Actually a uniform was introduced primarily for the military. The military uniform at all times was the most elegant and attractive men's clothing. She spoke of military prowess, honor, and a high sense of military camaraderie.

At first it was ordinary civilian clothing, supplemented with protective equipment and distinctive signs indicating rank and belonging to a particular army or armed detachment. When the number of armies began to increase, it became necessary to distinguish their troops at a fairly large distance, that is, there was a need for uniforms. But a uniform regulated military uniform until the middle of the 17th century. none of the Western European armies had.

In the 17th century, when regular armies began to be created in the countries of Western Europe, a single military uniform was being formed. The beginning of the unification of military clothing is attributed to the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf (1611-1632), who first introduced clothes of a certain color for his regiments. Already in the period thirty years war(1618-1648) by the color of the outer clothing, it was possible to distinguish between individual parts of the armies of the warring states. The “Green”, “White” and “Red” brigades, “Blue”, “Green” and “Black” regiments could be seen on the battlefield in the Swedish army, and in the troops of the German Empire - dragoons in red caftans and rangers in green clothes . But in terms of design, military clothing still remained diverse.

The actual uniform appeared under Louis XIV of France after 1670. Louis XIV demanded that his regiments march in parades in clothes of the same color, the same cut, with the same number of buttons. All the equipment of the soldiers was made and supplied by government suppliers. A new type of uniform was not specially developed, but gradually developed from disparate elements of clothing of that time selected for this purpose. A long dress coat of elegant cut was adopted as outerwear, under which the soldier wore a narrow short jacket and shirt, on his legs - narrow short trousers - culottes, stockings and shoes. For each type of troops, a certain color of the top, lining and trim was established. So, for the guards, the main color was blue, the lining was red, the buttonholes were white, for light cavalry - gray with red, for infantry - gray, etc. Subsequently, a uniform uniform began to be introduced in the armies of other European states.

Further changes in uniforms until the 19th century. concerned mainly the shape of the frock coat in connection with the general change in fashion. From the middle of the XVIII century. an impressive long-brimmed frock coat, trimmed with a lace, equipped with large pockets, began to shrink, shorten in front, the skirts were cut obliquely, and only the tails remained at the back, like a tailcoat. The edges of the sleeves turn away, revealing the cuffs of the shirt; the color of the resulting cuffs (that is, the color of the lining) becomes an important distinction - each regiment has its own. Even later, a frock coat appears with lapels on the chest - lapels - the same color as the cuffs on the sleeves. Finally, the shape and color of the collar become insignia. For riders, in addition, for the convenience of riding, the frock coat was cut at the back to the waist, the corners on the sides of the cut turned up and fastened, revealing the lining of the same color as on the cuffs and lapels. The hairstyle should also be uniform. At the end of the XVII century. the military wore long, usually curled hair, and wealthy officers and military leaders, following the general fashion, wore imposing wigs. At the beginning of the XVIII century. soldiers began to tie their hair in a knot, and later - to braid it. For soldiers of the Prussian army, such a braid ended in a stiff long tail, and in France, an elegant “hair purse” was worn over the braid. Only a few regiments of France and Germany, as a special privilege, retained the right to wear mustaches, the rest shaved their faces smoothly. The main headgear in the army since the Thirty Years' War was a wide-brimmed felt hat, which later underwent some modifications. It became stiffer, then began to bend on one side, and later on three sides so that it turned into a cocked hat. The cocked hat was eventually replaced by a two-cornered one with fields that were highly curved above the forehead and the back of the head. Later, having decreased somewhat, the two-cornered hat became known as the “Napoleonic hat”.

In Russia a single military uniform appeared several decades earlier than in the armies of the states of Western Europe. Established in the middle of the XVI century. Ivan IV streltsy regiments already at the beginning of the 17th century. they wore long caftans of uniform cut and woolen hats trimmed with fur. Each regiment had its own color of coats, hats and boots. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the Moscow Streltsy regiments had the following clothes: - The 1st regiment of Yegor Lutokhin - a red dress with raspberry buttonholes; a hat of dark gray or iron color; yellow boots. - 2nd regiment of Ivan Poltaev - light gray dress with crimson buttonholes and the same lining; crimson hat; yellow boots. - 3rd regiment of Vasily Bukhvostov - light green dress with buttonholes and crimson lining; crimson hat; yellow boots.

The 4th regiment of Fyodor Golovlinsky - a cranberry-colored dress with black buttonholes and yellow lining; dark gray hat; yellow boots, etc.

But a significant part of the Russian army, mainly militia warriors, was distinguished by a great variety and variegation of clothes.

Only with the formation of regular troops in Russia under Peter I the entire Russian army was dressed in a military uniform of the same type and strictly regulated according to the rules of wearing. At the same time, for the first time in the army and navy, military ranks established orders and medals. The introduction of a uniform uniform increased discipline and organization in the Russian armed forces. The initial model for the new form was the form of the "amusing" Peter's regiments. Although this form was created according to the Western European model, it had its own distinctive features and some Benefits- it was free in cut and easy to use. Her set included a three-cornered hat, a caftan, a camisole, a shirt, trousers, a tie, an epancha, and as shoes - shoes with long bangs or high-heeled boots with small bells.

Subsequently, changes and additions were made to the form of clothing, carried out, as a rule, when the reigning persons changed.

At Anna Ioannovna due to German dominance in the military department, a uniform borrowed from the Prussian army was established. According to the Prussian fashion, it was widespread for officers to wear wigs and curls, and for soldiers to grease their hair with lard and powder it with flour. Long braids made of a metal rod were introduced into the hairstyle, braided with black leather for soldiers, and for officers with a black silk ribbon. Outerwear became noticeably narrower, the skirts of the caftan turned up and fastened. Instead of a cord on the left shoulder, designed to maintain a cartridge belt, a colored patch was introduced, which at the same time began to function as a distinction between the military personnel of one regiment from another, and was the prototype of shoulder straps. Starched white ruched cuffs were added to the shirts. The clasp of the tie has been moved back so that the tie fits snugly around the neck. Hats were introduced in the Prussian style, with rounded corners and a white bow. Instead of stockings, boots appeared with tight buttons located on the sides. Ceremonial boots were made of white linen, everyday boots were made of black leather. For black boots and boots, stibel-cuffs made of starched white fabric protruding from under the upper edge of the boots or boots by 8 cm were relied on. Officers wore a metal officer's badge with the image of the regimental coat of arms on their chests and a scarf over their right shoulder.

At Petre III the uniform of the Russian troops came even closer to the uniform of the Prussian army. The camisoles have become narrower and shorter. Various decorations appeared on the clothes of officers (sheathing of loops with a narrow figured galloon, etc.). The uniforms of officers of different ranks differed in sewing on the collars and galloons on the sides. To give the uniform splendor on the right shoulder of the caftan, wearing was established. aiguillette- for the lower ranks of yellow or white woolen threads, and for officers - of gold or silver tinsel. The uniform did not meet the requirements of army life in terms of operational and hygienic properties. Dressing and caring for clothes, powdering and cleaning hair in curls took up a lot of free time from the soldiers, usually at night, further aggravating the difficult soldier's service. The commanders Rumyantsev, Suvorov, Prince Potemkin Tauride constantly opposed the Prussian direction in the development of military uniforms. Nevertheless, this form lasted almost the entire 18th century. In tailoring uniforms, deviations often occurred for various reasons - from the lack of cloth of the desired color to the desire of one or another commander to stand out from his part. The guardsmen were especially distinguished by this - the favorites of all emperors.

In 1786, at the suggestion of the Field Marshal Prince G.A. Potemkin introduced a new form of clothing for the Russian troops, radically different from the previous one. The main changes of the “Potemkin reform” consisted, first of all, in the abolition of powder, curls and braids, wide-brimmed hats, narrow caftans and trousers, boots and shoes from the lower ranks. Instead, the lower ranks now relied on a helmet, a short caftan, a camisole, a tie, long spacious trousers, round-nosed boots, a tunic for summer and an epancha for cold inclement weather.

At Pavel I in love with everything German, comfortable military clothing, introduced by Potemkin, was replaced by uniforms similar to the uniform of the Gatchina troops. Narrow caftans with high stand-up collars, very uncomfortable in battle, stockings with boots and lacquered black shoes were reintroduced. A low flattened cocked hat served as a headdress. The belligerent appearance of the Russian soldier was completed by powdered hair, a braid hanging on the back of the head of the authorized length, intertwined with wire and a black ribbon, and a pair of boucles over the ears. The new uniform was extremely uncomfortable, hampered the soldier's movements, but made it easier to achieve the German bearing and stance. The uniforms of the guards officers and ranks of the Retinue under Paul I received gold and silver embroidery on the chest, collar, cuffs and pocket flaps.

