Scheme of state power under Peter 1. Administrative reforms of Peter I. Reasons for the reforms of Peter I

Explanations for the scheme:

1) The king (since 1721 the emperor) was at the head of the state and still had full power.

2) Near office(in 1699-1711) replaced the Boyar Duma, then took its place Senate (1711).

3) Judicial, administrative and partially legislative power was concentrated in the Senate. He supervised all institutions in the state. The decisions of the Senate were collegial.

4) Attorney General and his deputy chief prosecutor controlled the work of the Senate. They obeyed fiscals, who exercised control over all central and local administrative institutions.

5) The place of several dozen old Moscow orders was taken by colleges- central government bodies - there were only 11 of them. Synod- the central governing body of the Church (it was attended by church hierarchs, who were appointed by the tsar himself), as well as Chief Magistrate, ruled all the cities of the empire. Preobrazhensky order was in charge of political investigation.

The territory of Russia was divided into provinces (in 1708-1710 - 8. From 1719 - 11), which were divided into 50 provinces, and those, in turn, into discrits.

Peter introduced a new, more consistent than before, territorial division of the state. At the head of the main territorial unit - the province - was the governor, who concentrated in his hands all the power - administrative, police, judicial and financial. As a result of the state reforms of Peter I in Russia, the state power was modernized according to the Western model. Peter tried to build a regular state in Russia, based on a predetermined plan - on the principles of rationality, with a single and identical system of government in its parts. An important principle in management has become the principle of collegiality - collective responsibility for decisions made in collegiums. In 1720, the General Regulations were published, which consolidated this principle and determined the basis for the functioning of the colleges.

Poll taxation introduced (for peasants and townspeople). Nobles and clergy did not pay taxes. In 1680-1724. tripling government revenues.

At the kaz on the succession to the throne (1722) will be the cause of the era of palace coups.

Features of the reforms: 1) were carried out according to the European model; 2) had a hard course and a fast pace; 3) there was no system in their implementation; 4) passed at the base state system serfdom; 5) covered all spheres of activity and life of society; 6) depended on foreign policy.
The reformation of Russia under Peter I was distinguished by a certain feverishness and even inconsistency. This was largely due to the tense war with Sweden. The reforms largely served to strengthen the absolute power of the monarch. At the end of the reign of Peter I state structure already strikingly different from the structure of Muscovite Russia, largely following Western European models. In Russia, an absolute monarchy is finally taking shape - a system of power in which its entirety belongs indefinitely to one person at the head of the state - the tsar (emperor, king).

The attitude towards Peter and his reforms was ambiguous even during his lifetime. Some consider him a Westerner and a modernizer, while others consider him a tyrant and despot. Some see the reforms as a break with the previous national tradition, others consider them only a slightly improved preservation of these traditions.

Notes of the Danish envoy Just Yul about Peter I (Extract)

The king is very tall, wears his own short curly brown hair and rather large mustaches, is simple in dress and outward receptions, but very shrewd and intelligent. At dinner at the chief commandant's, the tsar had with him a sword taken from Field Marshal Reinshild in the Battle of Poltava. ... On December 15, 1709, in the afternoon, I went to the Admiralty Shipyard to be present at the lifting of the stems on a 50-gun ship, but that day one stem was raised, since the arrows (goats) were too weak to lift the stern. The king, as the chief shipmaster (a position for which he received a salary), disposed of everything, participated with others in the work and, where necessary, chopped with an ax, which he owned more skillfully than all the other carpenters present there. The officers and other people who were at the shipyard were drinking and shouting every minute. There was no shortage of boyars turned into jesters, on the contrary, a large number of them gathered here. It is noteworthy that, having made all the necessary orders to raise the stem, the tsar took off his hat in front of the admiral general who was standing there, asked him whether to start, and only after receiving an affirmative answer put it on again, and then set to work. The tsar shows such respect and obedience not only to the admiral, but also to all senior persons in the service, for for the time being he himself is only a shautbenacht. Perhaps this may seem ridiculous, but, in my opinion, this course of action is based on a sound principle: the tsar, by his own example, wants to show other Russians how, in official matters, they should be respectful and obedient towards their boss.
From the shipyard, the king went to visit one of his ship's carpenters for the evening.
... The tsar often entertains himself with turning and, when traveling, carries the machine behind him. In this skill, he is not inferior to the most skillful turner and even reached the point that he can carve portraits and figures. When I visited, he got up from time to time from the bench, walked up and down the room, made fun of the faces standing around and drank with them, and also sometimes talked to this or that, among other things, about the most important matters, about what is most convenient to talk with the king in such cases. When the tsar again sat down at the machine, he began to work with such zeal and attention that he did not hear what was said to him, and did not answer, but with great perseverance continued his work, as if he worked for money and earned his livelihood with this labor. In such cases, everyone stands around him and watches how he works. Everyone stays with him as long as he wants and leaves when he pleases, without saying goodbye.

