Guidelines for the direction of experience and mistakes. Direction experience and mistakes guidelines for preparation

official comment
As part of the direction, it is possible
reasoning about the value of the spiritual and
practical experience of a separate
individual, people, humanity as a whole,
about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world,
gaining life experience.
Literature often makes you think
about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about
error-preventing experience
mistakes, without which it is impossible
moving along the path of life, and
irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Guidelines
"Experience and mistakes" - the direction in which
to a lesser extent, it implies a clear
opposition of two polar concepts,
After all, there is no and cannot be experience without mistakes.
A literary hero, making mistakes,
analyzing them and thereby gaining experience,
changing, improving, getting on the road
spiritual and moral development. Giving
assessment of the actions of the characters, the reader
acquires invaluable life experience,
and literature becomes a real textbook
life, helping not to commit their own
mistakes, the price of which can be very
high.

Speaking of committed heroes
errors, it should be noted that
wrong decision,
ambiguous act can
affect not only life
individual, but also the most
fatally affect
the fates of others. In literature we
we meet such tragic
mistakes that affect fates
entire nations. It is in these aspects
can be approached to analyze this
thematic direction.

Aphorisms and sayings
famous people
Do not be shy for fear of making mistakes,
the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself
experience.
Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues
You can make mistakes, do the right thing
there is only one way, so the first
easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, hard
hit the mark.
Aristotle
In all matters we can only learn
by trial and error, falling into error and
correcting.
Karl Raimund Popper

Whoever thinks that
he will not be mistaken if they are for him
think others.
Avreliy Markov
We easily forget our mistakes when
they are known only to us alone.
François de La Rochefoucauld
Take advantage of every mistake.
Ludwig Wittgenstein

Shame may be appropriate
everywhere, but not in the matter of recognition
their mistakes.
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
It is easier to find the error than the truth.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe
In all things we can learn
only by trial and error,
falling into error and correcting.
Karl Raimund Popper

As
support in their
reasoning
can
refer to
next
works.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".
Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and
admitting to what he did, does not fully realize
least all the tragedy committed by him
crime, does not recognize the fallacy of his
theory, he only regrets that he could not transgress,
that he can no longer classify himself as one of the
the chosen ones. And only in hard labor with a soul
the tormented hero does not just repent
(he repented, confessing to the murder), and
embarks on the difficult path of repentance. Writer
emphasizes that a person who recognizes his
mistakes, able to change, he is worthy
forgiveness and needs help and compassion.

M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The heroes of such different works make
a similar fatal mistake, which to regret
I will be all my life, but fix it already, to
unfortunately they can't do anything. Andrey Sokolov,
leaving for the front, pushes away the hugging him
wife, the hero is irritated by her tears, he is angry,
believing that she is "burying him alive", and comes out
the opposite is true: he returns, and the family
dies. This loss for him is a terrible grief,
and now he blames himself for every little thing and with
with inexpressible pain says: "Until death,
until my last hour, I will die, and not
I'll forgive myself for pushing her away!"

The story of K.G. Paustovsky is a story about
lonely old age. Abandoned by her own daughter
grandmother Katerina writes: “My beloved, this winter is not
I will survive. Come for a day. Let me look at
you, hold your hands." But Nastya reassures
himself with the words: "Since the mother writes, it means she is alive." thinking
about strangers, organizing an exhibition of young
sculptor, the daughter forgets about her only native
man. And just hearing kind words
gratitude "for taking care of a person", the heroine
remembers that she has a telegram in her purse:
“Katya is dying. Tikhon. Remorse is coming
too late: “Mom! How could this happen?
Because I don't have anyone in my life. No and will not
dearer. If only to be in time, if only she saw me,
just to forgive." Daughter arrives but forgiveness
no one else to ask. The bitter experience of the main characters
teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones "until
it's getting late."

