Konstantin abramov vciom biography. Features of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in a transforming society abramov, konstantin valerievich. The teaching staff includes

Let's start with history. The Sociological Faculty of the Russian State Humanitarian University was founded in 1996 by Corresponding Member. RAS, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor Zhan Terentyevich Toshchenko.

The first set of students took place in 1997 and consisted of 16 people.

The first release took place in 2002.

Two events preceded the decision of the university administration to organize sociological education at the RSUH.

First, the discovery in the 1990s. training of sociologists in all major Russian universities and, secondly, the transformation in 1991 of the Institute of History and Archives into the Russian State University for the Humanities. At the new university, new faculties were formed and began to function: economic, philosophical, philological, linguistics, psychology. To complete a classical liberal education, there was not enough sociological faculty. Therefore, the new department had to organize a course in sociology at all faculties of the RSUH. This difficult task was also started by Ph.D. M. B. Bulanova, prof. L. G. Yuldashev, Ph.D. A. Ya. Voronov. At the very beginning of the work, the first teachers began to work not only with students of sociology, but also began to give lectures and conduct seminars in almost all faculties of the university. Particularly close contacts have developed with the faculties of the Institute of History and Archives, the Institute of Economics and Management, and the Institute of Linguistics.

The first curriculum of the course "Sociology", prepared by the department, included three sections. The first section "History of Sociology" gave an idea of ​​the subject, the structure of sociology as a science: modern Western and Russian sociological schools. The second section "Theoretical Sociology" included the problems of constructing and applying sociological theories of society (its structure, institutions) and personality. In the third section "Applied Sociology" students were focused on studying specific problems of intra-group relations, mastering the methods and techniques for conducting and organizing sociological research. In addition, students in this section got acquainted with such issues of theory and practice of sociology, which were associated with the specifics of preparing their future specialty. Thus, economists were taught those aspects of sociological knowledge that are associated with the functioning of the economy, labor, demography, and museologists were introduced to the sociological problems of culture and art.

Interest in teaching sociology gradually led to the emergence of special courses in the curriculum. For example, the Faculty of Economics introduced a special course "Economic Sociology" (Zh.T. Toshchenko), some faculties showed interest in the special course "Philosophy and Sociology of Property" (A.Kh. Burganov).

The success of the teaching of sociology has created the necessary conditions for the organization of the department of sociology as part of the Faculty of Philosophy (Dean - Doctor of Philosophy Professor V.D. Gubin). This decision was in keeping with tradition: after the revival of sociology in the early 1960s, the first sociological departments appeared as part of philosophical divisions - at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the philosophical faculties of Moscow State University. MV Lomonosov and Leningrad State University, at the Department of Scientific Communism at the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU.

When developing the concept of sociological education at the RSUH, the task was set - to create their own version of the model for training specialists. This model was built on the following principles. First, the study of the entire complex of social and humanitarian disciplines Keywords: philosophy, history, economic theory, law, political science, psychology. Such a broad knowledge base is necessary for a specialist with fundamental training. Secondly, deep professional training, assimilation of theoretical and applied knowledge in this specialty. Here the specificity of the specialty is manifested: knowledge of the theory must be combined with practice, with the real needs of society and man. Thirdly, special, special mathematical training of future specialists as a guarantee of their successful activities. Knowledge of the theory of measurements, mathematical logic, probability theory and mathematical statistics, and other applied areas of mathematics is urgently needed by professional sociologists. Fourthly, language training (primarily in English, German, French), which makes it possible for graduates to use their knowledge not only in the post-Soviet, but also in European and other spaces. These four principles are supplemented by another important requirement - students must receive systematic practice: in the 1st year - introductory, in the 2nd - educational, in the 3rd and 4th courses - professional, in the 5th year - pedagogical.

Based on this concept, in 1997 the first enrollment of students was held. On September 1, 1997, sixteen students started vocational training in a specialty unknown to many of them. The composition of the department was strengthened by well-known methodologists-practitioners, professors V. F. Levicheva and E. A. Grishina. In order to organize educational and scientific research and practice for students, the Center for Sociological Research was opened (headed by O.N. Kozlova, later - M.S. Tsapko).

In 2000-2001 evening and extramural for the training of sociologists. This was in many respects a new and complex undertaking, for the formation of which Prof. G.A. Tsvetkova.

In 2001, by decision of the Academic Council, two specializations were opened on the basis of the specialty: “Sociology of Marketing”, “Political and Business PR, Advertising”. Since that time, the enrollment of students began to increase annually, including on a paid basis.

By 2001, conditions were ripe for the organization of an independent faculty consisting of two departments: the history and theory of sociology (Zh.T. Toshchenko) and applied sociology (V.F. Levicheva). Subsequently, the departments were created: political sociology (N.M. Velikaya), sociology of organization and social technologies (V.V. Shcherbina). With the joint efforts of the departments, a modular course for teaching sociology at non-core faculties was created. Teaching and research projects were introduced: exploratory sociological research conducted by students under the supervision of a teacher.

From 2011-2012 school year Sociologists are trained under the programs "Bachelor of Sociology", "Master of Sociology". In 2011, a master's program was opened in three training profiles: "Social Technologies and Management Consulting" (V.V. Shcherbina), "Political Consulting" (L.N. Vdovichenko), "Sociology of Marketing" (V.V. Solodnikov).

Over the years of the faculty's work, the initial model of sociological education has been modernized and includes several provisions: the training of sociologists on a broad foundation of all social and human sciences; familiarity with the basic provisions of the natural sciences, as well as serious mathematical training; the assimilation of a complex of disciplines that relate only to sociology. Among the latter: theory, methodology and methods of cognition of social reality; the genesis of ideas in the history of sociology; special sociological theories; branch sociology. The student hones the acquired theoretical knowledge and practical skills in the course of sociological practice: first - introductory, then - professional, and in the last year - pedagogical. This model of training a professional sociologist is built on the combination of scientific (theoretical) and applied nature of sociological knowledge. Within the framework of such a model, it is possible to propose new developments, search for new approaches, including inviting fellow sociologists to master classes. The proposed model also fits well with the requirements of the new (third) State educational standard that only 50% of the study time is devoted to the federal component, and the rest to the university initiative.

