Structural schemes of sentences in Russian. Academy of Sciences, Russian Language Institute, Russian grammar. The concept of the structural diagram of a simple sentence
The structural diagram of a sentence can be defined as an abstract pattern consisting of the minimum components necessary to create a sentence.
Sentence structure is its grammatical form, which can be present in several sentences.
The lexical content of this structural scheme is always individual, depending on the personality of the subject of speech, the goals and objectives of communication, the characteristics of the object of communication, etc.
In modern syntactic science there is no generally accepted understanding of structural patterns. There are discussions and searches around this concept.
There are two fundamentally different understandings of the structural schemes of a sentence:
- Structural diagram as a predicative minimum (concept of the authors of RG-80, N.Yu. Shvedov). Attention is paid only to the formal structure of the sentence as a predicative unit. The structural diagram does not include components that do not form its predicative basis, that is, secondary members are not included. Structural scheme simple sentence is based on the grammatical form of exclusively the main members of the sentence.
For example, N1 Vfsin 3 (Friends meet).
N1 is the subject expressed by the noun in Im. n., V is a verb, f is finitum, that is, conjugated, and sin is a singular number (cf. pl - plura-lio - plural), the number 3 means the 3rd person.
In “Russian Grammar - 80” 30 structural diagrams are identified and described (see vol. 2, p. 97).
- Structural diagram as a nominative minimum (concept of T.P. Lomtev, G.A. Zolotova, syntaxists of Czechoslovakia, etc.). This understanding is addressed not only to the formal structure of the sentence, but also to its semantic organization.
For example, N1 Vfpl Adv loc (Rooks ended up here)
N1 - subject expressed by a noun in Imp.p., V - verb, f- finitum, i.e. conjugated, pl plural (person is not indicated, since past tense verbs do not have it), Adv - adverb, loc (locative) - place.
The two understandings of structural are not mutually exclusive. In the syntactic description they can be combined.
There are two types of sentence structures: minimal and extended. Extended structural schemes include minimal and non-constitutive ones, i.e. components essential for communication. In other words, there are inclusion relations between minimal and extended structural diagrams, namely, minimal diagrams are included in the extended ones.
The components of a minimal sentence structure are:
- Indicators of predicativity: conjugated verbs, infinitives, linking verbs.
- Determinative nominal forms for linking verbs.
- Nouns in Im.p. or their substitutes (substitutes).
- Components of a minimal block diagram.
- A substantive component with a subjective meaning (eg, He is ashamed).
- Adverbial component (eg, He acted nobly).
- Single-component and two-component;
- Within both one- and two-component schemes, further division occurs in accordance with the grammatical form of expression of the components of the scheme (see Russian grammar: In 2 volumes / Edited by N.Yu. Shvedova. - M., 1980. - T .2. - P.97).
- with prepositions (No time for talking), 3) with particles (Here is the voice, so the voice), 4) with interjections (Oh yes dancer).
- The paradigm of a sentence as a system of its forms. Broad and narrow understanding of the proposal paradigm. Types of paradigms (full and
The structural scheme of a sentence is not understood as an unchangeable given. The form of any sentence allows for some variation.
Nr, you were silent. You would be silent. You will be silent, etc.
Any linguistic phenomena are considered from a paradigmatic aspect. In syntax, the concept of a sentence paradigm appeared in the late 50s of the twentieth century and began to be actively discussed. At the same time, two understandings of the proposal paradigm emerged:
- The paradigm of a sentence is understood as a system of its forms, similar to the system of forms of a word. This is a certain range of intra-circuit modifications of the proposal (work
- Understanding the proposal paradigm is based on a larger range of phenomena. These include changes of an intra-circuit nature, as well as possible transformations of one structural diagram into another (see Beloshapkova V.A. Modern Russian language. - M., 1981. - P. 454).
