Presentation on the topic: Nuclear weapons are a threat to life on Earth. Nuclear threat from the history of the creation of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons threat

Slide 7

Types of explosions

• ground
• Underground
• Surface
• Underwater
• Air
• high-rise

Slide 8

Underwater nuclear explosion on Bikini Atoll.

Slide 9

On August 30, 1961, in the Soviet Union, within the nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya (73°51′ N 54°30′ E), a thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) was detonated at an altitude of 4500 m. The power of the explosion was 58 megatons of TNT.

Slide 10

On July 7, 1977, the first test of a "humane weapon" took place in the United States - a neutron bomb, which, being a type of low-yield nuclear weapon, destroys organic life with the help of neutron irradiation without damaging buildings, structures and equipment.

slide 11

Intercontinental ballistic missile RSM-56 Bulava. A successful launch was carried out on September 18, 2008 at 18:45 Moscow time by a Russian submarine missile cruiser from a submerged position.

slide 12

The total power of nuclear weapons already accumulated in the world is more than sufficient to destroy all life on Earth more than once...

slide 13

Consequently, modern war is turning into a global problem for all mankind.

The catastrophe will not bypass agriculture and major ecosystems and will entail a global ecological catastrophe.

Slide 14

According to a report by the US National Academy of Sciences, up to 10,000 Mt of nuclear warheads could be detonated in a world nuclear war. The first detrimental effect of nuclear explosions of such a total force will be the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere. As a result of explosions and fires, up to 5 million tons of soot will fall into the stratosphere (to a height of up to 80 km).

slide 15

By absorbing sunlight, the soot will heat up and heat the gases around it, which will greatly speed up the chemical reactions that lead to the decay of stratospheric ozone. The total amount of ozone will decrease by 20%, in the middle latitudes - by 25-45%, in general by 70% over the Northern Hemisphere and by 40% - over the Southern Hemisphere.

slide 16

The ozone layer supports life on Earth by shielding (holding) about 2/3 of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is believed that the formation of the ozone layer about 600 million years ago was the condition due to which multicellular organisms and life in general appeared on Earth.

Slide 17

Thus, the destruction of the ozone layer will have devastating consequences for many forms of life (especially for the inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems): people will suffer extensive burns and skin cancers; some plants and small organisms will die instantly; many people and animals will become blind and lose the ability to navigate.

Slide 18

With the onset of "nuclear winter" there will be a sharp, strong (from 15º to 40º C in different regions) long-term cooling of the air over all continents. The consequences will be especially severe in the summer, when over land in the Northern Hemisphere the temperature drops below the freezing point of water. In other words, all living things that do not burn in fires will freeze.

Slide 19

The Scientific Committee for the Study of Environmental Protection (SCOPE) has published a two-volume publication on assessments of the climatic and environmental consequences of nuclear war. “Nuclear Winter”, it says, “means a significant increase in the scale of suffering for humanity, including nations and regions not directly involved in nuclear war ... Nuclear war will cause the destruction of life on Earth, a catastrophe unprecedented in human history, and will be a threat to the very existence of humanity."

People who survived nuclear explosions in the very first days will begin to suffer from radiation. Radiation will be carried by natural disasters and will be everywhere: in the air, in water, in soil. Penetrating radiation acts only 10-15 seconds after the explosion. However, this is enough to cause in unprotected people and animals a serious illness called radiation sickness. The action of penetrating radiation is based on the fact that gamma rays and neutrons ionize the molecules of living tissues.

slide 23

This leads to a violation of the normal metabolism in the human or animal body, a change in the vital activity of cells and individual organs. Irradiation is invisible to humans. Symptoms of the disease appear only after a certain time, and the further development of the disease depends on the dose of radiation received.

slide 24

People of the Earth! Do not launch nuclear weapons into outer space!

Do not destroy life on the planet!

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"Nuclear weapons"

• Operating principle
• Brief nuclear explosion
• Nuclear charges: their types

If we approach the definition briefly, then nuclear (or, in other words, atomic) weapons, includes in its definition the presence of nuclear warheads and the ability to transport and control them.

