The wealth of any country is a person. In the future, the economic growth of the country is possible from an increase in funding for such areas of the economy as the quality of the workforce, human capital, healthcare, culture and infrastructure. The development of the material, intellectual and spiritual capabilities of a person, the accumulation of human capital is becoming an important task of the state. The main priority of the country's budget expenditures is investment in human capital, and such expenditures are education, health care and culture.

The greater the potential of each member of society, the higher the intellectual resource of the entire country, the more dynamic the growth rate of the economy, the greater the opportunities of society. The development of the human potential of Russia involves:

Creating favorable conditions for the development of the abilities of each person, improving the living conditions of Russian citizens and the quality of the social environment;
- increasing the competitiveness of human capital and the social sectors of the economy that provide it.

Economic growth currently depends on the degree of human capital formation, which is the process of expanding the knowledge, skills and capabilities of the people of the country.

Human capital refers to the knowledge and skills embodied in a person, which play an important role in determining labor productivity and the ability to absorb new knowledge and master new technologies, innovations.

The formation of human capital takes on various types, forms and goes through various stages of the human life cycle. The factors on which the formation of human capital depends can be combined into the following groups: socio-demographic, institutional, integration, socio-mental, environmental, economic, industrial, demographic, socio-economic. The institutional environment necessary for an innovative socially oriented type of development is formed in the long term as a result of the development of human capital, and above all: education, healthcare, the pension system and housing. In order to ensure the implementation of the functions of financial markets in terms of the formation of human capital in Russia, the following is provided:

Increasing the availability of housing for citizens through mortgage mechanisms, promoting the use of financial instruments to stimulate the development of the housing market as a whole;
- increasing information transparency and openness of the consumer lending market;
- expanding opportunities for citizens to use educational loans;
- assistance in increasing the level of protection of the quality of life and personal well-being of citizens through life and property insurance;
- assistance in the development of additional pension insurance mechanisms.

The conceptual model of the formation of human capital in the socio-economic system at various levels of its development: society, region, enterprise is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - The concept of the model of human capital formation

The formation of human capital is a continuous ongoing process by which the individual reaches his highest potential and strives to integrate and optimize the combination of current processes, such as education, job search, employment, skills formation and personal development. Thus, the formation of human capital is associated with investment in a person and his development as a creative and productive resource.

The formation of human capital is a long process of improving the productive qualities of the workforce, providing a high level of education, improving skills. Building human capital is critical to a country's long-term economic growth, providing the same benefits to new innovative technologies and more efficient industrial equipment. The interaction of people with each other affects the dissemination of knowledge in society. In itself, the transfer of knowledge is not a value.

The process of building human capital takes time (15 – 25 years) and often results in a better standard of living for people within a country over several generations. The formation of human capital can be achieved through the use of state policies in the field of health, education, culture and training.

The leading role in the formation of human capital, which creates the knowledge economy, is assigned to the sphere of culture, which is due to the following circumstances:

The transition to an innovative type of economic development requires an increase in professional requirements for personnel, including the level of intellectual and cultural development, which is possible only in cultural environment, allowing to realize the goals and moral guidelines for the development of society;
- as the personality develops, the needs for its cultural and creative self-expression, the development of the cultural and spiritual values ​​accumulated by society grow. The need to meet these needs, in turn, stimulates the development of a market for cultural services.

Thus, society is critical to the formation of human capital.

Each generation builds its human capital from scratch. The formation of human capital begins before the birth of a child, when the parents, through their behavior and decision, determined the outcome of the child's birth. From birth, a person is endowed with an unskilled labor force that does not require training and can be supplied to the labor market. The human capital of an individual is formed from childhood and is considered formed at the age of 23-25 ​​years.

At the age of 3-4, every child develops a culture of completely free access to any information. The development of a child's abilities gives him the opportunity to freely manage his talents, to put as many concepts, skills, and abilities into his toolkit as possible. The development of the child is influenced by the results of his education, which later may affect the development of the labor market. The amount of human capital acquired in the learning process depends on innate abilities. The main period for the formation of human capital is the age from 13 to 23 years. This is a period of hormonal explosion, puberty, when nature gives a growing body a surge of tremendous energy. This energy must be transformed (sublimated) at the stadium in order to improve health, on the student bench and in the theater, in order to receive education and culture, learn to set and achieve goals in life, and overcome obstacles. A person can become a skilled worker by acquiring human capital, which is characterized by a high content of knowledge, contributes to innovation and the development of new ideas. The formed human capital provides a person with a stable income, status in society, self-sufficiency.

