Officer's professional culture. The place and role of officers in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the armed forces of the Russian Federation The role and place of military personnel in the successful implementation of military reform

MILITARY THOUGHT No. 6/1990, pp. 36-43

To help students of Marxist-Leninist theory

Professional culture of an officer

ColonelV. F. KOVALEVSKY ,

Doctor of Philosophy, Professor

The PRINCIPLE of defense sufficiency, orientation towards the qualitative parameters of the improvement of the Armed Forces pose in a new way the problem of the personality of a serviceman as a specialist, a professional. “Practically all problems,” notes USSR Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union D.T. Yazov, “related to the deepening of the restructuring of the Armed Forces, their qualitative improvement, directly affect a person, his inner world, his ideological and moral image.”

The role of officers is increasing. Modern military equipment The increasingly complex conditions for maintaining combat complexes and combat training bring to the fore such qualities of officers as high general and technical literacy, pedagogical skills, ideological commitment, developed feelings of military duty, and professional honor. In a word, a high military-professional culture is especially needed now.

Proceeding from the generally accepted philosophical definition of culture (lat. cultura - cultivation, processing), military professional culture is a set of organizational, technical, socio-psychological and spiritual values ​​developed throughout military history that are associated with military activity and ensure it.

The concept of "officer culture" reflects the level of assimilation of these values, the possession of knowledge, skills and abilities, formed by individual psychological characteristics, as well as the moral and aesthetic properties of the individual, necessary for successful military professional activity. An officer's culture and professionalism are among the most important factors in military activity and the combat might of any army. No wonder the saying has long lived: "What are the officers, such is the army." An insufficiently high professional culture of command personnel reduces the combat potential of the armed forces and can be the cause of failures and major defeats. This has happened more than once in military history.

A certain part of the commanding staff of the tsarist army was characterized by low professional qualities, especially in the period preceding the events of 1905. With great artistic depth and truthfulness, AI Kuprin portrayed the officers of that time in the novel "Duel". Giving a description of the officer corps in a report to the Military Ministry for 1898, the commander of the Kiev military district, General M. I. Dragomirov, wrote: in the military will be harmful. The weak composition of the highest military commanders requires serious attention.

The outcome of the war with Japan that soon broke out was largely predetermined precisely by this circumstance. One of the obvious and immediate reasons for the defeat of Russia in this war was the professional unsuitability of the commanding and indeed the entire officer corps. “Officers,” wrote V. I. Lenin, analyzing the reasons for the fall of Port Arthur, “turned out to be uneducated, undeveloped, unprepared, devoid of close ties with the soldiers and not enjoying their confidence” (Poli. sobr. soch., vol. 9, p. .155).

Cases of unprofessional actions of some of our military leaders also took place in the Great Patriotic War, especially in its initial period. It showed with particular force the enormous role of the officers, ruthlessly exposed the always-acting pattern - military success, the price of victory directly depends on the combat skills of officers and in the final account of the professional culture of military leaders of all ranks: from the platoon commander to the commander. The lessons of the war are a stern warning against complacency and gross mistakes in the military personnel sphere, belittling the role of the officer corps and its qualitative characteristics.

It would be a dangerous delusion in today's conditions to underestimate the changes that are taking place in the armies of the countries of the NATO bloc. A fact of great military importance is the transition of the United States and other NATO countries to the recruitment of armed forces. The professionalization of military service means a significant increase in the level of combat training of troops. A reliable counterbalance to this should be the professional skill of Soviet soldiers.

The core of an officer's military professional culture is his competence. This concept includes a high degree of professional and business reliability of an officer, his ability to make unmistakable decisions within the framework of his official functions. The culture of an officer, a military specialist is a capacious and multifaceted concept. It does not come down only to the presence of purely business, functional indicators, but involves an analysis of all aspects of the personality, and above all his moral and political qualities, high social feelings. Professional culture is inconceivable without reliance on extensive general educational and general scientific knowledge, a broad general culture. “Whoever understands nothing but chemistry,” wrote G. Lichtenberg, “understands it insufficiently.”

The general culture includes a thorough knowledge of history, philosophy, political science, law, implies possession of the wealth of world and domestic literature, music, painting and theater, the ability to distinguish genuine spiritual values ​​from fakes. General culture can be judged by whether an officer has a need for reading; classics of literature, does he see depth in the works of Homer, A. Dante, W. Shakespeare, A. S. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, does he enjoy the music of J. Bach, L. Beethoven, M. Mussorgsky, P. Tchaikovsky, G. Sviridov. In the age of scientific and technological progress, high technical culture and computer literacy are integral facets of an officer's personality.

A common culture is the foundation of an officer's personality. It gives the right orientation in the human world, allows you to be, as they say, at the level of your time, develops the depth of judgment, analytical skills and conceptual thinking. Its role in the structure of the officer's personality is especially great now, when the process of establishing new political thinking and universal human values ​​as priorities is underway. “The power of the mind,” wrote Charles de Gaulle, “requires a variety that cannot be found in the exceptional skills of a particular profession. The true school of command is a common culture ... There was not a single famous commander who did not draw his art from the treasury human mind. In the end, we always find Aristotle at the basis of the victories of Alexander the Great.

Most Russian officers have always been distinguished by a high general culture. This is one of the national traditions. Many of them themselves have become the pride of national culture, its brilliant representatives. The officers were the writers M. Yu. Lermontov and L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, D. V. Grigorovich, At I. Kuprin, the artists N. A. Yaroshenko and K. A. Trutovsky, the sculptor N.K. Klodt. Known more as a composer, Caesar Antonovich Cui was an outstanding military engineer. Engineer-General C. Cui taught at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy. He left not only the most valuable works on field fortification, but also beautiful operas and romances.

Of course, at any time one can find narrow-minded and even immoral people among the officer corps. But they do not determine the appearance of the domestic officer corps. The honor of the pioneers of the liberation movement in Russia belongs to Russian officers. The names of P. I. Pestel, K. F. Ryleev, N. A. Bestuzhev, P. G. Kakhovsky, the brothers M. I. and S. I. Muravyov-Apostols, and other Decembrists became a symbol of honor, dedication, impulse to freedom . All of them were true Russian intellectuals, enlightened people who set the goal of their lives to serve the Fatherland, the people. Their selfless educational and cultural activities are known - the construction of schools for peasant children, teaching in the Russian outback, the creation of art galleries.

The wives of the Decembrists became a brilliant symbol of love and fidelity. Their civic feat is not only priceless moral lesson for all subsequent generations of officer wives, but also the property of the national spiritual and moral culture. The entire history of the revolutionary liberation movement in Russia preserves the names of army and navy officers. Among them - the outstanding Russian Marxist G. V. Plekhanov, the theoretician of populism, a friend of Karl Marx, Professor of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy Pyotr Lavrov.

It should be noted that the military educational establishments played an outstanding role in the history of national culture. A. S. Pushkin called them the nursery of the sons of the Fatherland. Not a forge of personnel, as we call them now, but a nursery! Feel the difference? Not mass, in-line forging of specialists, but organic, long-term nurturing, education of the military intelligentsia. Military educational institutions were not only centers of military education, but also centers of national science and culture.

Wealth, versatility of personality, deep spiritual culture contribute to the development of a person's desire to realize their strengths and abilities for the benefit of society, to establish their personality in some particular business. High professionalism is generated, as a rule, by a high, socially significant goal. Such remarkable Russian commanders and naval commanders as A. V. Suvorov, M. I. Kutuzov, F. F. Ushakov, P. S. Nakhimov, military scientists, engineers, doctors, as A. F. Mozhaisky, N. E. Zhukovsky, A. D. Zasyadko, N. I. Pirogov, completely subordinated their talent, knowledge, skill, all their lives to serving the Fatherland. In this they saw the meaning of their existence, an opportunity to earn a good name from the people. A. V. Suvorov instructed his compatriots "to devote | life to the public good ... Do not worry about our own person, despise the vicissitudes of fortune and sacrifice yourself for the good of the Fatherland and mankind."

Understanding the social significance of their activities and responsibility to the country, the people was characteristic of the outstanding Soviet commanders G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, K.K. Rokossovsky, L.A. Govorov, I.S. Konev, A.I. Eremenko, R. Ya. Malinovsky, the creators of powerful defense equipment and weapons I. V. Kurchatov and S. P. Korolev. They were ardent patriots, people of great general and professional culture, of inexhaustible spiritual generosity.

With the approval of the new political thinking, the officer's political vocabulary is updated. His life and activities included such concepts as military-strategic parity, defense sufficiency, qualitative parameters of the construction of the Armed Forces, military security in the structure of a new security model, defense consciousness, openness and democratization in the army and navy. Without their assimilation, it is impossible for an officer to correctly orient himself in dynamically changing conditions of service, to choose the most effective, modern forms of training and education of personnel. However, this is not just about updating the baggage of political knowledge. No, our ideas about world processes, about the state, ways and prospects of the development of society, about the nature and methods of ensuring the country's security, about military policy and military doctrine are undergoing such profound, fundamental changes that it would perhaps be more correct to speak of the need to form officers of the new political culture.

Such an understanding of the situation presupposes non-traditional approaches to the organization of the political education of officers. In our opinion, the need has come to transform the programs for the ideological and theoretical training of officers in the troops, placing at the center the problems of new political thinking, military reform, education of officers in the spirit of patriotism, loyalty to the Constitution of the USSR, the oath and military duty.

It is difficult to overestimate the role military educational institutions, and especially academies, in the formation of a general and humanitarian culture of officers. Military Academy seems to be powerfully equipped with departments social sciences- world and national history, philosophy, political science, sociology, political economy and military economy. Within the walls of the academies - "Universities of the Armed Forces" - there should be lectures on literature and art, ethics and military etiquette, aesthetics and military rhetoric. It is worth seriously thinking about how to make military academies a favorite place for performances by prominent statesmen and public figures, scientists, poets and writers. While they are rare guests here.

We are talking about the revival of the entire historically formed complex of humanitarian knowledge, because it is humanitarian training that makes an officer the owner of “all the riches that humanity has developed”, introduces universal human values, high morality, determining the level of his intelligence. Humanization of education, overcoming lack of spirituality, technocracy in personnel training - this is the central idea that runs through all the documents on perestroika high school. The prosperity of the new complex of social sciences, the socio-political, spiritual and moral, educational activities of social scientists will help turn every academy, every higher education institution into a true center of culture and science, into the center of ideas for updating the entire military organization of society, ways of military reform.

An essential worldview and ideological and moral component of an officer's culture is his attitude to the military profession to his work, without a passionate attachment to which it is impossible to achieve the heights of mastery in any area. Therefore, it is important to maintain and develop this social feeling throughout the officer's entire career, to see to it that in the chosen profession the officer sees, first of all, an opportunity to realize his patriotic aspirations to the fullest extent. At the same time, we must not forget that the professional well-being of an officer, his attitude to the service also depend on how timely and objectively his service and labor efforts, the quality of work, the level of qualification, and how his promotion is going are assessed. An officer, like any Soviet person, has the right to count on a fair assessment and public recognition of his activities, on the appropriate receipt of material and social benefits.

An indispensable condition and an important component of the military-professional culture is the legal literacy of an officer. In his work, the officer-commander faces from solving many issues that require both a well-developed legal consciousness and specific administrative and legal knowledge, the exact implementation of the requirements of military regulations, instructions, orders. An officer's legal preparedness helps him to feel responsible for his decisions and actions, to evaluate any fact of army reality in the light of the tasks facing the Armed Forces. The legal consciousness and high morality of an officer cannot allow him to give incorrect, embellished information to higher authorities, distort reporting, “push” people who are not worthy of it up in the service, and commit other anti-legal acts.

Now, when a rule of law state is being formed step by step, and at the same time legal relations in the Armed Forces are being strengthened, the legal service is expanding, its functions are changing, the protection of not only state, official interests, but also the rights of military personnel, the strict legality of the actions of commanders and superiors is coming to the fore. . This process needs people with up-to-date legal knowledge. Only such officers are able to build work and relations between servicemen on a legal basis.

