Migration of ancient people. Settlement of peoples on Earth - a journey, migration or a way home? Resettlement of modern humans
A little theory about anthropogenesis
For many reasons, theoretical developments in the field of evolutionary anthropology are constantly ahead of their current level of evidence. Formed in the 19th century under the direct influence of the evolutionist theory of Darwin and finally taking shape in the first half of the 20th century, the stage theory of anthropogenesis reigned supreme for quite a long time. Its essence boils down to the following: a person in his biological development has gone through several stages, separated from each other by evolutionary leaps.
- first stage - archanthropes(Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus, Atlanthropus),
- second stage - paleoanthropes(Neanderthals, whose name comes from the first discovery near the city of Neanderthal),
- third stage - neoanthrope(man of the modern species), or Cro-Magnon (named after the place where the first fossils of modern humans were found, made in the Cro-Magnon grotto).
It should be noted that this is not a biological classification, but a stadial scheme, which did not contain the entire morphological diversity of paleoanthropological finds already in the 50s. 20th century Note that the classification scheme of the family of hominids is still an area of sharp scientific discussions.
The last half century, and especially the last decade of research, has brought a large number of findings that have qualitatively changed the general approach to solving the question of the immediate ancestors of man, understanding the nature and paths of the process of sapientation.
According to modern ideas, evolution is not a linear process accompanied by several jumps, but a continuous, multi-level process, the essence of which can be graphically represented not as a tree with a single trunk, but as a bush. In this way, we are talking about network-like evolution, the essence of which is that at the same time evolutionarily unequal human beings could exist and interact, which in morphological and cultural terms stood at different levels of sapientation.
Settlement of Homo erectus and Neanderthals
Settlement map of Homo erectus in the Olduvian and Acheulian eras.
Africa, most likely, is the only area in which representatives of the species lived in the first half a million years of their existence, although they undoubtedly could visit neighboring regions in the process of migration - Arabia, the Middle East and even the Caucasus. Paleoanthropological finds in Israel (Ubeidiya site), in the Central Caucasus (Dmanisi site) allow us to speak about this with confidence. As for the territories of Southeast and East Asia, as well as the south of Europe, the appearance of representatives of the genus Homo erectus there dates back no earlier than 1.1-0.8 million years ago, and any significant settlement of them can be attributed to the end of the Lower Pleistocene, i.e. about 500 thousand years ago.
In the later stages of its history (about 300 thousand years ago), Homo erectus (archanthropes) populated all of Africa, southern Europe, and began to spread widely in Asia. Despite the fact that their populations could be separated by natural barriers, morphologically they were a relatively homogeneous group.
The era of the existence of the “archanthropes” was replaced by the appearance about half a million years ago of another group of hominids, which are often, in accordance with the previous scheme, called paleoanthropes and whose early appearance, regardless of the location of the discovery of bone remains, is attributed in the modern scheme to Homo Heidelbergensis (Heidelberg man). This species existed approximately from 600 to 150 thousand years ago.
In Europe and Western Asia, the descendants of H. Heidelbergensis were the so-called "classical" Neanderthals - who appeared no later than 130 thousand years ago and existed for at least 100 thousand years. Their last representatives lived in the mountainous regions of Eurasia as early as 30 thousand years ago, if not longer.
Resettlement of modern humans
The debate about the origin of Homo sapiens is still very hot, modern solutions very different from the views of even twenty years ago. AT modern science two opposing points of view are clearly distinguished - polycentric and monocentric. According to the first, the evolutionary transformation of Homo erectus into Homo sapiens took place everywhere - in Africa, Asia, Europe, with a continuous, continuous exchange of genetic material between the populations of these territories. According to another, the place of formation of neoanthropes was a very specific region from where their settlement took place, associated with the destruction or assimilation of autochthonous hominin populations. Such a region, according to scientists, is South and East Africa, where the remains of Homo sapiens are of the greatest antiquity (the skull of Omo 1, discovered near the northern coast of Lake Turkan in Ethiopia and dating back about 130 thousand years, the remains of neoanthropes from the caves of Klasies and Beder on southern Africa, dating back to about 100 thousand years old). In addition, a number of other East African sites contain finds comparable in age to those mentioned above. In northern Africa, such early remains of neoanthropes have not yet been discovered, although there are a number of finds of very advanced individuals in the anthropological sense, which date back to an age well over 50 thousand years.