Nuclear weapons are on the list of weapons of mass destruction.

Operating principle

Nuclear weapons (yadernoe oruzhie), more precisely its operating principle is nuclear energy. A chain reaction occurs, subsequently, by which heavy nuclei are divided. In another case, light nuclei are synthesized using a thermonuclear reaction. If a huge amount of intranuclear energy is instantly released, but in a limited volume, then an explosive reaction. The visual center of the explosive reaction can be identified by the fireball.

Brief nuclear explosion

A nuclear explosion can cause seismic vibrations if it occurs on or near the earth's surface. It is similar to an earthquake, but the propagation radius is in the region of several hundred meters. The explosion leads to the release of energy, which is converted into bright light and heat. If it is located in the epicenter of the explosion, that is, within the radius of propagation of a nuclear reaction, then people get burned, and combustible substances ignite.
The range extends to kilometers. With the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons, ionizing radiation occurs, briefly - radiation. Its action lasts about a minute. Since radiation has a huge penetrating power, being within its radius of action is very dangerous to health. In order not to fall under its action, a reliable shelter is required.

Nuclear charges: their types

Atomic. This type of charge involves the fission of nuclei of heavy metals, such as uranium-235 (or uranium 233), plutonium-239. The explosion of an atomic charge is characterized by a nuclear reaction of one type.

Thermonuclear. The specificity of this charge is that lighter elements are synthesized into heavier ones. The reaction occurs during the explosion, under the influence of a colossally high temperature. Lithium-6 deuteride is used as a fuel.

. The neutron charge is characterized by very high neutron radiation. At the same time, the power remains small. In this case, the emphasis is on the increased spread of radiation and, accordingly, a greater destructive force for all living forces. Any technique will also suffer from the explosion of this charge. The United States was the first to develop the technology to create a neutron charge. Now Russia and France can also create it.

Nuclear explosion: its damaging factor

In the modern world, nuclear weapons are considered one of the most dangerous types of weapons, due to their large-scale damaging factors.

shock wave. For the most part, it is the shock wave that has the most powerful damaging property.

• The origin of the shock wave of the weapon, corresponds to a conventional explosion.
• However, the force of destruction is much stronger. In addition to the destructive shock wave itself, objects located in the zone of its influence can be destroyed by flying fragments or objects located closer to the center of the explosion.
• Accordingly, the destructive force of a nuclear explosion in populated areas or wooded areas will be many times stronger than in open space. A person can protect himself from a shock wave in shelters designed specifically for this, or use the terrain and natural shelters.
• Buildings from a nuclear explosion can suffer both insignificantly and even to complete destruction. The shock wave is compared to water, as it is able to penetrate the room through the smallest hole, destroying partitions inside the building on its way.

. Light emission. It includes visible, infrared and ultraviolet radiation.

• When the air is heated and the temperature of the explosion products is high, this damaging factor is obtained. During the explosion, the brightness of light radiation is several times brighter than sunlight.
• The area that was in the zone of light radiation can heat up to 10,000 ° C. How long the light radiation will last can only be judged by the power of a nuclear explosion. The damaging factor lies in the high temperatures affecting everything around.
• Thus, a nuclear explosion can cause fires, melt down equipment, and for a person, severe burns up to complete charring.
• In a nuclear explosion, a person needs to hide the exposed parts of the skin and in no case look in the direction of the explosion.
• Light radiation is more destructive when a nuclear weapon explodes in the air than on the surface of the earth.
• Under bad weather conditions (rain, snow, fog), the striking ability of light radiation decreases several times. An ordinary shadow from something can serve as a shelter from light radiation.

. penetrating radiation. With a nuclear explosion underground or under water, the penetrating power of radiation is markedly reduced. In the air, radiation spreads rapidly.