Over the past years, faculty teachers have published and republished textbooks and teaching aids: Zh. T. Toshchenko "Sociology" (1994, 1998, 2005, 2012), "Political Sociology" (4th ed.) .T. Toshchenko), N.V. Romanovsky "Historical Sociology", O.N. Kozlov "Sociology", Zh.T. Toshchenko, G.A. Tsvetkova "Sociology of Labor", M.B. Bulanova "Social Science" (as part of the team of authors) and others. An example study guide"new type", in which most of the teachers of the faculty took part, was the "Thesaurus of Sociology" (2009), dedicated to the conceptual apparatus of sociology and "Thesaurus-2, Methodology and Methods of Sociological Research" (2012) (ed. Zh.T. Toshchenko ). The publication implements two goals: scientific and educational and educational and methodological. The thesaurus is based on the concept of "sociology of life", which was substantiated in the works of Zh. T. Toshchenko.

An independent scientific school has developed at the faculty, focusing on the study of the problems of the theory and methodology of sociology, social consciousness, and the spiritual life of society. Within the framework of this target setting of the faculty, since 1999, international scientific conferences devoted to the study of the problems of the intelligentsia have been held annually. The result of this activity was the release of collections, which are united in the series "Intelligentsia and Modernity".

Currently, 20 collections have been published on various aspects of the life and work of the humanitarian intelligentsia (in the field of economic, political, moral and other public relations). Moreover, issues characterized by relevance, significance and topicality were specially highlighted and discussed accordingly.

Another area of ​​activity of the faculty was the conduct of sociological research, which was mainly carried out by the Scientific and Educational Center for Sociological Research. This Center began to regularly carry out research within the university, which, on the one hand, is aimed at studying the future humanitarian intelligentsia (surveys "Freshman", "Graduate"), on the other hand, help regulate the internal life of the university. Over the years, the mood of young teachers and graduate students of the university, students' free time, the situation in the hostel, attitudes towards the library, the work of the bookshop "At the Centaur", the dining room have been studied.

In 1999, the dissertation council K 064.49.07 in sociological sciences was opened at the Russian State Humanitarian University. The first dissertation, defended in the Council in 2000, was I.A. Yankina’s Ph.D. work “Stratification of attitudes towards the spheres of “material and spiritual being” (on the example of a medium-sized Russian city) in the specialty 22.00.08 - sociology of management.

Postgraduate studies are open at the faculty in five specialties: 22.00.01 - history, methodology and theory of sociology, 22.00.04 - social structure, social institutions and processes, 22.00.05 - political sociology, 22.00.06 - sociology of culture, 22.00.08 - sociology of management. Until 2002, the acquisition of postgraduate studies was carried out at the expense of graduates of other universities, from that moment to the present, our graduates have completed postgraduate studies and defended candidate dissertations: N.N. Mogutnova, I.M. Matasova, A.V. Chebotareva, A.I. Dubinina, N.D. Shutenko, A.E. Tvorogov, A. E. Volokhov, N. V. Pankratova, A. Ya. Makarov, T. V. Latysheva, D. G. Tsybikova. Some of them - A.B. Roslyakov, R.I. Anisimov, E.A. Irsetskaya, E. A. Kolosova, A. V. Kuchenkova, T. V. Starodubtseva, D. G. Tsybikova became our fellow teachers.

In 2004, the Candidates Council was reorganized. The council for the defense of dissertations D 212.198.09 was opened at the Russian State Humanitarian University. Since 2004, the Council has defended: in the specialty 22.00.01 - theory, history and methodology of sociology - 3 doctoral and 3 candidate dissertations; in the specialty 22.00.04 - social structure, social institutions and processes 15 candidate and 1 doctoral dissertation; specialty 22.00.06 - sociology of culture, spiritual life - 5 Ph.D. dissertations; specialty 23.00.02 - political institutions, ethno-political conflictology, national and political processes and technologies - 1 doctoral and 6 master's theses.

The faculty pays great attention to the scientific work of students. Since 1999, conferences of students and graduate students have been held annually with the participation of students from other cities of Russia and the CIS countries, which culminate in the publication of collections “Our Sociology. Research Practices and Perspectives”. Students and graduate students actively participate in all-Russian scientific conferences, in the Lomonosov Readings conferences of Moscow State University, in conferences of VCIOM and other organizations, repeatedly winning prestigious diplomas and prizes. We are also proud that student life does not close within the framework only educational process: students are regularly initiated, "Sociologist's Day" and other events are celebrated.

Dean of the Faculty of Sociology - Velikaya Natalia Mikhailovna

Practice locations:

• Organs state power and management
• Political parties and public organizations
• Research centers. Advertising agencies and corporations (TNS-Russia, KSILAB, VTsIOM, FOM, ROMIR-monitoring, ZIRCON, GFK Rus, MAR consult, UCPR-Research, IPSOS, ISPI RAS, etc.)
• The faculty regularly holds master classes from employers.

According to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, 76.4% of graduates of the RSUH Faculty of Sociology are employed. Graduates are among the top three in terms of salaries among sociologists, ahead of graduates of the country's leading universities.

The teaching staff includes:

• 1 corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
• 19 PhDs,
• 21 Ph.D.

Our teachers are:

• members of international sociological organizations
• participants of leading international and all-Russian scientific conferences
• take leading places in the citation rating of Russian sociologists

Currently, the Faculty of Sociology has three departments:

• (Head of the Department - Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Zh.T. Toshchenko);
• (Head of the Department - Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. V.F. Levicheva);
• (Head of the Department - Doctor of Social Sciences, Prof. L.N. Vdovichenko).

