADS
CIRCUS	hut	FIELD	SHORTS
MONTH	SHADOW	HAY	CHILDREN
MAPLE	ROAD	DOUGH	DAY

Exercise number 3.

IS HE	SHE IS	IT	THEY
SNOW	FROG	SUN	HONEYCOMBS
STUMP	WINTER STORM	SCARECROW	SCALES
BUSH	SNAKE	IRON	GUSLI
HARE	PUDDLE	LOG	BOSOM
FENCE	CHAMOMILE	UNDERGROUND	WAFFLE

Exercise number 4.

Task for the child:

1) "List the seasons and say what words can replace them: HE, SHE, IT."

ANSWER: WINTER - SHE, SPRING - SHE, SUMMER - IT, AUTUMN - SHE.

2) "List the parts of the day (time of day) and say what words can replace them."

ANSWER: MORNING - IT, DAY - HE, EVENING - HE, NIGHT - SHE.

3) "List the days of the week and say what words can replace them."

ANSWER: MONDAY - HE, TUESDAY - HE, WEDNESDAY - SHE, THURSDAY - HE, FRIDAY - SHE, SATURDAY - SHE, SUNDAY - IT.

Exercise number 5.

Task for the child:

“I will name the words, and you try to add a word that answers the question: WHO or WHAT?”

1) The adult says the word WHAT, WHAT, WHAT or WHAT, the child continues (the adult asks the child a question, and the child comes up with a noun).

For example,

Green, says the adult

Grass, - the child answers

WHICH	HUMAN
	BEAST
	HOUSE

WHICH	BOOK
	GIRL
	BOOK

WHICH	CASE
	NUMBER
	CLASS

WHAT KIND	CHILDREN
	FLOWERS
	ANIMALS

2) The adult calls the child an adjective, and the child comes up with a noun.

For example,

TALL	FENCE
	TABLE
	POPLAR

HIGH	FEMALE
	STAIRS
	MOUNTAIN

HIGH	BUILDING
	WOOD
	MIRROR

HIGH	PEOPLE
	THE MOUNTAINS
	PILLARS

RED	TOMATO
	FLOWER
	AUTOMOBILE

RED
	SNEAKERS

Similarly, for the words: NEW, NEW, NEW, NEW.

Exercise number 6.

Task for the child:

“I will name words that answer the question: WHO or WHAT, and you need to choose a word that is suitable in meaning for this word, answering the question: WHAT?”. It is desirable that the child clearly pronounces the end of the adjective!

Example:

The sun, says the adult,

Bright, hot, round, hot, dazzling ... - the child answers.

STRAWBERRY (RED, JUICY, SWEET, FRAGRANT) …

DAY (CLOUDY, SUNNY, LONG, SHORT) ...

AUTUMN (EARLY, LATE, MULTI-COLORED, RAINY) ...

CLOUD (HUGE, SMALL, WHITE, GRAY, FANTASTIC) ...

TOY (INTERESTING, FUNNY, UNUSUAL, BEAUTIFUL) …

SUMMER (HOT, HOT, COOL, RAINY) ...

ROSES (FRAGRANCED, SMALL, LARGE, FRESH, RED) …

The exercise can be continued with the words you have invented.

Nouns (nouns) - words that denote objects, natural phenomena or events and answer the questions: WHO or WHAT?

Adjectives (adjectives) - words that denote the signs of objects and answer the questions: WHAT, WHAT, WHAT, WHAT?

Task for the child:

"Indicate the nouns and adjectives in the following sentence."

1) A multi-colored rainbow appeared in the blue sky immediately after a spring thunderstorm.

Nouns : rainbow, sky, thunderstorm.

adjectives: multi-colored, blue, spring.

Note: if the child has difficulty finding nouns and adjectives, then reread the sentence again and indicate the correct answers.

2) A small fish saw a huge toothy pike and hid under a large stone.

Nouns : fish, pike, stone.

adjectives: small, huge, toothy, big.