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" succession
the hero of the novel M.Yu. also makes mistakes in his life.
Lermontov. Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin
belongs to the young people of his era who
disappointed in life.
Pechorin himself says about himself: "Two live in me
man: one lives in the full sense of the word,
the other thinks and judges him." Lermontov's character
- an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find
application of your mind, your knowledge. Pechorin -
cruel and indifferent egoist, because he
causes misfortune to everyone with whom it communicates, and it is not
concerned about the condition of others. V.G. Belinsky
called him a "suffering egoist" because
Grigory Alexandrovich blames himself for his
actions, he is aware of his actions, experiences and
nothing brings him satisfaction.

Grigory Alexandrovich is very smart and
reasonable person, he knows how to recognize
his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach
others to confess their own, as, for example, he
everyone tried to push Grushnitsky on
admission of guilt and wanted to resolve them
dispute peacefully.
The hero realizes his mistakes, but nothing
does in order to correct them, his
his own experience teaches him nothing. Despite
to the fact that Pechorin has an absolute
understanding that it destroys human
life (“destroys the lives of peaceful
smugglers", through his fault Bela dies and
etc.), the hero continues to "play" with fate
other than making himself unhappy.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If
the hero of Lermontov, realizing his
mistakes, could not get on the path
spiritual and moral
perfection, then beloved
heroes of Tolstoy, acquired
experience helps you get better. At
consideration of the topic in this aspect
can be analyzed
images of A. Bolkonsky and P.
Bezukhov.

M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Talking about how
the experience of military battles changes people,
makes you evaluate your life
errors, you can refer to the image of Gregory
Melekhov. Fighting now on the side of the whites, now on the
side of the Reds, he understands what a monstrous
injustice around, and he himself commits
mistakes, acquires military experience and makes
the most important conclusions in my life: “... my
you have to plow your hands." Home, family - that's the value. BUT
any ideology that pushes people to kill -
mistake. already wise life experience
a person understands that the main thing in life is not war,
and the son who meets at the threshold of the house. Costs
note that the hero admits that he was wrong.
This is the reason for his repeated
throwing from white to red.

M.A. Bulgakov " dog's heart". If to speak
about experience as a "procedure for reproducing
some phenomenon experimental
by creating something new in
certain conditions for the purpose of research,
then the practical experience of the professor
Preobrazhensky to "clarify the question of
survival of the pituitary gland, and later on
its effect on the rejuvenation of the body in humans "
can hardly be called successful in full measure.
From a scientific point of view, he is very successful.
Professor Preobrazhensky conducts
unique operation. Scientific result
turned out to be unexpected and impressive, but in
everyday, everyday plan, he led to the most
disastrous consequences.

After analyzing his mistake, professor
understands that the dog was much
“more humane” than P.P. Sharikov. So
Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid
Sharikov's hybrid is more of a failure than
Victory of Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself
understands this: “Old donkey ... Here, doctor, what
obtained when the researcher, instead of
to walk parallel and groping with nature,
forces the question and lifts the veil: on,
get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip
Filippovich comes to the conclusion that
violent intervention in nature
individual and society leads to
catastrophic results.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera"
Talking about mistakes, irreparable and
bringing suffering not only to everyone
individual person, but also to the people in
in general, one can also refer to the
novels of the writer of the twentieth century. It is not simple
a work about the loss of one's home, but
and how wrong decisions lead to
followed by disasters that
definitely affect life.
society as a whole.

For Rasputin it is quite clear that the collapse,
the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with
family breakdown. And the reason for this is the tragic
the error that progress
much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to
your home. And there is no youth in the hearts
remorse.
Experienced Senior
generation does not want to leave their native island
because he cannot appreciate all the blessings
civilization, and above all because for these
conveniences demand to give Matera, that is, to betray
your past. And the suffering of the elderly is the one
an experience that each of us must learn.
Can't, shouldn't a man give up
their roots.

In discussions on this topic,
turn to history and themes
catastrophes caused by
is a "business" activity
person.
The story of Rasputin is not just
a story about great construction projects, this
tragic experience of previous
generations for the edification of us, the people of the XXI
century.

SOURCES
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Guidelines for preparing for writing the final essay in 2016/2017
academic year for teachers of Russian language and literature - Stavropol, 2016. - 46 p.
Composer of the presentation, teacher of the Russian language and literature, MBOU secondary school No. 8, Mozdok, North Ossetia, Pogrebnyak N.M.

