Improving the system of soil fertility indicators for monitoring agricultural land Rodionova, Maria Evgenievna. Improving the land monitoring system Methods and means of land monitoring
State monitoring of lands– a system for monitoring the condition of the land. Land monitoring performs the basic, connecting role of all other monitoring and cadastres of natural resources. The objects of state land monitoring are all lands in the Russian Federation. Land monitoring includes continuous monitoring of land use in accordance with the categories and purpose of land. State monitoring of lands is carried out in accordance with federal, regional and local programs. The procedure for carrying out state monitoring of lands is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Land monitoring goals– identification of changes in the state of lands, their assessment, forecast, prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes, development of recommendations, improvement and implementation of new methods of remote sensing, technical means and technologies for monitoring lands.
Land monitoring tasks are:
1) timely detection of changes in the state of land, assessment of these changes, forecast and development of recommendations for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of negative processes;
2) information support for maintaining the state land cadastre, state land control over the use and protection of land, other functions of state and municipal land management, as well as land management;
3) providing citizens with information about the state of the environment in terms of the state of land.
Land monitoring principles:
1) reliability and accuracy of data, compliance with their actual state and use of land resources;
2) the unity of methods and technologies, the consistency of land monitoring; economy and efficiency;
3) mutual compatibility and comparability of heterogeneous data;
4) centralized management according to a single methodology on a scale of the Russian Federation;
5) visibility and accessibility of information, with the exception of information constituting a state or commercial secret.
Content of land monitoring- systematic monitoring of the state of land, identification of changes and assessment of: the state of land use; soil fertility, overgrowing of agricultural land, land pollution; the state of the coastlines of reservoirs, hydraulic structures; formation of ravines, landslides, mudflows and other phenomena; the condition of the lands of settlements, oil and gas production facilities, treatment facilities, landfills, warehouses for fuel and lubricants, fertilizers, parking lots, industrial waste disposal. Types of land monitoring. Depending on the objectives of monitoring and the observed territory, state monitoring of lands can be federal, regional and local. Land monitoring methods:
1) natural observations (expeditionary, stationary, complex, background, remote);
2) automated land monitoring system (information retrieval system, data processing system, complex data interpretation system, forecasting and diagnostic system and control system);
3) contractual forms for the implementation of design and survey work on land management, land cadastre, land monitoring.
UDC 528.91:004:332 I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh SSGA, Novosibirsk WAYS OF IMPROVING GEOINFORMATION SUPPORT FOR MONITORING AGRICULTURAL LAND The article considers the possibilities of improving geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land. I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilyinykh Siberian State Academy of Geodesy (SSGA) 10 Plakhotnogo Ul, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russian Federation THE WAYS OF IMPROVING GIS DATAWARE FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND MONITORING The soil cover, especially agricultural land, is subject to degradation and pollution, loses its resistance to destruction, the ability to restore properties and, in particular, fertility. Currently, in most subjects of the Russian Federation, soil fertility continues to decline, and the condition of lands used or provided for agriculture is deteriorating. In accordance with the Land Code of the Russian Federation, state monitoring of lands is carried out throughout the country, which is a system for monitoring the state of the lands of the Russian Federation and is part of state environmental monitoring. State land monitoring serves to identify all changes related to the state and use of land, assess and predict these changes, as well as develop, based on the information received, recommendations for the rational management of territories, the elimination of negative impacts associated with natural and anthropogenic processes. The range of tasks and the subject area of land monitoring are determined by the “Regulations on the implementation of state land monitoring”: Timely detection of changes in the state of land, assessment of these changes, forecast and recommendations for preventing and eliminating the consequences of negative processes; Information support for the maintenance of the state real estate cadastre, the implementation of state control over the use and protection of land, other functions in the field of state and municipal land management, as well as land management; Providing citizens with information about the state of land; Storage of systematized information in the state fund of materials and land monitoring data. Rational and efficient use of land cannot be carried out without timely and reliable information. Therefore, the main function of land monitoring as a system is to update information on the state and use of land. In addition, land monitoring information can be used for the purposes of land control and land legislation. With such a formulation of the question, the functions of land monitoring expand and can be extended to the tasks of monitoring the state of crops, forest vegetation and water bodies. The basis for the implementation of state monitoring of land, as a method of information support for the state real estate cadastre, organization of structures and technologies for collecting, storing and using the information obtained from this, is the Federal Law "On Informatization, Informatics and Information Protection" No. 24-FZ of February 20, 1995 . . When organizing and conducting monitoring of agricultural land, there is a lack of solutions to the following issues: Insufficient openness and efficiency of the monitoring system to make changes in the state and spatial position of land; Weak coordination of plans and programs for the creation and updating of information systems at various levels (local, regional and federal); Locality and phasing of information update; The high cost of introducing high technologies for obtaining, processing, storing and transmitting updated information about lands. As a tool for geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land, the authors chose an automated information system for monitoring agricultural land (AIS MZ). At the same time, it should provide it with the necessary information, include in the