Outside Africa, finds of Homo sapiens, similar in age to finds from South and East Africa, were found in the Middle East; they come from the Israeli caves of Skhul and Qafzeh and date from 70 to 100 thousand years ago.
In other regions of the world, Homo sapiens finds older than 40-36 thousand years old are still unknown. There are a number of reports of earlier finds in China, Indonesia and Australia, but all of them either do not have reliable dates or come from poorly stratified sites.
Thus, to date, the hypothesis of the African ancestral home of our species seems to be the most probable, because it is there that there is the maximum number of finds that allow us to trace in sufficient detail the transformation of local archanthropes into paleoanthropes, and the latter into neoanthropes. Genetic studies and molecular biology data, according to most researchers, also point to Africa as the original center of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Calculations by geneticists, aimed at determining the probable time of the appearance of our species, say that this event could occur in the period from 90 to 160 thousand years ago, although earlier dates sometimes appear.
Leaving aside the controversy about the exact time of the appearance of people modern type, then it should be said that, judging by anthropological data, the wide distribution outside Africa and the Middle East began not earlier than 50-60 thousand years ago, when they mastered the southern regions of Asia and Australia. In Europe, people of the modern type penetrated 35-40 thousand years ago, where then for almost 10 thousand years they coexisted with the Neanderthals. In the process of their settlement, different populations of Homo sapiens had to adapt to a variety of natural conditions, which resulted in the accumulation of more or less clear biological differences between them, which led to the formation of modern races. It cannot be ruled out that contacts with the local population of the developed regions, which, apparently, was anthropologically rather motley, could have had a certain influence on the latter process.
Why did ancient people settle on the planet and how did they end up in its most remote points? The appearance of man in the tropics and the peculiarities of our physiology. Why did people go north? Desire to have a new living space with resources. The property of all living beings to occupy a free territory. Why did animals spread faster than Homo erectus? Natural restrictions on migration: oceans, mountain ranges and rivers. Settlement along convenient routes along the sea coasts. What are the most distant traces of the first hominids and sapiens known to scientists? The settlement of the whole planet by a reasonable person by the time about 10,000 years ago. Stanislav Drobyshevsky, an anthropologist, candidate of biological sciences, associate professor of the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, will tell us about this and much more.
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Stanislav Drobyshevsky
How did ancient people get to distant lands? Can a hunter-gatherer go anywhere on land? Seafaring. Three ways from Africa. Road to Indonesia. The distances that Homo erectus could cover on water and our understanding of their mental and physical abilities. Why do we underestimate the capabilities of our ancestors, Cro-Magnons, and parallel humanity - Neanderthals, Denisovans, Floresian people? What swimming facilities are capable of making modern primitive tribes? Coastal sailing and sailing in the open sea and ocean. Exchange of obsidian between the inhabitants of the islands of Melanesia separated by hundreds of kilometers. Road to Australia. Man's desire to explore new space. Anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky will tell us about this.
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
Is it true that humans evolved from monkeys? Are anthropologists really making things up? How many finds are forged? Who were our ancestors - dirty troglodytes or highly spiritual Eloi?
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
Man arose thousands and millions of years ago. Not all the details of this process are known to scientists yet, but it is all the more interesting to engage in anthropogenesis. Every year brings new discoveries. Bizarre views, dates that no one suspected, technologies and skills of the ancients that no one expected from them - there is so much information and it appears so quickly that any book becomes obsolete before it is published. About the latest achievements in science about our past - in a lecture by S. V. Drobyshevsky.
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
The lecture was held at the Institute of Biology and Chemistry of the Moscow State Pedagogical University at the Department of Zoology with the support of the Cultural and Educational Center "Arkhe"
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
Anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky about sex differences in monkeys and humans, gender roles and the emergence of inequality along with tools.
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
What do we know about the time of the beginning of the use of fire by ancient man? Scientifically unsubstantiated myths about the maintenance of fire by Australopithecus. Where was the ancient fire found? Parallel existence of sites with and without traces of the use of fire, from the ancient Homo 1,700,000 years ago to the Neanderthals 30,000 years ago. How did the ancient people know how to do without fire, even in the most severe conditions? When and with the help of what methods did they learn to make a primitive fire on their own? How did Homo sapiens become completely dependent on him?