The formal aspect of studying a sentence involves describing its structure. Traditionally, structure is described through the concept of sentence members. Modern syntactic science examines the structure of a sentence through the concept of a structural scheme; the structural scheme of a sentence can be defined as an abstract pattern consisting of a minimum of components necessary to create a sentence. (I’m reading a book; The rooks have arrived; The grass is turning green; There was a dusty country road behind the garden) - built according to the following scheme: N 1 V f- (N is the name of the first case, V is a variable verb). Each sentence has a predicative core (mean + predicative), which constitutes the predicative minimum of the sentence. But the minimum is understood in different ways. The first understanding of the minimum is addressed to the formal structure of the sentence as a predicative unit, and only the predicative minimum is taken into account. Then the sentences (The rooks arrived; They ended up here) are considered to be built according to the same structural scheme. But in the second sentence, filling out the diagram does not give a real sentence (They found themselves).· The second understanding of the minimum is addressed not only to the formal organization of the sentence as a predicative unit, but also to its semantic organization. Both grammatical sufficiency and semantic sufficiency are taken into account. N 1 V f Adv loc /N 2 (Name + Predicate + Adverb - local - places / Name of any case - found ourselves at home / at the house, etc.). Thus, there are two types of structural schemes: a minimal structural scheme, reflecting the grammatical level, a predicative one, including a subject and a predicate. And expanded, reflecting the nominative level - subject + predicate + components necessary to read the minimum meaning. Expansion adjustable different rules. All minor members of the sentence are shared with this point. into two classes based on the principle of participation or non-participation in the expansion of the minimum scheme. Constitutive - those that participate in the expansion that are necessary to understand the minimal meaning. Are divided into two classes: subject names denoting participants in the event, the nearest object, addresses, weapons, etc.; non-objective determiners of the predicate - various case forms with local and temporal meaning. Unconstitutional - optional. Their presence or absence does not affect either the structure of the sentence or its semantics. In the yard, the neighbor's children are deftly building a snowman (children making a snowman are constitutive members of a sentence). N.Yu. Shvedova described a simple sentence through structural diagrams. Minimal schemes according to Beloshapkova (they are quite universal, a generalizing list of all existing types). All structural diagrams are presented in three blocks: First block (two-component, nominative): A) N 1 V f (The rooks have arrived, the garden is empty, all things are done by people). Second block (two-component, infinitive): A) Inf V f (You should not remain silent, Smoking is prohibited, It is recommended to walk more). Third block (one-component): A) V f 3s (It was getting dark)
Structural diagram of a simple sentence and its regular implementations
The grammatical basis of a sentence can be a combination of a word form with the form of another word or one word form: Morning has come. It's getting light. Night. Some flowers etc. The main members of a sentence in Russian are expressed by different, but not any, word forms. The structure of the Russian sentence can be explained by listing these word forms, which form the structural diagram of the sentence, i.e. abstract(abstract) sample, “from which a separate minimal relatively complete statement can be constructed”1. Thus, a number of proposals with different informative content Spring is coming. Birds are flying in. The trees begin to bloom. Peasants rush to sow grain built according to one abstract model that unites the form of Im.p. noun and conjugated verb form. They all have the same meaning - subject and his action(state). The sentences are built according to a different structural scheme The night is quiet. The path is narrow. Life is Beautiful and amazing. This is a combination of forms Im.p. noun, verb connective and forms of the name (short adjective) expressing the relationship between an object and its predicative attribute. Sentences like Here is the lake. Warm summer night 1952. One component expresses the meaning in them being, the existence of an object or phenomenon.
Such examples of structural schemes of a simple sentence are described by N.Yu. Shvedova and V.A. Beloshapkova (31 schemes by N.Yu. Shvedova, including 22 two-component and 9 one-component, 17 by V.A. Beloshapkova).
To record the structural diagrams of a simple sentence, symbols are used - abbreviated names of Latin parts of speech or individual word forms: Vf (verbum finitum) - conjugated form of the verb (indices with the symbol indicate person and number: Vf 3 s - form of the 3rd person singular); Inf – infinitive; N(lat. nomen) – noun (numbers from 1 to 6 indicate cases: N 1 – noun in nominative case, N 2 – in genitive, etc.); Adj (adjectivum) – adjective; Adv (adverbium) – adverb; Praed (praedicatum) – predicative; Cop (copula) – ligament; Neg (negatio) – negation; Part (participium) – participle; Pron (pronomen) – pronoun; s (singularis) – singular; pl (pluralis) – plural and others.