system the means of searching, receiving, storing, accumulating, transmitting, processing information, organizing databases (banks) of data. Information support for land monitoring implies the provision of the necessary information to solve its specific tasks. In this regard, geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land in each individual case deals with information about the specific space under consideration. Therefore, its digital form should be singled out as the main feature of geoinformation, since it is formed, stored, converted and used by the computer environment. The object of activity for geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land is information about geospace - geoinformation. It is the collection of geo-information about agricultural land, its transformation and use to obtain results that will provide relevant and timely information for decision makers in the field of land management of the agro-industrial complex as a whole. The results of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land are directly geoinformation, geospatial models and spatial solutions, as well as cartographic images. The process of geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural lands consists in collecting, obtaining, converting and integrating geoinformation about agricultural lands, modeling geospace, spatial analysis, preparing spatial solutions for the functioning of an agricultural territory or transforming geospace, as well as providing results at the request of consumers of information. The following can be singled out as the main directions for improving geoinformation support for monitoring agricultural land: Implementation of modern software that can take into account the urgent needs of the development and operation of GIS and AIS at the stages of collecting geoinformation, transforming projections and coordinate systems, modeling spatial objects, spatial analysis; Development of GIS and AIS capable of interdepartmental information exchange and integration into existing cadastral systems; Organization of interactive information support based on Internet resources; Creation of an automated information system for monitoring agricultural land, including the necessary attributive information and geo-information on the state and use of agricultural land (for example, on the state of the soil cover, on the state of the natural environment), supplemented by information on real estate and human resources necessary for making managerial decisions in the field of agro-industrial complex. One of the ways to improve the geoinformation support of territories is the developed database of geospatial data of the AIS MOH. The geospatial data base on the state of the territory is built on the basis of information coming from various sources, including databases of organizations involved in regular or periodic monitoring of the state and use of agricultural land: the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr), Ministry of Agriculture (Ministry of Agriculture), Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Federal Agency for State Property Management (Rosimuschestvo), Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources (Rosprirodnadzor), Internet and others, as shown in Fig. Fig. 1. Rosreestr Rosgidromet Minselkhoz Rosimushchestvo DB AIS MoH Internet Rosprirodnadzor Rosstat Pic. 1. Sources of information about the state of the territory The database contains all the necessary information about the state of land resources, necessary and sufficient for making management decisions in the field of land relations. REFERENCES 1. Russian Federation. Government. On the approval of the concept for the development of state monitoring of agricultural land and land used or provided for agriculture as part of land of other categories, and the formation of state information resources about these lands for the period up to 2020 [Electronic resource]: Decree of the Government of Ros. Federation dated July 30, 2010 No. 1292-r. – Access mode: Consultant Plus. - Zagl. from the screen. 2. Russian Federation. The laws. Land Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]: Feder. law Ros. Federation of October 25, 2001 No. 136-FZ (as amended on December 29, 2010). – Access mode: Guaranteed - Zagl. from the screen. 3. Russian Federation. Government. On the approval of the Regulations on the implementation of state monitoring of lands [Electronic resource]: Decree of the Government of Ros. Federation of November 28, 2002 No. 846. - Access mode: Consultant Plus.- Head. from the screen. 4. Russian Federation. The laws. On Informatization, Informatics and Information Protection [Electronic resource]: Federal Law No. 24-FZ of February 20, 1995 (as amended on January 10, 2003). – Access mode: Guaranteed - Zagl. from the screen. 5. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. On the issue of creating an automated information system for the purposes of managing the territories of the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh// Geodesy and cartography. – 2008.- №2. - S. 51-53. 6. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. Conceptual model of an automated information system for the purposes of managing the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh// GEOSibir-2008. T. 2: Economic development of Siberia and the Far East. Economics of nature management, land management, forest management, real estate management. Part 1: Sat. Materials IV Intern. scientific congr. GEO-Siberia2008, April 22–24 2008, Novosibirsk. - Novosibirsk: SGGA, 2008. - P. 129131. 7. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. The choice of a system of indicators of an automated information system for monitoring land for the purposes of managing the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEO-Siberia-2009: Sat. Materials V intern. scientific Congress "GEO-Siberia-2009" Novosibirsk, April 20-24, 2009 - Novosibirsk: SSGA, 2009. - Vol. 3, part 2. - P. 165-169 8. Giniyatov, I.A., Ilinykh A.L. Features of systematization and integration of information in the development of an automated information system for monitoring land for the purposes of the agro-industrial complex [Text] / I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh // GEO-Siberia-2010. T. 3. Economic development of Siberia and the Far East. Economics of nature management, land management, forest management, real estate management. Part 1: Sat. Materials of the VI International. scientific Congress "GEO-Siberia-2010", April 19-29, 2010, Novosibirsk. - Novosibirsk: SSGA, 2010. - P. 241-245 9. Karpik, A.P. Methodological and technological foundations of geoinformation support of territories [Text]: Monograph / A.P. Karpik. - Novosibirsk: SSGA, 2004. - 260 p. I.A. Giniyatov, A.L. Ilinykh, 2011
Russia has huge land resources, which are the country's national wealth, but they are used extremely inefficiently. In many regions, the level of negative impact on land has reached a critical value. There is a real threat of complete depletion and pollution of land, which plays the role of the most important means of production.