Alexander I created a special commission, which was instructed “to give clothing the most militant and durable look at a lower cost, and not only for all turnovers of service and for maintaining the health and vigor of soldiers in general, the most convenient, but also the most decent for each branch of the military.” It was decided to change the uniform, taking into account the fashion of that time. Dark green double-breasted tailcoat-style uniforms and narrow white pantaloons tucked into boots were introduced. In all troops, instead of epanchi, soldier's greatcoats were introduced from undyed coarse cloth with a standing colored collar. The overcoat began to be worn not only by soldiers, but also by officers, only the officer's overcoat was distinguished by the presence, in addition to the standing collar, of a cape hanging from the shoulders to the elbows.

The members of the commission differed in their opinions about braids. The majority were in favor of abolishing braids, powder, and lard, and for cutting hair. But Tsarevich Konstantin and General Lamb believed: "The hair of the soldiers should not be cut, but tied or braided in order not to leave them in the form characteristic of the peasants." The emperor listened to the opinion of the latter, but with a concession: "... the powder should not be used otherwise than on big parades and holidays." Thus, the braids were preserved, and the Russian army got rid of them only at the end of 1806, when the sovereign ordered “... all lower ranks to cut their hair with a comb, as for generals, staff and non-commissioned officers, they are allowed to do of my own free will." The same command canceled powder and bacon, which, although “on large parades and holidays,” nevertheless continued to burden the soldiers, since there were plenty of large parades, especially in court units.

AT early XIX in. appeared epaulettes, which first defined a group of ranks: chief officer, without fringe (for everyone from ensigns to captains), staff officers, with a fringe of thin threads (for everyone from major to colonel), general's, thick, with a fringe of thick twisted threads (for generals). On epaulettes "retinue" ranks(adjutant generals, major generals of the retinue, etc.) was the emperor's monogram.

Under Nicholas I there were no special changes in the military uniform, only a lot of amendments were made to the details of the uniform, aimed at embellishing and increasing the splendor of the uniform. The most significant change was the introduction of infantry, foot artillery and engineering troops single-breasted uniform instead of double-breasted. Instead of white trousers for officers and soldiers, long dark green trousers with red piping along the side seams were introduced. Additions appeared in insignia. For the lower ranks, who switched to long-term service, the wearing of an additional stripe of gold galloon was introduced.

In 1827, to distinguish ranks on officer epaulettes, regardless of the presence of a monogram or letter on them, wearing was established forged metal stars the same shape and size for all ranks - one for the ensign, cornet and cornet, two for the second lieutenant, major and major general, three for the lieutenant, centurion, lieutenant colonel, military foreman and lieutenant general, four for the staff captain, staff captain and podesaulu. The captain, captain, captain, colonel and general had epaulettes without stars. Alexander II, according to contemporaries, he suffered from uniform mania. Already in the first year of his reign, 62 orders appeared regarding military uniforms. Here is one of the opinions of contemporaries: “One thing only leads to bewilderment - this is the continuous change in the form of the military. In St. Petersburg, it seems, there are no two officers of the same regiment, equally dressed: one is already in a new uniform, the other has not yet had time to sew for himself, and the third is already in the latest. In many troops, double-breasted uniforms in the form of a semi-caftan were introduced. Generals and officers relied on double-breasted coats with a turn-down collar, on which there were colored buttonholes with buttons. Coats were worn with galloon shoulder straps. The soldier's overcoat also acquired a turn-down collar with buttonholes. There have also been changes in insignia. All lower ranks (soldiers and non-commissioned officers) received shoulder straps. This created a danger for officers during the Crimean War (1853-1856), when enemy arrows equipped with long-range rifles specifically targeted people in epaulettes.

Then, with the everyday uniform of officers and generals, shoulder straps were introduced. Ober-officer shoulder straps had one light staff officers- two, and general's were made from solid galloon. The number of stars on shoulder straps remained the same as on epaulettes. Epaulettes became an accessory only to the dress uniform.

Alexander III, active participant Turkish war 1877-1878, learned in practice military science in a combat situation, and drew attention to the inconvenience of the former form. The parade parade uniform that existed - bright, beautiful, even somewhat dapper - was cramped and did not meet the requirements of the mobilization readiness of the Russian troops. At the direction of the emperor, a more modest, but more practical and convenient form appeared. The cut of the uniform was close to the Russian costume. According to the requirements of mobilization readiness, clothing had to be easily adjusted to any figure, since during general mobilization it was issued from warehouses in finished form. The new loose-fitting uniform looked like a dark green double-breasted jacket without buttons and colored lapels, with shoulder straps or epaulettes. Instead of complex luxurious headdresses, caps were left and lamb hats were introduced, on the front of which a cockade, a unit insignia and a coat of arms were attached.

During the reign Nicholas II military equipment has changed significantly, small arms have been significantly improved. New combat conditions caused changes in the form of clothing. Bright flashy colors and decorations began to disappear from field marching uniforms. Appeared protective clothing, the purpose of which was to make the troops less visible against the background of the terrain. For the first time, khaki protective uniforms were introduced in the British army in 1895. Very quickly it was adopted by other European countries except Russia, which entered the Russo-Japanese war in ordinary uniforms. This led to heavy losses, so it was necessary to repaint shirts in a protective color in a combat situation. And the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops, Kuropatkin, issued an order: “Wash shirts less often so that they look more like the color of the area.” Based on the experience of the war, since 1906, summer protective uniforms began to be introduced in the army. According to the rules of wearing, the new military uniform was divided into a wartime uniform and a peacetime uniform. The first was the same for all military branches, and the peacetime uniform had a great variety not only by military branches, but also by regiments and even individual battalions.

After 1917, all the old ranks and titles, and, consequently, the uniform assigned to them, were canceled. New ranks in the Red Army were not originally established. But already in the years civil war a number of parts introduced a uniform form, and an emblem appeared on headdresses - a five-pointed red star with a hammer and sickle. By the end of the civil war, official insignia appeared, sewn on buttonholes and sleeves. Official insignia were the first step towards the establishment of military ranks - insignia were established in relation to combatant command positions, but not all command personnel held such positions. Therefore, it was necessary to equate positions to each other, as if creating certain categories of commanders. In 1935 personal military ranks were introduced in the Red Army. The insignia were buttonholes with triangles for the junior command staff, dice for the middle, sleepers for the senior, and rhombuses for the senior. In the Navy, ranks were distinguished by galloon stripes on the cuffs of the tunic.

Only during the Great Patriotic War (1942-1943) was a general unification of military ranks carried out and new insignia - shoulder straps - introduced.

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Secondary school No. 9"

Story

HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE MILITARY NATIONAL FORM

Pozdnyakova Ekaterina Dmitrievna, 7 "A"

Supervisor :

Borisova A. V.,

teacher of history and social studies

Abakan, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction............................................... ...............................................2

2.Chapter 1. Pre-revolutionary form .............................................. ..........5

3. Chapter 2. Evolution of the domestic form of the post-revolutionary period ............................................ ................................................. ..........................fourteen

4.Chapter 3. The history of the modern domestic military uniform ..... 21

Conclusion................................................. ...........................................26

Bibliographic list .................................................................. .................27

INTRODUCTION

Leafing through a family album, we found that black and white photographs of great-grandfathers and grandfathers awe and admiration in us. What causes such feelings? Their open faces, sincere smile, outward kindred similarity… The main thing is that they are all dressed in military uniform!

We were interested in the fact that the military uniform looks different. The style of the uniform of the great-grandfather - a soldier of the Tsarist Army - differs from the uniforms of the grandfathers who fought in the Great Patriotic War, and does not at all resemble the military suits of the parents - officers Russian Army. What is the reason for such a difference, where does the fashion of a military uniform come from?

With this question, we went to the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov. And here's what we found out:

Since ancient times, mankind has been conducting military operations, protecting its territories and conquering new lands. Warriors put on a certain outfit - a military uniform. Initially, such clothing served to protect vital organs from damaging factors, for example, chain mail protected from arrows. With development military equipment military uniforms are changing. In addition to protective and camouflage, the military uniform is gradually becoming practical, comfortable, aesthetic and even fashionable. The requirements for a modern military uniform are quite high - identical in style, cut, color, strictly regulated in appearance, it indicates that a soldier belongs to one or another armed forces.

