The comfort of the environment is shown according to means. Decreased quality and comfort of the living environment. Security and comfort of interaction with the environment

Habitat comfort for human activity The best indicators of human performance and rest are achieved with a comfortable environment and with rational work and rest regimes. Comfort is the optimal combination of microclimate parameters, amenities and comfort in areas of human activity and recreation. A comfortable state of the environment is achieved by the correct mutual arrangement of hazard zones and human stay zones, by reducing the size of hazardous zones using ecobioprotective equipment and means ...

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7. Comfortable living environmentfor human activities

The best indicators of a person's working capacity and rest are achieved with a comfortable state of the environment and with rational modes of work and rest.

Comfort - this is the optimal combination of microclimate parameters, amenities, livability and comfort in areas of human activity and recreation.

A comfortable state of the environment is achieved by the correct mutual arrangement of hazard zones and zones of human stay, reduction in the size of dangerous zones, the use of eco-bioprotective equipment and personal protective equipment.

Comfortable and permissible parameters of the air environment in working areas are regulated by state standards and are provided mainly by the use of air conditioning, ventilation and heating systems. The normative values ​​of the microclimate parameters in the working areas of industrial premises depend on the category of work performed, the period of the year and some other indicators.

Artificial lighting plays an important role in achieving efficient operation. Rationally executed lighting has a psychophysiological effect on a person, helps to increase the efficiency of activity, reduces the tension of the organs of vision, and increases the safety of activity.

Harmful and traumatic effects generated by technical systems form dangerous zones in the living space of the technosphere. Simultaneously with dangerous zones in the living space, there are zones of human activity (stay). At home- residential area, urban environment. Under production conditions- working area and workplace.

Work zone is a space two meters high above the level of the floor or platform on which the workplace is located.

Workplace - this is a zone of permanent or temporary activity of the worker.

The effectiveness of human activity largely depends on the organization of the workplace, including:

• correct location and layout of the workplace;
  • providing a comfortable posture and freedom of movement.

In addition, maintaining high performance is achieved by the correct alternation of work and rest modes.

By varying the mutual arrangement of hazardous zones and zones of human presence in space, it is possible to significantly influence the solution of tasks to ensure life safety. There are four principal options for the mutual arrangement of danger zones and the zone of human stay:

• safe situation;
  • situation of short-term or local danger;
  • dangerous situation;
  • conditionally safe situation.

Only the first location option guarantees complete security. Its implementation is possible, for example, with remote control or monitoring. In a situation of short-term or local danger, a negative impact exists if a person stays in this zone for a short period of time (for example, performs an inspection or minor repairs).

In a dangerous situation, a negative impact on a person can be realized at any time, and in a conditionally safe- only in case of violation of the functional integrity of protective equipment (as a rule, personal protective equipment, observation booths, and so on).

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The quality of human life depends on many factors. But in most cases, good health and mood, as well as high performance is determined by only a few conditions. And with the proper desire, almost everyone can provide them. But in the conditions of labor activity, this task falls on the shoulders of the leaders and organizers of the work process. So the topic of our conversation today will be comfortable conditions for human life. Let's talk about it, as well as about what the comfortable living conditions of a person are in general in a little more detail.

Man is a complex organism that can exist only in special environmental conditions that allow internal tissues and organs to maintain balance. However, the influences of the external world are constantly changing, which forces our body to respond to them accordingly. To mitigate their negative influence, people have to create comfortable living conditions for themselves: cost housing, use clothes, various equipment, for example, air conditioners, fans, heaters, etc. It should be noted that when moving quickly from country to country and to different climatic zones, it is more difficult for the body to maintain the constancy of the internal environment. What conditions can be considered comfortable for life?

For all the time of historical development, people have adapted to special conditions, we are accustomed to living in a familiar, native place. Such adaptability is expressed in differences in skin color, in the section and color of the eyes, as well as in the structure of the body and the characteristics of the course of metabolic processes. Therefore, the characteristics of the surrounding world, in which people feel comfortable, are different.