Literature lesson in grade 11

Preparation for the final essay in the direction "Experience and mistakes".

Lesson Objectives:

Tutorial:

consolidate the ability to work on an essay-permission,

learn to construct their own knowledge,

express thoughts orally and in writing,

organize your knowledge

argue your point of view.

Educational:

educate a thoughtful and attentive reader,

to nurture students' creativity, to promote the development logical thinking, oral monologue, dialogic speech;

educate moral and ethical qualities through the analysis of works

Developing:

develop students' cognitive skills

develop critical and creative thinking,

to develop the ability of students to see, formulate and solve a problem.

A task: learn to write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

During the classes:

I. Introduction to the topic

1. Lexical work

Guys, we continue to prepare for the final essay, which you have to write on December 7th. And in today's lesson we will look at the direction "Experience and mistakes"

Tell me, please, how do you understand the word "experience", "mistakes"?  Let's look into the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov and read the dictionary entry:

Mistakes - Irregularity in actions, thoughts.

2. FIPI comment:

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

“Experience and mistakes” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is implied to a lesser extent, because without mistakes there is no and cannot be experience. The literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, embarks on the path of spiritual and moral development.Giving an assessment of the actions of the characters, the reader acquires his invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one's own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. . Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that an incorrectly made decision, an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also most fatally affect the fate of others. In literature, we also encounter such tragic mistakes that affect the fate of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic direction.

3. Expressions on the topic of mistakes and experience

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

You should not be shy for fear of making mistakes, the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues

You can make mistakes in various ways, you can only do the right thing in one way, therefore the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, hard to hit. Aristotle

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves. Karl Raimund Popper

The one who thinks that he will not be mistaken if others think for him is deeply mistaken. Avreliy Markov

We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us alone. François de La Rochefoucauld Make the most of every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein

Modesty can be appropriate everywhere, but not in the matter of admitting one's mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

It is easier to find the error than the truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves. Karl Raimund Popper S. Sukhorukov)

5. Variants of topics for the direction "Experience and mistakes":

1. Man has three paths to reason: the path of reflection is the noblest; the path of imitation is the easiest; the path of personal experience is the hardest path. (Confucius)

2. Wisdom is the daughter of experience. (Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, scientist)

3. Experience is a useful gift that is never used. (J. Renard)

4. Do you agree with proverb"Experience is the word people call their mistakes"?

5. Experience increases our wisdom, but does not decrease our stupidity. (B.. Shaw) 6. Do we really need our own experience?

7. Why should you analyze your mistakes?

8. Do you agree with the folk wisdom “We learn from the mistakes of others”?

9. Is it possible to avoid mistakes by relying on someone else's experience?

10. Is it boring to live without making mistakes?

11. How can the experience of fathers be valuable for children?

12. What experience does war give a person?

13. What events and impressions of life help a person grow up, gain experience?

14. Is it possible to avoid mistakes in the search for a life path?

15. Is it important, going forward in life, to look back at the path traveled?

16. What does the reading experience add to life experience?

Argumentation:

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to his deed, does not fully realize the whole tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not transgress, that he cannot now consider himself among the elect. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented, confessing to the murder), but embarks on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero, Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).

M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". The heroes of such different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they won’t be able to fix anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, repels his wife hugging him, the hero is annoyed by her tears, he is angry, believing that she is "burying him alive", but it turns out the opposite: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I won’t forgive myself for pushing her away then!” The story of K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Abandoned by her own daughter, grandmother Katerina writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands. But Nastya calms herself with the words: "Since the mother writes, it means she is alive." Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about the only thing native person. And only when she heard warm words of gratitude “for caring for a person,” the heroine recalls that she had a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon. Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? Because I don't have anyone in my life. No, and it will not be dearer. If only to be in time, if only she would see me, if only she would forgive me. The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones "before it's too late."