Personalities of the late XVII - first quarter XVIII centuries

Alexey Petrovich(1690-1718) - Tsarevich, son of Peter I and Evdokia Lopukhina. He was hostile to his father's reforms. In 1711 he married Princess Sophia Charlotte of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, the sister of the Austrian emperor, who died in 1715. From this marriage were born a daughter, Natalia, and a son, Peter (future Emperor Peter II). Fearing persecution by his father, in 1716 Alexei secretly left for Vienna under the protection of his brother-in-law, the Austrian Emperor Charles VI, but was returned to Russia in 1718, where he was immediately arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress on charges of treason and sentenced to death. He died in his cell on the eve of his execution. According to some reports, he was strangled by the close associates of Peter I; according to other sources, died after sentencing.

Bulavin Kondraty Afanasyevich (1660–1708) – Don Cossack, son of the stanitsa ataman. The leader of the uprising on the Don in 1707-1708. In 1707 Russia waged the Northern War with Sweden. To recruit recruits and search for runaway peasants, a military detachment was sent to the Don, headed by Prince V.V. Dolgorukovs. The old Cossack rule “No extradition from the Don” became the reason for the uprising. After the capture of Cherkassk - the capital of the Don army - Bulavin was declared a military chieftain. But after a series of unsuccessful battles, unrest began among the rebels, part of the Cossacks separated and tried to capture Bulavin. In a brutal shootout, he was killed.

Golitsyn Vasily Vasilievich(1643-1714) - prince, military and statesman Russia, boyar (since 1676). Moved forward under Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. Headed a number of orders. Participated in the defense of the southern borders of the country in the 70-80s. 17th century He headed the commission that worked out the decision to abolish mestnichestvo. In 1686, he obtained from Poland the conclusion of the Eternal Peace, according to which she recognized the entry of Ukraine into Russia. He led the Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689, which turned out to be unsuccessful. A supporter of rapprochement with the West, using the experience of Europe in reforming Russia. In the reign of Sofya Alekseevna - her favorite and the actual ruler of the state. After her fall, he was deprived of the boyar title, property and exiled with his family.

Dolgorukovs - princes, associates of Peter I: Vasily Lukich (1670-1739) - diplomat, member of the Supreme secret council, executed; Grigory Fedorovich (1656-1723) - diplomat, ambassador to Poland 1701-1721; Yakov Fedorovich (1639-1720) - confidant of Peter I, in 1700-1711. in Swedish captivity; from 1712 - senator, from 1717 - president of the Auditing Board.

Ivan V Alekseevich(1666-1696) - Russian Tsar, son of Alexei Mikhailovich from marriage with M. Miloslavskaya. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682, the Naryshkins proclaimed the younger Tsarevich Peter the tsar, removing their older brother Ivan, who was sickly and incapable of state affairs. However, during the Streltsy uprising, Ivan was placed on the throne, and then approved by the Zemsky Sobor as the first king, and his younger brother Peter began to be considered the second king. The reign of Ivan V was nominal: until 1689, Princess Sofya Alekseevna actually ruled, then Peter I.

Lefort Franz Yakovlevich(1656-1699) - military leader, a native of Switzerland. In 1678 he entered military service in the Russian army, participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1676-1681) and the Crimean campaigns (1687 and 1689). Became close to Peter I, which contributed to his rapid career; from 1691 - lieutenant general, from 1695 - admiral. In the Azov campaigns he commanded the Russian fleet. In 1697–1698 formally headed the Grand Embassy to Western Europe.

Lopukhina Evdokia Fedorovna(1670–1731) – Empress, first wife of Peter I, mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, in 1698 she was tonsured a nun. In 1718, after the trial of Tsarevich Alexei, she was transferred from Suzdal to the Ladoga Assumption Monastery, in 1725 - to Shlisselburg fortress. After the accession of her grandson Peter II, she lived in the Moscow Ascension Monastery, enjoyed royal honors.