As the anniversary approaches Great Victory becomes obvious relevance of the presented work: it is necessary to learn more about the heroes of the war who wore military uniforms. We consider it important for the development of patriotism among modern teenagers and the emergence of a sense of pride in the deeds of the heroes of their country, to interest young people in the history of the evolution of military uniforms. Maybe they want to know more about their relatives who took part in hostilities, they themselves decide to wear military uniforms, to defend their people and their homeland. I would also like to note that the information received during the research will be useful to me in life: I will definitely try to pass it on to my descendants.

Purpose of the study: to study the history of the evolution of domestic military fashion and analyze changes in the details of domestic military uniforms at different historical stages of time based on a study of museum exhibits, data from scientific literature and photographs of the family album.

Tasks:

Examine museum exhibits on the topic under study,

To study the principles and factors of changing military uniforms,

Learn more about the fate of relatives who wore military uniforms.

Consider photographs from the family archive of the author of the study related to the topic of the work.

Subject of study: military history of Russia.

Object of study: military uniform at different time stages of national history.

A military uniform or uniform is the clothing of military personnel that is mandatory for wearing in armed forces country and other formations consisting of public service. The military uniform in various variations has been known since ancient times among different peoples and civilizations. .

The evolution of the domestic military uniform took place at all stages of the existence of Russia, depending on a variety of reasons: from the personal preferences of the country's leaders, from fashion trends and practical considerations. In all the intricacies of changes in military uniforms, we have to figure it out in our study!

CHAPTER 1. PRE-REVOLUTIONARY FORM

The history of military fashion begins from ancient times. It is generally accepted that a uniform military costume, designed to distinguish between military units, appeared in the armies in the 17th century. However, the existence of special color combinations for military suits is also found in earlier times. Studying the exhibits of the museum, we find a reconstruction of the Ancient Turkic warrior at the turn of the 1st-2nd millennium AD.

A man - a warrior is dressed in chain mail covering his back, chest and shoulders, a helmet protecting his head and face, a mandatory attribute is a shield covering the frontal part of the body.

At this stand, we studied the items of clothing and weapons of the Kyrgyz warrior of the 16th-17th centuries. The exhibits are well preserved to this day, because they are made of metal. The main function of these suits is to protect vital organs from damaging factors - spears and arrows. We cannot judge the aesthetic side, perhaps in those days a man in such armor was considered the standard of fashion and style, albeit a little clumsy and bulky. Most importantly, he could protect himself and his land.

We have studied the exhibits of the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov, concerning the military uniform, but the full exposition of the military suit is in the archives and will be shown only by May 9th. Unfortunately, access to the archives is closed. To learn more about military fashion, I turned to the online Museum of Military Uniforms in the Moscow region. And here's what we found out:

The form, style and material of military clothing remained almost unchanged until the 17th century. We see how clothes change with the invention of small arms and gunpowder. Gunpowder was invented in the 12th century, but it was only in the 17th century that they began to be used in the military industry. Therefore, since the 17th century, the military uniform has undergone significant changes.

Armor of a warrior of the 7th-9th centuries. n. e.

Local army of shootersXVI century.

Armor of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of the XVII century.

It is important to note that the replacement of clothes traditional for Russia in the army with European ones, as well as the ban on nobles to wear other types of costume, except for European ones, were among the reforms of Peter I, which were of a certain symbolic nature.

The period of the reign of Pavel and Pavlovich is called the heyday of the systematization of military uniforms in Russia. If Peter I was the initiator of the unification of clothing for the military, although he did not have time to finish it because of the war with the Swedes, then the entire 18th century the Russian military uniform changed according to the canons laid down by them. We remember the adherence of Paul I to the Prussian uniform traditions, but also we must not forget that Peter I, among other things, borrowed samples of military uniforms from the Germans to bring them into the Russian army. We are talking, first of all, about the Saxons, who were allies Russian Empire in the Northern War. It can be seen that in this period one of the predominant colors was red, which was the color of the uniforms of the Saxon soldiers.

After the accession to the throne of the new Emperor Alexander I, "epaulettes and buttonholes" again become an integral part of the life of the Russian army. Despite the fact that the cut of the uniform has changed, its essence remained "Pavlovian". The uniform, unlike military clothing in the 18th century, is already becoming an integral part of the life of Russian society. This can be explained quite simply: the Russian emperors were primarily military people who received military upbringing and education. The army was ideal for them since childhood. Even among the civil servants of the empire, it is difficult to name a person who, at least in his youth, at least for several years, would not wear an officer's uniform. On the one hand, the reason for this lay in the continuous wars waged by Russia at that time, on the other hand, in the fact that the form is gradually becoming mandatory, including for civilian departments.

By the beginning of the 30s. XIX century, the unification of the military uniform was completed. There are no longer any differences in the rules for wearing it. The main color of the Nikolaev soldiers is a dark green uniform with red trim. After the 50s. unification and the triumph of the standard will decline. But Alexander II will carry out cardinal changes precisely in the military sphere - he will begin with a change in the cut of the uniform in 1855 in the entire army, and will end with the introduction of a law on universal conscription, along with this in parallel once again changing appearance military uniform.

Alexander III, known as the peacemaker tsar, did not welcome the waging of wars, and he introduced a military uniform that would suit his aesthetic tastes - monotonous and modest, which, as the emperor thought, took its roots in folk clothes. This modest "folk" style prevailed in the clothing of the Russian army until 1907, when, under the influence of defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, the government tried to raise the morale of the army by introducing a new military uniform. The new samples were distinguished by the combination of different types of uniforms that were used in the Russian army from 1812 to 1881. With all this, in addition to the bright dress uniform, a field uniform, a protective color, was also introduced, which was the same for all military branches. In 1913, the last attempt was made to combine dress and field uniforms, by fastening bright details such as a lapel or epaulette on the latter, but due to the outbreak of the First World War, this idea was not fully realized.

Private of the Kyiv Hussars in full dress, 1845-1855

.

Military Uniform Museum in the Moscow Region

Studying the military uniform of the pre-revolutionary period, we decided to turn to the family archive of the Abakan Pozdnyakov family.

This 1910 photograph is the only photograph of the author's great-grandfather! The Pozdnyakov family cherishes this picture very much, since in the thirties of the last century, great-grandfather was repressed and all his property was taken away. Miraculously, this photo survived. In the picture, the great-grandfather of the author of the study, Zholobov Nikandr Galaktionovich, is only 20 years old. In the picture, he is on the right, dressed in the military uniform of the Tsarist Army. It can be seen that three comrades serve together in the same troops, captured at a joyful moment, perhaps they sang to the accordion. All three have smiles on their faces, a dashing look, their boots are polished to a shine ... How could they imagine that this is how their great-grandchildren will remember them.

You involuntarily realize that a military uniform and epaulettes impose a certain responsibility, encourage deeds and even feats, change the way of life ...

CHAPTER 2. EVOLUTION OF THE DOMESTIC FORM AFTER THE REVOLUTIONARY TIME

For the first time after the 1917 revolution, the Red Army introduced a uniform uniform for all military personnel and uniform insignia for command personnel in 1919. By order number 116 of January 16, 1919, the RVSR introduced sleeve insignia for command personnel: for junior command personnel, red cloth triangles under a red star, for middle officers, squares, and for senior officers, rhombuses and buttonholes with colors according to the types of troops.

Military Uniform Museum in the Moscow Region

The multi-colored form of the XVIII-XIX centuries has sunk into summer. Soon, the past "colorful" was replaced by an almost monotonous Soviet uniform: by order of April 8, 1919, the first uniforms were approved: a helmet, infantry and cavalry overcoats with three stripes-tapes on the chest made of colored cloth according to the type of troops, leather bast shoes and a summer shirt with three stripes of cloth on the chest in color according to the type of troops .

In 1924, when the military reform was carried out, the army switched to a new uniform, more simplified. Breast flaps and sleeve insignia were abolished, buttonholes were sewn on the overcoat and tunic. Metal insignia covered with red enamel were attached to the buttonholes: for the highest command staff - rhombuses, for the senior - for rectangles, for the middle - for squares and for the junior - for triangles. The numbers of the regiments were indicated on the buttonholes of the Red Army men.

one system military ranks in the army for the entire command and command staff was introduced in 19433, at the same time shoulder straps were also introduced. Thus, the Soviet military uniform takes on a modern look.

Introduced in 1943, the system of insignia of military ranks as a whole remained unchanged until the time of the collapse of the USSR, the transformation of the remnants Soviet army to the Russian army in 1992-94. There were only partial changes.