Exercise number 8.

We introduce the concept of genus.

Nouns are either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Nouns to which you can put the words: THIS, MY, HE, - male. Nouns to which you can put the words: THIS, MY, SHE, - female. Nouns, to which you can put the words THIS, MINE, IT, - neuter.

LAND (F.R.), VILLAGE (S.R.), TRACTOR (M.R.), CROW (F.R.), SPARROW (M.R.), NEST (S.R.), FIELD ( SR.), CITY (M.R.), GARDEN (M.R.), GATE (F.R.), DOCTOR (M.R.), BOOK (F.R.), NOTEBOOK (F. R.), SOAP (SW.R.), WORK (F.R.), WHEEL (SW.R.), BEaver (M.R.), MOUSE (F.R.), SNAKE (F.R. ), CROCODILE (M.R.), SHIP (M.R.), OCEAN (M.R.), EARTHQUAKE (S.R.), BLIM (ZH.R.), FLOOD (S.R.), CLOTHING (F.R.), RAVAGE (M.R.), ROAD (F.R.).

If necessary (in case of mistakes), you can continue to discuss the topics discussed in the article with the child during walks, but it is important not to abuse here, to have a sense of proportion.

We wish you and your child success!

Vorobieva Nina Fedorovna

Noun - this is the most essential part of speech, in grammar it is considered to be frequently encountered.

All students need to know about it in order to correctly complete tasks both in the Unified State Examination and in the State Academic Examination. In particular, in the 11th grade exam there is a task in which you need to choose the correct form of the noun. Also, this collection will help to make morphological analysis any noun.

DEFINITION: noun is the part of speech that stands forTHING and answer questions WHO? or WHAT?

Own and common noun

• OWN nouns denote - names, surnames, patronymics, nicknames of animals, geographical names, titles of books, newspapers, magazines ( Moscow, Volga, Maria, Kashtanka, Alexei Maksimovich).
• common nouns nouns - the name of objects and phenomena ( student, textbook, country, forest, dog).

Animated and inanimate

• ANIMATED Nouns answer the question WHO? and name people and animals ( teacher, student, sister, cat, bird).
• inanimate Nouns answer the question WHAT? and name inanimate objects cloud, forest, water, notebook, bus).

Number of nouns

• THE ONLY THING number - stands for one item ( letter, child). Some nouns are used only in the singular ( milk, kindness, Kaluga, singing, youth, France).
• MULTIPLE number - refers to several items ( letters, children). Some nouns are used only in the plural ( glasses, sleigh, name day, scissors, gate, Alps).

gender of a noun

GENUS- a constant attribute of a noun. Nouns do not change by gender.

• MALE- he is mine ( horse, car).
• FEMALE- She is mine ( rye, earth).
• AVERAGE- it's mine village, ring).

RULE: to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put this noun in the initial form: with balls - a ball (m. R.), on the ground - land (f. R.), by the sea - the sea (cf. R.).

• COMMON GENDER- he, mine, this / she, mine, this ( crybaby, orphan).

Spelling "Soft sign (b)after sizzling at the endnouns"

• Is written- feminine ( mouse, rye, oven, lies, power).
• Not spelled- in the masculine garage, reeds, comrade, borscht).

A soft sign after a hissing noun at the end indicates that it is a feminine noun.

Declension of a noun

declension of nouns- this is a change of words in cases. The case is determined by questions.

Cases and questions:

To make it easier to remember questions of cases, you can substitute auxiliary words.

• Nominative case (is) who? what?
• Genitive case (no) whom? what?
• Dative case (I give, glad) to whom? what?
• Accusative case (I see) whom? what?
• Instrumental case (satisfied, admiring) who? how?
• Prepositional case (I think, I speak) about whom? about what?

RULE: To determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning, and put a case question from it.
EXAMPLE: The old man was fishing with a net. (A.S. Pushkin)

Caught (with what?) with a net (T. p.); caught (whom?) Fish (V.p.).