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" The hero of the novel M.Yu. also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disappointed in life. Pechorin himself says about himself: "Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him." Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find application for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a "suffering egoist", because Grigory Alexandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries, and nothing brings him satisfaction. Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time he wants to teach others to confess their own, as, for example, he tried to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But the other side of Pechorin immediately appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in a duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself offers to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them dies. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life. After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin's mood has changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is a stone in his soul. The story of the disappointed and dying Pechorin soul is set forth in the hero's diary entries with all the ruthlessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks of his ideal impulses, and the dark sides of his soul, and the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience teaches him nothing. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers”, Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the fates of others, which makes himself unhappy .

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If the hero of Lermontov, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then the beloved heroes of Tolstoy, the experience gained helps to become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can refer to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky sharply stands out from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, wishes for great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. The harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince is disappointed in his dreams, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky is experiencing a mental breakdown. In these moments, a new world opens before him, where there are no egoistic thoughts, lies, but only the purest, highest, and fairest. The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems to him petty and insignificant. Having survived further events - the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he only has to live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of the hero, not only admitting his mistakes, but also striving to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a wild life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but he understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly assess people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed. These character traits are clearly manifested in the relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after the marriage, the hero realizes that he has been deceived, and "processes his grief alone in himself." After a break with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he "will find a rebirth to a new life," and again he realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

“In order to live honestly, one must be torn, confused, fought, made mistakes, and calmness is spiritual meanness.” (L.N. Tolstoy)

“A good player who loses at chess is sincerely convinced that his loss was due to his mistake, and he looks for this mistake at the beginning of his game, but forgets that in his every step, throughout the whole game, there were the same mistakes, whatever one of his moves was not perfect. The error to which he draws attention is noticeable to him only because the enemy took advantage of it. (L.N. Tolstoy)

M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing some phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research”, then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the issue of survival of the pituitary gland, and later on its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called successful in full measure. From a scientific point of view, he is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most deplorable consequences. The type who appeared in the professor's house as a result of the operation, "small in stature and unsympathetic in appearance", behaves defiantly, arrogantly and arrogantly. However, it should be noted that the humanoid creature that has appeared easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the whole house. After analyzing his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “human” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that Sharikov's humanoid hybrid is more of a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey ... Here, doctor, what happens when the researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philipp Philippovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog”, the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is content with his fate and himself. But in life, such experiments have a tragic effect on the fate of people, warns Bulgakov. Actions should be considered and not be destructive. The main idea of the writer is that bare progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera" Speaking about the mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but to the people as a whole, one can also refer to the specified story of the writer of the twentieth century. This is not just a work about the loss of one's home, but also about how erroneous decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on a real story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Resettlement has become a painful phenomenon for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power plants are built for a large number of people. This is an important economic project, for the sake of which it is necessary to restructure, not to cling to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of the flooded Matera move to a village built not in a human way. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the writer's soul painfully. Fertile lands will be flooded, and nothing will grow in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay. Gross intervention in nature will necessarily entail environmental problems. But for the writer, they are not so much important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin, it is quite clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, a people, a country, begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is a tragic mistake, which consists in the fact that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. Wise with life experience, the older generation does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because they demand to give Matera for these conveniences, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is the experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, must not renounce his roots. In reasoning on this topic, one can turn to history and the catastrophes that the "economic" activity of man entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is a tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

The life views and statements of Yevgeny Bazarov, expressed at the beginning of the novel, are refuted towards the end by both the hero and the author.

“It is better to break stones on the pavement than to allow a woman to take possession of at least the tip of her finger. That's all ... - Bazarov almost uttered his favorite word "romanticism", but he restrained himself and said: "nonsense." “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” “All people are similar to each other both in body and soul; each of us has a brain, spleen, heart, lungs are the same; and the so-called moral qualities are the same in all: small modifications mean nothing. One human specimen is enough to judge all others. People that trees in the forest; not a single botanist will deal with every single birch." “The power, the power,” he said, “is still here, but you have to die! .. The old man, at least, managed to wean himself from life, and I ... Yes, go try to deny death. She denies you, and that's it! "The old thing is death, but a new one for everyone."

Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev (real name - Smidovich; 1867-1945) - Russian writer, translator, literary critic, doctor.