Military Uniform Museum in the Moscow Region

Clothes of the commander-in-chief of the Victory parade 1945

For a more detailed acquaintance with the features of the military uniform of the post-revolutionary period, we again turned to the archive of the Pozdnyakov family.

In the yellowed photographs below of the Great Patriotic War the great-uncle of the author of the study, Alexey Ermilovich Chugunov, is depicted. The style of the military uniform is quite simple and practical. The breeches are interesting, narrowed from the knees and significantly expanded at the hips. In such trousers it is not only convenient to wear boots, but also to sit on a horse.

We were able to learn the detailed fate of the grandfather from his daughter, the aunt of the author of the study, who lives in Moscow. Alexey Ermilovich was born in 1925 in Siberia. When the war began, he was 16 years old. From November 1941 to January 1943, grandfather was the commander partisan detachment near the city of Ruza (Moscow region)

From January 1943 to September 1943 - cadet of the machine gun regiment.

Since 1943 - commander of the 17/20 anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the first tank corps Bryansk, then the first Baltic Front, since 1945. - Belorussian front.

He met the victory in Köniksberg and was immediately transferred east to the Russo-Japanese War, then served in Chukotka. After the war, Alexey Ermilovich worked as the first secretary of the regional party committee in Ruza, then in Moscow. He died in 1999 and was buried in Moscow. His military uniform and awards are exhibits of the local history museum in the city of Ruza.

This photo shows the great-grandfather and great-grandmother of the author of the study in the form of a sample of the Great Patriotic War: Urzhuntsev Vasily Markelovich (1920-1986) and Urzhuntseva Evdokia Georgievna (1924-1997) served together during the Great Patriotic War in the Tenth Air Army, after the war they got married and lived a long and happy life. They were buried in Makeevka, Donetsk region.

This photograph from the archive of the Pozdnyakov family shows the great-uncle of the author of the work - Abrosimov Ivan Vasilyevich 1920-1996. Served in the infantry Leningrad Front. He was wounded and buried in the village of Kop'yevo, Ordzhenekidze district of the Republic of Khakassia. In his wardrobe, we see an invariable attribute of the military uniform during the Russian winter - a hat with earflaps and felt boots.

The first noticeable change in military uniforms occurred only in 1955, when colored piping was canceled on the field shoulder straps of sergeants and soldiers. Emblems of the armed forces of the green color are introduced, located just below the button, and not in the center of the shoulder strap. Because of this, the rank stripes have shifted a little lower in the shoulder strap. The uniform red stripes changed color to burgundy and brown.

"Daily colored epaulettes of soldiers and sergeants since December 1955 also lost their colored piping, the emblem also moved to the button, and the stripes of golden (yellow) color for command staff and silver (grayish-white) for everyone else also shifted slightly down" . It is important that with the liquidation of the cavalry as a branch of the military, blue shoulder straps were canceled.

With the introduction in 1970 of a new uniform for soldiers, sergeants and cadets, only three main colors of shoulder straps were left: for motorized riflemen and as a combined arms one - scarlet; for aviation and airborne forces - blue; for all other military branches - black. Somewhat later, the letter "K" was introduced on the shoulder straps of cadets of military schools. Shoulder straps and buttonholes on the entire uniform of soldiers and sergeants, without exception, became colored with golden stripes. Khaki shoulder straps with red stripes remained only on field soldier and sergeant uniforms.

CHAPTER 3. HISTORY OF THE MODERN DOMESTIC MILITARY FORM

Since the autumn of 1991, the nascent national armies of the former Soviet republics of the USSR have introduced their own insignia. In Russia, the creation of the Russian Army will be officially proclaimed by Decree of the President of Russia No. 466 of May 7, 1992. However, the former uniforms and insignia will legally exist until Decree of the President of Russia No. 1010 of May 23, 1994 on the introduction of uniforms and insignia of the Russian Army.

But in general, for a long time, a mixture of old and new could be found in the army: if by 2000 officers wore mostly new insignia and uniforms, then to a greater extent sergeants and soldiers still wear the signs of the Soviet Army. So, for example, on Soviet-style shoulder straps with the letters "SA" one could see new sergeant insignia. Or, on the contrary, Soviet sergeant stripes on shoulder straps of a new model.

These 1992 photographs from the Pozdnyakov family archive show the author's parents in field and everyday cadet uniforms. From their stories, you can find out with what excitement and awe they put on military uniforms for the first time. After all, by putting on a uniform and shoulder straps, you become responsible for your people and homeland.

Surprisingly, not only the representatives of the stronger sex like the military uniform. The photographs above are of the author's mother in 1993. According to her stories, the attractiveness of the military uniform also lies in the fact that the uniform even hides figure defects, giving harmony and elegance. Girls in military uniform on the streets of Tomsk caught the admiring glances of passers-by. From young people wishing to get acquainted, there was no passage. For some, military uniforms even helped to arrange their personal lives - this is another advantage of military uniforms!

This photo shows the father of the author of the presented work during the passing of the test in physical education. He is wearing a field military uniform of an officer of the Russian Army. Camouflage coloring allows you to perfectly camouflage in combat conditions, the cotton base of the fabric performs the function of thermoregulation during significant physical exertion, the free cut does not interfere with active movements, and many pockets make the uniform comfortable and stylish. The neckline, cuffs of sleeves and pants fit snugly to the body, protecting against tick bites, mosquitoes, snakes.

Comfortable shoes made of genuine leather with lacing with a high shank in the form of berets allow you to move freely in any climatic and geographical conditions with any physical exertion. The head is protected by a camouflaged cotton-based cap with a visor and drop-down ears.

This military uniform has no flaws. It is multifunctional, practical, comfortable, performs protective and masking functions. It is no coincidence that modern designers use this style in modern clothes, calling it military.

Photographs were also found in the family archive, which show models of parade military uniforms of the parents of the author of the study:

In this picture, dad and colleagues after the Victory Day parade on May 9, 2008. We see the dress suit of an officer of the Russian Army. It is decorated with an aiguillette, gold-colored shoulder straps and buttons, emphasizing the solemnity of the moment.

In this picture, the parents of the author of the work are depicted in dress uniform. navy in Severomorsk. Dad does not have aiguillettes here, but there is a dagger on his belt, stripes on the collar in gold in the form of oak leaves (the so-called oaks). The full dress uniform of a female officer is not so elegant, differing from the everyday one only in the white color of the shirt. I think it suits my mom.

So on May 9, 2014, in the military-patriotic game "Lasertak", the author of the study and his team were partially dressed in military uniforms. It is convenient, comfortable, safe to run, jump, crawl, even dirt is not visible!

In this picture, we are with a tourist club on Ergaki, almost half of the tourists have elements of a military uniform in their clothes, because practicality, convenience and safety are valued in such trips in clothes. It is no coincidence that the military style is so relevant in our time.

CONCLUSION

Thus, just as the fate of the army is inextricably linked with the fate of society, so the army is connected with its military clothing. Studying the history of the uniform not only at the everyday level, but also as the development of a military regulation system or a sign system, one can see another facet in the study of the history of the Russian army and Russian state generally.

Studying the history of military fashion, we learned not only about the styles, characteristics, functions of the military uniform of various times and peoples, but also learned in more detail about our relatives who wore military uniforms and fought in the Great Patriotic War. After all, before, leafing through a family album, we simply liked to look at people in military uniforms. Now we know the fate of these people close to us, our ancestors. After all, it was they who defended our country, preserved the peace and gave us the opportunity to be born and live under a peaceful sky. I will try to preserve and pass on the memory of them to my descendants.

Surprisingly, while preparing the material of this research work, the author of the study unexpectedly wrote a poem, with which we conclude our study:

Great-grandfather bequeathed.

Let the age is small and there is no gray hair,

I remember my relatives who brought peace to the country!

My great-grandfather fought, defended Russia

I see how my father tied his fate

To serve the Fatherland and in childhood said:

Your great-grandfather fought, defended Russia

Why are we all quarreling then, neighbor?

After all, we have been living on the same land for many years.

Our great-grandfather fought, defended the Fatherland

And I want to live in a cloudless country

And tell the children about that terrible war,

How great-grandfather fought, defended Russia

REFERENCES

1. Arkharova A.S. Patriotic education in the educational system of the school // Regional studies aspects of the education of a citizen of Russia. Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference. - Ryazan, 2001. -S. 98.

2. Gruzdov E.V. Heraldry behind semiotics and symbology // Culturological research in Siberia. - Omsk, 2000. - No. 1 - S. 44-53.