So in the conditions of the middle lane, most people maintain optimal health, and their heat exchange takes place at an adequate level at temperatures from 17.3 ° C to about 21.7 ° C. This is the average for a naked person. And in clothes, the comfort parameters are somewhat different - from 16.7C to about 20.6C. If a person lives in the north or in the south, then the limits of comfort, respectively, look different.

As for comfortable living conditions in the room, they are possible at a temperature of 18-20C and at a relative humidity of 40-60%.

It is worth noting that high temperature has a less negative impact on human comfort with higher air dryness. However, if the relative humidity drops to 30% or less (for example, in the mountains or in the desert), the person's skin and mucous membranes begin to dry out, discomfort also appears in the throat and nose, cracking of the lips occurs.

However, for certain people, dry air can be comfortable and beneficial, for example, with kidney diseases. Indeed, in conditions of heat and dryness, the load on the kidneys decreases, since the function of excretion is mostly the skin. However, intense heat - at 40-45C - is a serious burden for other systems and organs of the human body, especially for the heart and blood vessels.

As for too high humidity, this condition also makes life uncomfortable. If this indicator increases to 60% or more, sweat appears on the human skin, which does not disappear. And in the room there is dampness of surrounding objects.

Elevated air temperature combined with high relative humidity creates especially uncomfortable living conditions for people.

Human sensations also depend on the movement of air masses. The comfortable or uncomfortable effect of wind on the human body depends on its strength, as well as on the ambient temperature and on the relative humidity of the air. In addition, the level of comfort in the wind is affected by the terrain and time of day. If the air temperature is close to zero or even lower, and the humidity level is quite high, hypothermia may develop. In the event that such conditions are supplemented by a cold wind, the cooling is greatly enhanced and causes chills. However, in the heat, a slight breeze brings relief.

It is worth noting that absolutely identical environmental influences can be perceived differently by people living in different settlements, or at different times of the year. For example, the same temperature and humidity in autumn can be perceived as warm, and in spring as cold.

Also, in the same weather, the physiological parameters of the body (heat production, sweating, etc.) can differ between immobile people and those who are in a state of physical activity.

Comfortable living conditions in the workplace

Many people experience disruption of comfortable life while doing work. Fortunately, the legislation clearly states what working conditions should be, and they depend on the characteristics of production. The employer must monitor compliance with SanPiN (sanitary norms and rules) and provide its employees with the most comfortable working conditions.

To achieve them, they resort to airing, heating, ventilation (including mechanical and aeration). Air conditioning can be provided. Ensuring sufficient lighting - artificial and natural - also plays an important role.

It must be remembered that insufficiently comfortable working conditions cause, which in turn significantly impairs performance.

Thus, the comfort of human life depends on many factors, most of which can be controlled and regulated.

Folk recipes

Insufficiently comfortable living conditions can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms and even serious health disorders. So low relative humidity and work in unsuitable conditions (for example, in dusty rooms) can lead to drying out of the eyes. It is not easy to get rid of such an unpleasant symptom - you need to contact an ophthalmologist, you can also resort to the use of traditional medicine.

So you can cope with unpleasant dryness with the help of ordinary chamomile. Brew a couple of crushed flowers of this plant with one glass of boiling water. Cool such a tool under the lid, then strain. Use the finished medicine for applying lotions: just blot a couple of cotton pads with it and apply them to closed eyelids for at least a quarter of an hour.

Dry eyes can be treated with regular green tea. Pour forty grams of tea leaves with a glass of only boiled water. Infuse this medicine under the lid for one hour. After that, strain the finished drink and also use it for applying and lotions, and for washing the mucous eyes.

You can cope with the problem of dry eyes with the help of homemade drops. To prepare them, it is necessary to heat fifteen grams of honey in a water bath until dissolved. Pour thirty milliliters of warm, pre-boiled water into the container and mix well. Use the agent for instillation into the conjunctival sac. Repeat this procedure every day for one week. To make the medicine even more effective, add five milliliters of freshly squeezed aloe juice to it.