A special place in the monitoring system for the state and use of land should be given to obtaining reliable and timely information about their quality through the use of modern technologies and remote sensing methods, which allows for thematic mapping of changes in land quality, timely analysis, assessment and forecast of the manifestation of the main negative processes on land, develop and take measures to prevent and eliminate them, systematically conduct state monitoring of land to obtain the necessary data included in the state land cadastre, obtain an objective description of the country's land fund, conduct a state land assessment, determine land payments taking into account the state of land quality and decide other tasks that ensure the state security of the country.
The availability of complete and reliable information is the most important factor in making any management decisions. In addition to the leading role in the state management of land resources, information on the state and use (including the history of use) of land is necessary for information support of the land market, as well as for the purposes of the state land cadastre when determining the cadastral value. The lack of information about the properties of land as a purchased product, the qualitative characteristic of which is decisive, will lead to an unjustified underestimation (or overestimation) of the cost of land plots, will create numerous precedents for litigation in accordance with existing land and environmental legislation.
Of particular note is the relevance of considering national security problems related to the state and use of Russian lands.
The monitoring system involves working with large arrays of various information, including various data: on the structure of the region, hydrometeorological measurements, on the concentration of harmful substances in the environment; based on the results of mapping and aerospace sounding, on the results of biological research, etc.
The program defines the following goals and objectives:
Strategic goal: Ensuring the rational and efficient use of land in the Russian Federation
First task. Improving state regulation of land management in the Russian Federation.
Task 2. Improving the system of state land monitoring. Program implementation period: 2002-2008
Within the framework of this Federal Target Program, regional programs for improving state land monitoring and land management regulation should be developed and implemented in the regions to:
Timely detection of changes in the state of lands, assessment of these changes, forecast and development of recommendations to prevent the development of negative processes and to eliminate their consequences;
ensuring the turnover of lands, rational use of lands and their protection;
Information support of interested persons and authorities with information on the state and use of land.
The fulfillment of this task is characterized by the following indicators:
Actual implementation of the planned scope of work to study the state and use of land as a percentage of the plan;
Increase in the total area of study of the state of land (as a percentage of the base year).
In 2004, the total area of study of the land condition was 60,753.1 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, this area will increase to 72,753.1 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.2. Increase in the total area of study of land use (as a percentage of the base year).
Rice. 3.2.
In 2004, the total area of explored land was 114,668.3 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, this area will increase to 137,602.3 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.3.
Rice. 3.3.
In 2004, the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes amounted to 16,206 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, this area will increase to 17,826 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is shown in Figure 3.4.
Rice. 3.4.
Employees of the Department for Land Monitoring, Land Management and Spatial Planning of the Agency's central office, employees of the Agency's territorial bodies, employees of contractors will be involved in this task.
Within the framework of regional programs, the following activities can be proposed:
Technical equipment of structures providing collection, processing and analysis of materials and data;
Technical equipment of the fund of data obtained as a result of land management and land monitoring;
Development of methods and regulatory and technical documents;
Performing aerial and space surveys;
Monitoring of the state and use of various categories of land;
Ensuring the functioning of the network of landfills;
Implementation of soil, geobotanical and other special surveys, observations and surveys (solid and selective);
Land quality assessment
Development of schemes for the use and protection of land;
Analysis of information and forecast of changes in the state and use of land;
Creation and updating of base maps of lands (including orthophotomaps, digital and electronic versions);
Creation and updating of thematic maps and atlases of the state and use of land (including digital and electronic versions);
Development of projects for the redistribution of agricultural land;
Zoning of inter-settlement territories;
Formation of GMZ databases;
Information support of interested persons and authorities;
20) Design of AS GMZ;
21) Development of AS GMZ software;
22) Training and retraining of specialists;
23) Methodological support.