In total, from 1997 to 2019, the RSUH has about 1,500 sociologists in three forms of education:

• full-time education;
• part-time education
• by correspondence course.

An independent scientific school has been formed at the faculty, focusing on the study of the problems of the theory and methodology of sociology, social consciousness, spiritual life, the continuity of generations is practiced.

The faculty currently has postgraduate studies in the specialty 22.00.04 - social structure, social institutions and processes.

Since 2004, at the Russian State University for the Humanities, there has been a council for the defense of doctoral and master's theses D 212.198.09 in postgraduate specialties of the same name.

The scientific work of students is organized at the faculty. Every year, since 1999, conferences of students and graduate students of the university are held. 15 collections “Our Sociology. Research Practices and Perspectives”.

Graduates of the faculty work in their specialty in the centers of sociological research, head departments of sociological research in public and private organizations. Some of the graduates remained to teach at the faculty. Among them: R.I. Anisimov, E.V. Belova, E.A. Kolosova, A.V. Kuchenkova, T.V. Starodubtseva and others.

K.V. ABRAMOV, First Deputy General Director of VTsIOM

Features of social and psychological adaptation of youth in a transforming society

Social transformations, as processes of radical change in Russian society, radically affect all spheres of life of representatives of various social strata. In such socio-economic conditions, such a phenomenon arises as socio-psychological adaptation, i.e. adaptation of a person to existence in a changed society in accordance with the requirements of this society and based on their own needs, motives and interests. The meaning of social adaptation lies in the development of norms, values, lifestyle, new strategies for social interaction.

Keywords: socio-psychological adaptation, youth, quality of life, social well-being, life satisfaction.

End of the 20th century marked for Russia by radical political and socio-economic transformations. Most of the Russian population was forced to change their lifestyle, rebuild their system of values, behavioral stereotypes, change professions. Twenty years after the start of the reforms, the global financial and economic crisis occurred, which significantly affected the political and social life countries.

The specificity of the current situation in Russia is characterized by a significant decrease in the level and quality of life, which gives rise to negative social well-being of people, leads to an increase in psychosomatic disorders and other devastating consequences. The consequences of these socio-economic, cultural and spiritual transformations are especially ambiguous for young people. Already a whole generation of young people grew up in unstable social conditions, which had a very significant impact on the formation of their life positions. There is a need to develop strategies for constructive socio-psychological adaptation of people to socio-economic changes in the country.

In the literature, socio-psychological adaptation is understood as “the process of including a person in interaction with the social environment, which involves orientation in it, awareness of the problems that arise during this interaction, and finding ways to resolve them, choosing the most appropriate strategy for activities in given conditions in order to achieve correspondence between themselves (their interests, needs, opportunities) and the social environment ".

Based this definition, we can argue that as the main regulator of the adaptation process in changing social, cultural, technogenic and natural conditions the personality itself. That is, the specificity of personal properties determines the nature of the course of the adaptation process, and these features form his individual style. These include: the orientation of the personality, the leading strategies of behavior in conflicts, locus control, the level of anxiety, the features of reflection, the specifics of the motivational and emotional spheres.

Of particular interest for the purposes of our study is the classification of S.T. Possokhova, who proposed to single out two dominant types of adaptation strategies

Sociology of education

tions: the strategy of self-disclosure of the personality and the strategy of self-preservation of the personality. The essence of the first strategy is that when the habitual external and internal conditions of existence change, a person abandons outdated stereotypes of interaction with society, culture, objects, nature and himself. This type of strategy is based on a realistic attitude to life. The essence of the self-preservation strategy is to use such a method of interaction with the changing surrounding reality, which ensures the individual, first of all, the preservation of himself as a biological unit.

Considering the fact that Russian state has been in constant reorganization for almost two decades, in the ongoing process of the withering away of old social norms, breaking established stereotypes and creating new ones, the younger generation has to constantly look for ideals, role models that correspond to the time. Such a permanent adaptation to new conditions forms very peculiar behavioral characteristics and a system of social values.

According to VTsIOM data for 2009, about half of young people aged 18 to 30 are pupils (students), the rest either work (temporarily or permanently) or do not work. The main areas of professional activity of working youth are trade (18%), industry (13%), construction (12%) and transport (9%).

It should be noted a rather low degree of independent participation of young people in the business sector (only 5%) and a high percentage of working youth who do not seek to change their existing job (73%). Such facts, most likely, testify to a certain professional immaturity, unwillingness to take responsibility for a more dynamic

new and constructive construction of its life path.

We encountered manifestations of social infantilism when we assessed the readiness of young people to participate in social and political activities. 40% of young people are indifferent to the opportunity to personally participate in such activities; 10% deny this possibility; 22% of young people admit this possibility, and only 4% of respondents consider personal participation in social and political activities necessary.

Young people born in the 80-90s, although they have different conditions for the formation of their personal qualities, life values, but already from their own experience they felt the burden of responsibility for the decisions made, the difficulty of organizing their own life independently, etc. Due to their age and mental characteristics, this category more effectively adapts to the system of market relations, quickly joins it, feels more confident and, thanks to this, more successfully acquires new economic and social experience. But this identification option also has a negative side: the lack of life experience, a heightened sense of self-preservation lead to the fact that many young people cannot correctly assess emerging situations and determine the prospect, unjustifiably take risks, embark on the path of crime, become victims of someone else's will, politics, illiterate or selfish management.

The collapse of Soviet culture has given rise to many subcultures, especially among young people, which can be considered a means of finding the most appropriate ways for young people to adapt to new conditions of existence.

