Influence of natural conditions on human activity. Influence of natural conditions and natural resources on the territorial organization of society. Questions at the end of the paragraph
Nesterova I.A. Influence natural conditions and natural resources on the territorial organization of society // Encyclopedia of the Nesterovs
The territorial organization of society is influenced by many factors. One of them is the presence of certain natural resources and the peculiarities of the climate and other natural conditions.
The concept and types of natural factors
Despite evolution, natural factors continue to play a significant role in human life. Natural factors is a broad concept that includes such important elements as natural resources and natural conditions. In addition to them, it also includes such concepts as the sustainability of landscapes and the ecological situation.
Consider each element that makes up natural factors. First of all, let us turn to the interpretation of the concept of "natural conditions.
Under natural conditions It is customary to understand the totality of the most important natural characteristics of the territory, reflecting the main features of the components of the natural environment or local natural phenomena.
It is natural conditions that have a direct impact on the life and way of life of the population. Details of what depends on natural conditions are shown in the figure below.
The components of the natural environment are: climate, geological environment, surface and ground waters, soils, biota, and landscapes. Separately, it is necessary to highlight the spread of local natural phenomena. What it is? Local natural phenomena represent especially dangerous natural phenomena and anomalies, as well as foci of infections.
Of no less interest are climatic conditions. They influence through the ratio of heat and moisture. Thermal resources determine the energy of plant growth.
The territory of Russia is the largest in the world and is 17,125,191 km². On the territory of the Russian Federation there is a climatic diversity. However, most of the territory is in cold climates. This has an impact on the characteristics of economic activity.
At the same time, it should be emphasized that Russia as a whole is the northernmost and coldest country in the world, which affects its economy, economy and the development of society. 10 million km2 is occupied by permafrost.
The fact is that the specifics of permafrost must be taken into account when building and laying cables, when installing power lines, etc.
The second climatic factor is moisture. Precipitation Frequency affects agriculture, housing and communal services and other important elements of the life of the territories.
No less important are relief features and geological structure . Influencing all components of the natural environment, the relief contributes to the emergence of differences in landscapes and at the same time is itself affected by natural zonality and altitudinal zonality.
Engineering-geological conditions of the area include factors such as interconnection of layers earth's crust, the state of the upper layers. These factors affect the engineering and economic activity of the territories, as they perform the following tasks, presented below.
Accounting mining and geological conditions vital in all areas of economic activity, but especially in urban planning, transport and hydraulic engineering construction.
Separately, the soil factor should be mentioned. The soil is important for Agriculture and construction. In this aspect, we single out the structure, chemical composition and soil density. The value of soil lies in its ability to supply plants with nutrients.
Let's take a look at biota. Biota is understood as a historically established set of living organisms living in any large area, i.e. fauna and flora of this area. The characteristic of the natural conditions of the area also includes an assessment of vegetation and wildlife.
So, natural factors play an important role in human life. They determine his life, leisure and state of health. Based on this, we can safely say that natural factors affect the territorial division and local self-government.
Classification of territories according to the level of comfort
Now we will consider each type of territory separately from the point of view of its features of potential. As you can see in the figure, the territories are:
- extreme territories;
- uncomfortable areas;
- comfortable areas;
- hyper-comfortable areas;
Let's start, of course, with extreme territories. They are the most difficult to economic development regions. These include: polar regions, alpine regions of high latitudes, etc.
Then come the territories that are less difficult for life and economic life, which are called uncomfortable areas. They are characterized by harsh conditions, a harsh climate, which is unsuitable for the life of an unadapted population. Such territories include: arctic deserts, tundra, arid territories and mountainous regions.
For life, hyper-comfortable territories are considered more or less comfortable. These are areas where natural conditions are limitedly favorable. The settlers feel quite comfortable in such territories. Hypercomfortable territories boreal and semiarid.
And finally, the most comfortable for life are precomfortable areas and comfortable areas. Precomfortable areas include areas with minor deviations from the natural optimum for the formation of a permanent population. Comfortable areas are those areas where conditions are almost ideal for the life of the population. Such territories are located in the southern part of the temperate zone; in Russia, they are represented by small areas.