Key program performance indicators are shown in Annex 2.
Within the framework of regional programs it is necessary to carry out:
Formation of the spatial data infrastructure of the real estate cadastre; creation of a digital (cartographic) basis for the cadastre, monitoring and land management;
Performance of work to identify changes in the state of land and other real estate objects, assessment of these changes;
Information support for the maintenance of the state land cadastre, real estate cadastre, land management, state land control over the use and protection of land;
Providing citizens with information about the state of land;
Other functions in the field of state and municipal management of land resources, as well as land management.
The fulfillment of this task should be characterized by the following indicators:
actual implementation of the planned scope of work to study the state and use of land as a percentage of the plan;
increase in the total area of study of the state of the land (as a percentage of the base year).
In 2004, the total area of study of the state of land in Russia was 60,753.1 thousand hectares. The implementation of measures to improve the state monitoring of land will allow by January 1, 2009 to increase the size of this area to 72,753.1 thousand hectares.
The schedule of work in this area is presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Increase in the total area of study of the state of the lands of the Russian Federation
In 2004, the total area of study of land use was 114,668.3 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, this area should increase to 137,602.3 thousand hectares. The schedule of work in this direction is presented in Table. 3.2.
Table 3.2 Increase in the total area of study of land use
In 2004, the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given for the prevention and elimination of negative processes amounted to 16,206 thousand hectares. By January 1, 2009, this area should increase to 17,826 thousand hectares. The work schedule in this area is presented in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Increase in the area of land for which forecasts were developed and recommendations were given to prevent and eliminate negative processes
Employees of the Department for Land Monitoring, Land Management and Territorial Planning of the Central Office of the Federal Agency for Cadastre and Real Estate, employees of the Agency's territorial bodies, employees of contractors should be involved in this task.
At the present stage of the socio-economic development of Russia, land, within the framework of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is classified as real estate, is involved in circulation and acquires the properties of a commodity. In order to objectively determine the taxable, collateral and cadastral value of land plots, it is necessary to have basic and operational cadastral information on the state of the land in terms of fertility, environmental characteristics and criteria that are necessary for the implementation of the designated purpose and permitted use of land.
A special place should be occupied in the country by work aimed at obtaining objective and reliable information about the quality and economic condition of lands. It is necessary to provide civilized land turnover with initial information about the quality and economic condition of lands, conduct observations for the timely detection of their changes and take measures to prevent and eliminate negative processes on lands, ensure their rational use and protection.
The studies aimed at the development of a regional system for the conservation and restoration of soil fertility as a national treasure of Russia are considered.
One of the most important ways to protect agricultural landscapes from pollution is to improve land monitoring methods. Studies show that improvement must be carried out along the path of mechanization and automation of sampling, accurate determination of the sampling site using the latest GPS navigation technologies (GLONASS), the optimal combination of ground surveys and remote sensing of the earth (ERS).
A mobile complex, consisting of a sampler, a GPS receiver, an on-board computer, software, provided with appropriate sampling methods, is the most promising technology for conducting surveys.
One of the variants of the mobile complex may look like this: automatic soil sampler ("AgriCon"), GPS receiver (AgGPS-132, AgGPS-214, etc. (Tpimble)), on-board computer (Getac laptops), software (SST FieldRover II by Farm Works).
The software and equipment installed on the mobile complex make it possible to create spatial objects tied to coordinates, which are elements of a geoinformation database for the surveyed area. The sampler allows you to collect soil samples in automatic mode. Selected and marked samples (samples) are transferred to an accredited agrochemical laboratory for analysis. The results of the analysis are entered into a computer, into a special program (geographic information system - GIS) and processed. Such programs can be MapInfo, SSToolBox, ArcGIS and others.
Currently, in order to monitor the pollution of agricultural landscapes, more and more often use data from remote sensing of the Earth. The satellite imagery highlights the boundaries and state of agricultural landscapes, the structure of the soil cover, crop types, flooded areas, plant areas damaged by diseases and pests, which makes it possible to have objective, constantly updated information on the dynamics of negative processes with great accuracy.
Remote sensing data can be effectively used to analyze the degree of pollution of land and water resources, to assess the anthropogenic impact on the environment, and to calculate the damage caused by natural disasters (earthquakes, forest fires, floods and hurricanes).
RRS serve as the basis for creating ecological databases, as well as for ensuring periodic monitoring of changes in the environment. Satellite images obtained from most remote sensing satellites are multispectral, which creates conditions for the analysis of factors that influence changes in the environment, based on the spectral analysis of images.
Currently, a regional system is being developed in the Stavropol Territory, in which the land monitoring system is being developed and improved based on classical methods of analysis and modern methods of instrumental control.
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