According to some studies, according to life plans, goals, norms of behavior, value orientations, etc. youth subculture can be represented by the following groups:

■ young people who want to make a career in business, science, politics, sports, artistic creativity etc. They try to get into prestigious universities a good education in the chosen direction of their future work, find a job that meets their life plans, monitor their health, create the necessary image. As a rule, young people in this group begin to work on themselves from adolescence. In this they are helped by parents, relatives and friends;

■ young people who want to live at an average level. As a rule, they do not strive for high results in their studies, career growth. They prefer to find a stable job, secure a good income, well-being, prosperity, have time to realize their hobbies;

■ youth groups with deviant and delinquent behavior. They are characterized by a low educational and cultural level, they do not show much interest in their future, among them there are many alcoholics and drug addicts. Extremism also arises in this group, which manifests itself in the behavior of young people in the form of their "ultra-modern", "original", "alternative" and "aggressive" life style, with its characteristic contradictory meaning of life, a sophisticated and malicious emphasis on one's individuality.

At one of the stages of our empirical study, respondents

Young people aged 18-30 years old - carried out scaling of the display system

of their socio-psychological adaptation (social well-being, material well-being, social security, social status, tolerance to the political and socio-economic situation in the country, family well-being, etc.).

In addition, we conducted an integral assessment of the quality of life of young people according to 13 indicators: “social and personal quality of life”, “socioeconomic quality of life”, “family quality”, “social and psychological quality of life”, “quality of society” (social environment ), "the quality of the era", "the quality of self-realization", "the quality of freedom and life restrictions", "the quality of leisure", "the quality of life values ​​and preferences", "the quality of the need sphere", "the quality of life prospects and their realization".

The interpretation of the results included comparative analysis obtained data in subgroups of the entire sample by age categories (18-21, 22-25, 26-30 years old) and by gender. Let us give some generalized characteristics of individual indicators of socio-psychological adaptation of respondents, divided by gender and living in Moscow.

In table. 1 shows the indicators of the most disturbing problems of the two groups of respondents, assessed on a five-point scale in order of decreasing significance.

The respondents' assessment of the "social and personal quality of life" demonstrated the following. Male respondents in

Table 1

Indicators of the most disturbing problems of the two groups of respondents

Boys Girls

1 Lack of money 1 Violence and aggressiveness in society

2 Moral crisis 2 Lack of money

3 Insecurity 3 Moral crisis

4 Employment by specialty 4 Impaired health

5 Violence and aggressiveness in society 5 Insecurity

6 Poor health 6 Lack of opportunities for self-development

7 Lack of opportunities for self-development 7 Employment in the specialty

Sociology of education

generally assess their quality of life as satisfactory. They believe that in the near future life will more or less get better, in their lives they value health, love for parents, and communication with friends most of all. They have the least desire to help others and take leadership positions. The most important social values ​​are social security, good living conditions, job security, material well-being, confidence in the future, family strength. Female respondents are also generally satisfied with the quality of life. Their priority social values ​​are health, the opportunity to have friends with whom it is pleasant to spend time, love for parents, well-being, confidence in the future, family strength, interest in life.

Assessing the "quality of society", the majority of respondents in both groups consider the economic situation in Russia to be average. The moral situation in the country is seen by the majority of male respondents as tense, and by the majority of female respondents as restless.

Respondents' assessment of the "quality of the era" showed that at present most young people are striving to devote their lives to themselves and their families. The majority of respondents believe that it is not worth spending your efforts and time on creating capital and serving your country (such data cannot but cause concern). Respondents-boys are more concerned about the financial situation (money gives them the opportunity to satisfy their needs and feel safe); female respondents - violence and aggressiveness prevailing in society.

Evaluation of the "quality of freedom and life restrictions" demonstrated the following. The degree of freedom of male respondents is limited mainly by such factors as lack of money and social insecurity. For most of them, a sense of personal freedom gives

opportunity to be the master of your life. Violence and aggressiveness in society, as well as low incomes, alcoholism and drug addiction of young people, insecurity and low value of life are the life restrictions for female respondents. The female respondents appreciate the feeling of personal freedom and the opportunity to be the master of their own life much more than the male respondents.

It can be stated that the young people surveyed by the VTsIOM sample are, to one degree or another, satisfied with their lives. Many of them are counting on the "warming" of the socio-economic situation in the country, expecting positive changes. But at the same time, the dominance of a kind of “consumer” position should be noted. In particular, the main contingent of young people counts on the social support of the state, and not on their own vital activity, believing that they do not have the conditions for the realization of leadership abilities. Most of them believe that money can solve almost all their problems. Boys are much less interested than girls in creating opportunities for self-development. The main social values ​​of young people are "stability", "family", "prosperity", "security". Love and communication are named as basic needs (the implementation of which, again, is hindered by the lack of sufficient material resources).

In general, it can be assumed that young people are currently more likely to use an adaptive strategy of self-preservation than an adaptive strategy of self-disclosure.

Literature

1. Psychology of adaptation and social environment:

modern approaches, problems, prospects / Otv. ed. L.G. Dikaya, A.L. Zhuravlev.

Moscow: Institute of Psychology RAS, 2007.

2. Posokhova S.T. Individual Strategies Approaches, Problems, Prospects /

personal adaptation // Psychology Otv. ed. L.G. Dikaya, A.L. Zhuravlev. M.:

Adaptation and Social Environment: Contemporary Institute of Psychology RAS, 2007.

ABRAMOV K. SPECIFICS OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF YOUTH IN CONDITIONS OF SOCIETY IN TRANSIENT STATE

Social transformations, as processes of radical change in Russian society, are affecting dramatically all life spheres of representatives of various social strata. Such socio-economic conditions cause a phenomenon of socio-psychological adaptation, i.e. adjustment of human being (as a person) to existence in the changed environment according to the requirements of this society and to his own needs, motives and interests. The meaning of social adaptation lies in mastering the norms, values, lifestyles, new strategies of social interaction.

Keywords: socio-psychological adaptation, youth, life quality, social wellbeing, satisfaction with life.