Natural conditions are very important for those industries National economy that operate outdoors. This is, first of all, agriculture, as well as water and forestry. Construction is very dependent on natural conditions. Hence the difference in financing of the same objects in different territories.
Natural disasters and cataclysms
All kinds of cataclysms and natural disasters have a strong influence on the development of territories. They act as a specific form of natural conditions.
The following natural disasters are considered the most common and dangerous for humans:
- earthquakes,
- floods,
- tsunami,
- hurricanes and storms
- tornadoes,
- typhoons,
- collapses.
- landslides,
- sat down,
- avalanche,
- forest and peat fires.
Typical examples of adverse natural phenomena are droughts, frosts, severe frosts, thunderstorms, heavy or prolonged rains, hail and some others.
Many areas need protection from natural disasters. This significantly increases the cost of construction and maintenance of municipalities and communications. In addition, the cost of technologies adapted to increased loads or capable of preventing dangerous impacts is much higher.
1) Tell us what nature gives a person.
Nature provides all the means to meet the material and spiritual needs of man (breathing air, food, drink, shelter, raw materials for industry, places for recreation)
2) How do natural conditions affect human life and activities?
Natural conditions determine the population density in the territory, lifestyle, type of housing, clothing. Natural conditions determine the development of the economy, the specialization of agriculture and industry.
3) What components of the natural complex are most susceptible to human influence?
The atmospheric air, water, soil, flora and fauna are most susceptible to human influence.
4) What are natural resources?
Natural resources are the bodies and forces of nature, which at a given stage in the development of the productive forces of society can be used as commodities or means of production, and the social utility of which changes under the influence of human activity.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What types of natural resources have been mastered by man for a long time, which ones - recently?
Soil, water, forest resources have long been mastered by man. With the development of the economy, the range of used mineral resources. Under the influence of scientific and technological progress, old industries are expanding and old industrial areas are getting a "second wind", new industries are being created, new territories are being developed, and the number of minerals involved in production is increasing. In the modern economy, almost all known to science are used. chemical elements and their compounds, the energy of the atomic nucleus. Even water and air, which until relatively recently were considered only as means of the biological existence of man and all life on Earth, began to work on a large scale in production processes and serve as the same raw material as ore or wood.
Obviously, there is a tangible connection between human health and natural conditions. The quality of water, soil, air and basic climatic conditions affect the state of human health and well-being. After all what does it depend on human capacity for work and normal life expectancy?
From the air that he breathes, he is the food that he eats and from the environment in which he lives. For this reason, the issue of ecology is so important in the modern world. Natural factors, such as sea and mineral water, sun, forest and mountain air, healing mud, significantly contribute to the improvement of a person.
Favorable conditions for human existence
A significant part of Russia is a favorable zone for healthy life of people. This refers to conditions such as reasonably warm, sunny summers, moderate cold winters, and adequate rainfall.
The territory with favorable conditions for life is the middle and young part of the European territory, the south of the North Caucasus and Western Siberia. Since ancient times, these regions have a high population density, since the climate of these territories has a very good effect on people's health.
Extreme conditions
But there are territories that are characterized by unfavorable conditions for human life. What are extreme conditions? These are the conditions of nature that affect the human body badly. these include low winter temperatures and high summer temperatures, high humidity and strong winds.
These are the territories of the tundra, deserts, the Far Eastern monsoon zone and regions of a sharply continental climate in Siberia. For example, the region of Eastern Siberia is the coldest region northern hemisphere, and here the largest annual temperature amplitudes are recorded.
In winter, it can be -50 ... -60 °С, and in summer, on the contrary, the temperature is very high up to +30 °С. Such a contrast cannot but affect health. Such a temperature is problematic not only for human life, but also for tools and various materials that must be frost-resistant.
Therefore, the development of territories with extreme conditions life is a rather complex process. which requires significant material costs and new achievements in science and technology.
There are natural disasters that adversely affect human life and health. This is due to the fact that often spontaneous natural phenomena are unforeseen and destructive violations of the normal course of natural processes.
The consequences of these phenomena do not contribute to the further development of a person and sometimes extremely negatively affect human health for a long time.
Lesson 11
on nature
Goals: To acquaint students with the main factors of human impact on nature. Give the concept of the environment. Formulate an idea of the sustainable development of Russia. Develop the ability to defend your opinion and listen to your comrades.