The absolute majority of officers have personnel under their command, manage military collectives, organizing their work, training and education. And this requires a certain psychological and pedagogical culture, mastery of the art of influencing the spiritual world of a person, the ability to create and maintain a fighting mood, the desire to win in the most difficult conditions of a combat situation. Best domestic generals and military leaders knew the way to the heart of a soldier, they could form a high spirit of the troops, full confidence in themselves.

Psychological and pedagogical readiness is manifested in the ability to study the personal characteristics and capabilities of soldiers, to transfer the necessary knowledge to them, to develop in them the techniques and skills of military and combat activities. To put this into practice, an officer must have pedagogical observation, pedagogical imagination and tact, be able to organize training and educational process.

Psychological and pedagogical culture has a direct impact on the level of methodological skill of an officer. Methodical mastery is a system of general and special knowledge, highly developed skills and abilities, which, together with personal qualities, make it possible to successfully solve educational problems. It is characterized by: firstly, a thorough knowledge by officers of the requirements of orders and directives of the USSR Minister of Defense and other leading bodies for the combat training of troops, its goals and tasks for a certain period; secondly, the ability to competently be guided by programs of combat and political training, psychological and pedagogical principles of training and education; thirdly, a thorough, fluent mastery of the subject of instruction (whether it be the operation of a particular type of equipment, combat or physical training, etc.), the achievements of modern military science; fourthly, the practical ability to organize the process of education and upbringing and personally participate in it.

Basic methodological training officers receive in high schools. However, exercises, sea and ocean campaigns, combat firing, training missile launches, air tactical flight exercises, and command and staff games are the practical school here. In the course of them, the existing forms of combat training are tested, new, more advanced forms are searched for. effective ways troop training. It is important that, when organizing exercises and maneuvers, one of the basic principles of Soviet military didactics "Teach troops what is necessary in war", the art of fighting not by numbers, but by skill, and not to allow concessions and simplification, be strictly observed. This approach to organizing exercises is an enduring requirement. vocational training officers, which is of particular importance in the context of the qualitative improvement of the Armed Forces.

An important facet of an officer's military professional culture is operational-tactical and tactical-special literacy, the ability to effectively manage troops and fleet forces. Life and military practice suggest the need to improve the staff culture of officers. “The incompetence of officers,” wrote F. Engels, “never does so much harm as in the staff service” (K. Marx and F. Engels. Works, vol. 11, p. 456). In modern conditions, it is unacceptable not only for officers of staff bodies, commanders. Staff culture is necessary to a certain extent for all officers. In fact, the assessment of the combat situation, decision-making, the execution of combat documents - all this should be able to any officer, and not just a staff officer. Life shows the need to equip future officers with solid skills in staff work. This gap is now being successfully filled.

As for a modern headquarters, especially a large one, only a professional, a person who has received a special education, can work in it. After all, if previously a staff officer was armed mainly with a map, a ruler, a curvimeter and a pencil, now the work of the headquarters is impossible without automated combat control equipment, computers, and various communication systems, including satellite. There is only one conclusion: a staff officer is not only a position, but also a profession.

An important aspect of general professional culture officers is now certain ergonomic and ecological education. For number of students of military academies General professional disciplines should be supplemented, in our opinion, by military professionalism - a science that studies the patterns of professionalization of military activity and is the theory of military personnel work. The central component of the professional culture of officers is their special training, the essence of which is to deepen general military professional training, focusing it on the main, specific business. The military-applied orientation of training ensures the formation of a high culture of professional thinking, versatile practical skills and helps to perform combat training and combat missions in any conditions.

The acquisition and improvement of military professional culture is a process that lasts throughout the service and life. It is known that in the course of the restructuring of general education and higher education in the country, the task is to create a system of continuous education. In this regard, it should be noted that the first form of such education historically is the command training of officers, introduced back in the 60s of the last century in the course of the Milyutin military reform. It was caused by the urgent needs of restructuring the system of professional training of officers, a deep understanding of the results of the Crimean War and became a tradition of the Russian, and then the Soviet Army.

Affirming the great role of command and independent training of officers, General A. A. Brusilov wrote: Whatever the case, the academy will quickly fall behind its time and business and become more dangerous for its work than an ignoramus, since it will have backward, and therefore imaginary, but not real knowledge. In the course of the ongoing restructuring in the Armed Forces, command training is changing its forms, being filled with new content, and becoming more and more effective.

Perestroika creates conditions for the use of all the talents, abilities and personal capabilities of each serviceman. Businesslike quality of a specialist, a military leader, is now acquiring particular value. Efficiency is the best side of the culture of military personnel, a quality that is opposite to empty verbosity, the composition of countless directives and instructions, the deliberative "activities" of various commissions and "headquarters" on a voluntary basis.

Unfortunately, among officers there are often people who do not have practical acumen and even weak characters, although this does not fit in with the appearance of an officer. For an officer is the embodied unity of word and deed. To establish an atmosphere of efficiency in a military team, it is equally important whether the officer-commander considers service issues competently and efficiently, whether he takes responsibility for their solution, whether he has enough independence, whether he is fond of all kinds of “coordinations”, whether he sets an example of organization , disciplines. Subordinates very sensitively catch the slightest indecision, unwillingness to take on a new business. Uncertainty, expectancy of the officer-leader immediately affect the mood of people: official activity decreases, interest in the matter fades, indifference, inertia, and even irritation, annoyance begin to penetrate everywhere.

It is impossible not to dwell on one more aspect of the officer's personality, which to a large extent determines the level of his professional competence. We are talking about moral qualities, professional ethics. Even in the charter of Peter I, it was prescribed: “An officer must be healthy, brave, firm, determined, truthful, pious ...” Centuries-old practice shows that the culture of an officer is not just a sum of knowledge and skills, but an integral characteristic of his personality. It is inseparable from morality, merged from such qualities as honor, dignity, professional conscience and pride of an officer. An officer with high professionalism and well-formed military ethics considers the impeccable performance of his official duty, mastery of equipment and weapons, improvement of his qualifications, courage on the battlefield a matter of honor. A military man who values ​​his dignity, aware of his duty as a defender of the Motherland, will never agree to a stagnant, routine life of service, will not degrade himself with incompetence, professional ignorance.

The ability to treat one's official duties with high responsibility, to do everything to prevent an illiterate, ill-considered decision or action, to raise the honor of an officer in the eyes of others is an important indicator of his professional culture. Honor is a sharp, active feeling that prompts an officer to jealously take care of his good name and reputation. It is incompatible with a bureaucratically indifferent attitude towards subordinates, unprincipled insidiousness, opportunism and servility. At the same time, this is the opposite of dilettantism, irresponsibility, official and socio-political passivity of servicemen.

It should be noted that professional activity, especially combat, is a sphere of intense moral life, bright dynamic changing emotional and volitional personality states. And if a high professional culture, competence are associated with the concepts of honor, dignity, happiness, admiration (let us recall what a rare ability of such an emotional and moral experience of military activity was possessed by A. V. Suvorov: “Gentlemen officers, what a delight!”), Then the unskilled, illiterate, and even more irresponsible actions dishonor, discredit the rank of an officer. And this is understandable: the professional unsuitability of a military leader, specialist is a direct, sometimes difficult to predict damage to the combat readiness of a unit, subunit, and in battle - defeat, unjustified victims. The price and consequences of the professional illiteracy of a military leader in modern warfare is generally impossible to imagine. Therefore, they say correctly: unprofessional means immoral, and sometimes criminal.

A high professional culture determines public recognition, the authority of a specialist, his weight and significance in the eyes of the military community, prompting those around him to highly value and reckon with his opinion. It gives the officer's behavior a special style: dignity, confidence in his actions, the ability to make decisions independently, boldly. It has nothing to do with narrow-mindedness, callousness, petty-bourgeois pedantry. On the contrary, a master of his craft is a person, as a rule, restless, dissatisfied with himself, looking for new forms and methods of activity, boldly taking risks. There are many examples of such a revolutionary and creative attitude to business in Russian military history. Here is one of them.

The famous Russian military pilot P. N. Nesterov in In August 1913, for the first time in the world, he performed a “dead loop” on an airplane. Many were amazed at the "desperate courage" of P. Nesterov, but ranked his act as "reckless". In this feat, of course, both courage, and Russian enthusiasm, and a romantic impulse were manifested. However, what was not in it was amateurish recklessness. P. Nesterov at first comprehensively theoretically proved the possibility of such an air maneuver, convinced himself of the success of the upcoming experiment, and then firmly, contrary to the existing instructions, carried it out. “I am not a magician,” the pilot said to his friends, “my dead loop is proof of my theory: support is everywhere in the air.” The true innovators in their profession were the successors of the Nesterov tradition, famous military pilots, three times Heroes of the Soviet Union A. I. Pokryshkin, I. N. Kozhedub. Masters-professionals, specialists-innovators, people with a creative streak, a restless character are especially needed now, when society has set in motion, big extraordinary problems are being solved everywhere.

Along with the personal aspect of the professional culture of officers, one must also see the broader meaning of this phenomenon. After all, Soviet officers are a special socio-professional community with a specific way of life, traditions, customs of official and family life, and interests. She has, along with common to all Soviet people has its own morality, its own ideals.

The officer subculture also includes professional vocabulary, folklore, holidays, and even (which is more common for officers' wives) their own everyday signs and prejudices. This culture has a peculiar attitude military environment to life, society, other professional groups. And the people also have their own special attitude towards the military. It is expressed in different ways: from a respectful tone of recognition of their cause to a playfully ironic one.

For all their originality, Soviet officers, as a special socio-professional group, do not represent any sharp difference from other social strata either in terms of material well-being or in terms of social and living conditions. All the attributes of the life of officers evolved as society developed and, on the whole, corresponded to its capabilities. They are in complete harmony with the average, typical indicators of the life of Soviet people, organically fit into the picture of all-Union life with its shortage of housing, food in stores and an excess of domestic hardships. Only the adversity of the officers, perhaps, is much greater than that of civilians.

Among the hundreds of thousands of refugees from Transcaucasia who do not have "their own corner", a large group is made up of the wives and children of the military. And how do officer families “settle down” after the withdrawal of troops from the countries of Eastern Europe? In the same barracks, hostels. Who where! Just because of the restraint inherent in officers, they talk little and reluctantly about their everyday difficulties, referring them to the "natural" features of military nomadic life. Like, he chose a profession himself - that means you have to endure, "endure the hardships and hardships of military service."

True, we can no longer turn a blind eye to the further decline in the prestige of the officer's profession, as evidenced by numerous reports of dismissal. The most frequent motive for leaving the army is the unsatisfactory living conditions, the lack of social protection for officers and their families.

In the course of the military reform, it is necessary to thoroughly analyze the state of the officer corps, develop a system of organizational, legal and social measures that would provide each officer with a decent standard of living, reliably protect him from the arbitrariness of other superiors, protectionism, and guarantee promotion in accordance with the principle " From each according to his ability, .. to each according to the final result of labor.

The military reform must create new, more favorable conditions for the further development of the professional culture of officers. In particular, great opportunities for this are opening up in connection with the establishment of Officers' Meetings as an amateur military-public organization. The decision to create them renews the tradition of Russian officers: after all, the first such meetings appeared in Russia more than 200 years ago, and they have become widespread since the 70s of the last century.

Previously, they were a place for everyday communication of officers during off-duty hours. Even in a remote garrison, the young officer did not puzzle over what to do with a free evening? I went to the Assembly - to a building of good architecture, built and maintained at the expense of the officers themselves, as in my own home. There, a table, billiards, a dance hall, a fencing hall awaited him. And most importantly - comrades in the service, people of the same fate as him. Chiefs and subordinates converged here simply as people of the same trade.

The meeting was an indispensable form of maintaining the spirit of the officer brotherhood, a school of honor, a kind of regimental patriotism. They were dominated by the spirit of regimental traditions, officer youth and panache. The young officers learned lessons in dignified behavior, secular manners and courtesy. Now, when the Officers' Assemblies are being established on a new* social ground, it is important to make the most of the experience of the old Assemblies.