To treat excessive dry eyes, you can prepare a medicine based on ordinary potatoes. Peel fresh tubers from the peel, then rinse them in water and grate on a small grater. Squeeze the juice from the resulting mass and apply it on the eyelids for seven to twelve minutes. To make the medicine more effective, add a couple of drops of freshly squeezed dill juice to the vegetable gruel.

Thus, ensuring comfortable living conditions plays an extremely important role in maintaining normal health and performance, as well as in preventing various health disorders.

Introduction.
Life safety is the science of comfortable and safe human interaction with the technosphere. Vital activity is everyday activity and rest, a way of human existence. Human activity takes place in constant contact with the environment, surrounding objects, people. The environment can have a beneficial or adverse effect on human health, well-being and performance. The environmental parameters under which the best living conditions for the human body are created are called comfortable. The main goal of life safety as a science is to protect a person in the technosphere from negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and to achieve comfortable living conditions.
The means of achieving this goal is the implementation by society of knowledge and skills aimed at reducing physical, chemical, biological and other negative impacts in the technosphere to acceptable values. This determines the totality of knowledge included in the science of life safety.
The impact of harmful factors on a person is accompanied by a deterioration in health, the occurrence of occupational diseases, and sometimes a reduction in life. The impact of harmful factors is most often associated with the professional activities of people, so all ways to ensure the comfort and life of people (ventilation, heating, lighting, etc.) are primarily related to providing them at the workplace.
1. Security and comfort of interaction with the environment.
Man and the environment interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment.
The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive or negative, the nature of the interaction is determined by the flows of substances, energies and information. Any excess of the usual levels of flows is accompanied by negative impacts on humans or the natural environment.
In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By measuring the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “human-environment” system:
- comfortable (optimal), when the flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: they create optimal conditions for activity and rest; prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest working capacity and, as a result, the productivity of activity; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the habitat components.
- permissible, when the flows, affecting a person and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible processes in humans and in the environment.
- dangerous, when the flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing diseases during long-term interaction, and / or lead to degradation of the natural environment.
- extremely dangerous, when high-level flows in a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause disturbances in the natural environment.
Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday activity, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment. Therefore, maintaining a comfortable and/or acceptable state is a way to increase the security of a person.
The comfortable state of the living space in terms of microclimate and lighting is achieved by compliance with regulatory requirements. As criteria for comfort, the values ​​of the air temperature in the premises, its humidity and mobility, compliance with regulatory requirements for artificial lighting of premises and territories are established.
2. Influence of the microclimate.
Parameters - the temperature of surrounding objects and the intensity of physical heating of the body characterize a specific production environment and are very diverse. The remaining parameters - temperature, speed, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure of the surrounding air - are called microclimate parameters.
The parameters of the microclimate of the air environment, which determine the optimal metabolism in the body and in which there are no unpleasant sensations and tension in the body's thermoregulation system, are called comfortable or optimal.
Conditions under which the normal thermal state of a person is violated are called uncomfortable. Methods for reducing the adverse effects of, first of all, the industrial microclimate are carried out by a complex of technological, sanitary, organizational and medical preventive measures: ventilation, thermal insulation of the surfaces of heat radiation sources (furnaces, pipelines with hot gases and liquids), replacement of old equipment with more modern ones, application collective means of protection (shielding of workplaces or sources, air showers, etc.), etc.
One of the necessary conditions for normal human life is to ensure normal conditions in the premises, which have a significant impact on the thermal well-being of a person. Meteorological conditions or microclimate depend on the thermophysical features of the technological process, climate, season, heating and ventilation conditions.
Human activity is accompanied by a continuous release of heat into the environment. Its amount depends on the degree of physical stress in certain climatic conditions and ranges from 85 j/s (at rest) to 500 j/s (during hard work). The heat transfer of the human body is determined by the temperature of the surrounding air and objects, the speed of movement and the relative humidity of the air. In order for the physiological processes in the body to proceed normally, the heat generated by the body must be completely removed to the environment.
Violation of the thermal balance can lead to overheating or hypothermia of the body and, as a result, to disability, fatigue, loss of consciousness and heat death.