It must be taken into account that there is free structural diagrams of a simple sentence - grammatical patterns with living syntactic connections between components and relatively independent statements , which do not reproduce the structural patterns of a sentence, do not rely on grammatical patterns of a simple sentence.
Free block diagrams are divided into two-component and one-component . The main ones are the following:
A) two-component circuits:
N 1 – V f – The forest was exposed, the fields were empty. A lot of people came;
N 1 cop N 1/5 – Father is a pilot. The brother was a student;
N 1 (cop) Adj 1/5 – The forest is mysterious. The forest was mysterious(th). The night is quiet. The night was quiet;
N 1 Inf – Our task is to learn. His goal is to fly;
N 1 (cop) Adv/N 2 – Money by the way. The money came in handy. House without elevator. The house had no elevator;
Inf V f 3 s– Smoking is prohibited. I want to leave. I'm tired of leaving;
Inf (cop) N 1/5 – Flying is his dream. Leaving is a problem. Leaving will be a problem. To do so is selfish;
Inf Praed – It's impossible to leave. It's scary to think;
Inf cop Inf – To love means to suffer. To leave means to offend friends;
Inf cop Adv/N 2 – It was not a good idea to leave. Leaving today was not an option;
Inf/Neg (Adv/N 3 Pron) – There is nowhere to go. There is no one to go to;
Hem N 2 – There is no happiness in the world. The old lady is no longer there;
Hu N 2- Not a soul around;
b) single-component circuits:
V f 3 s –It's getting light. It's freezing. The pipe is blowing. There is a smell of thunder in the air. It was lightly windy again;
V f3pl– They knock. There is noise on the street;
Inf– The garden is blooming. Don't make noise, young man! Stand up! He has to take an exam;
N 1 – Night. Silence. Freezing. Here is the front entrance;
Praed– It's easy and fun for him. My soul is calm;
N 2 (Gen. quantit.)– To the people! Laughter! Colors!
From the examples it is clear that the division of structural diagrams into two-component and one-component does not always coincide with the traditional classification of sentences into two-part and one-part. Wed: I want to leave. Should leave(Inf V t 3 s). It's impossible to leave(Inf Praed) – two-component structural diagrams, but one-component (impersonal) sentences.
Each block diagram has its own regular implementations , or modifications of the original form of the sentence. Yes, a proposal Father is calm(N 1 – Adj full.f.) has its own regular implementations: Father was calm(th). The father seemed calm. Father looked calm etc. These modifications are sometimes caused by the unsubstitution of the position of one or another component of the structural diagram: – Who's come?(N 1 V f) – Father. The response is an incomplete regular implementation of the scheme (N 1 V f) in which the position of the predicate is not replaced.
Statements that do not reproduce the structural patterns of a sentence include: expressions of affirmation and negation belonging to the dialogue ( Yes. No. Yes sir. Eat! No way etc.), expressions of greetings, wishes, requests and responses to them ( Hello! Good morning! Hello! Farewell! Thank you. Sorry. Please. Best wishes etc.), expressions of will, calls to action ( March! Tsits! Come on! Shh! Hello! etc.), expressions of various emotions ( Ah1 Oh! Alas! Hooray! That's it! Wow!), expressing a general question and answering it ( What? Well? Well? How so?) and others1.this V.A
In this regard, V.A. Beloshapkova suggests using the concepts minimal block diagrams s(predicative minimum) and extended block diagram (nominal minimum, including various expanders). The minimum structural diagram reflecting the predicative minimum of a simple sentence is formed exclusively by the main members: The forest is exposed(N 1 V f), Morning(N 1). But the predicative (formal syntactic) minimum does not always reflect the semantic sufficiency of the sentence. Wed: They ended up here and N 1 V fin ( they found themselves).