• Radiation, in its destructive power, surpasses the above damaging factors. But the radius of propagation of radiation, even with a powerful explosion, is several kilometers.
• The damaging effect on living organisms occurs by affecting the vital organs, more precisely, their function. Affected by radiation, people or animals fall ill with radiation sickness.
• The action of radiation caused by a nuclear explosion lasts a few seconds. You can hide from such a damaging factor with the help of thick materials that can trap radioactive radiation. For example, a layer of steel is able to extinguish the force of radiation twice.
• You can hide behind concrete structures, underground, in water, behind a thick tree or under snow (in this case, you need a thick layer of at least half a meter).

. radioactive contamination. Both living organisms and various non-living objects are exposed to this type of infection.

. electromagnetic pulse, arising in the atmosphere, does not affect humans. The action is on conductors for currents and voltages of a different nature. The consequence of this impulse is damage to devices associated with radio engineering and current.
Nuclear weapons: their varieties
Nuclear potential is used for different purposes. And already starting from the targets, the weapon is divided into several types of explosions.

. Explosion high in the air, called air, due to the explosion of a nuclear warhead, can be high and low. Thus, the explosion occurs in such a way that the area of ​​light emission does not reach the ground or the surface of the water. During explosions in the low layers of the atmosphere, radioactive contamination of the entire environment occurs. It is not significant, even for living organisms. The rest of the damaging factors act to the maximum.

. Another type of explosion in the air is high-altitude. It is used to destroy missiles or aircraft. When used for ground objects, it is safe. Here, all damaging factors are the most destructive, except for radioactive contamination.

. Ground or surface nuclear explosion produced on the surface of the water/land. It can also be produced not high above these surfaces. Ground or surface can be considered one in which light radiation touches a particular surface. The strongest damaging factor is the radiation contamination of the surface on which the explosion occurs. Other destructive factors also take place.

. The last type of nuclear explosion, carried out either underground or underwater. The main factor of damage is the formation of seismic explosive waves. The ground is contaminated with radiation. But there is no damaging factor of penetration of radiation and light radiation.

Nuclear weapons as a threat to the destruction of mankind

The use of nuclear warheads happened at the end of World War II against Nazi Germany. Then the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki suffered. The nuclear bombing was carried out by the US military. Such measures were dictated by the early signing of Japan's surrender. The results of the explosion were catastrophic. The people who were at the epicenter of the explosion turned into coal. Birds burned up in flight. The blast wave knocked out windows, which caused the death of most of the people.

Buildings collapsed. There were many small fires, which later grew into one big one. Those who remained alive after the explosion, and its destructive factors, subsequently began to die from radioactive contamination.

The consequences of a nuclear explosion backfired in the future. People have been dying of cancer and other diseases for many years. If a huge nuclear explosion is used, then its consequences will be colossal fires that would engulf forests and cities. From this, a large amount of smoke would tend to the stratosphere. Solar radiation would cease to pass to the surface of the earth. This phenomenon is called "Nuclear Winter".

Its danger lies in the destruction of the ozone layer of the globe. Direct ultraviolet rays, not retained by the ozone layer, would be fatal to all living things. These are not happy prospects for humanity with the large-scale use of nuclear weapons.

After the sad events in Japanese cities, the development of a hydrogen bomb began. It's time for an arms race. Countries wanted to have weapons more powerful than those of rival countries. The arms race continued until the threat of nuclear war arose. Today, the threat of nuclear war is hampered by the disarmament of the existing arsenal. But there is a nuclear potential in a number of modern states. Also, to date, the UN convention has banned the use of nuclear weapons in the world.

A nuclear war is usually called a hypothetical clash between countries or military-political blocs that have thermonuclear or nuclear weapons and put them into action. Nuclear weapons in such a conflict will become the main means of destruction. The history of nuclear war, fortunately, has not yet been written. But after the start of the Cold War in the second half of the last century, a nuclear war between the US and the USSR was considered a very likely development.

• What happens if a nuclear war breaks out?
• Doctrines of nuclear war in the past
• US nuclear doctrine during the thaw
• Russian nuclear doctrine

What happens if a nuclear war breaks out?