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
What is neoteny? Examples of this phenomenon in the animal world. Is neoteny really and how can a person manifest? Is it true that adult Homo sapiens is a neotenic Australopithecus larva or an older Homo? Is this hypothesis scientific and does it have a right to exist? What traits of an adult cannot be considered childish and why? What does science say about finding such traits? Are there "childish" and "senile" signs in modern races? Anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky talks about this.
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
What were the reasons for the emergence of morality among primates? Only if Homo sapiens caring for neighbors? How did altruism and aggression manifest themselves in other human species? Stanislav Drobyshevsky, anthropologist, candidate of biological sciences, associate professor of the Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, talks about the path of the formation of human morality, how morality and human behavior have been connected throughout history, what archaeological finds testify to this, and what can happen to human morality in the near future.
Stanislav Drobyshevsky
What was the food ancient man? What did our ancestors eat? Anthropologist Stanislav Drobyshevsky will tell us about what the food of ancient people was, what they preferred, who they hunted and what they were content with while sitting by the fire. You will learn what the food of primitive man was like and how it influenced our history and our development.
Just 80,000 years ago, all people were black, and there were no races in sight. We wanted to know how a small group of black East Africans populated the rest of the world and became Chinese, Indians, Chukchi and our direct ancestors. We talked about this with the anthropologist, editor of the portal antropogenez.ru Stanislav Drobyshevsky.
The World History. Volume 1
The development of the primitive communal system. Late Stone Age
Migration of Paleolithic hunters
Causes of the oldest migration
What was the reason for the complex movements of the population of the ancient Stone Age, sometimes covering entire continents? What force forced people of the Paleolithic time in a number of cases to leave their homes? These reasons should be sought in the material conditions of life of Paleolithic hunters, in their economy, in their social life.
As ethnography shows, the continuous and irrepressible process of settlement is a normal and natural phenomenon in the life of hunting and fishing tribes. With a low level of development of productive forces and the need for large areas of land necessary to feed the hunters, gatherers and fishermen of the Stone Age, a natural increase in population in certain areas most favorable for this inevitably led to the search for new lands and to the resettlement of people in new areas. areas.
This resettlement was not accidental, but strictly natural, since it proceeded in the form of a continuous dismemberment of ancient communities. Its causes are given us an idea of the resettlement of Indian clans and tribes of North America in modern times, described by the American ethnographer L. Morgan.
According to Morgan's description, new tribes and new clans were constantly formed as a result of natural growth; this process was greatly accelerated due to the large extent of the American continent. From some overpopulated geographical center, which had special advantages in terms of obtaining a livelihood, there was a gradual outflow of population. As this continued from year to year, a significant population grew at some distance from the original seat of the tribes; over time, the settlers developed special interests, they became alien to their tribe, differences in language appeared. This was repeated from century to century, both in the newly employed and in the old areas. When population growth caused a lack of livelihood, the excess part of the population went to a new place.
These were not, therefore, waves of peoples moving across entire continents, nor were they rapid and catastrophic movements of large ethnic masses. Such movements belong to much later times, when large tribal unions, prepared by a long previous period, became commonplace. historical development. In the Paleolithic, a completely different in pace and character, slow and spontaneous process of seepage of individual small collectives took place. Then there was a movement of small groups of Paleolithic people from one area to another, often complicated by the reverse movement; often, it must be assumed, this kind of movement was, as it were, zigzag and intermittent, as we see it in Moravany Dlga and in Kostenki.
The settlement of ancient hunting tribes acquired a particularly wide territorial scale in the Upper Paleolithic. Further improvement in hunting techniques compared with the Mousterian time contributed to the growth of the population, which, at the same time, led to a decrease in the number of game in the territories adjacent to the old settlements.
The inevitable consequence, apparently, was the outflow of the population from the most populated and most previously developed places to the previously deserted regions of northern Europe and especially Asia. Such resettlement was all the more natural since all these events took place at the end of the ice age, during the period of liberation from the ice of the colossal expanse of land.