Equipment: Physical, political and administrative maps of Russia. The film "We have one Earth."
During the classes
II. Checking homework
Check homework on questions to § 8 (account A., questions for self-assessment).
In a group of 4 people, one student answers the question, and three listen to him. The teacher can also approach any group and listen to the answers.
Check the progress of the work on the contour map.
Check the fulfillment of the creative task (landscape drawing).
Test dictation:
In what climate can a dwelling have such a roof?
b)
Answer : a) humid climate b) dry.
Under what climatic conditions can windows be oriented like this?
What kind of dwelling can be built in a seismically hazardous area, and which one on permafrost soils?
Answer : a) on permafrost; b) on mobile parts of the earth's crust.
The rate of human consumption of fat is 35% in ...Answer : a) tundra; b) in the steppe; c) in the desert.
Such an arrangement of dwellings can be:
Answer : a) in the mountains b) on the plain.
A dwelling made of raw (unbaked bricks) is called ...Answer : a) an adobe hut; b) saklya; c) yurt.
What type of housing can be transported when moving?Answer : a) plague; b) saklu; c) a needle; d) a yurt.
III. Learning new material
Nature and man are interconnected, interact with each other. A person not only adapts to natural conditions, but also uses natural resources in economic activities, influencing nature, changing its quality. We use the soil, minerals, seize huge areas of land for cities, roads, quarries, etc.
Lesson Plan :
Repetition of what was learned about environmental pollution in 8th grade.
Question : What sources of pollution do you know?(Emissions from industrial enterprises, soil pollution with pesticides, improper plowing of slopes, fuel combustion, etc.)
Definition of the concept of "environmental situation".
Most often, a person does not think about the consequences of his influence on nature. And then the quality of the environment deteriorates, and as a result, his health also suffers. Scientists believe that human health is 20% dependent on the environmental situation.
Writing in a notebook
Ecological situation - is the state of the natural environment in a given area.
Assessment of the ecological situation from the point of view of the conditions of human life. (Analysis of Table 1, p. 38, account A.)
According to the degree of criticality, satisfactory, crisis, conflict, crisis, disastrous and catastrophic environmental situations are distinguished.
Question : How to assess the potential environmental situation in a particular region of Russia?(The level of economic development can indirectly indicate the ecological situation: the developed central regions of Russia have a more unfavorable ecological situation than the poorly developed regions of Siberia and Far East. The higher the population density, the worse the ecological situation. The more "dirty" enterprises accumulated in a certain area, the higher the level of pollution. Neighboring countries with an unfavorable ecological situation may also have an impact on the ecological situation.) Which countries can be sources of air pollution in Russia?(Students should remember that in temperate latitudes, westerly transport of air masses and pollution from Western European countries extends into Eastern European countries and Russia.)
Consider examples of the impact of an environmental accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (Ukraine) on neighboring countries. The wind carried the radioactive cloud to Belarus and the Baltic republics, the radioactive background also increased in the countries of Scandinavia (Finland). The ecological situation in Chernobyl was characterized as emergency. The consequences of this accident have affected people's health for many years.
Question : How to avoid such environmental situations?
Sustainable development.
To ensure environmental safety, a state strategy for Russia's transition to sustainable development has been developed. Sustainable development is possible by understanding the close relationship between society and the environment.
Question : Do you think our society is ready to morally develop according to the program of sustainable development?
Exercise.
Find in the text of the textbook (account A., p. 39) the ways of sustainable development:/. Resource-saving technologies.
2. Successful socio-economic development of Russia (without crises, progressive).
Improving the quality of life of the population.
The international cooperation.
IV. Anchoring
Is it possible to reduce human demand for natural resources? Explain your answer.
What is an ecological situation?
How is the environmental situation in the area of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant assessed?
What does the sustainable development strategy envisage.
In the city of Asbest (in the Urals), people suffer from asbestosis due to the high concentration of mineral fibers in the air - asbestos or mountain flax - which is mined in quarries near the city.
According to account A.: §9, answer questions.
What are the environmental conditions in your area?
What are the factors affecting the ecological situation in your area?
Questions for self-assessment (p. 39).