In 1888 he graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. In 1894 he graduated from the medical faculty of the University of Dorpat and began his medical career. He was called up for military service as a military doctor in 1904, during Russo-Japanese War and in the first world war. All-Russian fame came to Veresaev after the publication in 1901 in the journal "God's World" of "Doctor's Notes" - a biographical story about experiments on people and about the collision of a young doctor with a monstrous reality. In the work condemning medical experiments on humans, the moral position of the writer was also manifested. The resonance was so strong that the emperor himself ordered to take action and stop medical experiments on people. The writer received the Stalin Prize in 1943, at the height of the struggle against the monstrous experiments of the Nazis. "Notes" literally generated an explosion of interest in medical ethics, since it was precisely its problems that lay in the center of the author's attention.

A.S. Pushkin "Poltava"

After the victory at Poltava, Peter raised a toast during a festive feast: “To the health of teachers, to the Swedes!” The tsar had in mind the defeat near Narva in 1700, when the Russian troops were defeated by the Swedish. After that, transformations were carried out in the Russian army, which brought Peter the final victory.

“Peter is feasting. And proud and clear And his eyes are full of glory. And his royal feast is beautiful. At the cries of his troops, In his tent he treats His leaders, the leaders of strangers, And caresses glorious captives, And raises a healthy cup for his teachers.

D / z: write an essay on one of the proposed topics.

Official comment:

Within the framework of the direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, about the price of mistakes on the way of knowing the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

“Experience and mistakes” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is implied to a lesser extent, because without mistakes there is no and cannot be experience. The literary hero, making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, changes, improves, embarks on the path of spiritual and moral development. Giving an assessment of the actions of the characters, the reader acquires his invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one's own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by the heroes, it should be noted that an incorrectly made decision, an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also most fatally affect the fate of others. In literature, we also encounter such tragic mistakes that affect the fate of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic direction.

Aphorisms and sayings of famous people:

You should not be shy for fear of making mistakes, the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience.

Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues

You can make mistakes in various ways, you can only do the right thing in one way, therefore the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, hard to hit.

Aristotle

Karl Raimund Popper

The one who thinks that he will not be mistaken if others think for him is deeply mistaken.

Avreliy Markov

We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us alone.

François de La Rochefoucauld

Take advantage of every mistake.

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Modesty can be appropriate everywhere, but not in the matter of admitting one's mistakes.

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

It is easier to find the error than the truth.

Johann Wolfgang Goethe

In all matters, we can only learn by trial and error, falling into error and correcting ourselves.

Karl Raimund Popper

As a support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works.

M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man", K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". The heroes of such different works make a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they won’t be able to fix anything. Andrey Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is annoyed by her tears, he is angry , believing that she "buries him alive", but it turns out the opposite: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I won’t forgive myself for pushing her away then!” The story of K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Abandoned by her own daughter, grandmother Katerina writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands. But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since the mother writes, it means she is alive.” Thinking about strangers, organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, her daughter forgets about her only loved one. And only after hearing warm words of gratitude “for caring for a person,” the heroine recalls that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon. Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? Because I don't have anyone in my life. No, and it will not be dearer. If only to be in time, if only she would see me, if only she would forgive me. The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones "before it's too late."

M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time" The hero of the novel M.Yu. also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to to young people of their era who were disillusioned with life.

Pechorin himself says about himself: "Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him." Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find application for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a "suffering egoist", because Grigory Alexandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries, and nothing brings him satisfaction.

Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time he wants to teach others to confess their own, as, for example, he tried to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But the other side of Pechorin immediately appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in a duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself offers to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them dies. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life. After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see , how Pechorin's mood has changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is a stone in his soul.

The story of the disappointed and dying Pechorin soul is set forth in the hero's diary entries with all the ruthlessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks about his ideal impulses, and about the dark sides of his soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them, his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding that he destroys human lives (“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers”, Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the fates of others, which makes himself unhappy .