A feature of the process of forming human capital is that:

Longevity makes the acquisition of human capital relatively more attractive to people of all ability levels;
- increased innate abilities facilitate the acquisition of human capital.

Knowledge and skills embodied in a person are difficult to separate from human health, which also determines labor productivity. Public health policy is the key to effective human capital formation. Access to medical care and proper nutrition increase life expectancy and help people become more efficient at work. As the life expectancy of the population increases, it is beneficial for society to use the experience and skill of people, which allows them to do their job more efficiently.

The basis for the formation of human capital is the acquisition of new knowledge and skills. Skill building becomes a priority economic development country. Education is important tool for the formation of human capital. Education contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of people and the exercise by them of their civil rights and obligations. Education enriches a person's life by developing cognitive and social skills and informing people about their civic rights and responsibilities.

Employees with higher education are more productive than people with secondary education. Workers with a secondary education are more productive than those with a primary education, and workers with a primary education are more productive than those with no education.

Educated people are more skilled and capable of doing their job effectively, have a wider arsenal of tools to solve problems and overcome difficulties. They are also better suited for performing more hard work which are often associated with higher wages and greater economic benefits.

For well-being, human well-being, the formation and accumulation of human capital is the main goal of the state's economic policy. State forms education is one of the most important means of building human capital among the poor. People from the low-income segments of the population, having no access to physical and financial resources, while having a high cost of their own human capital, acquire the opportunity to earn and influence the level and quality of life.

Countries can invest in public schools as well as adult education to reap these benefits and also help build human capital.

Building human capital through education and training encourages investment, stimulates the development and deployment of new technologies, and increases productivity per worker. However, the relationships between education, inequality, human capital creation, and economic development and growth are complex and often unique to a country's context.

The accumulation of human capital precedes economic growth and serves as the basis for economic growth. The process of human capital accumulation is an investment in education and training. Investing in education is a tool that influences the labor income of people's life cycle. The degree of accumulation of human capital varies by culture, country, region of residence of the holder of human capital. Human capital can accumulate until a person retires. The accumulation of human capital, being endogenous, responds to incentives associated with changes in technological knowledge. Human capital accumulation tends endogenously to zero some time before retirement. Older workers have low motivation for professional training (retraining).

Developed countries have more financial resources to invest in human capital accumulation. In less developed countries, labor productivity is very low. To increase this potential, there is a need for the formation of human capital. In developing countries, the formation of human capital is carried out by the provision of public services for the introduction of new production methods and the creation of an education system.

The development of human capital occurs through the creation of comfortable living conditions: income growth, good roads, landscaped yards, modern medical and educational services as well as the cultural environment.

The state of human capital in the least developed countries is reflected in the indicators of the Human Capital Index, related to the level of education, health and nutrition:

Percentage of population undernourished;
- mortality rate among children under five years of age;
- general indicator of children's education in secondary school;
is the adult literacy rate.

The complementarity of human and physical capital in the economy leads to an acceleration of investment in human and physical capital in the long run.

Along with the priority development of human capital and the service economy, the most important sector for the implementation of knowledge, employment and income generation in the next 10-15 years will be the basic industries, transport, construction and the agricultural sector. It is in these sectors that Russia has significant competitive advantages, but it is here that major barriers to growth and efficiency gaps have accumulated. Intensive technological renewal of all basic sectors of the economy, based on new information nano- and biotechnologies, is the most important condition for the success of innovative socially oriented development and the success of the country in global competition.

Increasing the productive qualities of the labor force can be increased by providing a higher level of education and skills.

The formation of human capital increases the income, level and quality of life of people, and is also an important factor in improving labor efficiency.

Bibliographic list

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 11/17/2008 N 1662-r (as amended on 08/08/2009) "On the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" // "Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation”, 24.11.2008, N 47, art. 5489.