At the same time, the development of new territories in the North became possible because now there was already much more developed than before, special hunting weapons, various means for catching animals appeared (spear thrower, bone spear and throwing darts, trapping pits, nets and hedges). Various methods of artificially making fire were already known. People learned to build both durable permanent dwellings for the winter, and portable light tents made of skins. Fur clothing sewn with tendon threads appeared.
All this, taken together, made it possible for a person to overcome the difficulties that severe natural conditions, which did not allow earlier to go far beyond the boundaries of regions with a temperate and warm climate.
The resettlement of man on the planet is one of the most exciting detective stories in history. Deciphering migrations is one of the keys to understanding historical processes. By the way, you can see the main routes on this interactive map. Recently, many discoveries have been madeScientists have learned how to read genetic mutations; in linguistics, methods have been found in accordance with which it is possible to restore proto-languages and the relationships between them. There are new ways of dating archaeological finds. The history of climate change explains many routes - man went on a great journey around the Earth in search of a better life and this process is still going on.
The ability to move was determined by the level of the seas and the melting of glaciers, which closed or opened up opportunities for further advancement. Sometimes people have had to adapt to climate change, and sometimes it seems to have worked out well. In a word, here I reinvented the wheel a little and sketched brief summary on the settlement of the earth, although I am most interested in Eurasia, in general.
This is what the first migrants looked like
The fact that Homo sapiens came out of Africa is now recognized by most scientists. This event happened plus or minus 70 thousand years ago, according to the latest data, it is from 62 to 130 thousand years ago. The figures more or less coincide with the determination of the age of skeletons in Israeli caves at 100,000 years. That is, this event still took place over a decent period of time, but let's not pay attention to the little things.
So, a man came out of southern Africa, settled on the continent, crossed into the narrow part of the Red Sea to the Arabian Peninsula - the modern width of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait is 20 km, and in the Ice Age the sea level was much lower - perhaps it could be crossed almost ford. The level of the world's oceans rose as the glaciers melted.
From there, part of the people went to the Persian Gulf and into the territory of approximately Mesopotamia,part further to Europe,part along the coast to India and further - to Indonesia and Australia. Another part - approximately in the direction of China, settled Siberia, partly also moved to Europe, another part - through the Bering Strait to America. So Homo sapiens basically settled around the world, and in Eurasia there were several large and very ancient centers of human settlements.Africa, where it all began, is by far the least studied, it is assumed that archaeological sites can be well preserved in the sand, so interesting discoveries are also possible there.
The origin of Homo sapiens from Africa is also confirmed by the data of geneticists, who discovered that all people on earth have the same first gene (marker) (African). Even earlier, there were migrations of homoerectus from the same Africa (2 million years ago), which reached China, Eurasia and other parts of the planet, but then died out. Neanderthals most likely got into Eurasia by approximately the same routes as homo sapiens, 200 thousand years ago, they died out relatively recently, about 20 thousand years ago. Apparently, the territory approximately in the region of Mesopotamia is generally a passage yard for all migrants.
In Europe the age of the oldest Homo sapiens skull is determined at 40 thousand years (found in a Romanian cave). Apparently, people climbed here for animals, moving along the Dnieper. Approximately the same age as the Cro-Magnon man from the French caves, who is considered in all respects the same person as we are, only he did not have a washing machine.
The lion man is the oldest figurine in the world, 40 thousand years old. Restored from micro parts over 70 years, finally restored in 2012, kept in the British Museum. Found in ancient settlement in the south of Germany, the first flute of the same age was found there. True, the figurine does not fit into my understanding of the processes. In theory, it should be at least female.
Kostenki, a large archaeological site 400 km south of Moscow in the Voronezh region, whose age was previously determined at 35,000 years, also belongs to the same time period. However, there are reasons to make the time of the appearance of man in these places ancient. For example, archaeologists have found layers of ash there -trail of volcanic eruptions in Italy 40 thousand years ago. Numerous traces of human activity were found under this layer, so the man in Kostenki is more than 40 thousand years old, at least.
Kostenki were very densely populated, the remains of more than 60 ancient settlements were preserved there, and people lived here for a long time, not leaving it even during the Ice Age, for tens of thousands of years. In Kostenki, they find tools made of stone, which could be taken no closer than 150 km, and shells for beads had to be brought from the sea coasts. This is at least 500 km. There are figurines made of mammoth tusk.