E.P. ILYASOV, Associate Professor, MSTU im. N.E. Bauman

Management tools for the activities of centers for the promotion of employment of graduates

The article deals with the problems of employment of graduates of institutions vocational education(UPR), as well as ways to solve these problems. It is noted that the creation of specialized centers (services) in vocational education institutions is one of the ways to reduce tension in the labor market.

Particular attention is paid to the concept of the formation and functioning of the all-Russian system to promote the employment of graduates of the UPO, as well as the implementation and technical support of the already created new automated information system to promote the employment of graduates of the UPO (AIST).

Key words: employment assistance system for UPO graduates, information system, centers (services), concept, vocational education institutions.

In the process of forming a market economy in the country, there have been significant shifts in the structures of employment of the population, in the demand for various categories of workers. The system of emerging markets is often inconsistent and requires certain mechanisms to regulate it and bring it into comparability of supply and demand.

At present, the situation with the implementation of one of the main resources of Russia

Intellectual capacity - remains critical. The liquidation of the state distribution system deprived educational establishments informational feedback. The regional economy does not receive

necessary specialists, graduates of educational institutions are forced to retrain to the needs of the labor market, while educational institutions continue training in specialties that are not in demand. The budget funds allocated for the training of a young professional in a particular specialty, in this case, are spent with extremely low efficiency.

The problems of youth unemployment are determined by a number of factors: low competitiveness in the labor market, unpreparedness for new economic relations, mismatch of professional

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays

Abramov, Konstantin Valerievich. Features of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in a transforming society: dissertation ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences: 19.00.05 / Abramov Konstantin Valerievich; [Place of protection: Ros. state social. un-t].- Moscow, 2011.- 207 p.: ill. RSL OD, 61 11-19/130

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological prerequisites for the study of socio-psychological adaptation of youth 15

1.1. Basic interdisciplinary approaches to the problem of adaptation and socio-psychological adaptation 15

1.2. Socio-psychological characteristics of the adaptive resource of the age category of young people in a transforming society 47

1.3. Features of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in the context of socio-economic transformations 68

Conclusions but iane 1 90

Chapter 2. Empirical study of adaptation strategies and characteristics of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people 92

2.2. Identification of the characteristics of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in the conditions of the transformation of society 115

2.3. Assessment and optimization of socio-psychological adaptation of various youth social groups 140

Conclusion

Introduction to work

The 90s of the end of the 20th century were marked for Russia by radical political and socio-economic transformations. Economy. based mainly on market relations with a large share of criminal influences, low social security of the population, a radical change in the previous system of social values ​​created a hollow socio-economic reality in our country. Most of the Russian population was forced to change their lifestyle, rebuild their value system, behavioral stereotypes, change professions.

Twenty years after the beginning of the transformations of the 1990s, the global financial and economic crisis occurred, which significantly affected the political and social life of the country, actualizing the search for new adaptation strategies among representatives of various social groups.

The specifics of the current situation in the country, characterized by a significant decline in the level and quality of life, gives rise to negative social well-being of people, leads to an increase in psychosomatic disorders and many other devastating consequences. The consequences of their socio-economic, cultural and spiritual transformations are especially ambiguous for the youth of Russia. There is a need for psychological prediction of such consequences, the development of strategies for constructive socio-psychological adaptation of people to socio-economic changes in the country.

Thus, social, economic, cultural transformations, which have radically changed the face of Russian society, significantly affect all spheres of an individual's life. The features of this complete socio-cultural and economic environment determine the forms, levels and strategies of socio-psychological adaptation of representatives of various social groups and. in particular, youth as an innovative resource of our society.

Despite the existing studies of the phenomenon of adaptation and its various types, scientific works devoted to the issue of socio-psychological adaptation in the context of the all-encompassing transformation of modern Russian society is clearly not enough. According to G.M. Zarakonego, despite the large number of studies of the processes taking place in Russian society during the period of transformations, there are no works devoted to the analysis of these processes from the standpoint of the theory of human adaptation and the concept of situational psychological potential

ESHSELF,

Wherein we are talking not only about obtaining new theoretical data regarding the mechanisms, the specifics of socio-psychological adaptation in the indicated conditions. Undeniably important, in our opinion, is the applied aspect of this issue, since many decisions made at the state level should be based on real knowledge of the population's resource capabilities, which have given them a pull potential.

Considering socio-psychological adaptation as a process of internal personal changes, external active mutual transformation of the personality and new conditions of its existence, one can once again state the significance of this process in ensuring the constructiveness of the individual's reactions to the surrounding social, psychological and physical conditions of his life.

Youth! as a specific social and age group, which is in the process of active professional and social development, due to its age and mental characteristics, according to a number of researchers, it adapts more effectively to the system of market relations, quickly joins it, feels more confident and, thanks to scrap, more successfully acquires new economic and social experience. However, the statement about the uniquely more effective psychological adaptability of modern Russian youth would, in our opinion, be incorrect, primarily due to the internal heterogeneity of this social and age group, both in terms of the degree of possession of socio-psychological resources and the presence of social segregation in our society, which determines, in general, the possibility of realizing these resources. Therefore, a research study devoted to the study of the characteristics of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in a radically different environment in the emerging social and economic conditions will be so relevant.

The state of scientific development of the research problem -

In the psychological and philosophical literature, the conceptual provisions of the theory of adaptation were developed in the works of domestic scientists: F.B. Berezina, ALZ. Georgievsky, L, G. Wild, A.A. Palchadzhyapa, A.V. Petrovsky and foreign authors: G. Hartmann, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, L. Festipger, V. Fraikl and other researchers,

The problem of psychological and social adaptation was also considered in a number of fundamental philosophical and methodological studies of personality, lifestyle, social group carried out by Y.Mr Andreeva, K.A. Agyudkhanova-Slavskaya, L.P., Buyeva, L.S. Vygotsky, A.G. Hello] iic l onym, A.1-I. Leontiev, S.L., Rubinstein, A.A. Rean, AL. Svsitsky.