1. Schultz, T. W. 1961. Investment in human capital.American Economic Review 51(1): 1–17.Becker, G. 1962. Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Political Economy 70(5): 9–49.
2. Schultz, T. W. 1975. The ability to deal with disequilibria.Journal of Economic Literature 13(3): 827–846.
3. Tuguskina G. Factors affecting the cost of human capital // Kadrovik. Personnel management. 2011. N 3. S. 68 - 75.
4. Kamenskikh E.A. Conceptualization of the formation of human capital in the socio-economic system of the region // Scientific messages. Economics and Management No. 5 - 2010 pp. 102-110.
5. Alderman, H., J. Behrman, V. Lavy, and R. Menon. 2000. Child health and school enrollment: A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Human Resources 36(1): 185–205.
6. Strauss, J., and D. Thomas. 1995. Human resources: Empirical modeling of household and family decisions. In Handbook of Development Economics, Vol. 3, ed. J. R. Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
7. Jones, P., (2001), Are Educated Workers really more Productive?, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 64, pp. 57-79.
8. United Nations. Development Policy Committee. Report on the thirteenth session (21-25 March 2011). Economic and Social Council. Official records, 2011. Supplement No. 13 - E/2011/33. New York, 2011. P.4.
9. There. S. 12.
10. Lucas, R.E., Jr. 1988. On the mechanics of economic development.Journal of Monetary Economics 22(1): 3–42.

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For the first time, the concept of bourgeois political economy "human capital" and its use in state practice are briefly summarized, the achievement of the absolute limit of the accumulation of human capital and the steady reduction of its total value, which inevitably and inevitably aggravates the conflict between the material development of production and its social form, up to the assumption of the beginning of a transitional period. to the communist social formation.

The factor of "human capital" in modern public policy.

If 30 years ago only in the publications of scientists and public figures, then in recent decades, in the documents of the UN, the IMF, the World Bank and national states, not only the change in the role of human capital in economic development is stated, but the transformation of human capital into the main factor of economic growth having a long-term character. Also in the Russian Federation, this thesis is confirmed in strategic planning documents officially adopted over the past 2-3 years. First of all, we are talking about the strategies for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation as a whole and its individual subjects. Based on this “initial thesis”, such documents established that “the development of human capital” was recognized as the “first” and “main” among the strategic priorities of the state.

But what is meant by human capital, how is the volume and content of this term that has become normative revealed, and by what means is it planned to achieve this very “development of human capital”? A clear and more or less clear, not to mention complete, definition of the term “human capital” cannot be found in all these documents - as a rule, it does not exist at all. Instead, “development of human capital” is declared as a “strategic direction of socio-economic development” of the state and a list of “directions and projects” included in this “strategic direction of socio-economic development” is given.

Apart from some minor differences between strategic planning documents adopted by different bodies state power The Russian Federation and its subjects, it can be stated that they are all guided by a certain general list of “directions and projects” for the development of “human capital”. These include the following: demographic development; health development; development of education; cultural development; development of physical culture and sports; growth in the level of employment and provision of social protection of the population. To these, traditional since Soviet times, "industries social sphere» Separate sections are added, «justified by the needs» of specific (as a rule, significant electorally and economically) social groups (pensioners, beneficiaries, youth, etc.), as well as the housing market.

Practically in all strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation that I managed to get acquainted with, the “development of human capital” is replaced by the tasks of achieving certain target values ​​of several dozen abstract macroeconomic indicators of demography (target dynamics of population, fertility, mortality, etc.), provision of social infrastructure, living space, employment rate, social protection of the population and security. As for the proportions laid down in such documents between all these macrosocial indicators, as well as between them and the macroeconomic indicators established in other sections of such documents, the commensurate proportionality of the values ​​of some indicators to the values ​​of all other indicators and their mutual dependence is only declared as a general theoretical premise of the entire plan.

The target values ​​of demographic and other social macro indicators that characterize the population as a whole, the level of its income from all sources, the provision of social infrastructure and housing, set as “hospital averages”, are just some of the indicators that describe the conditions necessary and sufficient for the reproduction of the human capital. But this is by no means all and by no means all of these indicators, not to mention the conditions themselves. It is not at all in these conditions and the “average for the hospital” macro-indicators that the real essence of the matter lies.

The point here is not only and not so much in strategic planning. Modern state statistics not only in the Russian Federation, but also in most countries of the world, in accordance with the recommendations of the UN statistics bodies and other international organizations, provides for the collection of initial data, their methodologically uniform aggregation and / or calculation based on these data of the same macro indicators. However, all this planning, implementation of plans, statistical accounting and monitoring of results have a very indirect relation to the human capital of specific people and their families, cities and districts, regional units and individual nations as a whole. Equally, all this has a very indirect relation also to the reproduction of the human capitals themselves of each of these social groups and the total human capital of a particular nation and humanity as a whole.

Human capital.

Capital as such is, first of all, the social relation of value, reproduced in the conditions of developed commodity production as the dominant relation, subordinating all other relations of social reproduction to itself. If the expression “human capital” is used, then this very expression of essentially logical connections between the meanings of its constituent words means, first of all, self-reproducing social relations and human activity in the production and reproduction of value. This is summarized in the abilities and capabilities of a person to produce and reproduce not only goods, including works and services for which there is effective demand from other people and their (these people) corporations of various types, types and levels.