3. Dmitriev V.D. The male. Warrior. Okhotnik. − REM, St. Petersburg, 2014−S.12-19.

4. Zenkov Yu.V. Serve the Motherland. -Kaliningrad, 2000. -110 p.

5. Smirnov A. A soldier must be ... decorated // Motherland. - 1995. - No. 1 - S. 84-88.

12. [Electronic resource]: military uniform museum in the Moscow region

Arkharova A.S. Patriotic education in the educational system of the school // Regional studies aspects of the education of a citizen of Russia. Abstracts of the scientific-practical conference. - Ryazan, 2001. - S. 98.

Gruzdov E.V. Heraldry behind semiotics and symbology // Culturological research in Siberia. - Omsk, 2000. - No. 1 - S. 44-53.

A military uniform is a set of items of clothing, and in some cases equipment, established by special decrees, orders and rules, mandatory for all military personnel of the army and navy to wear. Military uniforms are introduced in the troops with the aim of better organizing them, increasing military discipline and order, distinguishing servicemen by types of troops (weapons), by official position and military ranks. The military uniform determines the belonging of military personnel to the armed forces of a particular state, contains heraldic elements of the state or the royal house, and performs the function of preserving the combat traditions of the armed forces as a whole, as well as part, and sometimes a separate unit. In addition, the uniform also has purely military functions: camouflage of personnel on the ground by making it from fabrics of protective colors, introducing devices for carrying weapons and equipment into the composition of military clothing, creating comfortable conditions during the actions of military personnel in various climatic conditions. Some elements of uniforms have a protective purpose. A monotonous military uniform in the modern sense arose in the second half of the 17th century in European armies, however, attempts to introduce common elements into the clothing and equipment of soldiers in order to distinguish them from the soldiers of the opposing side were made almost throughout European military history. The army of ancient Rome came closest to the introduction of monotonous uniforms at the beginning of the new era, traditionally dressing their legionnaires in red woolen cloaks and white clothes. By the way, it should be said that it was from the Roman legions that the principles of organization, internal order, subordination and military heraldry passed into modern armies. From the period of the Middle Ages, we can recall the distinctive sign of the participants in the crusades - a cloth cross sewn onto clothes and the further development of this emblem - attributes of various knightly orders. Later, as military affairs developed, the organizational structure of troops became more complex, and the concept of battle formations appeared, an urgent need arose to visually distinguish their troops on the battlefield in order to provide military leaders with the opportunity to quickly control troops during the battle. The task was solved by introducing elements of military clothing common to the entire army for the duration of the campaign and even a separate battle: distinctive headdress ornaments, scarves, ribbons of the same color, etc. The introduction of a completely unified uniform in cut, colors and insignia, uniform for all the armed forces, became possible with the advent of mass armies and the development of manufactory industries that could meet the needs of the troops in uniform fabrics and leather products, i.e. determined primarily by the factors of the state economy. During the Thirty Years' War in Europe (1618-1648), units began to appear in the armies of the opposing states, wearing clothes of the same color, but of different cuts and designs. Often, the manufacture of such clothes took place at the initiative of the chiefs and commanders of a particular unit, wearing it was not regulated at the state level and therefore was not mandatory, however, in units that glorified their banners on the battlefield, wearing clothes of certain colors began to turn into a stable military tradition. Around the same period in Russia, according to reports by foreign authors (Kemfer, Palmkvist), uniform uniforms appeared in the Moscow archery regiments. For the first time, a regulated uniform military uniform was introduced by royal decree in the French army in 1672, and Royal guard received blue caftans with red applied cloth, army infantry - gray, cavalry - red. Until the end of the 17th century, all the most advanced armies of European states received uniforms. In Russia, the introduction of a regulated military uniform is associated with the military reforms of Peter the Great. Starting from 1699, the military uniform and the rules for wearing it were established initially for the guards (amusing) regiments, and later for the newly formed infantry and dragoon regiments. In 1712, artillerymen also received their uniforms. By the end of the Northern War, the general style of the Russian military uniform was finally formed. Guards and army infantry wore dark green caftans, dragoons - blue, artillery - red. Since that period, the military uniform of the Russian army has developed and improved in the tradition of pan-European trends. In subsequent reigns under Anna Ioannovna, the uniform for the equestrian life regement (horse guard) and the newly formed cuirassier regiments was approved. Under Elizaveta Petrovna, in connection with the formation of light cavalry units - hussar regiments, a special form was approved for them, which differed in color among the regiments. At the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great, the military uniform did not undergo significant changes. The innovations introduced during the short-term reign of her husband Peter III were only canceled. In 1786, as part of military reform, conducted by Field Marshal G. Potemkin, a military uniform was introduced that was fundamentally different from the pan-European models of that time. It was of the same cut for all types of weapons and differed only in color. A comfortable short jacket was introduced as a uniform, tight trousers were replaced by loose harem pants lined with leather up to the middle of the shin, instead of a felt hat that was uncomfortable in the campaign and in battle, the soldiers received a spherical helmet of the same material with a transverse plume. The new form was introduced only in army regiments. The guards wore their old uniforms. The innovation was certainly progressive and ahead of its time by several decades. With the accession of the son of Catherine the Great - Paul I, a military uniform was urgently introduced in the army, basically copying the form of the army of the Prussian kingdom. The colors of the uniforms retained the shades traditional for the Russian army, with the exception of artillery, which received dark green uniforms of an infantry sample with black instrument cloth and red piping, which have since become traditional for this kind of troops. Each infantry and cavalry regiment received its own instrument colors. Historians unanimously condemned Paul for introducing a new, supposedly "uncomfortable" uniform, although it fully corresponded to modern European trends, while forgetting that it was under him that the army received the new kind uniforms - an overcoat, instead of a winter woolen raincoat - epanchi. After the tragic death of Paul I during a coup d'etat, his son Alexander I inherited the throne. Under his leadership and personal participation, a new military uniform and field equipment was developed and introduced. The army received a tailcoat type uniform in traditional colors. A shako was adopted as a drill headgear, heavy cavalry and horse artillery received a leather helmet. A uniform was developed for a new type of light cavalry - uhlan regiments. For the first time, a military uniform was established for the Cossacks of the Don, Ural and Black Sea troops. The famous cap is introduced as a non-combatant headdress. In various variations, this form has existed for more than fifty years. In the reign of Nicholas I in 1844, a leather helmet was introduced instead of a shako as a combat headdress. The infantry of the Caucasian corps receives a special "Caucasian" form. Military ranks of military personnel began to be designated on epaulettes and shoulder straps. After the end of the Crimean War in the reign of Alexander II, the need for a general military reform was acutely felt. She also touched the military uniform. The tailcoat type uniform was replaced by the so-called. semi-caftan. Instead of a helmet, a new type of shako was introduced, and later a cap. With a marching uniform, the wearing of high boots and a white shirt was established. In general, kingship is characterized by almost continuous changes in the form of clothing and requires a separate study. Under Alexander III in 1882 another reform began. This time it is aimed at simplifying and reducing the cost of uniforms. Army cuirassiers, lancers and hussars are being stripped of their brilliant uniforms and reorganized into dragoons. As the main set of uniforms for all branches of the military, a uniform made of dark green cloth with a deep smell is fastened with hooks, loose trousers made of the same material, worn tucked into high boots with any form of clothing. A lambskin hat made of black lambskin becomes a military (ceremonial) headdress. Although the reform was carried out under the slogan "people", the real reason for the changes was, in my opinion, the need to prepare a large number of uniforms in case of mobilization deployment. The last reign is characterized primarily by the introduction in 1907 of camouflage uniforms for all military personnel and the return to traditional parade and ordinary uniforms. In 1918, the history of the glorious Russian army ends and the history of its successor, the Red Army, later the Soviet Army, begins. In an effort to get away from the traditions of the "bloody" tsarist regime, Soviet military leaders, ignoring the experience of the Russo-Japanese and world wars, introduce a strange uniform into the Red Army, generously decorated with bright color elements. The traditional insignia of servicemen - shoulder straps - are being canceled. The unsatisfactory situation in the country's economy, due to which during the civil war it was not possible to organize mass production of new-style uniforms, saved the Red Army from additional and already significant losses from enemy fire. Both the white and red formations used stocks of uniforms left over from the old army. In the period before the start of the Great Patriotic War, there was a gradual return to the traditions of the Russian army. In 1922, their traditional instrument colors of black with red edging were returned to the artillerymen (in 1919, an orange instrument color was introduced for artillery) and the wearing of an old-style overcoat was established instead of a "caftan" of a protective color. In 1924, the wearing of colored flaps on the chest, sleeves and collars of uniforms was canceled. In 1935, personal military ranks were introduced for middle and senior officers and the corresponding insignia. In 1936, Cossack cavalry units were formed and a traditional uniform was established for them. In 1940, perhaps the most striking symbol of the Red Army, the Budyonovka, was canceled. In the same year, personal ranks for junior and senior officers were restored. A full dress uniform is introduced for all categories of military personnel. The final return to the national traditions of the military uniform occurred in 1943. After that, the uniform of the Soviet Army developed within the framework of the long-standing traditions of the Russian army. Another notable uniform reform took place in 1969. A field tunic was introduced as a field uniform instead of the famous tunic. Uniforms for crews of armored vehicles, a field insulated jacket for officers are accepted for supply to the troops. In 1988, the troops received a new unified winter and summer field suit - "Afghan". The development of military uniforms in the last decade of the 20th century is characterized by the rejection of Soviet and Russian traditions. Introduced in 1994, the new dress and everyday uniform is very similar in cut to the American one. The wearing of buttonholes of colored bands on caps was canceled. In the design of the caps, perverted concepts of the military beauty of the "Arbat" generals are clearly visible. However, for the bulk of the military, this was not of great importance due to the extremely meager supply of troops with clothing items. I will never forget when in the summer of 1994 the soldiers and officers of the division in the Trans-Baikal Military District were issued summer tank overalls made of undyed light gray cotton fabric. Dress and everyday uniforms were not issued at all. It got to the point that even for parades in Moscow, units and subunits were displayed in field uniforms under white and dress belts, touchingly decorated with aiguillettes, with gold shoulder straps sewn on for officers and colored ones for soldiers and sergeants. In conclusion, I want to note that throughout the history of the Russian state, its leaders have attached paramount importance to the development and manufacture of uniforms for military personnel, thanks to which the Russians and Soviet troops were supplied with high-quality and modern uniforms in sufficient quantities.