Diadem with mammoth tusk ornament. Kostenki-1, 22-23 thousand years old, size 20x3.7 cm
It is possible that people left at about the same time from the common transit ancestral home along the Danube and along the Don (and other rivers, of course).Homo sapiens in Eurasia encountered the local population living here for a long time - Neanderthals, who quite spoiled their life, and then died out.Most likely, the process of resettlement to one degree or another continued constantly. For example, one of the monuments of this period is Dolni Vestonica (South Moravia, Mikulov, the nearest Big City- Brno), the age of the settlement is 25 and a half thousand years.
Vestonica Venus (Paleolithic Venus), found in Moravia in 1925, 25 thousand years old, but some scientists consider it older. Height 111 cm, kept in the Moravian Museum in Brno (Czech Republic).
Most of the Neolithic monuments of Europe are sometimes combined with the term "Old Europe". These include Trypillya, Vinca, Lendel, the culture of funnel-shaped goblets. Minoans, Sikans, Iberians, Basques, Lelegs, Pelasgians are considered pre-Indo-European European peoples. Unlike the Indo-Europeans who came later, who settled in fortified cities on the hills, the old Europeans lived on the plains in small settlements and did not have defensive fortifications. They did not know the potter's wheel and wheel. On the Balkan Peninsula there were settlements of up to 3-4 thousand inhabitants. The Basque Country is considered to be a relic old European region.
In the Neolithic, which begins about 10 thousand years ago, migrations begin to take place more actively. The development of transport played an important role. The migrations of peoples take place both by sea and with the help of a new revolutionary vehicle - a horse and cart. The largest migrations of the Indo-Europeans belong to the Neolithic. Regarding the Indo-European ancestral home, almost unanimously they name the same area in the territory around the Persian Gulf, Asia Minor (Turkey), etc. Actually, it has always been known that the next resettlement of people occurs from the territory near Mount Ararat after a catastrophic flood. Now this theory is increasingly being confirmed by science. The version needs proof, so special meaning now has a study of the Black Sea - it is known that it was a small freshwater lake, and as a result of an ancient catastrophe, water from the Mediterranean Sea flooded the nearby areas, possibly actively inhabited by Proto-Indo-Europeans. People from the flooded area rushed in different directions - theoretically, this could serve as an impetus for a new wave of migrations.
Linguists confirm that a single linguistic Proto-Indo-European ancestor came from the same place where migrations to the territory of Europe and in earlier times take place - approximately from the north of Mesopotamia, that is, roughly speaking, all from the same area near Ararat. A large migration wave went from about the 6th millennium almost in all directions, moving in the directions of India, China and Europe. In earlier times, migrations also took place from the same places, in any case, it is logical, as in earlier times, the penetration of people into Europe along the rivers approximately from the territory of the modern Black Sea region. Also, people actively populate Europe from the Mediterranean, including by sea.
During the Neolithic, several types of archaeological cultures developed. Among them are a large number of megalithic monuments.(megaliths are large stones). In Europe, they are distributed mostly in coastal areas and belong to the Eneolithic and Bronze Age - 3 - 2 thousand BC. To an earlier period, the Neolithic - in the British Isles, in Portugal and France. They are found in Brittany, the Mediterranean coast of Spain, Portugal, France, as well as in the west of England, in Ireland, Denmark, Sweden. The most common are dolmens - in Wales they are called cromlech, in Portugal anta, in Sardinia stazzone, in the Caucasus ispun. Another common type of them is corridor tombs (Ireland, Wales, Brittany, etc.). Another type is galleries. Menhirs (separate large stones), groups of menhirs and stone circles, which include Stonehenge, are also common. It is assumed that the latter were astronomical devices and are not as ancient as megalithic burials, such monuments are associated with migrations by sea. The complex and intricate relationships between settled and nomadic peoples are a separate story; by the year zero, a quite definite picture of the world is taking shape.