The main expanders of the structural scheme of a sentence are of three types: 1) substantive-subjective, 2) substantive-objective, 3) adverbial.
Substantive-subject expanders. The sentence usually has a subject component denoting the hero of this event or situation. Often it is represented in a minimal structural diagram if it is expressed N 1 ( The forest is noisy. Sky is blue). But there are structural diagrams in which there is no N 1, and the subject component is expressed in indirect cases. Wed: To him unwell(V f 3 s Pron 3), To him to be on duty tomorrow(Inf Pron 3) – dative case; He has the flu (N 1 N 2) – genitive case; His be sick(V f 3 s N 4) – accusative case; With him fainting(N 1 N 5) – instrumental.
But there are situations (names of natural phenomena) that do not have their own subjects ( It's getting light. Frosty), they denote an activity or sign that is detached from the bearer.
Substantive-objective expanders are represented by indirect cases of nouns that are connected with predicates or other word forms by an obligatory verbal connection. For the verb expander there is a typical form of the prepositional accusative: Workers building a house(N 1 V f N 4). But it is not the only one for expressing an object. Wed: He is interested in music(N 1 V f N 5) – instrumental case; Children are afraid of the dark(N 1 V f N 2); He hoped to win(N 1 V f N 4) – accusative case; Brother is older than sister(N 1 Adj N 2) – genitive case.
Adverbial expanders are of two types: 1) expanders arising on the basis of an obligatory conditional subordinating connection: The headquarters is located secretly (N 1 V f Adv), They found themselves in the meadow (N 1 V f N 6 (Adv) – local expanders; The friends talked hour (N 1 V f N 4) – temporal expander; 2) expanders, which in combination with the verb form form a certain type of sentence: In the mouth dries. In the pipe howls. In eyes it got dark(V f3s N 6 (Adv). Here the local expanders in the mouth, in the pipe, in the eyes indicate a certain type of sentence (impersonal), and individual verb forms ( dries, howls, darkened) do not give an idea of the form of the sentence.
From the foregoing it follows that the analysis of structural diagrams of a simple sentence must be carried out in a certain sequence, that is, first, identify a minimal structural diagram (predicative minimum), then an expanded structural diagram (nominative minimum) indicating the expanders of the structural diagram.
Every simple sentence has the property of placing the message within a certain time frame. This is done using syntactic forms of tense and mood. Thus, the forms of the present, future, past tense correlate what is being reported with the real time plan. These are forms of syntactic indicative. Wed: Coming dawn. Will come dawn. Arrived dawn. Forms of the motivating and subjunctive mood refer the message to the unreal, indefinite plane of reality: Let it come dawn. would come dawn. If only it came dawn. If only dawn had come.
Moreover, each of these forms (or modifications) of the sentence retains the basic meaning of predicativity (the ability to relate a message to a specific time plan) while distinguishing between the private grammatical meanings of reality (present, future, past tense) and unreality (motivational, subjunctive, desirability).
Hence, The paradigm of a simple sentence is a set of forms of a syntactic indicative and syntactic unreal moods of a sentence that have one common meaning of predicativeness while distinguishing the particular grammatical meanings of reality or unreality. In this case, the present tense form of the syntactic indicative opens up the paradigm of a simple sentence: The nightingales are singing. The nightingales sang. The nightingales will sing. The nightingales would sing. Let the nightingales sing. If nightingales sang.
N.Yu. Shvedova, in the full complement of the simple sentence paradigm, proposes to distinguish between five varieties of modal meaning or five syntactic moods:
1. Indicative, expressing reality and having forms of present, past and future tense: Snowing. It's evening outside. It's already late. It was snowing. It will snow.
2. Subjunctive mood, denoting potentiality, i.e. the possibility of implementing what is reported in an indefinite time frame: It would snow. It would be evening outside.
3. Due mood, denoting the obligatory implementation of what is being communicated, regardless of the will of the speaker: Be it evening outside. He is a soldier and be a soldier.