In the relatively recent past, a little over 100 years ago, military clothing was still bright and multi-colored. Uniforms of all colors of the rainbow, shiny buttons, magnificent aiguillettes, colored baldrics, sparkling epaulettes, scarlet and white trousers, high shakos with long multi-colored sultans, copper cuirasses burning in the sun and helmets decorated with eagles. The soldier was visible from afar, and it was impossible to confuse him with a civilian, and even more so with an inanimate object. This pursued two goals: on the one hand, to intimidate the enemy with its formidable appearance, and on the other hand, to enable the commander to see his troops from afar and distinguish between regiments. The most formidable forces, in addition, were distinguished by some well-marked details of clothing. For example, in the Russian army of the 18th century, artillerymen wore scarlet uniforms, and grenadiers wore high hats with shiny copper foreheads. There was no question of any kind of disguise here.

The development of camouflage as a military uniform begins at the beginning of the 20th century.

Until the last century, camouflage as a way of visually disguising military uniforms was not used in armies, except in cases of covert ambush actions by individual detachments. So, for example, on April 19, 1775, in the battle of Lexington, a two thousandth English detachment was defeated by a unit consisting of several hundred colonists. The green hunting coats and raccoon caps of the Westmans camouflaged them well among the thicket. This battle clearly showed the advantages of camouflage tactics over linear Prussian formations and the perniciousness of bright, noticeable uniforms.

It is not necessary to try to become completely invisible to the enemy. This is extremely difficult and often impossible to do. But to appear before the enemy is not at all who you really are, and thereby confusing him is much easier.

A brilliant example of such camouflage was demonstrated during the famous Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709. On the night before the battle, Peter I ordered the Novogorodsky regiment to exchange uniforms with the newly formed Ladoga. The first had blue uniforms, and the second - gray. As Peter expected, the Swedes hit the regiment dressed in gray uniforms, hoping to easily crush the Russian recruits. But on their way there were Novgorod veterans who had significant combat experience (about 8 years). The Swedes were deceived by the color of their uniforms. The attack was repulsed.

But this was not Peter's first camouflage experience. Even during the second siege of Narva in the summer of 1704, he dressed two dragoon and two infantry regiments in Swedish uniforms and, with their help, imitated an attack from the rear on the Russian troops besieging the fortress. The commandant of the fortress fell for this trick and made a sortie, which almost ended in the fall of Narva.

Realizing that this color saves lives, the British began to repaint everything that could be dyed into it. Uniforms and trousers, hats and boots, blankets and handkerchiefs, staff furniture and tents, belts and underwear - everything took on the color of tobacco leaves. The most zealous tried to repaint even ... cavalry horses, convoy mules and service dogs into a drab.

From 1880, uniforms of this color began to appear in British units in India. The traditional tropical uniform of the British army was dominated by white, and the new uniform was called "khaki", which in Hindi meant "dusty, dirty" (in Hindi this word came from another language - Farsi - where it meant "dirt", in the sense earth or soil). Now this word is in almost all languages ​​of the world.

The Japanese, those diligent students who always quickly outperform their teachers, instantly drew the proper conclusions. Following the British, they dressed their army in uniforms that matched the color of the terrain. The landscape of Southeast Asia has a different color scheme than the African. The Japanese have chosen the most suitable tone, something between olive and yellow. Two years later, in khaki uniforms, Japanese soldiers met Russian regiments on the fields of Manchuria. The Russian military department did not draw any conclusions from the Anglo-Boer War. However, so do other countries. Even in the UK itself, after a long and fierce debate, a compromise solution was found - the uniform of the English army remains unchanged, but for fighting in special theaters of war it is allowed to wear a Drab-colored uniform.

In general, the Russian army entered the Russo-Japanese War in soldier's white tunics and almost black trousers. The officers flaunted in dazzling white tunics with sparkling gold and silver epaulettes, officer belts and belts trimmed with gold and silver lace, colored caps with white covers. The well-aimed fire of the Japanese infantry, to which was added the fire of the still few machine guns, quickly discouraged our infantry from attacking the way it was done in the 19th century. The Japanese fired, themselves remaining invisible. Russian soldiers and officers had to be repainted in a protective color already during the fighting.

Between 1905 and 1914 the military different countries investigated the dependence of a soldier's visibility on the battlefield on the color of his uniform. It turned out that the most noticeable colors are white, bright yellow, black, blue, red, dark green, bright green, brown and blue, and the least noticeable are tan, gray, blue-gray, olive, yellow-green. - gray and gray-blue.

Many countries have made Russo-Japanese War correct conclusion. But the introduction of a protective color was not easy for the military, accustomed to bright colored uniforms. In Russia, the uniform of a protective color was introduced everywhere only in 1907, in Sweden - in 1906, in Austria-Hungary - in 1909, in Germany and Italy - in 1910. The most conservative were the French. They began the first experiments with a protective uniform only in 1912, so by the beginning of the First World War, a new marching uniform lay only in warehouses. In their first attacks, the French infantrymen went in scarlet trousers, bright blue uniforms with huge red epaulettes and multi-colored caps. It is hard to believe, but the fact remains that the French army put on protective uniforms only by the summer of 1915.

By the end of the First World War, the Russian army wore a dull gray-yellow-green color, the British - drab, the Germans - fieldgrau (greenish-gray), the French - gray-blue. But when the understanding of the experience of the war began, experts came to an unequivocal conclusion - a protective color is not enough for reliable camouflage. The color of clothing, most suitable for one area, unmasked the soldier on another, and even a fairly large monotonous spot (the figure of a soldier in protective uniforms) still stood out against the background of the area, which rarely has a monotonous color. For example, khaki, an excellent masking color in summer against the background of burnt grass, plowed up by shells, looked like a dull spot against the background of juicy bright greenery of spring fields, or even more so against the background of snow in winter.

The desire to create uniforms suitable for all types of terrain led to the understanding that it should not have a uniform color. The first idea for spotted camouflage was that several colors should be present on clothing at the same time. Thus was born the well-known camouflage pattern.

In the 20s in Soviet Russia the command of the Red Army quickly drew the right conclusions - it was formed graduate School military disguise. Already in 1927, three types of camouflage clothing appeared. AT State Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, fundamental Scientific research principles of camouflage of troops and equipment with the involvement of prominent scientists S. M. Vavilov, V. V. Sharonov and others. To compare the level, let's give an example - the first camouflage pattern used by the American army was developed by the gardener N. Gillespie.

in the early 1930s, costumes with a unified deforming pattern of large amoeba-like spots were developed in the USSR, which, combined with the baggy nature of the costume itself, well "break" the silhouette of a person. In such "camouflage robes" the Red Army entered the Great Patriotic War.