But these abilities and possibilities are also the abilities and possibilities of a person to reproduce value relations and all those social conditions that determine the necessity of value relations and the process of their reproduction, including the reproduction of the very ability and possibilities of a person to produce and reproduce values, as well as the very activity of a person in production. and reproduction of value. We are talking about the ability and capabilities of people to produce and reproduce, as well as the ability and capabilities of people to consume goods, including works and services that a person needs to reproduce himself, his society and elements of his material wealth (a set of goods, works and services) .

The consumption of goods, works and services can be either productive consumption, in which case it is the production of goods, works and services, or consumer production, in which case it is the production of the people themselves and their society as such. So, only by consuming the produced goods, works and services, carried out through the consumption of opportunities, including abilities, to work (labor force), people only reproduce themselves, their society and their material wealth as such. Any specific consumption, whether it is productive consumption or consumer production, is carried out in very specific institutional conditions through the use of appropriate technology and is characterized not only by a very specific set of tools and objects of labor used, but also by a very specific qualification and organization of this labor required by this particular technology. and institutional conditions for its application.

The totality of knowledge, skills, abilities formed by an individual in the process of mastering certain types of his life activity, including professions, as well as his real ability to practically implement such types of life activity on the basis of existing experience and the corresponding knowledge, skills and abilities, is now called the totality competencies of this individual. In this regard, human capital, which currently characterizes a particular person as an individual, is not only and not so much a set of competencies and other qualitative and quantitative characteristics (age, health, education, culture, physical endurance, mental stability, etc.). ) that characterize the individual at a given time. The indicated set of competencies and all other personal characteristics of an individual in the modern terminology of UN documents and other international organizations (human development index, human development index, etc. indicators calculated by these organizations) is nothing but the magnitude of the human potential of this individual .

In order for the human potential of an individual to turn into capital, to become and be human capital, this individual must necessarily enter into quite definite, namely capitalistic, economic relations with other people regarding the production and reproduction of values ​​as commodities and continuously stay in these economic relations. That is, in order for human potential to turn into capital, to become and be human capital, the latter must phenomenologically (on the surface of social life in its dominant ideological given to individuals) also reproduce itself not as a person in the sense of an individual, personality, but as capital and in the value of capital. Therefore, a person (individual), ideologically becoming capital, must receive a phenomenological dimension and expression precisely as capital, as capital, that is, not only as a value, but also, ultimately, as a certain monetary value, the most developed form of which this is precisely the money form of value.

The value of the human capital of an individual, considered from this ideologically bourgeois point of view, is the total value of the value of all practically applied, implemented in practice through this practice of his (the individual) capabilities and abilities to produce and reproduce himself (the value of human capital) and all other specific values (goods) measured by a certain value. This certain value of the value of human capital, estimated (measured) by the participants in bourgeois economic relations between people and recognized through these economic relations, in other words, is called the capitalization of a given individual at a given moment in time. At each moment, the total capitalization of human capital is characterized by its inherent structure of the types of activities in which it (this human capital) is actually used, and the quantitative contribution of each of these types of its activities to the total capitalization (profit or loss) of the individual.

In the conditions of a developed bourgeois society, the implementation of any type of activity requires technologically and institutionally determined costs (expenses) of human capital in the appropriate structure and quantity. On the other hand, for regular renewal, that is, for systematic repetition, of this activity through the use of this human capital, costs (expenses) are necessary for the simple reproduction of this human capital itself (its preservation in unchanged size and qualitative state). From the bourgeois point of view, such expenses are nothing but the depreciation of human capital, which is organically included in the totality of expenses required by a specific type of activity within the framework and for the simple reproduction of this activity.

The depreciation of any capital implies the material form of the phenomenological being (here, being) of this capital, the varieties of which on the surface of social life are not only all tools and objects of labor, but also individuals engaged in the process of reproduction of this capital, that is, using this capital in the process of its reproduction. This already implies that by no means these subjects themselves (individuals as subjects of labor), tools and objects of labor, but something else are capital as such. These subjects themselves, tools and objects of labor, being the means of reproduction of capital, are only real (material) carriers or substrates of capital, to use the Latin term Western philosophy. Real carriers of capital are subject to physical and moral wear and tear, therefore they are subject to timely replacement with other real carriers that functionally replace those carriers of capital that are worn out, that is, they are subject to ordinary and accelerated depreciation, respectively, of their (these used real carriers of capital) physical and moral depreciation.