Here, perhaps, the main thing is not to reduce their activities to planned events and meetings. In one of the brochures of the 70s of the last century on the organization of the Officers' Meetings, their amateur character was emphasized: “... if the organization of the Officers' Meetings, in the sense of initiating and conducting the business itself, goes from above ... there is nothing to start this business: the officers will attend own club except in the case when an order is given for the regiment.

This warning, I believe, should be heeded even now, giving the initiative in the activities of the Assemblies to the officers themselves.

It is also worth thinking about how to restructure the work of the Houses of Officers. It's no secret that some of them function as simple cinema halls. How to attract officers, their wives and children to them in the evenings and weekends? And not by order, but by the need for communication, joint leisure. Yes, and the name - the House ... Maybe, after all - the Assembly?

The military practice that is being transformed in the course of the military reform makes ever new demands on the level of professional culture of military personnel. Today, for professional success, it is necessary to work with full dedication, to be creative, to learn how to build a service, to lead military teams in the face of growing demands, expanding democracy and openness. This is not possible for everyone. Further improvement and enhancement of the professional culture of officers is ahead. This is one of the main ways of activating the human factor in the Armed Forces and strengthening their combat might. This is both a condition and, at the same time, one of the expected results of the military reform.

Yazova D.T. New model of security and the Armed Forces // Kommunist. - 1989 - No. 18.- P. 70.

TsGVIA, f. Office of the War Office, op. 2, d. 511, l. 2.

Charles de Gaulle. professional army. - M.: State. military publishing house, 1935.- S. 77.

Suvorov A.V. Letters.- M.: Nauka, 1986.-S. 294.

Brusilov A. A. My memories, - M .: Military Publishing House, 1963. G- S. 73.

Military collection. - St. Petersburg, 1872. - S. 16.

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At all times, success in battle was decided not by the most advanced technology, but by people. They control powerful equipment, and the solution of the assigned tasks ultimately depends on their military and fighting spirit, patriotism, and moral strength.

Therefore, the issues of educating military personnel of all categories, maintaining their high professional training and strong military discipline, constant readiness and ability to fulfill their duty to protect the interests of the Russian people were, are and will be the main content of educational work in the Armed Forces Russian Federation.

The object of educational influence in a military unit is the entire personnel, but special attention is paid to the education of the officer team, which forms the basis of the entire military team of the unit and contains huge educational opportunities.

opportunities.

In the history of the development of the Russian Armed Forces, great importance has always been attached to officer cadres. At different stages, in different historical conditions of our country, the issues of officer training were raised in different ways, but the understanding of one immutable truth was unchanged: officers are the basis of human

factor of the army, the foundation of the morale of the troops. Success in combat directly depends on the level of professional training of officer cadres, their readiness and ability to carry out the tasks assigned to them with full responsibility. Thousands of examples from the history of our army and navy confirm this. The basis of the regiment, brigade in social, professional and moral terms is always composed of

lyal officer team. The officer team has always acted as a highly organized group of professional military men, united by common goals and interests, joint socially useful activities, military discipline, mutual demands

diligence, responsibility, help. It is called upon to maintain the high combat readiness of the regiment (ship) in every possible way, and to effectively solve training and educational tasks. This circumstance predetermines the need for constant purposeful work with a team of officers in the interests of increasing its pedagogical potential. It is carried out on the basis of pedagogically reasoned influences of the organizational and substantive order, including a set of measures aimed at ensuring the comprehensive and harmonious development of the officer's personality and the unity of the officer team.

The functioning of the officer education system presupposes the close unity of all the components (directions) of education, the use of the maximum possible arsenal of forms and methods of work, the coordination of the efforts of all interacting subjects of the educational process in terms of time, events, etc.

In a regiment (on a ship), such activities are carried out in two main directions. The first of them involves the improvement of the personal qualities of an officer with a special military social status, the social significance of his activities, as well as as a leader and military specialist.

Officers, as leaders and participants in the educational process, have always been characterized by selfless devotion to the ideals of defense and service to the Fatherland, a democratic style of work, deep, comprehensive, professional preparedness, brilliant knowledge and masterful use of weapons and military equipment, high organizational skills, and a broad outlook. , the scale of thinking, a sense of the new, the ability to fully use the power

new intellectual potential in military professional activity.

The second direction is the rallying of the officer team, increasing the strength of its educational influence on the entire personnel of the regiment (ship).

Solidarity is an important characteristic of the officer corps, an indicator of its maturity and capability. It represents the ideological, socio-political, moral-ethical, psychological and organizational unity of officers. It is on the basis of the strong unity of the named components of the cohesion of the officer team that it is possible to implement effective educational measures in the interests of the combat readiness of the unit. And above all measures to

ensuring a healthy moral and psychological climate in the team, fostering a sense of pride in belonging to one's team, introducing and developing the traditions of the officer corps of the Russian army.

Consequently, the education of the officer team is the process of forming its qualitative characteristics, which are most

to a greater extent would correspond to the needs of military affairs, combat readiness, the improvement of the personal qualities of an officer in a team, the performance of his characteristic functions in the field of educational work and the social life of the unit.

The personal qualities of an officer are formed and developed directly while studying at a military educational institution, professional development and his further development as a commander, teacher and mentor of his subordinates occurs while serving in units (subdivisions). It is in the process

official activity reveals the officer's personality in many ways, his qualities, abilities and inclinations are manifested.

While serving in the army, an officer performs many tasks, one

However, the main content of its activity is reduced to the implementation of the following main functions: socio-political, organizational and managerial, military-pedagogical, military-special and administrative-economic.

One of the most important functions of an officer's activity is socio-political. The complexity of the implementation of this function is due to the following factors.

Firstly, Russian military construction is carried out in a complex and contradictory socio-political, socio-economic, national-demographic, informational, criminal and religious situation.

Secondly, the social portrait of the army has changed significantly in recent years. Among the young recruits coming

military service, the level of education dropped significantly. The physical health and mental state of conscripts deteriorated. Pacifist and anti-army sentiments increased. Religious and national factors, the problems of drunkenness and drug addiction among young people are becoming increasingly important. The personnel are seriously affected by the criminal situation in the country. The dynamics of crime in the Armed Forces correlates with the general direction of the development of crime in the country. intensifies

tendency of penetration of organized crime into the military environment.

Thirdly, the implementation of the socio-political function is of an acute contradictory nature. The main components of the contradictions are: a) the contradiction between the necessity, the duty of each officer to steadily implement the state's policy in the field of defense construction and the uncertainty, vagueness, lack of clear guidelines for this policy; b) the contradiction between the interest of the state in a strong, combat-ready army and the lack of decisive measures in creating such an army; c) the contradiction between the constitutional obligation of every citizen to defend the Fatherland and the deliberate destruction of the ideals of military service by conducting anti-army campaigns in the mass media; d) the contradiction between the need to staff the Armed Forces with the best representatives of the people and the decline in the prestige of the officer's service; e) the contradiction between the constitutional duties of an officer and social lack of rights, social insecurity, etc.

There are a number of contradictions that complicate the implementation of the socio-political function of the officer's activity, namely: between military duty and civil rights; between the need for an officer to have a formed scientific worldview and the conditions, ways of its formation; between officer duty, official duties and ensuring the democratic rights of the individual, etc.

At present, in units (subdivisions) it is necessary to sharply raise questions of the formation and development of a scientific worldview among officers, ideological conviction and political maturity, development

their political culture, which in its most general form is considered as the unity of political consciousness and political action (behavior), as a comprehensive political awareness and ability to defend their political convictions in a reasoned and convincing manner.

Each officer is primarily a military leader, so the organizational and managerial function is of great importance in his professional activity. The content of this function includes organizing, planning, conducting training sessions and educational activities, streamlining, regulating various

activities of subordinates, setting tasks and their implementation, monitoring the execution of their orders, mobilizing subordinates to solve specific tasks, managing various social processes in subordinate units, leading military teams and individual military personnel, etc. The inconsistency of the implementation of this important function in the activities of an officer lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the processes of organizing the activities of units and units have become much more complicated, and on the other hand, new requirements are imposed on the managerial activities of officers. An attempt to solve new, complex problems with old approaches and methods does not always give a positive result. Therefore, the personality of a modern leader should be characterized by a high ideological and theoretical outlook and political maturity, strong moral principles, the ability to convince and lead people, competence, organization, efficiency, discipline, independence, the ability to create conditions for highly productive work of people, to establish in the collectives an atmosphere of creative search, intolerance for manifestations of rudeness, inattention to a person.

Officers carry out combat and public-state training, educational process, carry out individual work with subordinates. Here, a commander's success is not possible without the ability to study the personal characteristics of soldiers, their social, national and other characteristics, observe the principles of education and training, correctly use their methods and forms, and personal example. It is important for a commander to know how to plan combat and public-state training, independent work of his subordinates. A well-thought-out plan disciplines people and mobilizes them for high-quality performance of the tasks assigned to them.

At present, the importance of the all-round development, erudition and general culture of officers is increasing. The outstanding Russian commander M.V. Frunze emphasized that only the commander who would inspire respect with his knowledge and experience would be able to truly educate, train and discipline his subordinate unit. Only when the appropriate commander relies on knowledge can true discipline be achieved. When this knowledge is not available, then you can only rely on

compulsion. In modern conditions, this indication of M. V. Frunze is especially relevant.

Many officers - commanders of subdivisions, military collectives, today lack special knowledge in management theory, they sometimes have insufficiently formed organizational skills, the ability to effectively manage subordinates. Official authority in work with subordinates is preferred to the authority of the personality of the leader, exactingness towards subordinates is sometimes not combined with respect for the personal dignity of a serviceman and taking care of him. Rudeness, rudeness, arrogance are often allowed in relations with subordinates. For many leaders, words are at odds with deeds; there is no personal example in service, behavior, communication, etc. This causes serious harm to the authority of the officer in charge and undermines the moral foundations of the managerial activity of officer cadres. Formation and improvement

instilling in officers a managerial culture based on democratic and moral principles is the most important task in educational work with officers of units and ships.

The implementation of the military-pedagogical function in the activities of an officer occupies a special place. Organization, implementation of training and education of subordinates, in order to quality solution tasks of official activity, maintenance of combat readiness, strengthening of military discipline, formation of moral-political, combat and psychological qualities of military personnel requires from the officer special knowledge of pedagogy and psychology, methodological skills and pedagogical culture. The complexity and inconsistency of the pedagogical activity of an officer in a unit (unit) lies in the fact that, on the one hand, the training and education of

military personnel are subject to high demands, and on the other hand, for the implementation of the tasks of training and education, not only are there not enough material resources, an educational base, but there are also no opportunities to organize the educational process in a quality manner. The reduction of personnel does not allow the deployment of full-fledged combat training activities, the personnel are busy with service, performing various household and other work. Household problems take away all the time, study remains only a good intention. Under these conditions, military personnel do not receive full-fledged combat training, training is carried out formally, and officers lose the qualifications of teachers and participants in the educational process, they

all interest in military pedagogical activity is lost. It cannot be allowed to continue like this. A whole generation of officers can grow up in the army who will have only a vague idea of ​​real combat training.

The military special function in the activities of an officer involves the fulfillment of the tasks of a military specialist, knowledge of the theory and practice of military affairs, weapons and military equipment of his unit, unit, ship and potential enemy, his strengths and weaknesses. The inconsistency of the implementation of this function lies in the fact that every year there are changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of equipment and weapons. Less and less new equipment enters the troops, more and more remains old, which has served its due date. New complex equipment requires large material and financial costs, highly qualified specialists. Failure to comply with these requirements leads to accidents. The use of old equipment that has served its time also becomes a cause of accidents. Violation of the established rules for the operation of equipment and weapons is also associated with the qualifications of specialists, which is noticeably reduced due to the reduction in the training time for specialists, the material insecurity of their training. Flights, hikes, combat firing, driving equipment are carried out less and less.