4. Desirable mood, expressing “emotionally colored abstract aspiration for any activity”: If only it snowed! If only it were evening outside!
5. Incentive, denoting expression of will: Let it be evening outside the window1.
Consequently, the complete paradigm of a simple sentence includes seven forms: three forms of the indicative and four forms of the irreal moods. For example:
1. The plant is working(present). 1. The night is silent(present).
2. The plant was working(past). 2. The night was quiet(past).
3. The plant will work(bud.). 3. The night will be quiet(bud.).
4. The factory would work(subjunctive). 4. If only the night was quiet(subjunctive).
5. Work the plant(should). 5. May the night be quiet(should).
6. If(if only) worked for 6. If only the night were quiet(desirable).
water(desirable).
7. Let the factory work(wake-up). 7. Let the night be quiet(wake-up).
However, not every sentence model can have a complete paradigm. Thus, there are sentences that have an incomplete paradigm: six-membered: 1) Learning is interesting(present); 2) It was interesting to study(past); 3) It will be interesting to study(bud.); 4) It would be interesting to study(subjunctive); 5) If it were interesting to study(desirable); 6) Let it be interesting to study(professional) – no obligatory mood; four-term: 1) Saving is great(present); 2) Saving was great(past); 3) Saving will be great(bud.); 4) Savings would be great(subjunctive) – no duty, desired, incentive. on; binomial: 1) Bloom gardens(present); 2) If only the gardens would bloom(subjunctive). in one form
In addition, there are proposals that do not have forms of change, presented in one form: Longevity is exercise. Oh she's a snake! Oh yes wife!(expressively colored sentences); Be silent! Keep quiet!(infinitive with the meaning of categorical expression of will); It's winter(nominative sentences complicated by the particle here it is, here it is); How is your health? What is love?(interrogative sentences of this type).
4. Simple sentence type system
According to the purpose of the statement (communicative attitude), simple sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative, incentive And optative: A wave splashes quietly. What does the future have in store for us? Sleep, beloved brothers. Rain, whispered the night, rain.
By objective modality stand out affirmative(I received an award) And negative offers ( I didn't receive any bonuses). Simple sentences can be characterized by subjective modality, i.e. the speaker’s attitude towards what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty in what is being expressed, joy, grief, sadness, etc.: Apparently I was in a hurry. To the joy of everyone, the holidays have arrived. The handwriting is undoubtedly female and so on.)
The predicative basis of a simple sentence can consist of two main members - a subject and a predicate in a two-part sentence, only one main member in a one-part sentence, or from a syntactic unit that cannot be divided into sentence parts in an indivisible sentence: Snow ennobles world(I. Selvinsky); The children were inseparable (Yu. Nagibin); Smells planed log(N. Zabolotsky); Wounded or something?? – Yes, sort of (V. Nekrasov).
In accordance with this by nature grammar basics There are three most generalized structural types of simple sentences: 1) two-part; 2) one-piece; 3) indivisible.
The predicative basis has the most complete and typical expression in two-part sentences, since the category of predicativity is expressed here both morphologically - by the form of the predicate, and syntactically - by the connection between the subject and the predicate, most often in the form of predicative coordination. It is believed that one grammatical center of a two-part sentence can include several homogeneous subjects or homogeneous predicates (although not everyone shares this concept). For example: The city was still closed shops, hairdressers, pubs bars ... (Yu. Bondarev); Half delirious crossed we are Theater Square, went around The Bolshoi Theater next to the artistic entrance... came out to the modest entrance of the branch(Yu. Nagibin).
In simple one-component sentences, the predicative basis is represented by an intonationally formalized semantic category of predicativity. Formal expression this category has no special syntactic connection here: It's getting light. Night. To the people!
The structural diagram of an indivisible sentence cannot be represented in terms of sentence members: Yes! No! Nothing! Two-part, one-part simple sentences are contrasted with indivisible ones based on the presence/absence of sentence members. In the first there are main and secondary ones, in the second there are no members of the sentence at all.