One of the important indicators of the thermal state of the body is the average temperature of the body (internal organs) of the order of 36.5 degrees C. It depends on the degree of violation of the heat balance and the level of energy consumption during the performance of physical work. When performing moderate and heavy work at high air temperature, the body temperature can rise from a few tenths of a degree to 1 ... 2 degrees C. The highest temperature of the internal organs that a person can withstand is +45 degrees C, the minimum is +25 degrees C. The main role in heat transfer is played by the temperature regime of the skin. Its temperature varies within fairly significant limits, and under normal conditions, the average temperature of the skin under clothing is 30 ... 34 degrees C. Under unfavorable meteorological conditions in certain parts of the body, it can drop to 20 degrees C, and sometimes even lower.
Heat exchange between a person and the environment is carried out by convection as a result of washing the body with air, thermal conductivity, radiation to the surrounding surfaces and in the process of heat exchange during the evaporation of moisture, which is removed to the surface of the skin by sweat glands and during breathing.
Together with sweat, the body loses a significant amount of mineral salts (up to 1%, including 0.4 ... 0.6 NaCl). Under unfavorable conditions in production, the loss of fluid is 8-10 liters per shift and it contains up to 60 grams. table salt (in total, about 140 g of NaCl in the body). Blood loss deprives the blood of its ability to retain water and leads to disruption of the cardiovascular system. Also, at high temperatures, carbohydrates, fats are easily consumed, proteins are destroyed, which can also lead to negative consequences.
It is considered acceptable for a person to reduce his weight by 2-3% by evaporation of moisture - dehydration of the body. Dehydration by 6% leads to a violation of mental activity, a decrease in visual acuity; evaporation of moisture by 15-20% leads to death.
To restore the water balance of workers in conditions of elevated temperature, replenishment points with salted (about 0.5% NaCl) carbonated water are installed. In some cases, a protein-vitamin drink is used for this purpose. In hot climates, it is recommended to drink chilled water or tea.
Normal thermal well-being takes place when the heat release of a person is completely perceived by the environment, because. then there is a heat balance. In this case, the temperature of the internal organs remains constant. If the body's heat production cannot be fully transferred to the environment, the temperature of the internal organs rises, and such a thermal well-being is characterized by the concept of "hot". Overheating leads to hyperthermia - overheating of the body above the permissible level (up to 38-39 degrees C), with the same symptoms as those of heat stroke. In the case when the environment perceives more heat than it is reproduced by a person, then the body cools down (coldly). Prolonged exposure to low temperature, high mobility and humidity of the air can cause cooling and even hypothermia of the body - hypotemia.
Thermal insulation of a person at rest (rest sitting or lying down) from the environment leads to an increase in the temperature of internal organs by 1.2 degrees C after 1 hour. The thermal insulation of a person doing moderate work will cause an increase in temperature already by 5 degrees C. and come close to the maximum allowable.
The thermal well-being of a person, the heat balance in the system person - environment depends on the temperature of the environment. environment, mobility and relative humidity of air, atmospheric pressure, temperature of surrounding objects and the intensity of physical heating of the body.
3. Ventilation and air conditioning.
The parameters of the microclimate have a direct impact on the thermal well-being of a person and his performance.
To maintain the parameters of the microclimate at the level necessary to ensure comfort and life, ventilation of the premises where a person carries out his activities is used. Optimal microclimate parameters are provided by air conditioning systems, and acceptable parameters are provided by conventional ventilation and heating systems.
The ventilation system is a set of devices that provide air exchange in the room, i.e. removal of polluted, heated, humid air from the premises and supply of fresh, clean air to the premises. According to the zone of action, ventilation can be general exchange, in which air exchange covers the entire room, and local, when air exchange is carried out in a limited area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. According to the method of air movement, natural and mechanical ventilation systems are distinguished.
The ventilation system, the movement of air masses in which is carried out due to the resulting pressure difference outside and inside the building, is called natural ventilation.
For constant air exchange, required by the conditions of maintaining the purity of the air in the room, organized ventilation, or aeration, is necessary. Aeration is called organized natural general ventilation of premises as a result of the intake and removal of air through the opening transoms of windows and doors. The air exchange in the room is regulated by varying degrees of opening of the transoms (depending on the outdoor temperature, wind speed and direction).
The main advantage of natural ventilation is the ability to carry out large air exchanges without the expenditure of mechanical energy. Natural ventilation, as a means of maintaining the parameters of the microclimate and improving the air environment in the room, is used for non-industrial premises - household (apartments) and premises in which no harmful substances, excess moisture or heat are emitted as a result of human work.
Ventilation, by which air is supplied to or removed from the premises through the systems of ventilation ducts, using special mechanical stimulators, is called mechanical ventilation. The most common ventilation system is supply and exhaust, in which air is supplied to the room by the supply system, and the exhaust is removed; systems work simultaneously. Supply and removed