The study of gender aspects of socio-psychological adaptation was carried out by such researchers as N.E. Ayvazyan, T.V. Bendas, G.I. Efremova, E.K. Zavyalova, I.S. Yuetsipa, I.S. Kon, N.P. Kovalenko, G.V. Turkish, A.P. Chirikov. E.I. Trofimova, II.M. Zdravomyslova, ALI, Temkipa,

An important contribution to the development of issues of the mechanisms of social and socio-psychological adaptation was made by the theories of social cognition, which were developed by G.M. Andreeva, G. Kelly, T, Newcomb, C. Osgood, V.F. Petrenko, S. Moskovichi, A. Teschfel, L. Fsstish "er, A.G, Shmelev.

On the basis of these principles, it can be stated from the bed of another that the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in the modern conditions of Russian society is undoubtedly one of the strategic research tasks, on the effective solution of which the future prosperity and competitiveness of Russia in the world community largely depend.

The relevance, theoretical and practical significance, and insufficiently developed problems of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people served as the basis for determining the topic of the dissertation.

The central dissertational research is the study of the content characteristics of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in conditions of social transformations.

The object of the study is the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in the new economic and socio-cultural space.

The subject of the research is the features of socio-psychological adaptability and adaptive strategies of modern youth.

The following hypotheses were put forward in the study:

The socio-psychological adaptation of young people to the conditions of a transforming society has both intersocial specificity, due to the social segregation of society, and intrasocial, mediated by the psychological resources of the young person's personality. Such adaptation acts as a process of organizing constructive social interactions between a young person and the social environment on the basis of the most complete realization of his personal resources.

The result of socio-psychological adaptation is the social and psychological adaptability of young people, which is an integrative complex that includes such structural components as a personal readiness for change; tolerance; satisfaction with their social and personal status; synchronized system of social, professional and personal communications; personal activity; logic of business and interpersonal activities; satisfaction with the quality of one's life and the possibility of self or eal i zo v a g i -s i,

3, Young people with varying degrees of social and scientific adaptation. have different types adaptation strategies and variously archived systems of social values ​​both at the level of beliefs and at the level of realization of social

BEHAVIOR.

The implementation of the set task involves the solution of a number of research tasks:

To study the specifics of interdisciplinary approaches to the problem of adaptation, as well as the peculiarities of methodological approaches to the issue of socio-psychological adaptation of a person under conditions of profound socio-economic changes.

Systematically reveal the social and psychological characteristics of the adaptive resource of the age category of young people in a transforming society*

Substantiate the criteria, indicators and levels that characterize the features of the social and psychological dating of young people to transformations in society.

Empirically study the adaptive strategies and features of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people in a transforming society.

The theoretical and methodological basis of our study was: a subjective approach to the study of the human psyche (B. G. Ananiev, A. Vrushlipsky, S. L. Rubinshtein, etc.); systems approach(GT.K. Anokhin; V.L. Karakovsky; B.F. Lomov; E.G. Yudin); ITPERPRETATIVE APPROACH (G. +)l\]*іMr\ DІzh.G.Mvd R. L:1igіїyut; Li .RppgD ".ulzh; ^kiiiigіpinapshіSh.svdїvd jf studying the problem of adaptation; the theory of socio-psychological adaptation (II. Gargmap, A.A. Palchadzhap, V.A. Yadov), general psydological theory of activity (L, N, Leontiev CJL Rubinshtein), the concept of social cognition (f.iVl. Andreeva, L. Tashfel, L. Fesshnger, F. Heider), the concept of the life path of the individual (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavsyush, L.I. Antstfsrova, S-L, Rubinshtein), dispositional theories of personality (G. Allport, G. Aizsnk, R. Ketgsl, V.A. Yadom), the theory of the content and structure of values ​​(Sh. Schwartz), theories of socialization (E. Shape, D. Hall, E. In our study, we also relied on the theory of age-related personality development (L.I. Bozhovich, V.S. Mukhina, V.I. Slobodchikov; D.I. Feldshtein).

The research methods were chosen based on the tasks set: the method of interdisciplinary theoretical analysis, conversation, the method of peer review; methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation by K, Rogers and R, Daimopd; CAI-I method; method of integral assessment of the quality of life 1-І.PL Fstiskipa; modification of the Dembo-Rubiiiptsin self-assessment research method; Schwartz Value Survey; manual "Types and components of tolerance-iii-julerance" (VIKTI) G.L. Bardier; methodology "Personal readiness for change" (PCRS); statistical methods for processing the obtained data.

The empirical study involved 300 young people from different status social groups aged 18-30 years old, young men and young women were equally represented, as well as 98 respondents aged 35-45 years old who made up the control group.

The study was carried out in three stages.

At the nerve stage (2006-2007) - search-theoretical - an analysis of interdisciplinary literary sources on the issue under study was carried out, the problem of adaptation in the context of social psychology was rethought and working hypotheses were built regarding the specifics of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people,

At the end of this stage, the methodological substantiation of the problem under study was finalized; prepared methodological tools for conducting empirical work and dissertation work.

The second stage (2008) - empirical - included c. diagnostics of the features of socio-psychological adaptation of young people from social groups with different levels of group status. An assessment of the integral indicator of socio-psychologically adapted posts of respondents was carried out, and its components were analyzed.

Based on the data obtained, factors and mechanisms were identified that contribute to a more successful course of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people and the conditions of a transforming society,

The third stage (2009-2010) - generalizing - assumed a final analysis and systematization of the results obtained, on the basis of which the specifics of the socio-psychological adaptability of young people from different social groups were identified. In conclusion, the results of the empirical part of the work were correlated with the purpose, objectives and hypotheses of the study.