In addition, there are uncomplicated And complicated simple sentences based on the presence/absence of isolated and homogeneous sentence members, introductory and plug-in components, comparative phrases, addresses, and other units.
Thus, in the system of types of a simple sentence, two-part and indivisible sentences are antipodes. Two-part ones in the formal syntactic aspect are maximally divisible. On the contrary, indivisible sentences are not divided at all.
One-part sentences occupy an intermediate place between two-part and indivisible ones. They do not express predicativeness formally and syntactically because they do not have multifunctional main members of the sentence between which a formal predicative connection can be established. The only bearer of predicativity in a one-part sentence is its main member. Thus, two-part And one-piece sentences are opposed to each other according to the structural characteristics of divisible predicative bases.
Regarding the completeness of the expression of predicativeness, indivisible sentences constitute the periphery of the system of simple sentences. So in sentences like Oh!; My God!; Ugh! etc. the modal aspect is not established, and in the temporal aspect, what is reported in them can be conditionally correlated as a certain reality only with the present time.
In simple articulated sentences, the main members that make up their predicative basis are at the same time supporting components relatively composition of the subject And composition of the predicate, and also relatively composition of the main member of a one-part sentence, within the boundaries of which different types of subordinating, coordinating and determinant connections reveal themselves at the level of secondary members.
According to the presence/absence of minor members, all divisible sentences are divided into common And not widespread. An uncommon sentence embodies the grammatical minimum of the sentence, and a common sentence embodies its expanded composition, which, in addition to the main ones, also contains secondary members. For example, sentences Thunderstorm began And Suddenly a hasty summer thunderstorm began with gusts of wind and a loud rustle of wet leaves implement the same structural scheme, but the first contains only the obligatory main members of the sentence, and the second also contains optional secondary ones.
Various speech realizations of a simple sentence are also associated with opposition on the basis of completeness/incompleteness, conditioned by the presence or absence of verbal expression of the necessary or previously mentioned members of the sentence in the context. Both the main and secondary members of a sentence may not be expressed verbally. Compare two possible answers to different questions about the same extra-linguistic situation: 1) What did grandpa bring?? – Present(here the syntactic positions of the main members - subject and predicate - are not replaced verbally);
2) Who brought the gift? – Grandfather(here the open syntactic positions of the main and secondary members of the sentence - the predicate and the object - are free).
They differ in the number of predicative stems monopredicative(simple) sentences and polypredicative(complex of different types).
2013 Yu. Belyaev
1 For more details, see L. Tenier. Basics of structural syntax. – M., 1988.
2 Lekant P.A. Modern Russian language. Syntax. – M., 2010. P.45.
1 Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. In 2 volumes – M.: Nauka, 1970. – T.2. P.92.
1 Grammar of the modern Russian literary language: in 2 volumes. – M.: Nauka, 1970. – T.2. – P. 574.
1 Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. – M.: Nauka, 1970. – P.579.
As already said, the structural diagram of a simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence.
The structural diagram of a simple sentence is organized by the forms (possibly even one form) of the significant words that are its components; in some schemes, one of the components is a negative particle - alone or in combination with a pronominal word.
In specific sentences, the place of a schema component can, under certain conditions, be filled by some other form or combination of forms; There are certain types and rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.