In his activities, the officer also implements an administrative and economic function. The life of servicemen, food, clothing, accommodation, accommodation, the ecology of the military unit and camps of residence of members of the families of servicemen and many other issues are the subject of attention of officers. There are also many problems here, and it takes a lot of time, material and financial resources to solve them. The manifestation of concern for subordinates, their social security, knowledge of the needs, interests, problems of each serviceman, assistance to them in many ways contribute to the qualitative solution of other very important problems associated with the service.

To implement all of the above functions, it is not enough for an officer to be only a good commander or a specialist, an expert in military affairs, and be able to manage a unit. It is also necessary to be a person with a high moral potential, a model for subordinates. Concepts such as honesty, honor, modesty, simplicity, accessibility, respect, benevolence,

adherence to principles, conviction, justice, officer's duty must be filled for him with deep content. The high professionalism of an officer, combined with moral purity, is undoubtedly attractive to subordinates and causes them respect and desire to imitate.

A professional portrait of a modern officer in general can be schematically represented

The social portrait of an officer is very diverse, there is one part of the officers who have abandoned the ideals of military service and continue to serve further, but do not show due interest in the service, many of them are ready to quit the army without hesitation. Not-

“There is no doubt that much depends on the general routine in the institution,

but the main thing will always depend on the personality of the immediate

teacher standing face to face with the pupil: the influence of personality

educator for a young soul is that educational force,

which cannot be replaced either by a textbook, or by moral maxims, or by a system of punishments and rewards.

K. D. Ushinsky

Moral qualities occupy the most important place among all social qualities of a person. Manifested through concrete activity to defend the Fatherland, they are expressed in the concept of the moral character of a military man.

In this way, moral character of an officer- this is a system of certain moral traits in its creation and behavior, which, having relative stability, determine the character of the individual.

An analysis of the results of pedagogical research conducted in the troops and universities made it possible to identify moral qualities professionally necessary for an officer. It is advisable to classify them on the following grounds:

but) qualities shown by an officer in relation to the Motherland: patriotism, devotion to the Fatherland, loyalty to military duty, responsibility, selflessness;

b) qualities shown by officers in relation to military labor, service activities: courage, endurance, self-control, steadfastness, determination, discipline, adherence to principles, courage, courage, bravery, initiative, military camaraderie, military friendship, honesty, disinterestedness, openness, diligence, diligence, efficiency, independence;

in) qualities shown by an officer in relation to other people: collectivism, justice, generosity, tolerance, exactingness, truthfulness, directness, politeness, delicacy, goodwill, sociability, decency;

G) officer's personal qualities: modesty, pride, exactingness, self-criticism, self-esteem and honor.

A special quality that has absorbed most of the moral traits of an officer's personality is officer honor.

Activities for the formation of these moral qualities are based on a number of principles, including:

• purposefulness of educational influences;
• humanism and democracy in solving problems of personal development;
• education in the process of military labor;
• education in the team and through the team by creating in it an atmosphere of mutual understanding, friendship, camaraderie, social justice, a high culture of relationships;
• an individual approach to the education of the personality of an officer;
• ensuring the unity of word and deed, scientific theory and practice in the process of education;
• unity of exactingness and respect for the individual;
• consistency and continuity of educational influences and influences;
• stimulation of educational activities and self-improvement of the officer's personality.

The effectiveness of the process of forming the moral character of an officer depends on: humanization of the way of life of troops; affirmations of social justice in them; combining the democratic foundations of the relationship of military personnel with one-man command; creating a healthy moral atmosphere in military teams; ensuring personal exemplification of command personnel, as well as stimulating their activity in self-improvement.

Formation of morality - The process is complex and multifaceted. It cannot be instilled or introduced into the consciousness and behavior of an officer automatically. It is formed by systematic educational influences in the course of solving three interrelated groups of psychological and pedagogical tasks.

The first one associated with the development of moral consciousness: professional and ethical knowledge, beliefs and attitudes, moral motives of activity, a sense of duty, honor, conscience, responsibility for one's deeds and actions, for the results of one's work and the training of subordinates.

Moral consciousness, fixed in the relevant views and ideas, ideas, traditions and habits, determines the officer's attitude to professional activities. The unity of ideological and moral convictions allows him to choose the right line of conduct in the educational process, to successfully solve official tasks.

Second- is to form the professional pride of an officer and improve the ethics of his relationships.

The success of an officer's work is ensured primarily by his attitude to his profession. This is expressed in pride in belonging to it, in the conscientious fulfillment of one's military duty, in the constant creative search for effective ways to solve educational problems.

No less important are the moral relations of an officer with the military collective, higher commanders, the local population, members of the families of military personnel, parents of subordinates, and with their own family.

To do this, an officer must improve his communication skills with people, show restraint, courtesy, pedagogical tact and moral culture in relationships with them. This requires a thorough psychological and professional preparation from him.

The third group of tasks covers issues of moral behavior of an officer. It is a concrete expression of the level of development of moral qualities and traits of his personality as a military leader, teacher and educator of his subordinates. In practice, this is manifested in moral actions and deeds, skills and abilities, methods and techniques of the officer's educational influence, moral habits that have been formed and established in his life.

The profession of defender of the Fatherland has always been honorable in Russia. Historically, our people had to fight for centuries against foreign invaders for their national existence. One of the best achievements of the past is the developed code of morality in the Russian army - the basis of the moral character of an officer. We are talking, first of all, about such enduring values ​​as honor and military duty, the system for educating these excellent qualities among Russian officers.

The moral traditions of the officer corps have been preserved to this day. To develop them, to make them the foundation of the emerging new Russian army is the most important task of the state.

Ideal officer...

“Very bold, but without rashness, quick without recklessness, active without frivolity, submissive without humiliation, at ease without slyness, firm without stubbornness, thorough without pedantry, pleasant without frivolity, benevolent without treachery, shrewd without innocence (stupidity), affable without roundaboutness helpful without greed."

Topic: 3 "The place and role of officers in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"

Questions:

1. Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces

2. The tasks of the officer corps in information support of the reform process.

Literature:

1. The concept of building the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation of 08/07/97

2. Defense Law.

3. Journals of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation "Landmark" No. 1 and No. 6, 1998.

Question 1 Information work is the most important factor in the successful implementation of the reform of the Armed Forces

At the end of July of this year, the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin approved the Concept of building up the Armed Forces for the period up to 2005. From the moment of its signing, the practical stage of implementing this concept began.

Reforming the army and navy, optimizing their numbers, improving the structure and composition is supposed to be carried out in two stages.

First stage: 1997-2000. During this period of time, the tasks of the Armed Forces will be specified, their structure and composition will be streamlined, parallel, duplicating structures will be eliminated. Work in these areas is in full swing.

Second stage: 2001-2005. This is, first of all, the beginning of equipping the Armed Forces with new systems of weapons and equipment. The reorganization of the troops will be continued. At the second stage, a transition will be made to a three-service structure of the Armed Forces in terms of their areas of application: land, air and space, sea. Preparation will be provided for a systematic increase in the quality parameters of troops and forces through the supply of the latest weapons and an increase in the level of operational and combat training, and an improvement in the command and control system of the Armed Forces.

Thus, the main goal of the reform is the creation of a new army that meets the requirements of modernity, an army in which it will be honorable and prestigious to serve. An army capable of reliably defending the Fatherland.

In terms of its tasks, scope and complexity, military reform has no analogues in world practice. The main directions of the reform of the Armed Forces.

1. Optimization of the structure, combat composition and strength of the Armed Forces.

2. Qualitative improvement of the composition of the training and support of the officer corps.

3. Raising the efficiency and quality of operational and combat training, indoctrination of troops, strengthening law and order and military discipline.

4. Raising the quality level of technical equipment of the troops.

5. Creation of economical, rational systems of manning, training of military personnel, military education, military science and military infrastructure.

6. Ensuring legal and social protection of servicemen and those discharged from military service, their families.

The reform of the Armed Forces is taking place in the difficult conditions of the formation of the new Russia. The financial and political crisis that broke out in the country left its mark on the construction of the army. Under these conditions, the role of officer cadres in the implementation of the requirements of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on information support for the reform of the Armed Forces has increased more than ever.

First of all, what is "information support". Literally according to the dictionary: "Information" is information about the surrounding world and the processes taking place in it, perceived by a person. "Provide" means to supply something in the right amount.

The most important role in reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, along with financial, personnel and other measures, is assigned to its information support. Today, we should strive to ensure that information work becomes the concern of the entire officer corps. To do this, it is important for each officer to understand the relevance of this difficult work, its goals and objectives, and the specifics of its implementation. It is necessary to learn in the conditions of information freedom in society to effectively influence the consciousness and feelings of subordinates.

The events taking place in the world and the country convincingly testify to the growing role of information in human life and activity. However, it is also capable of negatively influencing people, collectives, and even state institutions. In recent years, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have fully felt this impact on themselves.

Of course, the "moral well-being" of soldiers in the flow of conflicting information depends on their level of upbringing, education, service and personal experience, and many other components.

It is not news what contingent of conscripts, and often under contract, are now entering the Armed Forces. A set of various diseases, including mental disorders, up to 20% of recruits are underweight. What positive information can a person with an empty stomach carry. The difficult situation is with those entering military schools, and now institutes. To all of us, especially teaching staff It is known that the quality of education in schools is steadily declining.

Taking into account complete informational freedom, or, more simply, informational chaos, it is difficult to deny the fact that the life attitudes of people (especially unprepared, with little experience), their behavior is largely determined by the nature and content of the information they receive. That is why the purposeful work of subunit and unit commanders, their deputies for educational work, and all officers for information support of the tasks facing the Armed Forces is so necessary. The indifference of officer cadres to this problem can seriously affect the course of reforms in the army and navy.

The information support of the reform is understood as a purposeful, integrated use by military command and control bodies, military media, officers of the means and methods of information impact on personnel and society in order to successfully solve the problems of reforming the Armed Forces.

The main goal is to help strengthen the soldiers' convictions about the need and importance of the ongoing reform of the army and navy, to form in each soldier a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of the reform, to maintain high combat readiness, military discipline and law and order.

It is gratifying that information and educational work is becoming more and more a powerful factor in ensuring the combat readiness of troops, strengthening military discipline, a proven means of forming a state-patriotic position among military personnel, a sense of duty, professionalism and strict adherence to the best traditions of the Russian army and navy.

The most important condition for effective information support for the construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the purposeful, coordinated use of the information potential available in the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

To accomplish this task, by decision of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Coordinating Council of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for information support for the reform of the Armed Forces was created.

A plan for information support of the reform has been adopted and is being implemented. It is aimed at explaining to the personnel the military policy of the state, the tasks of military reform, decisions of the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation on reforming the Armed Forces, ensuring an objective communication to the Russian and foreign public of the content of the practical measures of military reform in the Russian Federation; formation in society of a deep understanding of the activities of the country's leadership to strengthen the defense power of the state, increase the prestige of military service and the authority of the Armed Forces.

For this, there are:

Organization of prompt communication to the military and civilian media of decisions on military reform, as well as the positive experience of reforming troops and forces;

Information counteraction to attempts to discredit the idea and progress of the military reform;

Dissemination of positive experience in solving issues arising in the course of the military reform among the troops (forces) and other areas of work.

Undoubtedly, the main burden of information support for the reform directly in the troops (forces) falls on the officers of units and subunits. In carrying out this work, it is important to be able to use, first of all, classes in combat training, UCP, informing personnel, as well as other forms and methods of satisfying information requests from military personnel and civilian personnel.

Question 2 The tasks of the officers in information support of the reform process

In providing information for the reform process, it is extremely important to project the general tasks of the military reform onto the problems of a specific unit (unit). It is important to help people see the reform not only from above, but also from below. For this purpose, it is expedient to make maximum use, first of all, of combat training.