Quite a lot is known about the great migration of peoples in the 1st millennium AD thanks to literary sources - these processes were complex and diverse. Finally, over the course of the second millennium, a modern map of the world is gradually taking shape. However, the history of migrations does not end there, and today it takes on no less global scale than in antiquity. By the way, there is an interesting BBC series "The Great Settlement of Nations".
In general, the conclusion and the bottom line is this - the resettlement of people is a living and natural process that has never stopped. Migrations occur for certain and understandable reasons - it's good where we are not. Most often, a person is forced to move on by worsening climatic conditions, hunger, in a word, the desire to survive.
Passionarity - a term introduced by N. Gumilyov, means the ability of peoples to move and characterize their "age". A high level of passionarity is a property of young nations. Passionarity, in general, was good for the peoples, although this path has never been easy. It seems to me that it would be better for a single person to be smarter and not sit still :))) Willingness to travel is one of two things: either complete hopelessness and compulsion, or youth of the soul .... Do you agree with me?
I examined how the movement of the earth's axis affected the "comfort zones" of human habitation. As it has already become clear, the last 50,000 years can be safely divided into three periods:
- 2. After 16000 years ago and up to ~4500 years ago
- 3. After ~4500 years ago
The only thing, I ask the reader not to look too closely at the numbers, they are conditional. What is in the official history, what is in genetics. The main thing is to understand the relationship of migrations with pole shifts.
I'll start with the very first displacement, which happened about 16,000 years ago. Here are the maps before and after the displacement, and the modern view for clarity:
On the map on the left, a "dead" zone is clearly visible, falling exactly into the "Tropic of Cancer", i.e. in the hottest part of the earth. Tell me, please, dear reader, what can make a person living north of this zone move south of it? Today it is clear that - money, prestigious work, etc. When did it not exist? Excavations in the village of Kostenki show that people lived near the glacier for 30,000 years. They didn’t go anywhere and didn’t develop, in our understanding! They have been hunters all these millennia. And then, "suddenly", about 15,000 years ago, agriculture began to develop, and not just anywhere, but in the Middle East. That begs the question, why? Scientists argue that the climate, which has reduced the food base, is to blame. There were fewer mammoths, so they began to grow cereals. But we are talking about the Middle East, where, given the current position of the Earth, farming is an extremely risky business. It's hot out there, Tropic of Cancer is very close. And when the pole is in Alaska, the Middle East turns into an equatorial oasis.
Okay, let's leave scientists alone. Using their arguments, one very interesting conclusion can be drawn - all these 30,000 years, in which the Kostenkovskaya culture has been observed, the climate on Earth has been stable. Such a good period. And today we consider some small ice ages, we take into account the activity of the Sun with a period of 11 years ...
At the expense of the food base, scientists are right. The mammoths left behind the cold, the people left behind them. But this concerned only the northern peoples. This migration was provided by the shift of the pole to Alaska. The absence of traces of a cataclysm in the excavations, except for volcanic ash in the region of 30,000 years ago, indicates the smooth nature of this displacement. The glacier began to melt, it became impossible to live next to it. People got up and left.
The pole moved along the northern outskirts of North America, which means that our people followed it and the mammoths along the northern outskirts of Eurasia or south. Given the scale of the Valdai glaciation, the Arctic Circle was much wider.
So they reached Eastern Siberia and Primorye. Given the lower level of the Arctic Ocean, it can be assumed that these peoples inhabited the entire shelf of Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, all of eastern Siberia and Primorye. And that was about 15,000 years ago. They are still cut off from the southern peoples by the "tropic of Cancer". And why should they look for warm places when their life is connected with the cold and this tradition is many tens of thousands of years old?
This was the same haplogroup N, which today makes up about 20% of the gene pool of Russian people. It is not surprising that the Kostenkovites are so similar to us. Geneticists claim that this haplogroup arose 15,000 years ago somewhere in the south of China, and then, after 5,000 years, moved to Siberia and the Baltic. But let me ask, what prompted these Chinese "ancestors", who actually lived at the equator at that time, to leave for the area east of Taimyr, where today there is a maximum concentration of this haplogroup? These are completely different climatic zones, different food base, etc. etc. There are very good reasons for such a migration. And they are not. 12,000 years of the stability of the earth's axis did not offer them.
The map on the left shows a completely different migration route for this haplogroup.