Mazepa Ivan Stepanovich(1640-1709) - Hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine (1687-1708). One of the largest landowners in Ukraine. In an effort to separate Ukraine from Russia, he went over to the side of Charles XII after the Swedes invaded Ukraine. In the Battle of Poltava he fought on the side of the Swedes. After the defeat, he fled with Charles XII to the Turkish fortress of Bendery, where he died.

Menshikov Alexander Danilovich(1673-1729) - statesman and military figure, generalissimo. The son of a court groom, a servant of Lefort, since 1686 he was a batman and favorite of Peter I. Accompanied the tsar in the Azov campaigns (1695–1696), in the Great Embassy, ​​supervised the construction of St. them to surrender (1709). Since 1704 - major general; since 1702 - count; since 1707 - the most serene prince, promoted to field marshal; since 1718 - President of the Military Collegium. After the death of Peter I, relying on the guards, he enthroned Catherine I and became the de facto ruler of Russia. After her death, Peter II accused Menshikov of high treason and embezzlement of the treasury. The prince was arrested, deprived of all titles and awards, property and fortune. Exiled with his family to Berezov (now the Tyumen region), where he soon died.

Naryshkins- Russian noble family XVI - early XX century. The rise of the family is connected with the second marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina, the mother of Peter I. Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin (1664–1705) was a statesman, boyar, and uncle of Peter I. One of the largest and most influential politicians in Russia in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1690–1702 headed the Ambassadorial order.

Peter I the Great(1672-1725) - Russian Tsar since 1682, Russian Emperor since 1721. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov and Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina. Proclaimed king at the age of 10. However, he received real power after the removal of the sister regent Sofya Alekseevna (1689) and the death of his half-brother co-ruler Ivan V (1696). He continued the line of his father and older half-brother Fyodor Alekseevich to overcome the backwardness of Russia by more actively introducing it to Western traditions. Peter I is an outstanding statesman of Russia, who significantly advanced its development in all areas. He considered the main task of his reign to ensure Russia's access to non-freezing seas. This was the subject of his Azov campaigns (1695 and 1696), as well as the long Northern War, the result of which was the proclamation of Russia as an empire, and Peter I - the first Russian emperor and "Father of the Fatherland". In 1703, he began the construction of St. Petersburg, and in 1713 he moved the capital there.

Peter I carried out a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the country, its political and economic life. He was married twice - to Evdokia Lopukhina and Marta Skavronskaya (Catherine I), had a son Alexei and daughters Anna and Elizabeth (children from his first marriage - Alexander and Pavel and from the second - Catherine, Maria, Margarita, Peter, Pavel, Natalya - died in infancy or childhood). Son Alexei was accused of high treason and died in prison under unclear circumstances. Peter I himself died on January 28, 1725, without having time to name the heir to the throne.

The Emperor succeeded to a large extent in solving most of the problems that faced Russia by the end of the 17th century. The country received access to the Baltic Sea, were created regular army and the fleet, a state structure was formed that corresponded to European standards, a powerful breakthrough was made in the economy and cultural development. Russia forced other European states to reckon with it. A significant role in these changes was played by Peter I, who, being an integral and selfless nature, subordinated his whole life, all his activities to the service of Russian Empire.

Prokopovich Feofan(1681-1736) - political and church figure, writer, historian. Originally from Ukraine. From 1711 he was the rector of the Kiev-Mohyla Academy. In 1716 he moved to St. Petersburg and became the closest assistant to Peter I in carrying out church reform. Since 1721 - Vice-President of the Synod. In his works “The Word of the Power and Honor of the Tsar”, “The Truth of the Will of the Monarchs”, he proved the need for a policy of “enlightened absolutism” in Russia, the further strengthening of serfdom. Author of The History of Emperor Peter the Great from His Birth to the Battle of Poltava and other works. He took part in the creation of the Academy of Sciences.