It is no secret that at present the combat training of troops is associated with well-known difficulties. Moreover, the responsibility of officers for its organization increases. In the course of combat training, all training material should be considered through the prism of the problems of reforming the Armed Forces, and the plan, goals and expected results of the military reform should be explained to the personnel.

Public-state training is called upon to play a key role in providing information to the reform process. It has the most systemic organization, has a certain depth of content, and has great potential to influence the consciousness of personnel.

In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of 1993 No. 250, OCP classes are held with officers for at least 4-6 hours a month, with female military personnel - 2 hours a week, with other categories of military personnel - at least 3 hours a week. Training is also provided for civilian personnel.

In comparison with other types of information impact, the UCP has the most developed educational and methodological base, it allows convincingly and thoroughly to bring to the audience the issues of state policy, national history, law, etc.

It should be taken into account that many officers of the units (ships) are the leaders of the UCP groups. They are faced with the task of effectively using the opportunities of their studies for the purpose of in-depth and comprehensive coverage of the tasks and progress of military reform.

Plans for public-state training of personnel for 1998 academic year a block of topics directly devoted to military reform is provided. There are topics that highlight the experience of military reforms of the past. Special meaning have topics reflecting today's problems of military reform in Russia. One cannot do without highlighting certain aspects of the reform in the study of other topics. Much here depends on the preparedness and methodological skill of the leaders of the classes.

Another effective form of information support for the reform process is informing personnel. According to the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 235 of 1995, informing soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen serving on conscription is organized 2 times a week for 30 minutes; ensigns (midshipmen), cadets (listeners) of military educational institutions - once a week for 1 hour; officers - 2 times a month for 1 hour; civilian personnel, family members of military personnel - at least once a month.

Thus, informing, being an operational form, makes it possible to timely explain the measures taken by state bodies for military reform, the facts of the successful implementation of tasks within the framework, reforms in the troops (forces), and the relevant decisions of commanders and chiefs.

It is very important to hold common information days. Their competent and creative organization allows not only to highlight individual issues of reform, but also provides feedback. An experienced commanding officer gets the opportunity to study the mood of subordinate personnel, their attitude to specific measures in the framework of reforming the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

From the point of view of information support for the military reform, military social work plays an important role. An important place in it is occupied by bringing to the attention of subordinates and explaining legal documents, both of a more general nature and directly related to the reform of the army and navy. It is especially valuable when an officer not only carries out this work himself, but also attracts law enforcement specialists, representatives of the military leadership, government, and local administration to it. Of course, such work should be supported by an increase in the level of social protection of military personnel, observance of the principles of social justice in the unit (unit). To do everything possible to fulfill the assigned tasks, to solve the problems of subordinates - the primary task of the commander (chief) of any rank.

It is also important to use such forms as evenings of questions and answers, honoring the foremost workers in service and study, summing up the results of work to strengthen law and order and military discipline.

The effectiveness of the information support of the military reform will not be high enough without individual work with subordinates. It makes it possible to most accurately convey to each serviceman, worker and employee the reform strategy, as well as to set subordinates specific tasks arising from the general logic and goals of military reform.

Along with the listed forms, in the interests of information support, cultural and leisure work should be used. This includes themed evenings, oral magazines, amateur performances, quizzes and more. In a word, we are talking about those measures in which the troops have accumulated vast experience. The list of forms of information work would be incomplete without mentioning wall printing. All that remains is to introduce new ideas and fresh factual material into this work, to adjust it, figuratively speaking, to the pulse of the reform.

Improving the level and focus of informing various categories of military personnel, it is advisable to use the appropriate dates and anniversaries, primarily public holidays and the days of Russia's military glory. The latter are determined by the Federal Law "On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia" dated March 16, 1995.

In order to achieve a greater effect in the information support of the reform, one should not be confined within the framework of a unit (subdivision). The success of the reform largely depends on the attitude towards it not only of the personnel of the Armed Forces, but of the whole society. It is necessary to actively work with the local population, at sponsored enterprises, organizations and institutions.

Conducting information work, the officer must take into account the socio-political reality of today. One of its conditions is a multi-party society. This causes an ideological confrontation between parties and movements, and is the reason for different interpretations of the problems of reform in the media. A complete distortion of the facts is not ruled out. Counteracting such phenomena is one of the most important tasks of officers in the framework of information support for military reform. In this case, it is preferable to work "ahead of the curve", to prevent negative, harmful reform of information. The most effective means of prevention is the timely, systematic and objective informing the personnel of the unit (subdivision) about the events, facts, and problems of the progress of the reform. The more convincing the information, the less reason for the appearance of various conjectures.

Undoubtedly, speaking about the information support of the reform of the Armed Forces, it is impossible to foresee everything. However, the main thing in this work is creativity and foresight, initiative and perseverance.

Topic: 2 "The Constitution, the legislation of the Russian Federation on the defense of the country. The legal basis for the reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."

Questions:

1. Legal basis for organizing the defense of the Russian Federation. Responsibilities of public authorities and administration in the field of defense.

2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Literature:

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. 1993

2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Defense".

3. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On military duty and military service" dated February 11, 1993.

4. Military law. Textbook for military schools of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Edited by N.I. Kuznetsov. - M.: Publishing house "MORF Military University", 1996.

5. In the service of the Fatherland. A manual for public-state training. Under the editorship of Academician of the LEN RF, Major General Zolotarev V.A., Military Publishing House, M .: 1997.

6. Social and legal protection of military personnel. Collection of normative reports and sample documents. Edited by N.V. Sumenko. Publishing house "Printing yard", St. Petersburg, 1994.

7. Benefits, guarantees and compensation for military personnel, employees of internal affairs bodies, persons equated to them and members of their families.

8. Directory: Federal laws and other normative and legal acts. // Pchelintseva L.M., Pchelintsev S.V. Alpha publishing house. St. Petersburg, 1997

Question1. Legal bases of the organization of defense of the Russian Federation. Obligations of public authorities and administration in the field of defense

The defense of the country is one of the most important external functions of the state. The content of this function includes the implementation of a set of measures of an economic, political, social, scientific, technical, legal and military nature, ensuring the readiness and ability of the country to repel any military attacks, encroachments on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state.

Public relations in the field of defense and military construction are regulated by norms that can be combined under the concept of “defense legislation”. Taking into account the significance and specifics of the actual military construction, from the content of this legal branch, one can single out “military legislation (law)”, which is the core of defense legislation (law). The norms of these legal branches are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993); Laws “On Defense” (1996), “On the Status of Servicemen” (1993), “On Military Duty and Military Service” (1993), “On the State Border of the Russian Federation” (1993), “On the State Defense Order” (1995) , “On the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation” (1995), etc.

Issues of organizing defense and military development are also regulated in the regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, orders and directives of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation.

The most important, fundamental provisions on the organization of defense and military development are enshrined in the Basic Law - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Its norms stipulate the obligation of the state to ensure the integrity and inviolability of its territory (Article 3). In Art. 59 of the Constitution establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen of the Russian Federation. Paragraph 2 of this article emphasizes that a citizen performs military service in accordance with federal law, and paragraph 3 establishes the right to replace military service with alternative civilian service if military service is contrary to the beliefs or religion of a citizen.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation contains norms that fix the constitutional foundations for the powers of the highest bodies of state power in the field of organizing defense and military development. So, in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes the competence of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in this area; in Art. 102, 104, 105 - the competence of the Federation Council and the State Duma; in Art. 114 - the basis of the competence of the Government of the Russian Federation.

The fundamental principles of defense and military construction are also enshrined in the Laws “On Defense”, “On Military Duty and Military Service”, as well as in the Military Doctrine of the Russian state.

In the Law "On Defense" the first section is devoted to this, establishing the foundations and organization of defense. The law fixes the very concept of defense, thereby determining its content.

Defense is understood as a system of political, economic, military, social, legal and other measures to prepare for armed defense and armed defense of the Russian Federation, the integrity and inviolability of its territory.

The Armed Forces play the leading role in the defense of the country. At the same time, according to the Law, the Border Troops of the Russian Federation, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Railway Troops of the Russian Federation, the troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information under the President of the Russian Federation, and the civil defense troops are involved in defense.

Of particular importance for the organization of the country's defense and military development is such a document as the Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation.

The military doctrine is a system of views officially adopted in the state on the prevention of wars, armed conflicts, on military development, preparing the country for defense, organizing counteraction to threats to the military security of the state, using the Armed Forces and other troops of the Russian Federation to protect the vital interests of the state.

The current Basic Provisions of the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation were approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 2, 1993. In its content, this document is an integral part of the security concept of the Russian Federation. Its implementation is achieved through the implementation of coordinated measures of a political, economic, legal and military nature with the participation of all state authorities, public associations and citizens.

This document formulated the political foundations of military doctrine, military foundations, as well as military-technical and economic foundations. The political foundations include provisions establishing the attitude of the Russian Federation to armed conflicts, the use of the Armed Forces and other troops; determining the main sources of military danger; fixing the political principles and main directions of the socio-political provision of the military security of the Russian Federation; formulating the tasks of the state in the field of ensuring military security.

The powers of the President of the Russian Federation as head of state in the field of defense and military development are enshrined in Art. 80, 82, 83, 87-89 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in Art. 4 of the Federal Law "On Defense".

The President of the Russian Federation, being the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, determines the main directions of military policy and approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation; exercises leadership of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies.

Based on the provisions of Art. 87-88 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the event of aggression or an immediate threat of aggression against the Russian Federation, the outbreak of armed conflicts directed against the Russian Federation, the President announces general or partial mobilization, introduces martial law on the territory of the country or in its individual areas with an immediate report to the Federation Council and the State Duma, issues an order from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on the conduct of hostilities. It enacts normative legal acts of wartime and terminates them, forms and abolishes executive authorities for the period of wartime in accordance with the federal constitutional law on martial law.

The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with federal laws, makes a decision to involve the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose. This provision of the Law "On Defense" makes it possible to implement the task of preventing and suppressing internal conflicts and other actions using armed violence on the territory of the Russian Federation that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and citizens.

The President approves the concept and plans for the construction and development of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations, bodies. It also approves federal state programs for armaments and the development of the defense industrial complex, programs for nuclear and other special tests, and authorizes the conduct of these tests.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Law “On Defense”, the President of the Russian Federation approves a unified list of military posts to be filled by senior officers, the total number of posts to be filled by colonels (captains of the 1st rank), assigns the highest military ranks appoints military personnel to military positions for which the state provides for the military ranks of senior officers, releases them from these positions and dismisses them from military service in the manner prescribed by federal law.

The President approves the structure and composition of the Armed Forces, military formations (up to and including unification) and bodies, as well as the number of military personnel. He makes decisions on the deployment and redeployment of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations from the unit and above.

The President of the Russian Federation issues decrees on the conscription of citizens for military service, on military training (indicating the number and distribution), as well as on the dismissal from military service of citizens undergoing military service on conscription. It approves the maximum number of servicemen of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies for secondment to federal government bodies.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law “On Defense” establish the powers of the highest legislative bodies in the field of defense.

The Federation Council considers:

Defense spending established by the federal laws on the federal budget adopted by the State Duma;

Federal laws adopted by the Duma in the field of defense;

Approves decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas, as well as on the involvement of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies using weapons to perform tasks not for their intended purpose;

resolves the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the country.

The State Duma is considering:

Defense spending established by federal laws on the federal budget;

Adopts federal laws in the field of defense, thereby regulating various aspects of the organization of defense and military construction.

In addition to these powers, the Federation Council and the State Duma exercise parliamentary control in this area through their security and defense committees.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation “implements measures to ensure the defense of the country” (paragraph “e” of Article 114). This constitutional norm is specified in Art. 6 of the Law "On Defense", which establishes the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of defense.

Government:

Carries out measures to ensure defense and bears responsibility within its powers for the condition and provision of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies;

Manages the activities on defense issues of federal executive bodies subordinate to him.

Submits to the State Duma proposals on defense spending in the federal budget.

Organizes the equipping of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies with weapons and military equipment according to their orders;

Organizes their provision with material resources, energy and other resources and services on their orders;

Organizes the development and implementation of state armament programs and the development of the defense industrial complex.