The coloring and shape of the camouflage suit "smashed" the silhouette of a person, and did not try to merge it with the surrounding area. The colors of the camouflage pattern were chosen to suit different terrain and seasons, such as black deforming spots on a grassy green background for summer, or a dirty brownish yellow background with dark brown "amoebae" for autumn.

Camouflage robes and suits were worn over uniforms and equipment, access to which was carried out through special slots. A huge hood was pulled directly over a steel helmet or caps and hid the outlines of the shoulders and head.

In addition to the costumes, carpets imitating grass, masks for easel machine guns, an original camouflage fringe-tape with a bast woven into it were developed - it was wrapped around the head and shoulders.

Potential opponents also did not sit idly by - in Germany in 1931, the Spliter camouflage pattern (“splinter” - German) was developed from the fabric with this pattern during the war, raincoats, blouses, and covers for steel helmets were produced.

Himmler's department also conducted its research in this area - during the war years, the SS troops used up to seven types of drawings in different colors. In the modern Bundeswehr “flektarn”, the influence of the pattern of the 1944 model “pea” is clearly visible.

Of course, our army was inferior to the German one in terms of the mass use of camouflage uniforms - we had them in reconnaissance, engineering assault and sniper units, but the refinement and improvement of camouflage, taking into account front-line experience, was carried out constantly.
In 1944, studies were carried out on captured camouflage. Based on the generalized experience at the end of the war, a new three-color pattern appeared, reminiscent of cross-stitch (the Americans thought of this only fifty years later). Such a pattern creates an optical illusion of blur and does not attract attention at all.

Additionally, the fabric was rolled with “amoebae” of a light shade. This is due to the fact that the small-spotted pattern, which masks well at close range, merges into a continuous spot at large distances. This is where large spots begin to “work” - an almost perfect disguise.

After the war, the institute conducted a generalization and study of the experience of military operations. Instead of a camouflage suit in 1950, camouflage overalls were accepted for supply. In 1957 it was modernized. Loops for attaching vegetation were introduced into the design of the overalls - not at all an extra element.

The jumpsuit still serves in many intelligence units - from old stocks. For motorized rifle units, a deforming pattern was applied to a special fabric of large linen weaving. A KZS suit made of this fabric was supposed to be worn over regular uniforms or OZK (a very reasonable step, given that the deforming, contrasting pattern that works well in the undergrowth is completely unsuitable for open space, where, on the contrary, something dirty yellow or gray is needed). green).

The suit was widely used in Afghanistan and is still popular in the North Caucasus - in a thirty-degree heat, you can only exist in a cotton mesh. True, already in the 70s it became clear that all these samples were outdated. By the way, it is interesting that the domestic two-color camouflage in the West is called "computer" (computer madding).

The pattern resembles oak leaves and is made in several colors. Light gray on a dark green background (the overalls were also turned inside out at night, with less contrast), and yellow spots on a grassy green background. The pattern works well in undergrowth combined with vegetation shadows, but the deforming pattern is too repetitive and the contrasting light gray patches draw attention at close range.

In the early 1980s, within the framework of the themes "Ozim" and "Levzeya", research began at the institute on new patterns of deforming coloring and the selection of appropriate fabrics. In 1984, a decision was made to accept a new field uniform for supply.

Camouflage fabric for new uniforms was produced according to samples developed by the institute during the development work (experimental development) "Butan". It should be noted that domestic camouflage patterns, unlike Western ones, do not have names and differ in article numbers.

The names that exist in everyday life and literature are slang, which is why “oaks”, “fall leaves”, “birches”, “amoebae” are often called absolutely different drawings. The camouflage developed during the Bhutan ROC breaks up the silhouette of a person against the background of vegetation almost perfectly - equally well from five steps and from a hundred meters; both in summer and in winter, subject to the original colorist (this is a problem).

In the late 80s, the Airborne Forces and the Marine Corps were dressed in new camouflage field uniforms. Unfortunately, now fabric with such a pattern is used only in the production of suits for air force flight crews.

In 1994, the drawing was replaced by another, more universal one, also developed at the institute. The drawing from afar resembles the foliage of young birch trees and masks well against meadow and steppe backgrounds, but it has an out-of-date design and an unattractive appearance.

At the end of the 90s, the IWU MO, based on it, launched a new drawing "Flora" into production. It clearly shows the influence of the "tiger" pattern of the Vietnam War - the only truly successful and thoughtful camouflage in the American army. Despite its rather “ugly” appearance, “flora” masks very well in central Russia, better than various “woodlands”, “digitals”, “flektarns”, etc.

This is due to the good selection of shades of green and brown carried out at the institute, as well as the horizontal distribution of shadows in the undergrowth. Because of the characteristic stripes, the camouflage was quickly nicknamed "watermelon" by the troops.

The TsVU MO specialists simply “put” the enlarged and rounded previous drawing on its side, while maintaining the same colors. Camouflage works well up to fifty meters, and after washing up to a hundred.
In 2008, a new type of camouflage was developed - digital. Little is known about it, there is no practical application in the troops, and the only real participation of this camouflage in any events of the RF Armed Forces is the parade on Red Square on May 9, 2008.

It is almost impossible to achieve the desired set of colors so that at least one of them matches the background of the area. We have to be content with only a general coincidence: on the terrain with a predominance of green - various shades of green, on the sandy-desert - gray-yellow and gray-brown tones.

Another question arises - what saturation should be the colors of camouflage clothing? And how many colors should camouflage have? A lot - it turns out that one or two matching colors are clearly not enough to mask. Not enough - it is difficult to expect that these tones will be on the ground.

Through trial and error, experts eventually realized that a person recognizes well and distinguishes objects against the general background, the external and internal contours of which are familiar to him. Often it is enough for the eye to at least partially recognize an object, and the brain draws everything else in the mind. And vice versa - it is often enough to show an object from an angle of view from which a person has never seen it, and a well-known object will not be recognized.

In general, this is not an easy task - to make the enemy see, but not recognize what should be hidden from him. And without recognizing the object, it is impossible to understand whether it is dangerous. This is precisely the basic principle of camouflage - to be invisible while being visible.

Introduction

The military uniform is the personification of honor, valor and nobility of Russian soldiers.

A military uniform is a set of items of clothing, and in some cases equipment, established by special decrees, orders and rules, mandatory for all military personnel of the army and navy to wear. Military uniforms are introduced in the troops with the aim of better organizing them, increasing military discipline and order, distinguishing servicemen by types of troops (weapons), by official position and military ranks.

It was created simultaneously with the creation of the Russian Armed Forces. The new uniform was approved at a meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in October 1992. According to the nomenclature, it contained 1.5-2 times fewer items than in the previous form of clothing. It has become more convenient and practical. For everyday and ceremonial uniforms, a single color was established - olive. The sailors retained the color that has always been traditional for the Navy - black. Shoulder straps on all types of military clothing have become reduced in size. Other changes were introduced as well.

On May 23, 1994, by Decree No. 1010 "On military uniform and insignia for military ranks" President Russian Federation approved the uniform of Russian military personnel.

The abstract will consider the following goals and objectives:

study the history of the development of military uniforms.

divisions of military uniforms into front, everyday, field.

shoulder straps and emblems.