ventilation systems, as a rule, air is processed - heated or cooled, humidified or cleaned of contaminants. If the air is too dusty or harmful substances are emitted in the room, then cleaning devices are built into the supply or exhaust system.
Mechanical ventilation has a number of advantages compared to natural ventilation: a large radius of action due to the significant pressure created by the fan; the ability to change or maintain the necessary air exchange, regardless of the outdoor temperature and wind speed; subject the air introduced into the room to preliminary purification, drying or humidification by heating or cooling; organize optimal air distribution with air supply directly to

jobs; to capture harmful emissions directly at the places of their formation and prevent their distribution throughout the volume of the room, as well as the ability to purify polluted air before releasing it into the atmosphere. The disadvantages of mechanical ventilation include the significant cost of its construction and operation and the need for measures to combat noise pollution.
To create optimal meteorological conditions, first of all, in industrial premises, the most advanced type of ventilation is used - air conditioning. Air conditioning is its automatic processing in order to maintain predetermined meteorological conditions in industrial premises, regardless of changes in external conditions and modes inside the premises. During air conditioning, the air temperature, its relative humidity and the rate of supply to the premises are automatically regulated depending on the time of year, outdoor meteorological conditions and the nature of the technological process in the premises. In some cases, special treatment can be carried out: ionization, deodorization, ozonation, etc. Air conditioners are local - for servicing individual premises, rooms, and central - for servicing groups of premises, workshops and industries as a whole. Air conditioning is much more expensive than ventilation, but it provides the best conditions for human life and activity.
4. Heating.
The purpose of space heating is to maintain the set air temperature in them during the cold season. Heating systems are divided into water, steam, air and combined. Water heating systems are widely used, they are efficient and convenient. In these systems, radiators and pipes are used as heating devices. The air cooling system consists in the fact that the supplied air is preheated in the heaters.
The presence of a sufficient amount of oxygen in the air is a necessary condition for the life of the body. A decrease in the oxygen content in the air can lead to oxygen starvation - hypoxia, the main signs of which are headache, dizziness, slow reaction, disruption of the normal functioning of the organs of hearing and vision, metabolic disorders.
5. Lighting.
A necessary condition for ensuring the comfort and life of a person is good lighting.
Poor lighting is one of the causes of increased fatigue, especially during intense visual work. Prolonged work in low light leads to a decrease in productivity and safety. Properly projected and rationally executed lighting of industrial, educational and residential premises has a positive psycho-physiological effect on a person, reduces fatigue and injuries, and contributes to an increase in labor efficiency and human health, primarily vision.
When organizing industrial lighting, it is necessary to ensure a uniform distribution of brightness on the working surface and surrounding objects. Looking from a brightly lit to a dimly lit surface forces the eye to adapt, leading to visual fatigue.
Due to improper lighting, deep and sharp shadows and other adverse factors are formed, vision quickly gets tired, which leads to discomfort and an increase in the danger of life (primarily, to an increase in industrial injuries). The presence of sharp shadows distorts the size and shape of objects and thereby increases fatigue and reduces labor productivity. Shadows must be softened by using, for example, lamps with light-diffusing milky glass, and in natural light, use sun protection devices (blinds, visors, etc.).