Sofia Alekseevna(1657-1704) - the ruler of Russia in 1682-1689, the daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from her marriage to M. Miloslavskaya. She was distinguished by intelligence, energy, ambition, was an educated woman. Taking advantage of the uprising of 1682, the Miloslavsky party seized power, Ivan V Alekseevich was proclaimed the first tsar, and Peter the second. Sophia became regent for the young brothers-kings. During the years of her reign, some concessions were made to the settlements and the search for fugitive peasants was weakened. In 1689, there was a gap between Sophia and the boyar-noble group that supported Peter I. Peter's party won. Sophia was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. During the Streltsy uprising of 1698, Sophia's supporters intended to "shout out" her to the kingdom. After the suppression of the uprising, Sophia was tonsured under the name of Susanna as a nun at the Novodevichy Convent, where she died.

Sheremetev Boris Petrovich(1652-1719) - statesman and military figure, field marshal general, diplomat, count. Associate of Peter I, participated in the Crimean and Azov campaigns. In 1697–1699 headed diplomatic missions to Poland, Austria, Italy, Malta. Active participant in the Northern War, Poltava battle, Prut campaign and etc.

The wise man avoids all extremes.

Lao Tzu

The reforms of Peter 1 are his main and key activities, which were aimed at changing not only political, but also social life Russian society. According to Pyotr Alekseevich, Russia was very far behind in its development from Western countries. This confidence of the king was further strengthened after he conducted a great embassy. Trying to transform the country, Peter 1 changed almost all aspects of the life of the Russian state, which took shape over the centuries.

What was the reform of the central government

The reform of the central government was one of the first transformations of Peter. It should be noted that this reformation continued for a long time, since it was based on the need to completely restructure the work of the Russian authorities.

The reforms of Peter 1 in the field of central administration began in 1699. On the initial stage this change affected only the Boyar Duma, which was renamed the Near Office. With this step, the Russian tsar removed the boyars from power, allowed him to concentrate power in a more pliable and loyal office. This was an important step that required priority implementation, since it allowed the centralization of the country's administration.

The Senate and its functions

At the next stage, the king organized the Senate, as main body governments in the country. It happened in 1711. The Senate became one of the key bodies in governing the country, with the broadest powers, which were as follows:

• Legislative activity
• Administrative activity
• Judicial functions in the country
• Control functions for other bodies

The Senate consisted of 9 people. These were representatives of noble families, or people who were exalted by Peter himself. In this form, the Senate existed until 1722, when the emperor approved the post of prosecutor general, who controlled the legality of the activities of the Senate. Prior to this, this body was independent and did not carry any report.

Creation of boards

The reform of the central administration continued in 1718. For three whole years (1718-1720) it took the reformer tsar to get rid of the last legacy of his predecessors - orders. All orders in the country were abolished and boards came in their place. There was no actual difference between the boards and orders, but in order to radically change the administrative apparatus, Peter went for this transformation. In total, the following bodies were created:

• College of Foreign Affairs. She was in charge of foreign policy states.
• Military board. Engaged in ground forces.
• Admiralty Board. controlled navy Russia.
• Office of Justice. Handled litigation, including civil and criminal cases.
• Berg College. Under her command was the country's mining industry, as well as factories for this industry.
• Manufactory College. Engaged in the entire manufacturing industry in Russia.

In fact, only one difference between collegiums and orders can be singled out. If in the latter the decision was always made by one person, then after the reform all decisions were made collectively. Of course, not many people decided, but the leader always had several advisers. They helped to take the right decision. After the introduction new system A special system was developed to control the activities of the boards. For these purposes, the General Regulations were created. It was not general, but was published for each collegium in accordance with its specific work.

secret office

Peter created in the country secret office, which dealt with cases of state crimes. This office replaced the Preobrazhensky order, which dealt with the same issues. It was a specific state body that was not subordinate to anyone except Peter the Great. In fact, with the help of the secret office, the emperor maintained order in the country.

Decree on unity. Table of ranks.

The decree on single inheritance was signed by the Russian tsar in 1714. Its essence boiled down, in addition to everything else, to the fact that the courts, which belonged to the boyar and noble estates, were completely equated. Thus, Peter pursued one single goal - to equalize the knowledge of all levels that were represented in the country. This ruler is known for the fact that he could bring a person without a family closer to him. After signing this law, he could give each of them what they deserved.

This reform continued in 1722. Peter introduced the Table of Ranks. In fact, this document equalized the rights in public service for aristocrats of all backgrounds. This Table divided the entire public service into two large categories: civil and military. Regardless of the type of service, all state ranks were divided into 14 ranks (classes). They included all key positions, ranging from simple performers to managers.