military uniform emblem warrior

The history of the development of military uniforms

A military uniform is a set of items of clothing, and in some cases equipment, established by special decrees, orders and rules, mandatory for all military personnel of the army and navy to wear. Military uniforms are introduced in the troops with the aim of better organizing them, increasing military discipline and order, distinguishing servicemen by types of troops (weapons), by official position and military ranks. The military uniform determines the belonging of military personnel to the armed forces of a particular state, contains heraldic elements of the state or the royal house, and performs the function of preserving the combat traditions of the armed forces as a whole, as well as part, and sometimes a separate unit. In addition, the uniform also has purely military functions: camouflage of personnel on the ground by making it from fabrics of protective colors, introducing devices for carrying weapons and equipment into the composition of military clothing, creating comfortable conditions during the actions of military personnel in various climatic conditions. Some elements of uniforms have a protective purpose. A monotonous military uniform in the modern sense arose in the second half of the 17th century in European armies, however, attempts to introduce common elements into the clothing and equipment of soldiers in order to distinguish them from the soldiers of the opposing side were made almost throughout European military history. The army of ancient Rome came closest to the introduction of monotonous uniforms at the beginning of the new era, traditionally dressing their legionnaires in red woolen cloaks and white clothes. By the way, it should be said that it was from the Roman legions that the principles of organization, internal order, subordination and military heraldry passed into modern armies. From the period of the Middle Ages, we can recall the distinctive sign of the participants in the crusades - a cloth cross sewn onto clothes and the further development of this emblem - attributes of various knightly orders. Later, as military affairs developed, the organizational structure of troops became more complex, and the concept of battle formations appeared, an urgent need arose to visually distinguish their troops on the battlefield in order to provide military leaders with the opportunity to quickly control troops during the battle. The task was solved by introducing elements of military clothing common to the entire army for the duration of the campaign and even a separate battle: distinctive headdress ornaments, scarves, ribbons of the same color, etc. The introduction of a completely unified uniform in cut, colors and insignia, uniform for all armed forces, became possible with the advent of mass armies and the development of manufactories that could meet the needs of the troops in uniform fabrics and leather products, i.e. determined primarily by the factors of the state economy. During the Thirty Years' War in Europe (1618-1648), units began to appear in the armies of the opposing states, wearing clothes of the same color, but of different cuts and designs. Often, the manufacture of such clothes took place at the initiative of the chiefs and commanders of a particular unit, wearing it was not regulated at the state level and therefore was not mandatory, however, in units that glorified their banners on the battlefield, wearing clothes of certain colors began to turn into a stable military tradition. Around the same period in Russia, according to reports by foreign authors (Kemfer, Palmkvist), uniform uniforms appeared in the Moscow archery regiments. For the first time, a regulated uniform military uniform was introduced by royal decree in the French army in 1672, and the royal guard received blue caftans with red applied cloth, army infantry - gray, cavalry - red. Before late XVII century, all the most advanced armies of European states received uniforms. In Russia, the introduction of a regulated military uniform is associated with the military reforms of Peter the Great.

Starting from 1699, the military uniform and the rules for wearing it were established initially for the guards (amusing) regiments, and later for the newly formed infantry and dragoon regiments. In 1712, artillerymen also received their uniforms. By the end of the Northern War, the general style of the Russian military uniform was finally formed. Guards and army infantry wore dark green caftans, dragoons - blue, artillery - red. Since that period, the military uniform of the Russian army has developed and improved in the tradition of pan-European trends. In subsequent reigns under Anna Ioannovna, the uniform for the equestrian life regement (horse guard) and the newly formed cuirassier regiments was approved. Under Elizaveta Petrovna, in connection with the formation of light cavalry units - hussar regiments, a special form was approved for them, which differed in color among the regiments. At the beginning of the reign of Catherine the Great, the military uniform did not undergo significant changes. The innovations introduced during the short reign of her husband Peter III were only canceled. In 1786, as part of the military reform carried out by Field Marshal G. Potemkin, a military uniform was introduced that was fundamentally different from the pan-European models of that time. It was of the same cut for all types of weapons and differed only in color. A comfortable short jacket was introduced as a uniform, tight trousers were replaced by loose harem pants lined with leather up to the middle of the shin, instead of a felt hat that was uncomfortable in the campaign and in battle, the soldiers received a spherical helmet of the same material with a transverse plume. The new form was introduced only in army regiments. The guards wore their old uniforms. The innovation was certainly progressive and ahead of its time by several decades. With the accession of the son of Catherine the Great - Paul I, a military uniform was urgently introduced in the army, basically copying the form of the army of the Prussian kingdom. The colors of the uniforms retained the shades traditional for the Russian army, with the exception of artillery, which received dark green uniforms of an infantry sample with black instrument cloth and red piping, which have since become traditional for this kind of troops. Each infantry and cavalry regiment received its own instrument colors. Historians unanimously condemned Paul for introducing a new, supposedly "uncomfortable" uniform, although it fully corresponded to modern European trends, while forgetting that it was under him that the army received a new type of uniform - an overcoat, instead of a winter woolen raincoat - epanchi. After the tragic death of Paul I during the coup d'etat, his son Alexander I inherited the throne. Under his leadership and personal participation, a new military uniform and field equipment was developed and introduced. The army received a tailcoat type uniform in traditional colors. A shako was adopted as a drill headgear, heavy cavalry and horse artillery received a leather helmet. A uniform was developed for a new type of light cavalry - uhlan regiments.

For the first time, a military uniform was established for the Cossacks of the Don, Ural and Black Sea troops. The famous cap is introduced as a non-combatant headdress. In various variations, this form has existed for more than fifty years. In the reign of Nicholas I in 1844, a leather helmet was introduced instead of a shako as a combat headdress. The infantry of the Caucasian corps receives a special "Caucasian" form. Military ranks of military personnel began to be designated on epaulettes and shoulder straps. After the end of the Crimean War in the reign of Alexander II, the need for a general military reform was acutely felt. She also touched the military uniform. The tailcoat type uniform was replaced by the so-called. semi-caftan. Instead of a helmet, a new type of shako was introduced, and later a cap. With a marching uniform, the wearing of high boots and a white shirt was established. In general, kingship is characterized by almost continuous changes in the form of clothing and requires a separate study. At Alexandra III in 1882 another reform begins. This time it is aimed at simplifying and reducing the cost of uniforms. Army cuirassiers, lancers and hussars are being stripped of their brilliant uniforms and reorganized into dragoons. As the main set of uniforms for all branches of the military, a uniform made of dark green cloth with a deep smell is fastened with hooks, loose trousers made of the same material, worn tucked into high boots with any form of clothing. A lambskin hat made of black lambskin becomes a military (ceremonial) headdress. Although the reform was carried out under the slogan "people", the real reason for the changes was, in my opinion, the need to prepare a large number of uniforms in case of mobilization deployment. The last reign is characterized primarily by the introduction in 1907 of camouflage uniforms for all military personnel and the return to traditional parade and ordinary uniforms. In 1918, the history of the glorious Russian army ends and the history of its successor, the Red Army, later the Soviet Army, begins. In an effort to get away from the traditions of the "bloody" tsarist regime, Soviet military leaders, ignoring the experience of the Russo-Japanese and world wars, introduce a strange uniform into the Red Army, generously decorated with bright color elements. The traditional insignia of servicemen - shoulder straps - are being canceled. The unsatisfactory situation in the country's economy, due to which during the civil war it was not possible to organize mass production of new-style uniforms, saved the Red Army from additional and already significant losses from enemy fire. Both the white and red formations used stocks of uniforms left over from the old army. In the period before the start of the Great Patriotic War, there was a gradual return to the traditions of the Russian army. In 1922, their traditional instrument colors of black with red edging were returned to the artillerymen (in 1919, an orange instrument color was introduced for artillery) and the wearing of an old-style overcoat was established instead of a "caftan" of a protective color. In 1924, the wearing of colored flaps on the chest, sleeves and collars of uniforms was canceled. In 1935, personal military ranks were introduced for middle and senior officers and the corresponding insignia. In 1936, Cossack cavalry units were formed and a traditional uniform was established for them.

In 1940, perhaps the most striking symbol of the Red Army, the Budyonovka, was canceled. In the same year, personal ranks for junior and senior officers were restored. A full dress uniform is introduced for all categories of military personnel. The final return to the national traditions of the military uniform occurred in 1943. After that, the uniform of the Soviet Army developed within the framework of the long-standing traditions of the Russian army. Another notable uniform reform took place in 1969. A field tunic was introduced as a field uniform instead of the famous tunic. Uniforms for crews of armored vehicles, a field insulated jacket for officers are accepted for supply to the troops. In 1988, the troops received a new unified winter and summer field suit - "Afghan".

The development of military uniforms in the last decade of the 20th century is characterized by the rejection of Soviet and Russian traditions. Introduced in 1994, the new dress and everyday uniform is very similar in cut to the American one. The wearing of buttonholes of colored bands on caps was canceled. In the design of the caps, perverted concepts of the military beauty of the "Arbat" generals are clearly visible. However, for the bulk of the military, this was not of great importance due to the extremely meager supply of troops with clothing items. I will never forget when in the summer of 1994 the soldiers and officers of the division in the Trans-Baikal Military District were issued summer tank overalls made of undyed light gray cotton fabric. Dress and everyday uniforms were not issued at all. It got to the point that even for parades in Moscow, units and subunits were displayed in field uniforms under white and dress belts, touchingly decorated with aiguillettes, with gold shoulder straps sewn on for officers and colored ones for soldiers and sergeants. In conclusion, I want to note that throughout the history of the Russian state, with the exception of the latter, its leaders attached paramount importance to the development and manufacture of uniforms for military personnel, thanks to which Russian and Soviet troops were supplied with high-quality and modern uniforms in sufficient quantities.