Many fearfully asked the question: what will happen if a nuclear war breaks out? This is a major environmental hazard:

• Explosions would release a huge amount of energy.
• Ashes and soot from fires would block the sun for a long time, which would lead to the effect of "nuclear night" or "nuclear winter" with a sharp drop in temperature on the planet.
• The apocalyptic picture was to be supplemented by radioactive contamination, which would have no less catastrophic consequences for life.

It was assumed that most of the countries of the world would inevitably be drawn into such a war, directly or indirectly.

The danger of a nuclear war is that it would lead to a global environmental catastrophe and even the death of our civilization.

What will happen in the event of a nuclear war? A powerful explosion is only part of the disaster:

1. As a result of a nuclear explosion, a giant fireball is formed, the heat from which chars or completely burns all life at a sufficiently large distance from the epicenter of the explosion.
2. A third of the energy is released in the form of a powerful light pulse, which is a thousand times brighter than the radiation of the sun, so it instantly ignites all flammable materials (fabrics, paper, wood), and causes third-degree burns to people.
3. But the primary fires do not have time to flare up, because they are partially extinguished by a powerful blast wave. Flying burning debris, sparks, household gas explosions, short circuits and burning petroleum products cause extensive and already long-lasting secondary fires.
4. Separate fires merge into a terrifying fiery tornado that can easily burn down any metropolis. Such fiery tornadoes, arranged by the allies, destroyed Dresden and Hamburg during the Second World War.
5. Since heat is released in large quantities in mass fires, the heated air masses rush upward, forming hurricanes near the surface of the earth, bringing new portions of oxygen to the focus.
6. Dust and soot ascend to the stratosphere, forming a giant cloud there that blocks the sunlight. A prolonged blackout leads to a nuclear winter.

After a nuclear war, the Earth would hardly have remained at least a little like its former self, it would be scorched, and almost all living things would die.

An instructive video about what will happen if a nuclear war starts:

Doctrines of nuclear war in the past

The first doctrine (theory, concept) of nuclear war arose immediately after the end of World War II, in the United States. Then it was invariably reflected in the strategic concepts of NATO and the United States. However, the military doctrine of the USSR also assigned nuclear missiles a decisive role in the next big war.

Initially, a massive nuclear war scenario was envisaged with the unlimited use of all available nuclear weapons, and their targets would be not only military, but also civilian objects. It was believed that in such a conflict, the advantage would have been given to the country that was the first to launch a massive nuclear strike against the enemy, the purpose of which was the preemptive destruction of his nuclear weapons.

But there was the main problem of nuclear war - a preventive nuclear attack might not be so effective, and the enemy would be able to launch a retaliatory nuclear strike on industrial centers and large cities.

Since the late 1950s, a new concept of "limited nuclear war" has emerged in the United States. In the 1970s, according to this concept, various weapons systems could be used in a hypothetical armed conflict, including operational-tactical and tactical nuclear weapons, which had limitations on the scale of use and means of delivery. Nuclear weapons in such a conflict would only be used to destroy military and important economic facilities. If a distortion of history could happen, nuclear wars in the recent past could actually follow a similar scenario.

One way or another, but the United States is still the only state that in practice used nuclear weapons in 1945 not against the military, but dropped 2 bombs on the civilian population of Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9).

Hiroshima

On August 6, 1945, under the guise of the Potsdam Declaration, which set an ultimatum regarding the immediate surrender of Japan, the American government sent an American bomber to the Japanese Islands, and at 08:15 Japanese time, it dropped the first nuclear bomb on the city of Hiroshima, which had the code name "Kid".

The power of this charge was relatively small - about 20,000 tons of TNT. The explosion of the charge occurred at an altitude of about 600 meters above the ground, and its epicenter was above the Sima hospital. Hiroshima was not chosen by chance as the target of a demonstrative nuclear strike - it was there at that time that the General Staff of the Japanese Navy and the Second General Staff of the Japanese Army were located.

• The explosion destroyed a large part of Hiroshima.
• Over 70,000 people were killed instantly.
• Near 60,000 died later from wounds, burns and radiation sickness.
• Within a radius of about 1.6 kilometers there was a zone of complete destruction, while fires spread over an area of ​​11.4 square meters. km.
• 90% of the city's buildings were either completely destroyed or badly damaged.
• The tram system miraculously survived the bombardment.