All ranks were divided into the following categories:

• 14-9 levels. An official who was in these ranks received the nobility and peasants in his possession. The only restriction was that such a nobleman could use the property, but not dispose of it as property. In addition, the estate could not be inherited.
• 8 - 1 level. This is the highest administration, which not only became the nobility and received full control of possessions, as well as serfs, but also got the opportunity to transfer their property by inheritance.

Regional reform

The reforms of Peter 1 affected many areas of the life of the state, including the work of local governments. The regional reform of Russia was planned for a long time, but was carried out by Peter in 1708. It completely changed the work of the local government apparatus. The whole country was divided into separate provinces, of which there were 8 in total:

• Moscow
• Ingermanlandskaya (later renamed Petersburg)
• Smolensk
• Kyiv
• Azov
• Kazanskaya
• Arkhangelsk
• Simbirskaya

Each province was governed by a governor. He was personally appointed by the king. The entire administrative, judicial and military power was concentrated in the hands of the governor. Since the provinces were quite large in size, they were divided into counties. The counties were later renamed provinces.

The total number of provinces in Russia in 1719 was 50. The provinces were ruled by voivodes, who led the military power. As a result, the governor's power was somewhat curtailed, as the new regional reform took away all military power from them.

City government reform

Changes at the level of local government prompted the king to reorganize the system of government in the cities. This was an important issue, since the urban population increased every year. For example, by the end of Peter's life, there were already 350,000 people living in the cities, who belonged to different classes and estates. This required the creation of bodies that would work with every estate in the city. As a result, the city administration was reformed.

Special attention in this reform was paid to the townspeople. Previously, their affairs were handled by governors. The new reform transferred power over this estate into the hands of the Chamber of Burmese. It was an elected body of power, which was located in Moscow, and in the field this chamber was represented by individual burmisters. It was only in 1720 that the Chief Magistrate was created, who was in charge of control functions in relation to the activities of the burmisters.

It should be noted that the reforms of Peter the Great in the field of city government introduced clear distinctions between ordinary citizens, who were divided into "regular" and "mean". The first belonged to the highest inhabitants of the city, and the second - to the lower classes. These categories were not unambiguous. For example, "regular citizens" were divided into: wealthy merchants (doctors, pharmacists and others), as well as simple artisans and merchants. All "regular" enjoyed great support from the state, which endowed them with various benefits.

The urban reform was quite effective, but it had a clear bias towards wealthy citizens who received the maximum support from the state. Thus, the tsar created a situation in which it became somewhat easier for cities to live, and in response, the most influential and wealthy citizens supported power.

Church reform

The reforms of Peter 1 did not bypass the church. In fact, new transformations finally subordinated the church to the state. This reform actually began in 1700, with the death of Patriarch Adrian. Peter forbade the election of a new patriarch. The reason was quite convincing - Russia entered the Northern War, which means that electoral and church affairs can wait for better times. Stefan Yavorsky was appointed to temporarily perform the duties of the Patriarch of Moscow.

The most significant transformations in the life of the church began after the end of the war with Sweden in 1721. The reform of the church was reduced to the following main steps:

• The institution of the patriarchate was completely eliminated, from now on there should not have been such a position in the church
• The church was losing its independence. From now on, all its affairs were managed by the Spiritual College, created specifically for these purposes.

The spiritual college lasted less than a year. It was replaced by a new body of state power - the Holy Governing Synod. It consisted of clerics who were personally appointed by the emperor of Russia. In fact, from that time on, the church was finally subordinated to the state, and the emperor himself, through the Synod, was actually involved in its management. To exercise control functions over the activities of the synod, the position of chief prosecutor was introduced. This was an official whom the emperor also appointed himself.

Peter saw the role of the church in the life of the state in that it had to teach the peasants to respect and honor the tsar (emperor). As a result, laws were even developed that obliged the priests to conduct special conversations with the peasants, convincing them to obey their ruler in everything.

The significance of Peter's reforms

The reforms of Peter 1 actually completely changed the order of life in Russia. Some of the reforms really brought a positive effect, some created negative prerequisites. For example, the reform of local government led to a sharp increase in the number of officials, as a result of which corruption and embezzlement in the country literally rolled over.

In general, the reforms of Peter 1 had the following meaning:

• The power of the state was strengthened.
• The upper classes of society were actually equated in opportunities and rights. Thus, the boundaries between classes were erased.
• Complete subordination of the church to state power.