When illuminating the premises, natural lighting is used, created by direct sunlight and diffused light from the sky and changing depending on the geographical latitude, time of year and day, degree of cloudiness and transparency of the atmosphere. Natural light is better than artificial light produced by any light source.
With a lack of illumination from natural lighting, artificial lighting is used, created by electric light sources, and combined lighting, in which natural lighting that is insufficient according to the norms is supplemented with artificial lighting. According to its design, artificial lighting can be general and combined. With general lighting, all places in the room receive lighting from a common lighting installation. Combined lighting, along with general lighting, includes local lighting (a local lamp, for example, a table lamp), which focuses the light flux directly on the workplace.
The use of local lighting alone is unacceptable, as there is a need for frequent re-adaptation of vision. A large difference in illumination at the workplace and in the rest of the area of ​​​​the room leads to rapid eye fatigue and a gradual deterioration of vision. Therefore, the share of general lighting in the combined should be at least 10%.
The main task of industrial lighting is to maintain illumination at the workplace that corresponds to the nature of visual work. Increasing the illumination of the working surface improves the visibility of objects by increasing their brightness, and increases the speed of distinguishing details.
To improve the visibility of objects in the field of view of the worker, there should be no direct and reflected glare. Where possible, shiny surfaces should be replaced with matt ones.
Illumination fluctuations in the workplace, caused for example by a sudden change in mains voltage, also cause re-adaptation of the eye, leading to significant fatigue. The constancy of illumination over time is achieved by stabilizing the floating voltage, rigid fastening of lamps, and the use of special circuits for switching on gas-discharge lamps.
6. Noise.
Noise pollution is also a negative factor affecting a person, which in large cities is primarily associated with transport. About 40-50% of their population lives in conditions of noise pollution, which has a negative psycho-physiological effect on people. Reducing environmental noise pollution is an important and complex task that needs to be urgently addressed today.
Conclusion.
On the one hand, increasing the level of comfort of people's life contributes to their security. But the increase in comfort is only one of the consequences of the development of the economy, which gives rise to a number of acute environmental problems along the way of its development, which in turn lead to increased negative impacts on humans. Therefore, for a real increase in the level of protection of people, it is necessary to ensure the life of people in accordance with the laws of nature.
List of used literature.
1. Life safety. S.V. Belov. Moscow "Higher School" 1999.

2. Occupational safety and engineering (E.Ya. Yudin, S.V. Belov, S.K. Balantsev) 1998.

3. Reference book for the design of electrical lighting. Edited by G.N.Knorring, 1997.

4. Designer's Handbook. Ventilation and air conditioning. 1998

5. Life safety. L.V. Bondarenko, A.E. Aleevsky, G.A. Kolupaev, S.M. Serbin. Moscow 1999.

The quality of the environment is understood as the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms. The comfort of the living environment is determined by its quality.

By the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, urbanization, associated with the rapid growth of cities and the urban population, covered about 2% of the Earth's area. Approximately half of the world's population already lives in urban areas. In industrialized countries, more than 77% is the urban population. This global process has changed the landscape of the earth more than other human activities in its entire history. A significant decline in the quality of the living environment in Moscow became noticeable already in the early 1990s. For example, in 1992, emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air of Moscow amounted to 1,183,977 tons, or 131.55 kg of pollutants per inhabitant per year, or 1.176 kg per 1 m 2 of the city. Pollutants have become an integral part of the environment in various cities and have led to the degradation of ecosystems.