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If the hero of Lermontov, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then the beloved heroes of Tolstoy, the experience gained helps to become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can refer to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky sharply stands out from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, wishes for great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. The harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince is disappointed in his dreams, he understands how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky is experiencing a mental breakdown. In these moments, a new world opens before him, where there are no egoistic thoughts, lies, but only the purest, highest, and fairest. The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems to him petty and insignificant. Having survived further events - the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he only has to live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of the hero, not only admitting his mistakes, but also striving to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a wild life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but he understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly assess people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed. These character traits are clearly manifested in the relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after the marriage, the hero realizes that he has been deceived, and "processes his grief alone in himself." After a break with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he joins the Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he “will find a rebirth to a new life,” and again he realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.

M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people, makes them evaluate their life mistakes, we can refer to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting on the side of the whites, then on the side of the reds, he understands what a monstrous injustice is around, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: "... my hands need to plow." Home, family - that's the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person already wise with life experience understands that the main thing in life is not war, but a son meeting at the threshold of the house. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is the reason for his repeated throwing from white to red.

From a scientific point of view, he is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result turned out to be unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most deplorable consequences. The type that appeared in the professor's house as a result of the operation, "small in stature and unsympathetic in appearance", behaves defiantly, arrogantly and arrogantly. However, it should be noted that the humanoid creature that has appeared easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the whole house.

After analyzing his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “human” than P.P. Sharikov. Thus, we are convinced that Sharikov's humanoid hybrid is more of a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: "Old donkey ... Here, doctor, what happens when the researcher, instead of walking in parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge." Philipp Philippovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results.

In the story “Heart of a Dog”, the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is content with his fate and himself. But in life, such experiments have a tragic effect on the fate of people, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be considered and not be destructive.

The main idea of the writer is that bare progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.

The plot of the story is based on a real story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Resettlement has become a painful phenomenon for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power plants are built for a large number of people. This is an important economic project, for the sake of which it is necessary to restructure, not to cling to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of the flooded Matera move to a village built not in a human way. The mismanagement with which huge sums of money are spent hurts the writer's soul painfully. Fertile lands will be flooded, and nothing will grow in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay. Gross intervention in nature will necessarily entail environmental problems. But for the writer, they are not so much important as the spiritual life of people.

For Rasputin, it is quite clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, a people, a country, begins with the disintegration of the family. And the reason for this is a tragic mistake, which consists in the fact that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people.

Wise with life experience, the older generation does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because they demand to give Matera for these conveniences, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is the experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, must not renounce his roots.

In reasoning on this topic, one can turn to history and the catastrophes that the "economic" activity of man entailed.

Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is a tragic experience of previous generations as a warning to us, people of the 21st century.

Material for
training
to the final essay
thematic direction
"Experience and mistakes"

Author of the work:
teacher of Russian language and literature, MAOU "Volodarskaya secondary school"
Sadchikova Yu.N.

"Experience and Mistakes"
Within the framework of this direction, it is possible to reason about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, people, humanity as a whole, reasoning about the price of mistakes on the way to knowing the world, gaining life experience.
Literature often makes one think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.

Interpretation of concepts
Experience is, first of all, the totality of everything that happens to a person in his life and what he is aware of;
a person can have experience about himself, about his gifts, abilities, about his virtues and vices ...
Experience - the unity of knowledge and skills (skills), acquired in the process of direct experiences, impressions, observations, practical actions, in contrast to knowledge ...
Mistakes - incorrectness in actions, deeds, statements, thoughts, error.

Experience is a teacher. Y. Caesar
Experience is a school where lessons are expensive, but it is the only school where one can learn. B. Franklin
When the eyes say one thing and the tongue another, an experienced person believes more in the first. W. Emerson Knowledge that is not born of experience, the mother of all certainty, is fruitless and full of errors. Leonardo da Vinci
Who, having rejected experience, manages deeds - in the future he will see a lot of insults. Saadi

Statements about experience and mistakes
Inexperience leads to trouble. A. S. Pushkin
The best of all proofs is experience.
F. Bacon
Our true teachers are experience and feeling. J. -J. Rousseau
Experience, in any case, takes a large price for teaching, but it teaches better than all teachers. Carlyle
Simplicity is the hardest thing in the world; this is the extreme limit of experience and the last effort of genius. J. Sand
Experience too often teaches us that people have so little control over anything as over their own language.