Organizes the development and implementation of plans for the transfer (mobilization plans) of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and the country's economy to work in wartime conditions, as well as plans for the creation of stocks of material assets of the state and mobilization reserves;

Manages the mobilization training of executive bodies of local self-government and organizations, regardless of the form of ownership, transport, communications and the population of the country.

In the field of military education, the Government of the Russian Federation makes decisions on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of military educational institutions vocational education, faculties of military training and military departments at educational institutions of higher professional education; approves the Regulations on military departments at these institutions.

Among the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation, an important place is occupied by the organization of the development of a federal state program for the operational equipment of the country's territory for defense purposes and the implementation of measures for the implementation of the program, as well as the development of plans for the deployment on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste.

An important place in the leadership of defense and military construction belongs to the Security Council of the Russian Federation, headed by the President. The Security Council is a constitutional body that prepares decisions of the President of the Russian Federation on issues of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of security. The tasks and functions of the Security Council, its composition and formation procedure, work procedure and other issues are regulated by the Law “On Security” and the Regulations on the Security Council of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on July 10, 1996.

In addition to the highest executive authorities of the Russian Federation, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local self-government bodies participate in the organization and provision of defense and military development. The functions and responsibilities of these bodies are also enshrined in the Federal Law "On Defense", which emphasizes that they carry out this work in cooperation with military command and control bodies.

Organizing and ensuring the implementation of legislation in the field of defense, the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation and local governments:

Participate in the development and provision of programs for the operational equipment of the territory and the preparation of communications for defense purposes;

Organize and ensure military registration, preparation of citizens for military service, conscription

service and mobilization;

Make reservations for the period of mobilization and in wartime;

Provide accounting and mobilization preparation of transport and other technical means for defense purposes;

Organize work on military-patriotic education;

meet the needs for material resources, energy and other resources and services;

Provide social guarantees established in connection with military service, participation in hostilities;

Ensure the implementation of mobilization plans and tasks for the accumulation of state and mobilization reserves;

Participate in planning and provide measures for civil and territorial defense;

ensure the fulfillment of the defense order.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies are not included in the system of state authorities. However, in the field of defense, they are vested with separate state powers.

Question: 2 Legislation of the Russian Federation on the composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ..

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is a state military organization that forms the basis of the country's defense. The Armed Forces consist of central bodies of military administration, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are part of the services and branches of the Armed Forces, the Logistics of the Armed Forces and troops that are not included in the branches and branches of the armed forces.

A branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment. These are the Strategic Missile Forces, the Ground Forces. Air defense troops. Air Force, Navy.

A branch of service is understood to be a part of a branch of the Armed Forces that is distinguished by its main armament, technical equipment, organizational structure, the nature of training, and the ability to perform specific combat missions.

Ground forces include: rocket troops and artillery; motorized rifle; tank; airborne troops; air defense troops; special forces (engineering, chemical, radio engineering, communications, automobile, road, pipeline).

In the air defense forces - anti-aircraft missile; fighter aviation; radio troops.

The Air Force consists of long-range, front-line and military transport aviation.

The composition of the Navy includes: surface, submarine forces of the fleet; naval aviation; coastal troops; Marines; auxiliary fleet.

Other troops are also intended to solve the problems of the country's defense, which include: Border Troops of the Russian Federation; internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation; Railway troops of the Russian Federation; troops of the Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information; civil defense troops.

The Armed Forces are designed to repel aggression, to defend the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation by armed means, and to carry out tasks in accordance with Russia's international treaties.

In accordance with the main provisions of the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces and other troops can be used to counter internal sources of military threats. To prevent and suppress internal conflicts and other actions using means of armed violence on the territory of Russia that threaten its territorial integrity, other interests of society and Russian citizens, mainly internal troops and internal troops are involved. They ensure the protection of public order and the maintenance of the legal regime of the state of emergency in the conflict area; carry out localization and blockade of conflict areas; stop armed clashes; carry out measures to disarm and liquidate armed formations and to seize weapons from the population in the conflict area, etc.

Separate formations of the Armed Forces and other troops may be involved in order to assist the internal affairs bodies and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in localizing and blocking the conflict area, stopping armed clashes and separating the opposing sides, as well as in protecting strategically important objects in the manner prescribed by current legislation.

The state border of the Russian Federation is guarded by the Border Troops. The Armed Forces may also be entrusted with the task of assisting in the protection of the State Border, assisting in the protection of sea lanes, important state facilities and economic zones, in the fight against terrorism, drug trafficking, and piracy. The forces and means of the Armed Forces and other troops may also be involved in rendering assistance to the population in the aftermath of accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters.

The involvement of the Armed Forces in the performance of tasks using weapons not for their intended purpose is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws.

The use of the Armed Forces to perform tasks in accordance with international treaties and agreements of the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of and in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation and specified in these treaties and agreements. Part of the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation may be part of the joint armed forces or be under joint command in accordance with the international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The Law "On Defense" for the first time formulated the legal basis for resolving issues related to the deployment of the Armed Forces. The deployment of associations, formations and military units is carried out in accordance with the tasks of defense and the socio-economic conditions of the places of deployment. The redeployment of military units and subunits within the territories transferred to the use of the Ministry of Defense is carried out by decision of the Minister of Defense, and from formations and above - by decision of the President of the Russian Federation.

Topic: 4 "Traditions of the spiritual culture of the officer corps of the Russian army"

Cultural traditions of the Russian army. The influence of outstanding Russian commanders on the development of the educational process in the Russian army.

Russian officers - customs and traditions. Military theme in Russian artistic culture.

Literature:

2. Volkov S. Russian officer corps, - M: Military publishing house, 1993,

3. Krivitsky L. Traditions of Russian officers. - M. 1945. On the duty and honor of the military in the Russian army. -M. Military Publishing, 1990

4. Mishanov S. Traditions and spiritual culture of the officer corps of the Russian army // Orien. 1996 - No. 2,

5. Sakhansky N. The moral character of an officer of the Russian army // Landmark - 1997 - No. 3

6. Shmakov Yu. Moral qualities of an officer of the Russian army 18-19 in / Military. thought 1994 - No. 2.

Introduction

The Russian army is going through hard times. The moral values ​​that held together the collectives of the Armed Forces of the USSR for decades have disappeared. At the same time, let's take a look at the moral qualities of a military man, at those guidelines that, over the course of 2 centuries of history, allowed the Russian officer to be a model of serving the Fatherland.

Military affairs in Russia have a rich history. And always Russian warriors were loved and respected by compatriots. One of the reasons for this is the high level of spirituality of the Russian military. For centuries, a code of morality has been worked out in the Russian army. His enduring values ​​- fidelity to duty, military honor, dignity, pride in belonging to the profession of the defender of the Fatherland - were preserved as shrines and passed down from generation to generation, tested for strength in battles and brought up in military labor. What determined the moral qualities of an officer, how were they acquired, and to what extent did they influence the strength of the Russian army? First of all, it should be noted that the moral image of a person is not least determined by the general culture of the stratum or class in which he is educated and formed. The higher the level of culture, the higher the level of moral relations among members of society. There is no doubt that moral qualities are largely determined by the level of education of people entering into interpersonal relationships.

The salvation of society and the army is in the development of culture. Apparently, there is no other way and there can be no other way. Man himself was, is and will be the decisive factor in all transformations. Only such people are able to revive military traditions, raise the authority of the army, its role as a school of education. Today, the way out of this situation is a return to the traditions of the spiritual culture of the Russian officer corps, developed by many generations of Russian officers.

What are the origins of the traditions of the spiritual culture of Russian officers? What is the contribution of Russian officers to its development? What are the tasks for shaping the spiritual culture of today's officers? Answering these questions is the purpose of this lecture.

Question1. Cultural traditions of the Russian army. The influence of outstanding Russian commanders on the development of the educational process in the Russian army

During the 18-19 centuries, the officers of the Russian army were formed, as a rule, from the privileged class - the nobility. Young people called up for service first passed it in ordinary positions, and then received an officer's rank. In January 1701, the School of Navigation began to function; in 1715 - the Academy of the Dark Guard, which trained personnel for the fleet. Since 1731, the training of officers was also carried out in the gentry cadet corps. In the 19th century, a network of military schools. Along with them, there were Cossack educational institutions, various kinds of officer classes and schools, military gymnasiums, and there was a system for the production of private officers for military merit.

All these elements of the organization of study and service directly influenced the formation of the moral qualities of a Russian officer.

One of the main requirements for the officer corps since the time of Peter I was a high moral qualification, understood as a set of those personal qualities that are necessary for a person who decides to devote himself to serving the Fatherland.

A kind of attestation to a candidate for officers was given by the society of officers of a given regiment through a secret ballot. Under such conditions, despite the class diversity, the command staff was distinguished by rare camaraderie and unanimity.

For the education of the qualities necessary for military service, during the reign of Catherine II, "Rules were issued according to which every officer, following military service with full pleasure, can continue." They condemned drunkenness, lies, idle talk, bragging. A young man must take care of himself so that he does not become famous with such a title.

Loyalty to the Orthodox faith was considered an indispensable quality of a Russian soldier and officer. Peter I, in one of his orders to the army, declared: "Faith and piety are especially necessary for a warrior; he is more often than others in fire, more often than others they meet with death, and more often than others he needs those consolations that are given to people by the holy Christian faith." Loyalty to the Christian faith as a necessary moral quality of an officer and war was also noted by A.V. Suvorov. In this regard, it is necessary to remember that since 1710 the institute of the military clergy existed and worked well in Russia. At the heart of his educational work were the dogmas of Orthodoxy, the traditions of the Russian army. It was the feeling of deep patriotism that was the foundation of her morality, it was this feeling that permeated the age-old motto: "For the Faith, the Tsar and the Fatherland!" To this we can add that even now faith in noble goals defense of the Fatherland can hold together military teams. Now the connection between the army and the church is being established in order to spiritually educate the Russian army, and the laws now do not prohibit an officer from performing religious rites during office hours.

An important place in the development of high moral qualities already in the 18th century was occupied by the study of History. Acquaintance with the activities of great men, who became famous for their courage and devotion to the Fatherland, contributed to the upbringing of firmness of spirit and fearlessness in their descendants. A.V. wrote about the benefits of reading books on history and military art, about the qualities necessary for military service. Suvorov to one of his relatives: Military virtues are: courage for a soldier, courage for an officer, courage for a general, but these must be guided by the rules of order and severity, and controlled by vigilance and insight. Be sincere with your friends, moderate in your needs, and blameless in your conduct.

In the service of his sovereign, he shows fiery rationality; love true glory; distinguish piety from arrogance and pride. Learn to forgive the mistakes of your neighbor in advance and never sell them in yourself. Know how to take advantage of the position of the place, be patient in the labors of the military, do not lose heart in misfortune, warn true, doubtful and false objects, beware of passion. Keep in the memory of your great husbands, imitate them ... "

A Russian officer is always characterized by love for the Fatherland, pride in belonging to the Russian people. On the eve of the Battle of Poltava, Peter I, addressing the army, uttered significant words: “Warriors, the hour has come that should decide the fate of the fatherland! You should not think that you are fighting for Peter, but for the state entrusted to Peter, for your family, for the Fatherland, for our Orthodox faith and church..."

A.V. Suvorov repeatedly reminded his subordinates of patriotic feelings.” We are Russians! "Will we all win?" These tin served as the first commandment of a Russian officer.

Therefore, it is not surprising that the officers of this period of Russian military history were distinguished by extraordinary nobility, an amazing ability to suppress personal ambition, to forget their "I" in moments when it was about the benefit of the Fatherland. "The concept of honor as a high moral category, without which there is no officer , became the same for the entire officer corps of the Russian army at the beginning of the 19th century. What was unworthy of a junior commander, the same was forbidden to a senior one.