The greatest danger to human existence is the phenomenon of degradation of the soil ecosystem. The change in soil formation conditions in the city is associated with construction and economic activities and is accompanied by a decrease in the humus content, the destruction of the soil structure and the death of the remaining trees. Therefore, construction activities today are subject to environmental requirements for the mandatory preservation of the ecosystem, restoration of the lost balance and individual components that determine the sustainability and quality of the human environment in urban conditions.

At present, the property of the ecosystem has been lost - the comfort of the landscape, the subjective feeling and the objective state of well-being and tranquility of a person in the conditions of the natural environment, which calms the nervous system and provides the whole complex of his health, has disappeared.

Quality is a dynamic property of a natural system that determines its ability to change and maintain structural and functional characteristics over time. There are several dynamic qualities that determine the norms of nature management: accessibility, survivability, isolation, stability, reliability. The first three qualities of the environment noticeably change when it is polluted and the requirements for rational resource consumption and waste generation are violated. The last two properties: stability and reliability are especially sensitive to "stationary-destructive pollution" and depend on the correct construction on the territory.

Dmitry Medvedev: Ecology is not only ecological movements proper, but also innovations. In this sense, it can become a systemic driver of modernization and provide the so-called double win: both to strengthen the competitiveness of the economy and improve the quality of life of people.

The concept of health was formulated in antiquity: "This is a state of mental and physical well-being, which gives a person the opportunity to endure any life's hardships without losing self-control" (Pericles, V century BC). Human health depends on the state of the environment, in which natural-ecological, socio-ecological and other factors operate. Population or public health should be distinguished from individual health, which is characterized by such indicators as average life expectancy, natural increase, infant mortality, etc.

1. Natural and environmental factors. Their impact has changed in the history of man's relationship with the natural environment. For a man of the Paleolithic era, the main causes of death were injuries received while hunting and in skirmishes with other people, and hunger was in second place, and his average life expectancy did not exceed 26 years. Lack of food limited the number of people living together: Homo sapiens lived in small groups - 20-25 people, and only by the end of the Paleolithic did the groups of Wise Man grow up to 50-70 people.

The comfort of life was determined by such abiotic factors as temperature(40% of the world's population lives in the temperate deciduous forest zone); illumination(man, like his ancestors, primates, is a daytime sun-loving creature); set of trace elements– (there are areas with different contents of microelements - natural biogeochemical provinces, for example, in the mountains there is not enough iodine, which causes endemic goiter, in other areas there is a deficiency of Fe, Mg, Mn metals, which leads to anemia, etc.), combination of climatic factors(man from the very beginning settled near aquatic ecosystems: river civilizations, later marine, and now oceanic); daily allowance and seasonal factors.

2. Socio-ecological factors. In the twentieth century the influence of the artificial, urbanized environment, the “second nature”, which creates its own diseases associated with physical inactivity, overeating, and psycho-emotional stress, is increasing. In this regard, “diseases of the century” appeared - cardiovascular, oncological, allergic, mental diseases, AIDS.

Environmental factors of the urban environment have the greatest impact on: 1) acceleration - an increase in size and body and earlier puberty, which is probably associated with improved physical living conditions; 2) biological rhythms - daytime lifestyle is replaced by nighttime due to electric lighting, which lengthened the day, which is fraught with mental and sleep disorders; 3) allergization associated with disorders of the immune system and the appearance of a large number of artificial compounds and pollutants; 4) an increase in oncological diseases, which are the result of intracellular mutations as a result of exposure to carcinogens, various radiation, oncoviruses; 5) an increase in the number of overweight people; 6) an increase in the proportion of newborns with low levels of physical maturity, which is an indicator of an extremely unfavorable state of the environment; 7) the emergence of new infectious diseases: influenza appeared at the beginning of the 20th century, AIDS appeared in the 1980s, later epidemics of hepatitis A, B and C, “SARS”, “bird flu”, etc.