After the pole shifted to Alaska, representatives of its progenitor began migrating east, following the pole. The medieval map roughly defines the area that these people occupied during these thousands of years:
The map, of course, is very modern and the southern regions can simply be removed from it. There was, as now, a desert with mountains. But the whole north, from Novaya Zemlya to Primorye, was occupied by them. For 10,000 years they have multiplied decently. I will not judge their way of life, whether they remained hunters or started farming. This is not very important within the framework of this article. Mammoths during this period hardly had time to disappear. Although we are told that the last of them died out about 10,000 years ago. Given the slowness of climate change and the areas of their discovery east of Taimyr, we can make a bold assumption that they managed to leave the near-glacial regions of Europe to the east to the new Arctic Circle. Then for 10,000 years no catastrophes happened that could lead to their instant death. And the pole shift to the modern place, which happened about 4500 years ago, is very similar to such a catastrophe. People were able to leave the dangerous area, but no one warned the animals. So I think that mammoths died out much later than modern scientists believe. Radiocarbon analysis sometimes works wonders. And even scientists admit it.
After the displacement about 4500 years ago, representatives of this haplogroup were forced to leave the dangerous area. The bulk went to the West, again beyond the Arctic Circle, but some returned after the disaster. Some of them will later go to China, which is why they find it there to this day in small concentrations. Geneticists say the same thing - representatives of this haplogroup reached the Baltic about 4000 years ago and settled there.
This is how the Great Tartaria was formed.
With the northern peoples, it seems, sorted out. Let's see how things were in Siberia.
Before the pole shift to Alaska, it was in ideal climatic conditions of a temperate climate. I think that it was there that the haplogroup R1 was born. And that's why. The allocation of the R1b branch of genetics is attributed 16,000 years ago to the region of Central Asia, the rest of the people began to have the R1a branch and went further to the West. The direction of the outcome is clearly guessed. These people left the new pole, that's all. In their place came the northern peoples, they, in fact, changed places. But in Europe, the glacier has not yet melted, so the R1 representatives made a stop in Asia. Representatives of R1a, who got used to the subtropical climate, remained in place, and representatives of R1b went to seek their fortune in the Urals, the Caucasus and further to Europe, which sooner or later thawed out.
At the last pole shift middle Asia went far from the Tropic of Cancer, the climate there became completely different. Therefore, the heat-loving representatives of R1a moved south - to the Iranian Highlands and northern India. And so the branches of the Iranian and Indian Aryans diverged.
Around the same period, according to the Rigveda, Gods came to India from the north...
The territory of modern China had a hard time, almost all of it fell into the Tropic of Cancer. Relatively normal living conditions were possible only on the southern coast of Indochina. This is where, in my opinion, immigrants from Australia (Isle of Mu) moved before the last pole shift. And only after him they began to develop more northern territories. It was a completely different culture, which, for example, cannot be reconciled with Indian to this day. It was also alien to our northern ancestors, who at the beginning tried to set them on the right path, but then waved their hand and fenced themselves off from them with a wall. This section is clearly marked on the map above. But still, the Chinese accepted the teachings of the northern peoples, which remained in Buddhism. And that's good, they began to look more like us.
In Africa, as well as in the north, there was the most restless place. Before the first displacement, Central Africa was an oasis, as it is now, for the heat-loving peoples of the black race. But after the shift of the pole to Alaska, this oasis shifted to the north of the mainland. It was there that peoples migrated from the central regions, as well as to the south, but I think there were a minority of them. For 10,000 years, the desert began to bloom again, the rains did their job. There were also preconditions for migration to the Arabian Peninsula and the Iranian Highlands.
After the shift of the pole to the present position for Africa and the Middle East, everything returned to normal. The desert regained its possessions, and Central Africa came to life. Most fortunate were the inhabitants of the Iranian Highlands, which moved from the equatorial zone to the subtropical zone, that is, the climate has changed, but not drastically. Iranian Aryans came to fertile ground, which determines the prosperity of Sumer, Egypt and the list goes on.
So we have analyzed the main possible ways of migration of the population across the territory of Eurasia and Africa. Naturally, I dwelled more on our ancestors, haplogroups N and R1, I did not mention the rest in such detail, but I think it is enough to form a general idea of migration in the described period.