NOUN INITIAL FORM- singular nominative form ( always determined in morphological parsing).

Three declensions of nouns

In Russian, nouns that have the same endings in the same cases are divided into three groups - declension.

• To 1st declension include names feminine nouns and male with endings -BUT, -I in the nominative singular (ruler, earth, mom, dad, uncle).
• Co. 2nd declension include names null masculine nouns and neuter with endings -O, -E in the nominative singular ( lesson, day, mirror, field).
• To 3rd declension relate null ending feminine nouns in the nominative singular and ending in soft sign (blizzard, carrot, thing, daughter).

RULE: to determine the declension of a noun in the plural, you need to put this noun in the initial form, determine its gender and highlight the ending.

SPELLING "Letters E and I in the case endings of nouns"

To correctly write an unstressed case ending of a noun, you need:
1. Determine the case.
2. Determine the declination.
3. Remember the ending of the nouns of this declension in the right case: a letter (to whom?) to grandmother (1st cl., D. p., singular, -e); to ride (on what?) on a bicycle (2nd cl., P. p., singular, -e).
4. Check the unstressed case ending with the stressed ending of the noun of the same declension: thinking about the Motherland (about the land); trees in hoarfrost (in silver); I saw in the hole (in the steppe).

SPELLING "Letters O and E after hissing and C in the endings of nouns"

After hissing and C in the endings of nouns in the instrumental case, the vowel is written under stress O, and without stress - a vowel E: a doctor - a task, a chick - a bird.

Morphological analysis

1. Part of speech. What does it mean to answer the question.
2. Initial form (nominative singular).
3. Immutable signs: animate or inanimate; own or common noun; gender (male, female, neuter); declination (1,2,3).
4. Variables: case, number.
4. Role in the proposal.

Running is what part of speech? Is it a noun or perhaps an adverb? Or an adjective? No, after all, this is a verb - the third-grader finally decides.

There are only 10 parts of speech in Russian, but how much torment they bring to schoolchildren. How to figure out and remember where is the noun and where is the adverb or adjective?

Despite the fact that we begin to get acquainted with parts of speech already in the 1st grade, schoolchildren, even having come to high school, can call an adjective a numeral or a noun a verb. And no matter how you learn the rules, mistakes still remain. After all, rules are rules, and words are completely different and often do not fit in with the rules, according to many schoolchildren.

Why are parts of speech so difficult for children? Everything will become clear if we remember that children have concrete-figurative thinking, and parts of speech are an abstract concept. In order for the child to understand the parts of speech, it is necessary that he understands what it is.

"Understanding is the process of creating in the imagination a spatially organized 'picture'." V.A. Kozarenko

Have you ever seen a book groaning out of a row of books and jumping itself into the hands of a girl? Of course they didn't. But it turns out that this happens if we pick up books. All parts of speech come to life in these books. You will see a gray-haired old man who can turn into any word, as his name is Noun. Therefore, the old man can turn into any word that answers the questions Who? and what?

And if you continue your journey through the pages of books, you will learn a lot of interesting things not only about this old man, but also about his relatives. For example, the fact that he has a very obedient daughter. So obedient that she always does everything like a father and walks next to him. That is why it is called the Adjective Name. And, of course, you will meet the one who is called the Valiant Slayer of all biting villains.

Traveling through the pages of books, children will be able to help in the decontamination of a terrible virus. They will find out what the sneaker did on the football field. They will be able to reign for the sea king, but for this they will have to work hard and come up with many different things for all the inhabitants of the sea kingdom.

You can easily remember the difference between the perfect form of the verb and the imperfect and practice in determining the form of the verb. And all this is remembered and performed very easily, because we read and play. In these wonderful textbooks, all the important parts of speech turn into familiar characters, come to life and live their own lives. Children seem to come to visit the parts of speech and communicate with them. In the process of communication, they easily remember what is so difficult in the classroom.