Although they beat us for a mistake, they don’t knock us down.
Those who do not repent of their mistakes are more mistaken.
The foot stumbles, and the head gets.
Mistakes start small.
Mistake teaches people the mind-reason.

Proverbs and sayings about experience and mistakes
The fear of making mistakes is more dangerous than the mistake itself.
I made a mistake that I hurt myself - forward science.
Those who do not repent of their mistakes are more mistaken. A young mistake is a smile, an old one is a bitter tear. The foot stumbles, and the head gets.
Mistakes start small.
Mistake teaches people the mind-reason.
Sat in a puddle, despite the cold.
He does not make mistakes who does nothing.
An error rides on an error and drives an error.

Proverbs and sayings about experience and mistakes
Some learn from the experience of others, and others from their mistakes. Bengal
Long experience enriches the mind. Arabic
Long experience is more valuable than a tortoise shell. Japanese
One gained experience is more important than seven wise teachings. Tajik
Only experience creates a true master. Indian
It is better to let an experienced wolf eat than an inexperienced one. Armenian
Inexperience is not a reproach to the young man. Russian
I ate bread from seven ovens (i.e. Experienced). Russian

Sample Essay Topics
Man learns from mistakes.
Does a person have the right to make a mistake?
Why should you analyze your mistakes?
Do you agree that mistakes are a key component of life experience?
How do you understand the saying “to live life is not to cross a field”?
What kind of life can be considered not lived in vain?
“And experience, the son of difficult mistakes ...” (A. S. Pushkin)
One experience gained is more important than seven wise teachings

Featured Works
A. S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter", "Eugene Onegin"
M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
A. I. Goncharov "Oblomov"
I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
DI. Fonvizin "Sincere confession in my deeds and thoughts"
Charles Dickens "A Christmas Carol"
V.A. Kaverin "Open book"

Entry option
They say that a smart person learns from the mistakes of others, and a stupid person learns from his own. And indeed it is. Why make the same mistakes and end up in the same unpleasant situations that your relatives or friends have already been in? But in order for this not to happen, you really need to be reasonable person and realize that no matter how smart you are, the most valuable experience for you in any case is the experience of other people who have life path longer than yours. You need to have enough intelligence not to get into a mess, and then not to rack your brains on how to get out of this mess. But those who most often learn from their own mistakes are those who consider themselves an unsurpassed connoisseur of life and do not think about their actions and their future.

Entry option
All our lives we try to achieve the desired goals, although we often make mistakes in the process. People endure all these difficulties in different ways: someone becomes depressed, another tries to start all over again, and many set new goals for themselves, given the sad experience in achieving the previous ones. In my opinion, that's the whole point human life. Life is an eternal search for oneself, a constant struggle for one's destiny. And if “wounds” and “abrasions” appear in this struggle, then this is not a reason for despondency. Because these are your own mistakes, to which you are entitled. There will be something to remember in the future, when the desired is achieved, the “wounds” will heal and even become a little sad that all this is already behind. You never need to look back, regret what you have done or, conversely, not done. It's just a waste of energy. It is only useful to analyze the experience of past mistakes and think carefully about what to do in order to avoid them in the future.

Entry option
How often are we wrong? Sometimes, we regret our deeds for the rest of our lives. It is sad and sad to realize when, under certain circumstances, someone can be lost, out of stupidity. But such real life we all make mistakes. The essence of the issue is that people learn to forgive, give a second chance to fix everything. How, it would seem, we ask little, but how difficult it is to translate it into life. One is not very famous writer wrote: "Every action of a person, depending on the view, is both right and wrong." In my opinion, these words have the deepest meaning.

Guidelines for the direction of experience and mistakes. Direction experience and mistakes guidelines for preparation

As a support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works.

Act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany

Battle of Kursk: who won at Prokhorovka?

The most discussed scientific developments in Russia

Free second higher education - benefits and opportunities for Russian students

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Guidelines for the direction of experience and mistakes. Direction experience and mistakes guidelines for preparation

As a support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works.

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