With the departure of the comrades-in-arms of Suvorov, Rumyantsev, Kutuzov from the Russian army, the noble military traditions laid down by them began to disappear. Realizing the pernicious consequences of this and considering that people from the lower classes began to come to the army, the military leadership began to think about creating such a system for training cadets in military schools that would make up for the shortcomings of family education and develop strong moral qualities in trainees. To this end, in 1830, Emperor Nicholas I approved the Charter for military educational institutions of the second class, in which a whole section was devoted to moral education and the goal was "To make future officers virtuous and pious." The educational process was aimed at developing such qualities as piety, a sense of duty, boundless devotion to the sovereign, obedience to superiors, tender respect for parents, respect for elders, gratitude and love for one's neighbor. However, the measures taken could not quickly give positive results. Therefore, after the defeat in the Crimean War of 1854-1856, attempts were made to analyze the reasons for the failures of the Russian army. Most researchers have come to the conclusion that the main one is the incorrect formulation of the system for training and educating a soldier, that the soldier "has deteriorated and is not at all the same as in the era of Suvorov and Kutuzov.

The main reason for the changes that have taken place in the army lies in the moral qualities of the army leaders, Minister of War D.A. Milyutin. The army of the era of Suvorov and Kutuzov was strong not only in its soldiers, but also in the spirit and personal merits of its commanders. The general of the old school - a knight of duty and honor, proud of his vocation - saw in his officers the same knights, faithful comrades and assistants. Understanding that an officer is not a slave and a day laborer, that the fear of punishment is incompatible with the dignity of a person, this general sought lofty incentives to make the officer more willing to work. Proximity to the officer, the charm of the personality of the chief, the development of ambition in subordinates - these are the foundations on which education in the army lay.

Analyzing these events, one comes to the idea of ​​the inseparable connection between the moral state of the Russian officer corps and the affairs on the battlefields.

High moral qualities, such as firmness of character, ambition and honor, conscientiousness in the performance of one's duty, courage and courage, contempt for death and love for the Fatherland, respect for the defeated enemy, philanthropy, a sense of friendship and discipline, became the key to the high professionalism of the army command staff. and fleet.

The Russian military school has gone through a long and difficult path of development. The ideas of Peter I and his students, which formed the basis for the training and education of troops, were continued and developed over the centuries by outstanding military figures, commanders and military leaders. Through the efforts of the best representatives of the officer corps in Russia, its own national school military education, based on deep patriotism, humanism, a high sense of duty and honor.

Question 2. Russian officers - customs and traditions. Military theme in Russian artistic culture.

The tradition of the Russian army for a long time was the concentration in the officer corps of people not only highly educated, but also thinking and creative. The activities of Russian officers spread to some extent to all areas of culture.

Literature is the most revealing here. Among the hundreds of Russian writers of the 18th - early 20th century, approximately one in three was an officer or came from an officer's family.

The poets Antioch Kantemir Mikhail Sobakin, Vasily Maykov, Gavriil Derzhavin, Yakov Knyazhin, writers Alexander Sumarokov, Nikolai Kurganov, Mikhail Kheraskov, Andrei Bolotov, Nikolai Novikov, Vasily Kapnist, Nikolai Karamzin and many others entered the history of Russian literature forever.

An outstanding place in Russian literature HUI! century is occupied by Gabriel Derzhavin (1743-1816). He spent the first ten years of his service as a simple soldier. Derzhavin served in officer positions for five years and in 1777 was promoted to captain-lieutenant, after which he was soon transferred to the civil service. An enviable career awaited him - he became a governor, state treasurer, and minister. But he is best known as a poet. A number of Derzhavin's odes can rightfully be called military. Such are the poet's odes "On the Capture of Ishmael", "On the Crossing of the Alpine Mountains" and others dedicated to A. Suvorov, who was not only the hero of his work.

The 19th century was even more richly and vividly represented by the work of officers. The beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812 brought into the ranks of the army not only those who already wore an officer's uniform, but also a great many gifted people who sought to meet the enemy with weapons in their hands.

The young I. Lazhechnikov and A. Griboyedov simply fled to the army, rushed to partisan detachment A. Pogorelsky, playwrights M. Zagoskin and N. Khmelnitsky changed the pen to a saber. The famous writers V. Zhukovsky, P. Vyazemsky, K. Batyushkov, Sergei and Fedor Glinka were assigned to different regiments.

The most characteristic in this regard can be called the work of the hero of many wars and the famous poet Denis Davydov (1734-1839).

It is no coincidence that almost all Russian poets of the first third of the 19th century enthusiastically sang this man. Dyvydov went down in history as a "poet hussar", "singer-hero". The hero of his poems is the dashing shirt of a hussar-reveler and wits. Behind this lively and mischievous world is the chanting of freedom, lofty and noble feelings.

After the victory in the war of 1812, the advanced Russian officers came out as strong supporters of reforms in Russia. The largest poets among the officers were K.F. Ryleev, A.I. Odoevsky, F.N. Glinka, who left to the descendants "Essays on the battle of Borodino" and "Letters from a Russian officer".

Officers A.S. did immeasurably much during this period for the development of domestic literature. Griboyedov, M.Yu. Lermontov, E.A. Baratynsky, I.A. Krylov, K.N. Batyushkov, V.I. Dahl and dozens of other great poets and prose writers. Today, every cultured person knows what the Dahl Dictionary is, but much fewer people are aware of what ....

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Special issue "Officer of the Armed Forces in modern Russian society"

Kepel O.V.

THE ROLE OF OFFICERS IN MAINTAINING MILITARY DISCIPLINE: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND LESSONS

The history of military construction shows that the main burden of ensuring discipline in the army was borne by command personnel, and, above all, officers. In this article, the author presents the results of a study of the activities of the officers in maintaining the discipline of the military personnel of the Russian army from 1874 to 1914.

Until the middle of the XIX century. the domestic officer corps was formed mainly at the expense of the nobility. Subsequently, in connection with the abolition of class restrictions, representatives of the raznochintsy joined it. Before World War I, the Russian career officers were all-class in origin. A common type of officer during this period was a hereditary military man (in many cases, a hereditary nobleman), wearing shoulder straps from the age of ten, who came to the school from the cadet corps and was brought up in the spirit of boundless devotion to the throne and fatherland.

The system of training officers in Russia fully met the requirements of the time, as a result of which, until the revolution of 1917, the attitude towards officers in Russian society, although shaken in late XIX century, remained quite honorable, and the quality of the officer corps was maintained at a level not inferior to the level of other professional groups that together form the cultural layer of the country.

Developed and introduced in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the system of education and upbringing contributed to the fact that the quality of training of the officers of the Russian army before the First World War was not inferior to the level of education in the armies of European states. The moral and psychological state of university graduates was also high. Olkhovsky, a former cadet of the Pavlovsk School, recalled: “After being promoted to officer, service in the regiment seemed quite easy to me ... I had to finish my studies, but not re-educate”2.

The entire ideological machine of the state, military legislation, traditions, environment contributed to the formation of a highly moral officer. Brought up in terms of knightly honor, the officers, like the apple of their eye, cherished the honor of their uniform, the honor of the regiment, their personal honor. The guardian of officer honor was in each regiment a court of honor.

The officers were brought up and educated the army and navy in the consciousness that the army is not only the defender of the Fatherland from external enemies, but also the support of the tsarist system from internal enemies.

In connection with the reduction in the service life of the lower ranks, the role of officers in the training and education of subordinates is changing. At a time when a soldier served in the army for 25 years, the main job of an officer was to "die in the war." However, at the beginning of the 20th century, and especially after the Russo-Japanese War, officers became "hard-working." It took a lot of work to turn a semi-literate recruit into a mentally and physically developed and morally strong warrior in three years of soldier's service.

In the disciplinary practice of those years, commanders had at their disposal three main methods of restoring statutory order in entrusted subunits: the method of coercion based on an unconscious fear “before the arbitrariness of an individual chief”3; a method of coercion based on fear “before a known law”4, a method of persuasion based on morality and a conscious attitude to one's military duty.

The first method, which existed contrary to military legislation, was inherited from the serf era of Nicholas I. The supporters of this method of strengthening discipline were generals and officers - opponents of everything new and progressive. Contrary to the progressive principles of education enshrined in the statutes, they still proceeded from the fact that discipline in the army should be based on fear of punishment, and the main forms of strengthening it were considered arming, punishment cell, corporal punishment, etc.

However, since the late 80s - early 90s of the XIX century. the situation began to change. At the initiative of the Kiev military district, a movement began against this phenomenon. District Commander M.I. Dragomirov, in Order No. 319 dated October 27, 1889, noted: “In some parts they are fighting. Please remember that the Disciplinary Charter says what penalties can be imposed on the lower ranks, and which no one else has to impose. I recommend that hunters before manual reprisals familiarize themselves with the XXII volume of the Code of V.P. 1867, Art. 185, from which they will discover what

can expect in the future, if they allow themselves to continue, next to the disciplinary regulations, to compose their own”5.

Gradually, the "fist reprisals" began to stop, especially after 1904, when corporal punishment in the troops was finally abolished - simultaneously with the abolition of flogging by the verdicts of the volost courts. “Fist violence has become the wrong side of barracks life - hidden, condemned and persecuted. In any case, by the time great war assault, where it existed among us, was only a sick relic of an obsolete system and an obsolete custom.

The improvement of the legislative base of military discipline, the creation of a system of law enforcement agencies assumed the use of the method of coercion in the disciplinary practice of the Russian army, applied to those persons who violated "... the rules prescribed by military laws."

In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. thanks to the efforts of state and military bodies, the best representatives of the officer corps, the method of persuasion becomes the most important method of maintaining military discipline in the army. Military discipline is beginning to be strengthened through the moral education of military personnel, the formation of a conscious attitude towards the performance of their official duty.

The opinion prevailed in the top leadership of the country and the army that corporal punishment, and even more so illegal, is not the maintenance of discipline, but, on the contrary, is "in the highest degree relaxing element. Gradually, the “stick discipline” became a thing of the past and was replaced by a discipline based on legal awareness and morality.

In accordance with the law, officers could be subjected to both disciplinary sanctions related to the specifics of military service, and punishments under general criminal law on an equal basis with representatives of other groups of the population. By 1914, the following disciplinary sanctions could be imposed on officers: 1) remarks and reprimands, announced verbally or in an order; 2) comments and reprimands announced at a meeting of officers; 3) remarks and reprimands announced in the order; 4) house arrest or detention in a guardhouse for up to one month; 5) failure to honor officers and civil officials for vacancies or for length of service, until the approval of the authorities; removal from office or command of a unit.

In general, at this time, the officers as a whole were distinguished by high discipline. This is evidenced by objective statistics. The number of officers brought to trial was insignificant, especially if we take the ratio of the number of officers tried and their total number for the corresponding years. So in 1825-1850. one defendant accounted for an average of 213 officers. In 1881-1885. - for 222 officers, in 1886-1890. - by 326 and in 1891-1894. - for 411 officers. At the beginning of the XX century. it slightly increased: in 1910, 245 officers were on trial (0.6% of their total number), in 1911. - 317 (0.8%)8.

As is clear from the data, for decades the number of officers subjected to serious punishments (related to deprivation of liberty, exile) remained very small and usually did not exceed 2-3 dozen cases per year. Even short-term arrests with detention in a guardhouse or in prison departments amounted to several dozen cases.

Thus, it can be stated that in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the officer corps as a whole corresponded to the level of tasks facing it, it was assigned a decisive role in the process of strengthening military discipline. At the same time, there were a number of factors that reduced the effectiveness of officer work.

One of them was the insufficient material and financial support of the officers. Since the middle of the XIX century. “The maintenance of the officer was beggarly” (N. Obruchev), his spirit was constantly undermined by “daily everyday need and deprivation of his family” (A. Gerua). There was a catastrophic lack of money for life and needs corresponding to the high status of an officer and his hard work. So, a second lieutenant of the Russian army at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries received only 600 rubles a year, i.e. much less than the wages of a skilled worker (3 rubles a day). The company commander received 1,200, and the battalion commander - 1,740 rubles a year9.