The results of the reforms cannot be singled out unambiguously, since they had many negative aspects, but you can learn about this from our special material.

Lesson Objectives:

Tutorials:

• describe the state reforms of Peter I,
• determine the purpose and results of reforming public administration.

Developing:

• develop the ability to draw conclusions,
• summarize historical material
• work with a map and a historical source.

Educational:

• development of a sense of patriotism and tolerance.

Tasks:

• to master the concepts: absolutism, Synod, Senate, colleges.

Equipment:

• multimedia projector,
• screen,
• textbook Danilov "History of Russia for students in grade 7",
• tests.

During the classes

I Class organization.

Today in the lesson we will continue to study the era of Peter I. We have already got acquainted with his transformations in the army. But even during the Northern War, Peter did not stop working on reforming the state. She will be talked about.

II Work on the topic.

1. Actualization of knowledge.

Remember, what was the system of state administration under Alexei Mikhailovich and in the early years of the reign of Peter I? (scheme of the state system) on the board

What is the disadvantage of this system?

(Could hundreds of orders, between which there was no clear delimitation of powers, become a significant help to Peter in his transformations?)

Peter needed such a control apparatus that could quickly and efficiently carry out his will, especially in the conditions of the Northern War.

2. Setting goals and objectives of the lesson.

Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the transformations of Peter I in the field of public administration (topic recording) slide 1

During the study of the material, we must answer the question

Was the new system more efficient? slide 2

3. Work with documents and scheme.

A. Emperor.

So, back to the diagram. Name the change already known to you in this scheme (emperor since 1721) slide 3

What events led to this change?

B. Senate.

Gradually, the Boyar Duma lost its significance

Why did the Boyar Duma lose its significance? Why did Peter cease to reckon with her?

Peter decided to get rid of it and introduced a new governing body.

Read an excerpt from the work of the historian S.M. Solovyov and answer the questions.

1) What is the purpose of the Senate?

2) How were things decided in the Senate?

3) What role did the Senate play in the system of public administration?

The Prosecutor General exercised control over the activities of the Senate. The first prosecutor general was P.I. Yaguzhinsky. slide 5

Make changes to our schema. slide 6

B. Boards

The system of orders did not suit Peter either. Let's follow his actions.

Read an excerpt from the complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, answer the questions.

1. Who is the author of this decree?
2. What is the date of establishment of colleges in Russia?
3. What facts are in the document? What conclusions can be drawn from them?
4. Who was on the boards?
5. Explain what is included in the concept of "General Regulations"?

Each board has specific responsibilities.

Appendix 3 Slide 8

In 1721, the Estates Board was established - it was in charge of the lands of the nobility.

The order of secret affairs was renamed first into the Preobrazhensky order, and then into the Secret Office, which was engaged in political investigation.

In 1720, the Chief Magistrate was introduced, to whom the local magistrates were subordinate. They controlled the city population.

Make changes to the schema. Slide 9

D. Church reform.

In 1721 Another special board was created. Slide 10

You will learn about it by reading the paragraph of the textbook "Church Reform" p.118.

Answer the questions.

1) What was the name of this board?

2) Who was in it?

3) What is the role of the emperor in this college?

4) Who led the Synod?

5) What did Peter I achieve by carrying out this reform?

Make changes to the schema. slide 11

D. Regional reform.

In the conditions of the Northern War, unfortunately, the system of local government was the first to fail. The counties of that time covered huge spaces equal to several modern regions. Peter I decides to form provinces. Read about it in the textbook p. 117.

Complete the Local Control Chart. slide 12

In essence, Peter carried out the decentralization of management. The new leaders of the provinces, they were the closest associates of the king, concentrated in their hands enormous power over some of the old counties.

E. Table of ranks.

Remember the principle by which officials were appointed to the service in pre-Petrine times.

What is the disadvantage of this system?

The implementation of reforms required many talented people. Peter tried to attract such people to public service. To strengthen their position in society and the state, they were adopted in 1714. Decree on single inheritance and 1722. Table of ranks.

Let's study these documents and find out what opportunities opened up for the service man.

On page 121, read an excerpt from the decree on single inheritance.

What was the purpose of this decree?

What would be the consequences of keeping family estates in the hands of one heir?

What provision did the rest of the children receive?