In the six months following the bombing, they died from its consequences. 140,000 people.

This “insignificant”, according to the military, charge once again proved that the consequences of a nuclear war for humanity are devastating, as for a race.

Sad video about the nuclear attack on Hiroshima:

Nagasaki

On August 9, at 11:02 am, another American plane dropped another nuclear charge on the city of Nagasaki - "Fat Man". It was blown up high above the Nagasaki Valley, where industrial plants were located. The second consecutive American nuclear attack on Japan caused new catastrophic destruction and loss of life:

• 74,000 Japanese were killed instantly.
• 14,000 buildings were completely destroyed.

In fact, these terrible moments can be called the days when a nuclear war almost started, since bombs were dropped on civilians, and only a miracle stopped the moment when the world was on the brink of nuclear war.

US nuclear doctrine during the thaw

After the end of the Cold War, the American doctrine of limited nuclear war was transformed into the concept of counterproliferation. It was first voiced by US Secretary of Defense L. Espin in December 1993. The Americans considered that with the help of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons it was no longer possible to achieve this goal, therefore, at critical moments, the United States reserved the right to inflict "disarming strikes" on nuclear facilities of objectionable regimes.

In 1997, a directive was adopted according to which the US Army must be ready to strike at foreign facilities for the production and storage of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. And in 2002, the concept of counterproliferation was included in the US national security strategy. Within its framework, the United States intended to destroy nuclear facilities in Korea and Iran or take control of Pakistani facilities.

Russian nuclear doctrine

The military doctrine of Russia also periodically changes its wording. In the latter version, Russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons if not only nuclear or other types of weapons of mass destruction, but also conventional weapons were used against it or its allies, if this threatens the very foundations of the existence of the state, which may become one of the causes of nuclear war. This indicates the main thing - the likelihood of a nuclear war is currently quite acute, but the rulers understand that no one can survive in this conflict.

Russian nuclear weapons

An alternative story with a nuclear war developed in Russia. The US State Department for 2016 estimated, based on the data provided under the START-3 treaty, that 508 strategic nuclear launchers were deployed in the Russian army:

• intercontinental ballistic missiles;
• strategic bombers;
• submarine missiles.

In total, there are 847 nuclear charge carriers, on which 1796 charges are installed. It should be noted that nuclear weapons in Russia are being reduced quite intensively - in half a year their number is reduced by 6%.

With such weapons and more than 10 countries in the world that have officially confirmed the presence of nuclear weapons, the threat of nuclear war is a global problem, the prevention of which is a guarantee of life on Earth.

Are you afraid of nuclear war? Do you think it will come and how soon? Share your opinion or guesses in the comments.

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Slides captions:

Nuclear weapons are a threat to life on Earth. The work was completed by: Teacher-organizer of OBZH MBOU "School No. 113", Kazan: Turunovskaya E.A. 2013

Wars left their mark on the development of society in all previous eras of the development of human civilization. In the 20th century alone, more than 100 million people died in two world and local wars. And in the second half of this century, nuclear weapons appeared, and there was a real threat of destruction of entire countries and even continents, that is, almost all modern civilization and life on Earth in general.

What is a nuclear weapon? -One of the most destructive means of warfare. - Weapons of mass destruction. (In a short time it affects a large number of people and animals). - It was first developed in the USA during the Second World War.

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device in which the source of energy is the synthesis or fission of atomic nuclei - a nuclear reaction. Devices that use the energy released during the fusion of light nuclei are called thermonuclear. Nuclear weapons include both nuclear weapons and their means of delivery to the target and controls. Nuclear weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) along with biological and chemical weapons.

A nuclear explosion can be carried out in the air at different heights (air - the most effective of all), near the surface of the earth (ground) or water (surface), underground (underground) and under water (underwater), as well as in space (high-altitude and space ).