The disastrous financial situation of the middle officers had a negative impact on the moral climate in the officer environment, on the attitude of officers to the service, the training and education of subordinates, the level of combat readiness of the troops, and the state of military discipline.

The fact that not everything was all right in the officer environment is also evidenced by the results of a survey of the opinions of high-level commanders (generals, from the head of the brigade and above) on the state of military discipline and law and order and

rah to strengthen it, carried out by the Committee on the education and organization of troops in 1907 10

Among the reasons negatively affecting the state of military discipline, the highest ranks of the army named the following: the decline in the prestige of officer service; a decrease in the intellectual, moral and business levels of officers; the lack of advancement among officers in the service, whence - general apathy; difficult material conditions of officers; impunity of the top bosses; the cowardice of some officers in "time of troubles"; the predilection of the authorities for some officers, love for serving and external servility, intolerance for people with an independent character; drunkenness among officers; the lowered morale of the officer corps; the problem of high turnover of staff officers in the regiments; a trend of "false pride of indiscipline" among young officers; aging of the officer corps; inequality of discipline requirements for junior officers and generals; flaws reward system: a significant part of the awards in the Russo-Japanese War was wrong, unfair, immoral, and their number was prohibitive; the lack of good combat experience among many top leaders, which subsequently helps commanders maintain the proper state of discipline and order, etc. Many senior military leaders rightly believed that the decline in discipline among the lower ranks during the period of the first Russian revolution was undoubtedly a direct consequence of the decline in discipline among officers.

The result of the influence of negative trends was the fact that the outflow of officers from the army consistently exceeded its replenishment. This led to a constant shortage of officers. So in 1897, 3,700 officers left the army, 3,415 entered, i.e. 7.71% less! This especially affected the combat units, where, in fact, the power of the army was formed. There was a mass departure from the army of young officers who did not see any prospects for their service. The calculations carried out by A. Gerua showed that only in the cavalry units for the period 1896 - 1906. 2,526 school graduates arrived at the service, and 1,169 (43.5%)11 left, and the bulk left precisely the combat units.

The leadership of the military department knew about these problems and tried to solve them. But as subsequent events showed, it was not possible to completely eliminate them.

An important role in the system of maintaining military discipline, along with officers, was played by non-commissioned officers. To prepare competent, disciplined and demanding non-commissioned officers, fireworks and watchmen, according to the leadership of the Military Department, meant in many respects to solve the complex tasks of training and educating army soldiers. “My long-term practice shows,” wrote A.F. Rediger - that a non-commissioned officer should be a soldier's teacher, therefore, he himself must know the basic information about the service, weapons that he must teach - he must be the first soldier. without good non-commissioned officers, we will get an army without teachers, and one can fear that an increase in the size of the army will be done at the expense of its quality.

Realizing that a good commander can be one who serves for a long time, the authorities and the army command took measures to keep non-commissioned officers in extended service. “For a non-commissioned officer, a long service is desirable; we can assume that after three years he is just

begins to be useful as a teacher and educator. The leadership of the Military Department, interested in a strong and well-trained non-commissioned officer, demanded that military commanders pay due attention to the selection of junior commanders and the recruitment of their units14.

As a result of the measures taken at the end of the XIX century. the troops had about 10 thousand non-commissioned officers of extra-long service15. However, a comparison of the number of long-term servicemen in Russia and European armies was clearly not in our favor. So, in Germany there were about 12 per company, in France - 6, in the Austro-Hungarian army - 3, and in Russia there were only 2 non-commissioned officers for extra-long-term service16.

The subject of concern of the military authorities was the training of junior commanders, which was carried out in higher or regimental schools to prepare

non-commissioned officers.

In the troops, non-commissioned officers carried the main burden in the solitary training of a soldier, as well as in his upbringing, instilling service skills and discipline. Therefore, they played a major role in the army in the formation of a recruit and turning him into a soldier. The charter of the internal service of 1910 defined the status of a non-commissioned officer as follows: “With the current development of small arms combat, platoon non-commissioned officers, separated chiefs, must be valid

chiefs of the lower ranks subordinate to them. In the same place, the duties of the detached chief, platoon non-commissioned officer and sergeant major were described in some detail and thoroughly. Military regulations provided significant dis-

tciplinary powers to non-commissioned officers. In particular, the sergeant major could arrest a soldier for a period of one day.

The most numerous object of disciplinary influence of commanders of all degrees were the lower ranks. It was they who, first of all, determined the state of discipline in the troops.

Military reforms II half of XIX- the beginning of the XX century. led to a reduction in the term of active service on conscription, the abolition of corporal punishment, changed the psychology of an ordinary soldier, made higher demands on his military training and discipline.

We find important information about the features of the service of the lower ranks in the memoirs of A.I. Denikin "The Old Army"19. Their study allows us to draw a number of conclusions about the quality of the draft contingent in the Russian army on the eve of the First World War.

First, the army during this period remained predominantly peasant. Before the war, the contingent of the lower ranks was 1,350 thousand, and the annual conscription was 450 thousand people.

Secondly, despite the measures taken earlier, there was a high percentage of illiterates among the recruits (in Germany in the years preceding the First World War, less than 1% of illiterate recruits were admitted, in France - 2-3, in Russia - about 45%), which forced "the commanding staff spend a lot of time and effort on the work that the neighbors did a school teacher."

Thirdly, the Russian soldier was exceptionally hardy, but distinguished by a complete lack of ideas about sports. "A strong man - horseshoe oppression - cannot pull himself up 5-6 steps up an inclined staircase: sweat rolls in hail, bursts at the seams" 4th term ", and helplessly and guiltily lowers a heavy body."

Fourthly, the conscript was distinguished by the complete absence of the qualities necessary for military service. “With few exceptions, young soldiers came to the barracks in the full sense of the word “raw”.

Fifthly, the political unreliability of the lower ranks was evident. “Reports of military censorship on soldier moods, cited excerpts from letters from the war contained very often signs of great observation and psychological analysis of ongoing events; and at the same time, vague signs of the impending - disturbing and dark. ".

Sixthly, military service, even after the reduction of terms to 3-4 years, was only a heavy duty for the bulk of the soldiers. The reason for this, in my opinion,

Thus, the analysis of the moral and business qualities of the military personnel of the Russian army in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. indicates that if the officer corps as a whole met the requirements of military discipline, then the moral and psychological state of the lower ranks left much to be desired. This caused certain difficulties in the course of the work of the officers in restoring order and organization in the troops. Nevertheless, at critical moments for the country, Russian soldiers, like officers, showed their best side. Historical materials convincingly show that in the shameful outcome of the war Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 there was no fault of the Russian soldiers, sailors and most of the officers. On the battlefields, they showed exceptional courage, self-sacrifice and heroism, loyalty to their military duty. The army remained loyal to the autocracy in the revolutionary events of 1905-1907. The crisis of autocracy in Russia, political agitation undermined the discipline of the lower ranks of the army, which, in the end, led it to decay.

The study of the level of moral and psychological state and discipline of officers and lower ranks in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the comprehension and critical processing of the historical experience of military education of military personnel made it possible to draw a number of lessons from it.

First lesson. The political leadership of the country must understand that only a real change in attitude towards a serviceman, respect for his personality and selfless service to the Fatherland, concern for his material well-being can raise the prestige of military service and strengthen law and order in the troops.

Lesson two. Historical experience teaches that the effectiveness of work to strengthen military discipline to a large extent depends on the presence in Armed Forces a coherent system of military command and control bodies and officials directly responsible for the state of organization and order in the troops. In this regard, the concern of the state for the formation, training and education of command personnel of the Armed Forces is of paramount importance for today. As soon as the leadership of the country and the army ceases to pay due attention to the problems of the officer corps,

pusa, this immediately affects the prestige of the officer service, and as a result, leads to serious failures in maintaining high military discipline.

Lesson three. The most important component of maintaining discipline is the military, spiritual and moral education of servicemen. Without a scientifically based ideology, without a single center of education, without a system of social and humanitarian training of commanders and chiefs, officer-educators, without using the multifaceted experience of religious and moral education, without organizing pre-conscription training of young people for military service, without constant research and scientific and educational work, this task impossible to solve.

Lesson four. Historical experience teaches and convinces again and again that maintaining strong military discipline and order requires an uncompromising struggle against the negative phenomena of army life (“hazing”, protectionism, aging officers, dismissal of young officers, etc.), constant work to raise prestige and attractiveness of military service.

1. A successful solution to the problem of strengthening military discipline must inevitably involve the corresponding development of the legislative framework. In the draft Disciplinary Charter, which is currently being developed, in the opinion of the author, it would be necessary to separate disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability in military activities, rework the system of disciplinary sanctions for contract servicemen, strengthen the disciplinary rights of junior commanders, and introduce the newly used in pre-revolutionary charters the provision on responsibility of subordinates for the execution of the criminal order of the commander.

2. The organization of work to strengthen military discipline presupposes the presence of well-trained junior commanders in the field. Given the possibility of creating a professional corps of contract sergeants in the near future, it would be advisable for the relevant department of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces to develop a special regulation on the institute of sergeants.

zhants (foremen) of the Armed Forces, taking into account the experience of selection, training and distribution of non-commissioned officers of the Russian army of the period under study.

3. Regimental military (military disciplinary) courts could become an important link in the system of military justice. The purpose of their introduction is to consider minor offenses.

A means of preventing and preventing gross disciplinary offenses. as prerequisites for the commission of crimes, could be the social disciplinary commissions created in military units.

4. In order to neutralize the causes of violations of military discipline and the conditions accompanying them, it is expedient for state and military bodies to use the spiritual and moral potential of religious confessions traditional for Russia.

5. In order to ensure a permanent impact on the consciousness, feelings and behavior of the officer corps, it seems important to return to the creation of officer courts of honor and officer meetings as places for leisure, communication, education of honor and dignity based on the spiritual and moral initiative of officers.

1 By 1912, the social composition of army officers was as follows: 53.6% of officers (in the infantry - 44.3%) came from the nobility, 25.7% - from the townspeople and peasants, 13.6% - from honorary citizens, 3 .6% - from the clergy and 3.5% - from the merchants. See: Volkov S.V. Russian officers as a service class // Russian Military Collection. Moscow: Military University, 2000. Issue. 17. S. 521.

2 P.D. Olkhovsky. Military education // Russian military collection. Moscow: Military University, 1997. Issue. 13. S. 200.

3 See: A. Popov. The concept of military discipline // Military Collection. 1924. Book. 5. S. 144.

4 See: Ibid. S. 145.

6Denikin A.I. Old army. Paris, 1929. Vol. 1. P.123.

7 See: Disciplinary Charter. SPb., 1912.

8 See: Military Statistical Yearbook of the Army for 1910, St. Petersburg, 1911, pp. 318-319; Military Statistical Yearbook of the Army for 1911, St. Petersburg, 1912, pp. 428-429.

9 See: Smirnov A.A. Moral and psychological support of the activities of the Russian army in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries: Dis. ... cand. ist. Sciences. M., 1997. S. 35.

10 See: RomanovN. N. The eternal problem of the Russian army // Nezavisimaya gazeta. 2001. No. 9.

11 See: GeruaA. To the knowledge of the army. SPb., 1907. S. 37.

12 Rediger A.F. Non-commissioned officer question in the main European armies. SPb., 1880. S. 10.

13 Ibid. S. 7.

14 RGVIA, f. 1, op. 2, d. 19, l. 26.

15 RGVIA, f. 868, op. 2, d. 163, l. 12rev.

16 See: A.F. Rediger. Manning and organization of the armed forces. SPb., 1914. S. 206.

17 See: V.N. Ostashkin. Cultural and leisure work in the Russian army in the second half of the 19th century:

Dis. .d-ra ist. Sciences. M., 1997. S. 220.

18 Charter of internal service in infantry troops. // Military collection. 1887. No. 10. S. 98.

19 See: A.I. Denikin. Decree. op. pp. 75-153.