The grammatical meaning common to all simple sentence structures (and therefore to all types of sentences) is predicativity. In addition, each structural diagram has its own meaning - the semantics of the diagram. The semantics of the structural scheme of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) the grammatical meanings of the components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - grammatical meaning circuit component); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences. I.I. Meshchaninov Sentence structure. M.; L., 1963
To designate the components of the scheme, the following elementary alphabetic symbols are introduced, corresponding to the Latin names of parts of speech and the names of some forms: Vf - conjugated form of the verb (Latin verbum finitum); Vf 3s - conjugated verb in the form of 3 l. units hours (lat. singularis); Vf 3pl - conjugated verb in the 3 l form. pl. hours (lat. pluralis); Inf - infinitive; N - noun (Latin nomen - name, title); adj - adjective (lat. adjectivum); Pron - pronoun (lat. pronomen); Adv - adverb (lat. adverbium); Adv- o - predicative adverb on - o; Praed - predicative (lat. praedicatum); Part - participle (lat. participium); Praed part - participial predicate; interj - interjection (lat. interjectio); neg - negation (negation, lat. negatio); cop - copula (lat. copula); quant - quantitative (quantitative) value (lat. quantitas (quantity), (value)). With the symbol N, numbers from 1 to 6 indicate cases, respectively: 1 - im. n., 2 - gen. n., 3 - dat. n., 4 - vin. p., 5 - TV. p., 6 - sentence P.; with the symbol N, the number 2 with the following ellipsis (N 2 ...) means: “a noun in the form of one of the oblique cases.” L.S. Barkhudarov On the issue of surface and deep structures of sentences // Questions of linguistics. 1973, p.78
Accordingly, the formal structure of the structural schemes of a simple sentence is shown, i.e., the word forms that organize such a scheme in their neutral (not constitutively conditioned and not expressively colored) arrangement in relation to each other. When constructing a specific sentence according to this model (when filling out the diagram), it receives its original form, i.e., the form of the syntactic present. vr.; for example: N 1 - Vf (The forest is noisy; The father is working; The children are happy); Inf Vf 3s (Smoking is prohibited; Meeting is not possible); Adv quant N 2 (Lots to do; Little time); N 1 (Night; Silence); Vf 3pl (Ringing); Inf cop Inf (To lead is to inspect). L.S. Barkhudarov On the issue of surface and deep structures of sentences // Questions of linguistics. 1973, p.111
General classification structural diagrams of a simple sentence can be implemented for various reasons. Such grounds are: 1) freedom or phraseology of the scheme; 2) lexical limitation or unlimitedness of one of its components; 3) the presence or absence of a conjugated verb (Vf) in the scheme as a form that itself contains the meanings of tense and mood; 4) number of components (single-component or two-component circuits); 5) for two-component circuits - the presence or absence of formal similarity of components to each other (their coordination with each other). In "Russian Grammar" a classification has been adopted in which the primary basis is the division into free and phraseological schemes. Free schemes conventionally include those in which one of the components is limited lexico-semantically. Free schemes (the majority of them, and they occupy a central place in the simple sentence system) are divided into two-component and one-component. Two-component schemes, in turn, are divided into schemes with a conjugated form of the verb and without a conjugated form of the verb in the original form. Within schemes with the conjugated form of the verb, subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate schemes are distinguished. Within the class of schemes without a conjugated form of the verb, schemes with lexically unrestricted components - subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate - and schemes with components limited lexico-semantically are distinguished.
In the following presentation, lexical limitation will be understood as the closedness of the list (countability) of words acting as a component of the scheme; under lexical unlimitedness - the openness of such a list both within a part of speech and within such semantic group words, which as part of one or another part of speech has its own grammatical characteristics.
Single-component schemes are divided into schemes with a conjugated form of the verb (this is a conjugated-verb class) and schemes without a conjugated form of the verb (these are not conjugated-verb classes: nominal, infinitive and adverbial). Phraseological schemes are classified according to the grammatical nature of the lexically closed component: these are phraseological types of sentences with conjunctions, with prepositions, with particles, with interjections and with pronouns.