The reliability of the results obtained was ensured by the scientific validity of the initial methodological positions, the use of methods adequate to the subject and objectives of the study, and the representativeness

The main scientific results obtained personally by the applicant, and they were taught novelty.

The specifics of interdisciplinary approaches to the problem of human adaptation, as well as the features of methodological approaches to the problems of socio-psychological adaptation in the conditions of a changed social paradigm, are revealed. As a result of this analysis, it was found that the features of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people are mediated both by the social segregation of society, in particular the level of the group status of the reference group, and by the psychological resources of the individual.

The socio-psychological characteristics of the adaptive resource of the age category of young people in a transforming society are systematically disclosed, namely; the nature and level of development of the norms of relations between people in various social groups, the degree of social, economic, psychological independence, the level of social and personal responsibility, social status, etc.

A set of objective and subjective criteria for the social and psychological adaptation of young people is substantiated, as well as indicators of this ad or ro is an ap noet and (personal readiness for change, tolerance, psycho-emotional states, satisfaction with the qualitative level of life, etc.) partial and unlocked adapted vappoep.).

The features of the socio-psychological adaptation of young people from different social groups under the conditions of social transformations are empirically studied, which manifests itself in the predominance of young people from high-status social groups of a complex adapted post, and respondents from low-status social groups of a r: ^ and; in the dominance of young people and low-status social groups of over-reactive adaptive strategies focused on solving current tactical adaptation tasks, while respondents from high-status social groups have innovative-reflexive (active) adaptive strategies focused on solving strategic adaptation tasks ,

The conditions are substantiated and practical recommendations are developed for optimizing the socio-psychological adaptation of various social youth groups,

The theoretical significance of the dissertation work is: to clarify the content characteristics of the process of social and psychological adaptation as a complex dynamic process that determines the level of psychological well-being of the individual and includes an adequate awareness of the essence of the educational and professional tasks performed, their social significance, constructive possession of the accumulated social experience to solve various life tasks; in deepening and expanding scientific understanding of the indicators, levels and strategies of socio-psychological adaptation of young people in a radically transformed society and the features of socio-psychological adaptability in different status social groups of young people; in the possibility of using the theoretical data of the dissertation work in lectures and seminars on social psychology, ethnic psychology, personality psychology,

practical significance. The identified indicators of the level of socio-psychological adaptation of young people of various social groups should be used in order to: solve the main tasks of modernizing our society. The results of the empirical research can be used to conduct thematic seminars and trainings on the professional and personal self-development of young people, on the development of tactical and strategic planning skills for their future professional and life path, and on the formation of responsible social behavior. Also developed teaching materials but the psychological support of young people in the course of their socio-psychological adaptation to socio-economic changes in our country, which are used, in particular, and the work of the Center for the Study of the Problems of Education, Formation healthy lifestyle life, prevention of drug addiction, social and pedagogical support for children and youth.

Pa zgshshtu kynosytsn the following provisions:

1. The socio-psychological adaptation of young people is a dynamic process of interaction between the individual and the social environment, the nature of which is mediated both at the intersocial and at the un"fasocial" level *

The main socio-psychological characteristics of the adaptive resource of the youth age category are the level and nature of mastering the norms of relations between people in various social groups, social and personal status, the degree of social, economic, psychological independence, a sense of social and personal responsibility. The leading characteristic of the adaptive resource is the group social status, which provides young people with a degree of access and the possibility of acquiring intellectual and socio-economic resources (quality education, prestigious and highly paid work, opportunities for further personal and professional growth and aphids).

The system of objective and subjective criteria makes it possible to single out three levels of social and psychological adaptability of young people: complex, partial and unbalanced adaptability. 1 Socio-psychologically adapted young people demonstrate personal readiness for change, tolerance, psycho-emotional states, satisfaction with the quality of their lives.

Differences in the socio-psychological adaptation of young people are due to the presence of social segregation in society, the specifics of their realization of their psychological resources, and the hierarchy of the system of social values. Group social status mediates the specifics of adaptation and the dominant adaptive strategies used by young people. The majority of young people from the “high eyes of status” social groups have both a complex and a partially adapted postio; they are more characterized by innovative-reflexive (active) adaptive strategies. Young people from "low-status" social groups have unbalanced adapted posts about, they are more characteristic of protective-reactive adaptive strategies.

Optimization of the process of socio-psychological adaptation of various youth social groups is achieved by fulfilling the following conditions: a) the implementation of a system of psychological support based on the identified indicators, mechanisms and strategies for socio-psychological adaptation in an emerging society; b) taking into account the specifics of the adaptation resource of young people from different status social environments; 3) synchronization of the efforts of state structures and the public to provide a more favorable socio-cultural and economic space for the professional and personal self-realization of young people * "*

Testing and implementation of research results.

The main provisions, conclusions and results of the study were reported by the Kalsk and discussed at meetings of the Department of Social Psychology. The materials were tested in publications and reports at the Interuniversity Scientific and Practical Conference "Social Psychology Today: Science and Practice" (2006); round table “Psychology of the 20th century: current problems and development trends” (2006); 6th International Conference " Public administration from the XXI lawsuit: traditions and innovations” (2008); All-Russian scientific conference of university teachers, scientists and specialists "Schrategy 2020" (2009); 8th International Conference "Public Administration in the 21st Century: Traditions and Innovations" (2010).

The structure of the dissertation: the work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, conclusion, bibliographic list of used literature (268 titles, including 8 - on foreign language) and applications. The text part of the dissertation - ISO pages,

Basic interdisciplinary approaches to the problem of adaptation and socio-psychological adaptation

Since the scientific ideas about the phenomenon of adaptation served as the basis for formulating the working concept of socio-psychological adaptation, we will consider these ideas in more detail,

“In the most general context, adaptation is a process of interaction between two variables - the needs of a living organism and the characteristics of its environment” [185 p. 19. A changing environment requires changes from living organisms. In the queue layer, a change in organisms leads to a change in the content and object of needs. In this regard, adaptation is always an individual, relative and endless process.