In whose interests was the decree adopted? Who could be unhappy?

Consider the Table of Ranks.

Annex 5 slide 14-15

What is this document about?

Imagine yourself as a service person. You are a soldier, private of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. You are smart, diligent in service, show ingenuity and initiative. The commander has noticed you. What career advancement opportunities are open to you?

Now the old and the new aristocracy were equal in official position. According to the new law, anyone who received the rank of 8th class became a hereditary nobleman. Ranks from 9 to 14 gave personal nobility without the right to be inherited. For their service, officials received land and peasants, as well as a monetary allowance.

The historical significance of the Table of Ranks was the systematization of the administrative service. All strata of society, including the highest, were placed at the service of the state. The report card fixed the separation of military service from civilian.

G. Analysis

In general, these are all the main changes in the system of public administration.

Prove that this system of public administration will work more efficiently than the previous one. slide 16

Determine the form of government.

Autocracy - page 55 of the textbook.

Absolutism is a state system in which the power of the monarch is not limited by any institutions.

What is the significance of Peter the Great's reforms of state administration?

IV Consolidation of the studied.

Read the text and fill in the missing words.

1. Instead of the Boyar Duma, ............. was formed, which became the highest government institution. He had not only legislative, but also administrative powers.

2. Instead of several cumbersome orders, .............. were created, the work of which was more efficient.

3. Instead of the patriarch, he was in charge of the affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church ............... .

4. The country was divided into 8 .................., which, in turn, were divided into provinces.

5. With the adoption in 1722............................., all strata of society, including the highest, were put at the service the state. She secured the separation of military service from civilian.

Mutual verification. Answers on slide 17

1. Governing Senate

2. Boards

3. emperor (king)

4. Table of ranks.

V Reflection

What was difficult?

What is easy?

Overall assessment of the work of the class in the lesson.

Military reform was a continuation of the changes initiated by Alexei Mikhailovich. But, while under Alexei Mikhailovich such changes were adjusted to Russian conditions, Peter's reforms drove the Russian army into Western forms, without taking into account their acceptability for Russians. Rogues from all over the world flocked to serve in the Russian army.

civil reform was to create a completely new system of government. Instead of a Duma, a “Senate” was set up; instead of orders - "collegia"; The country was divided into 8 "provinces". Everything became similar to the Western system.

Estate reform radically changed the whole old device. Since Peter fought a lot, military service or work in the production of weapons began to play a dominant role. A soldier who distinguished himself in the war became an officer. Peter also sent Russians to study abroad.

Peasant reform led to the complete enslavement of the Russian peasants. Peter did this for the convenience of governing the country: instead of dealing with millions of citizens, he had to deal with a limited number of landowners who received complete power over the peasants. With the weakening of the influence of the church, the treatment of the peasants worsened and frequent peasant uprisings soon began.

financial reform was needed to increase fees for military needs and in order to force the Russian people to quickly accept Western customs. Under Peter, many taxes were introduced: on baths (in the west at that time they didn’t wash at all!), beards (in the west they shaved), mills, cellars, bees, schismatics, cabbies, etc. Tax collection was carried out strictly and the treasury under Peter was constantly replenished .

Sign of payment of duty for a beard

The purpose of education began to give students as much scientific and military knowledge as possible. that is, education departs from traditional Russian spirituality and a passion for materialistic humanism begins. All higher schools settled in the Western way, where there is no longer any talk of God. Under Peter, a new, simplified civil type was also introduced for printing all books, except for church ones. This further accelerates the “separation of church and state” fashionable in the West.

The letters of the new civil font were chosen by Peter I, the strikethrough letters were not accepted.

As a kind of education, Peter forced people to arrange evening dance meetings (“assemblies”), where guests, violating church rules, had to come with their wives and daughters. This was also done to make Russian society look more like Western society.

In addition to these major reforms, Peter made many other smaller changes.

Under Peter, all Russian life changed and began to look like a European one. Even the name "Muscovite State" did not like Peter and Russia began to be called "empire", and Peter began to call himself "emperor". This change in name, like many other Peter's innovations, was not well thought out: the term empire implies the forcible seizure of people and lands under the rule of the emperor - that is, exactly what Russia has never done.

All these changes, especially the abolition of the patriarch, the weakening of the church, the demands to abandon their native way of life and the enslavement of the peasants were alien to the Russian people.