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Shock wave Light radiation Electromagnetic pulse Radiation contamination Penetrating radiation

Types of explosions Ground Underground Surface Underwater Air High-rise

July 24, 1946 were tested 21-kiloton ammunition "Baker" (USA). Underwater nuclear explosion on Bikini Atoll.

On August 30, 1961, in the Soviet Union, within the nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya (73°51′ N 54°30′ E), a thermonuclear bomb (Tsar Bomba) was detonated at an altitude of 4500 m. The power of the explosion was 58 megatons of TNT.

On July 7, 1977, the first test of a "humane weapon" took place in the United States - a neutron bomb, which, being a type of low-yield nuclear weapon, destroys organic life with the help of neutron irradiation without damaging buildings, structures and equipment.

Intercontinental ballistic missile RSM-56 Bulava. A successful launch was carried out on September 18, 2008 at 18:45 Moscow time by a Russian submarine missile cruiser from a submerged position.

The total power of nuclear weapons already accumulated in the world is more than sufficient to destroy all life on Earth more than once...

Consequently, modern war is turning into a global problem for all mankind. The catastrophe will not bypass agriculture and major ecosystems and will entail a global ecological catastrophe.

According to a report by the US National Academy of Sciences, up to 10,000 Mt of nuclear warheads could be detonated in a world nuclear war. The first detrimental effect of nuclear explosions of such a total force will be the destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere. As a result of explosions and fires, up to 5 million tons of soot will fall into the stratosphere (to a height of up to 80 km).

By absorbing sunlight, the soot will heat up and heat the gases around it, which will greatly speed up the chemical reactions that lead to the decay of stratospheric ozone. The total amount of ozone will decrease by 20%, in the middle latitudes - by 25-45%, in general by 70% over the Northern Hemisphere and by 40% - over the Southern Hemisphere.

The ozone layer supports life on Earth by shielding (holding) about 2/3 of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is believed that the formation of the ozone layer about 600 million years ago was the condition due to which multicellular organisms and life in general appeared on Earth.

Thus, the destruction of the ozone layer will have devastating consequences for many forms of life (especially for the inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems): people will suffer extensive burns and skin cancers; some plants and small organisms will die instantly; many people and animals will become blind and lose the ability to navigate.

With the onset of "nuclear winter" there will be a sharp, strong (from 15º to 40º C in different regions) long-term cooling of the air over all continents. The consequences will be especially severe in the summer, when over land in the Northern Hemisphere the temperature drops below the freezing point of water. In other words, all living things that do not burn in fires will freeze.

The Scientific Committee for the Study of Environmental Protection (SCOPE) has published a two-volume publication on assessments of the climatic and environmental consequences of nuclear war. “Nuclear Winter”, it says, “means a significant increase in the scale of suffering for humanity, including nations and regions not directly involved in nuclear war ... Nuclear war will cause the destruction of life on Earth, a catastrophe unprecedented in human history, and will be threat to the very existence of humanity."

In the central regions of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere, the temperature will drop to -31°C. The temperature of the world's oceans will remain above 0°C. Due to the large temperature difference, severe storms will arise, tsunamis will form.

Electromagnetic pulses from nuclear explosions will completely destroy electronic communication systems, electrical networks and the Earth's electromagnetic field. The destruction of the Earth's electromagnetic field will cause the strongest natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, typhoons, floods, and so on. Water and air will be mixed into one mass. The weather will be considered good when there is no hurricane wind.

People who survived nuclear explosions in the very first days will begin to suffer from radiation. Radiation will be carried by natural disasters and will be everywhere: in the air, in water, in soil. Penetrating radiation acts only 10-15 seconds after the explosion. However, this is enough to cause in unprotected people and animals a serious illness called radiation sickness. The action of penetrating radiation is based on the fact that gamma rays and neutrons ionize the molecules of living tissues.

This leads to a violation of the normal metabolism in the human or animal body, a change in the vital activity of cells and individual organs. Irradiation is invisible to humans. Symptoms of the disease appear only after a certain time, and the further development of the disease depends on the dose of radiation received.

People of the Earth! Do not launch nuclear weapons into outer space! Do not destroy life on the planet!