In free two-component schemes, word forms are in syntactic relationships with each other. In most cases, this is also the relationship between the central semantic components of the sentence - the subject and its predicative feature. Formally, these relationships are expressed in different ways. Based on the different nature of the syntactic connection of the components, meaning the semantic subject and its predicative feature, all two-component schemes are divided into two large groups: subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate. The first group consists of those types of sentences in which the semantic subject is expressed by the form of the actual naming one. This is a form that opens the paradigm of the word and the main function of which is naming: im. n. noun or infinitive. The second component in such sentences expresses the predicative feature; it is a conjugated form of a verb, a case form of a noun, an infinitive or an adverb. According to those patterns in which the semantic subject is expressed by the naming form - im. p. or infinitive, subject-predicate sentences are constructed; the first component is named after. p. or infinitive, which contains the meaning of the semantic subject, is called the subject; the second component - the form containing the meaning of the predicative attribute, is called the predicate. These are the samples (and, accordingly, the sentences built on them): N 1 - Vf (The forest is noisy; Children are having fun); N 1 - N 1 (Brother - teacher; Moscow - capital); N 1 - Adj 1 short form. (The child is smart); N 1 - Adj 1 full.f. (The child is smart); N 1 - Part 1 short form. (House is built); N 1 - N 2 ... or Adv (House - by the road; The end is near); N 1 - Inf (Task - learn); N 1 - Adv -o (Excursion - [is] interesting); Inf - N 1 (Work - valor); Inf - Adv- o (Riding is fun); Inf cop Inf (To lead is to inspect). B.A. Uspensky The problem of universals in linguistics//New in linguistics. M., 1970
Other two-component schemes are not subject-predicate; the relationship between the word forms in them can also be the relationship between the subject and its predicative attribute, however, unlike subject-predicate sentences, the subject is expressed in them by a form of the word that is not a naming one, and, therefore, the subjective meaning here turns out to be complicated by the meaning of this very forms. These are, for example, schemes N 2 (neg) Vf 3s (Water is coming; There is not enough time) or No N 2 (No time). In such cases, the connection between word forms has the form of subordination, a formal dependence of one component on another. However, the difference from the conventional subordinating connection here is that in such a minimal sample of a sentence the verb dominates precisely and only in its given form (in the form of 3 l. units, in the past tense and subjunctive tense - in the form average r.); As for the word no, in this meaning (absent, not present) it functions only as the main member of the sentence and, therefore, with this word the connection characteristic of the sentence is always realized. B. A. Uspensky The problem of universals in linguistics//New in linguistics. M., 1970
In subject-predicate sentences, the subject and the predicate can be formally likened to each other: The train is coming - The trains are coming; Children are having fun - The child is having fun; This city is a new building, These cities are new buildings; The night is bright - The nights are bright. This similarity of the main members of a sentence is called their coordination. Externally, the connection between the coordination of the subject and the predicate is similar to the subordinating connection of agreement. But the internal nature of this connection and its grammatical features are different from those of the coordination connection. The differences here are as follows.
- 1) When coordinating, the form of the dependent word is subordinated to the form of the dominant word; when coordinating the subject and the predicate, there is a mutual correlation of forms, none of which is either dominant or dependent.
- 2) When agreeing, the connection passes through all forms of matching words (new house, new house, new house...); during coordination, only two data, certain forms (House - new) are correlated.
- 3) Based on the connection of agreement, a phrase is formed, which changes, subject to a change in the form of the dominant word (new house, new house, new house...); a sentence, the main members of which are coordinated with each other, is included in the paradigm of the sentence and changes according to the rules of its form change (The house is new; The house was new/new; The house will be new/new...).
- 4) When agreed upon in a phrase, attributive (not predicative) relations arise; coordination formalizes such a connection in which the feature is assigned to a certain time plan, i.e., it is predicative. B.A. Uspensky The problem of universals in linguistics//New in linguistics. M., 1970
Below is the entire system of structural diagrams of a simple sentence, their structure and semantics. All sentences are given in their original form, i.e. in the form of a syntactic present. vr., which directly demonstrates the structure of the sample.
the structural diagram of a simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence. The structural diagram of a simple sentence is organized by the forms (possibly even one form) of the significant words that are its components; in some schemes, one of the components is a negative particle - alone or in combination with a pronominal word.
Note. In specific sentences, the place of a schema component can, under certain conditions, be filled by some other form or combination of forms; There are certain types and rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.
In addition, each structural diagram has its own meaning - the semantics of the diagram. The semantics of the structural scheme of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) grammatical meanings of the components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - the grammatical meaning of the component of the scheme); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences.
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21. Sentence structure diagram.
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