The idea of ​​the presence of adaptation processes was first expressed in the first half of the XVTH and. French pachurapist J. Vuffotium, who believed that the main mechanism of adaptation is determined by the direct influence of environmental conditions on organisms that change accordingly. The emergence of the scientific term "adaptation" is associated with the name of the German physiologist X. Dubert, who began to use this term in the second half of the 18th century. to characterize the phenomena of adaptation of the organon of human senses in response to the action of the stimulus. The ideas of these scientists became the beginning of a deeper study of the problem of adaptation. In the future, this problem went beyond the framework of evolutionary theory and penetrated into the field of scientific interests of biology, medicine, physiologists, psychology, sociology, cybernetics, astronautics, ecology and other sciences.

At present, it is noted in the approaches of various researchers that there is a movement from the definition of "adaptation" as a process of adaptation to the environment, to a more generalized understanding of it.

Despite the widespread use in various sciences ah and the frequent use of the concept of adaptation, revealing the commonality of its content is not an easy task. Adaptation in general, without a clarifying concept, is a hard-to-perceived abstraction, however, this definition is very important, since its possibility indicates the unity of all the objective realities it designates and the presence of criteria community. The main problem lies not in the disclosure of the content, but in its adequacy to a large number of applications. The complexity of defining the generic term "adaptation" is evidenced by an extremely small number of definitions presented in the scientific and reference literature.

1 Conducting a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis of the term "adaptation", we can assert that, firstly, the general understanding of this category by researchers of various scientific disciplines is reduced to the process of interaction of two variables - the needs of a living organism and the characteristics of its habitat; secondly, the specificity of interpretations is determined by the logic of research facilities.

We have considered and correlated the content characteristics of the adaptation process and its varieties in various scientific approaches,

Thus, the biological approach (V.V. Vasnetsov; R.S. Karpinskaya; II, Medavar; A.I. Severtsev; J. Simison: L.D. Slopim; L.M. Ugolev; R. Holm; P. Erlich ) was the first to lay the conceptual foundation for understanding the term "adaptation". However, many prominent biologists and evolutionists emphasized the multiplicity of semantic aspects of this concept, which can: denote the relationship (interconnection) of the organism and the environment; characterize utility individual structures organism in specific environmental conditions; indicate the process of creating such useful structures.

In the biological context, adaptation was considered as: 1) “a set of physiological characteristics that determine the balance of the organism with constant or changing environmental conditions” (LD Slonim); 2) the process of retaining "essential variables in physiological aisles" (W. Ashby); 3) “correspondence of the structure or function to the conditions of their normal work that has arisen in the process of evolution” (A.M. Ugolen).

It should be noted that the concept of equilibrium is universal for various sciences: biology. psychology, sociology. The homeostatic approach was historically formed earlier than the others, received the widest distribution and is still relevant. According to the biological approach, the body's homeostasis (before blowing, well-coordinated, balanced work of its constituent organs and systems) is an indispensable condition for its viability,

In recent decades, a new concept has been used in biology - "adaptation genesis" (the historical process of the emergence of useful features of various scales and the qualitative transformation of the biological organization as a whole, expressed in evolutionary development individual and species norms of reaction), reflecting the understanding of adaptation as something different, and not as a homeostat,

In the philosophical and cultural dogogical approach (W. Buckley; J. DeVos; A.B. Georgievsky; I.L. Gerdsr; E.S. Markariay; R. Rapoport; M.V. Romm, M Harris; G, I. Tsarsgorodtsv) adaptation is defined, in general, as the achievement of a certain balance due to the mutual adaptation of the sociocultural structure of the mind and the individual. It is emphasized that human society belongs to a specific class of highly developed "complex adaptive systems" (W. Buckley) or -adapting systems” (E, S. Markaryan).

The team of authors led by G.I. Tsaregorodtseva will give the following definition of adaptation: “In general, the concept of adaptation reflects the main patterns that ensure the existence and development of various systems with a certain interaction of internal and external conditions for their existence” (222, p. 34).

Socio-psychological characteristics of the adaptive resource of the age category of youth in a transforming society

In our dissertation research, the object of study was the features of social and psychological adaptation of representatives of such a social stratum as “youth”. As the well-known domestic sociologist I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada: “The thing is. that youth is not only and so much an age concept, but a social and historical one. People of different ages were included in this category at different times and in different strata of society.

Nevertheless, we consider it methodologically necessary to analyze the existing ideas of leading researchers on this issue in order to more clearly understand the specifics of the adaptive resource in the social and psychosocial adaptation of young people in the modern socio-cultural space, in the modern transforming socio-economic conditions of our society.

Let's briefly dwell on the concept of "age". This concept has been cross-linked with a special conception of it as a special category that has not a reflective, but a regulative status within a certain social practice, for example, in the field of education.

The basis for understanding age can be the idea of ​​the ratio of the genetically given. socially educated and self-achieved (I.S. Kop), which is fundamentally different for different individuals attributed to the same age cohort.

Researchers suggest that age categories have not one, but three frames of reference: “individual development” (i.e., what an individual can and cannot do at a certain age - this corresponds to the idea of ​​the level of psycho about biological maturation and the corresponding limitations) ; “age stratification of society” (what should and what should be done within a given age - this corresponds to the age division of generations and the relevant socio-cultural standards); “age symbolism of culture” (what corresponds and what does not correspond to a given age is understood as a set of social expectations in the field of behavioral acts, appearance, forms of relationships).

If we approach the understanding of age in such an oopajOM (not so much of itself, but its sources have been cut off), then in such a context it cannot be considered as the most important moment of development, And, then, it can be argued that age is “not a given, but a given”)