Let us note for ourselves the following significant point: the ideological understanding of the possibilities and ability of individuals to work as human capital, which is necessarily and inevitably subject to depreciation, has brought to its full logical and historical completion the process of the final identification of a person with a carrier of capital, understood only as a material (commodity) means of reproduction. the capital of itself. Through this ideological identification, not only commodity fetishism received its final historical and logical conclusion, but also the attitude towards a person only and exclusively only as one of the many material foundations or carriers of capital, which appears as the highest, dominating over all others, forms of institutional power. over the process of social reproduction.

By the end of the classical era of the development of capitalist production in the developed bourgeois states, practically every commodity involved in economic circulation within such states and in relations between them, with some exceptions in terms of labor power, had become a product of capital, that is, a product of developed commodity production. Mandatory general and professional education, mass medical care for the population (mandatory vaccinations of the entire population, starting from childhood, the development of public hygiene and health care, supported by veterinary, sanitary, municipal and medical services, first of all), the development of other institutional and ideological moments of Western civilization turned into a product of capital also themselves human individuals.

All this, in fact, created the material basis for the ideological qualification of individuals (human) as human capital - the individual from the product of a family business corporation of consanguinity turned into an integral product of many corporations of all types, types and levels, whose activities are organized as capitalist commodity production , being subject to the reproduction of capital. At the same time, this same process also created a material basis for the ideological expression of each individual human capital as a certain specific ensemble of various varieties of this capital, namely professional (processing or production), cultural, symbolic, political and similar varieties of human capital.

At the same time, an individual is not exactly the same carrier of capital as all other carriers of capital in its commodity form (tool, object or product of labor). In contrast to all other commodity forms of capital, as well as in contrast to capital in the form of money, the individual is also the subject of labor that reproduces capital, and the subject of this capital itself. But this is such a subject of capital, which, acting as a special form of capital, simultaneously serves capital and represents, including personifies and personifies, capital, that is, is nothing more than an agent of capital. Moreover, the individual represents and personifies capital (not only the commodity form of capital, but also capital as such) the more effectively, the more he (this individual) is an agent of capital. And, on the other hand, the less and less effectively a given individual performs the function of an agent of capital, the more this individual is not only superfluous, but also harmful to capital, dangerous to capital. That is, in other words, such an individual is subject to existential destruction as a carrier, representative, personification and personifier of capital, to the extent that this individual manifests himself as a real agent of capital to a lesser extent.

This is what determines the consistent expansion of the reproduction of more and more efficient agents of capital with the simultaneous narrowing (up to a complete cessation) of the reproduction of the least efficient agents of capital and the expansion of existential destruction (up to physical destruction) of individuals that harm the reproduction of capital. This logically and historically completes the process of the final transformation of capital into an absolute despotic power over a person (both the individual and society), his activity, consciousness and will, which opposes a person as an absolute force alien to him. And, consequently, this same process of alienation and self-alienation of a person from his generic essence is brought to its logical and historical limit - to self-destruction by a person of himself not only as social individuals, but also as all other social "populations", except for the "population" of the most efficient agents of capital. The last is a metaphorically very accurate name - "golden billion", but "billion" is only at a certain initial stage of this cannibalistic logic, and for subsequent stages, if any, we will naturally talk about an ever smaller number of individuals included in the "golden" the number of agents of capital.

If the scale of some activity carried out as part of the reproduction of capital on an unchanged technical basis expands, then this expansion is carried out due to investments (additional investments) of capital not only in the corresponding additional tools and objects of labor, but also in additional human capital. In other words, in this case we are also talking about the expanded reproduction of human capital, carried out in the process and through the expanded reproduction of the corresponding types of activities. However, if the technical basis for the reproduction of capital changes and at the same time the scale of application and, consequently, the amount of applied human capital is reduced, then the consequence of this, under other unchanged conditions, is the release of a certain amount (loss) of processing (applied) human capital, which manifests itself as the release of workers. With regard to the entire professional and, more broadly, the entire social group to which the laid-off workers belong, we can already talk only about the narrowing reproduction of this social group as human capital.

The part of human capital that was used before, but is no longer used, is not real, but only eventual capital (capital in the possibility determined by the onset and presence of certain, quite specific, conditions), remaining such only for a certain time, but decreasing in terms of its value during all this particular time. In terms of specific individuals, this manifests itself not only as a disqualification (loss of competencies) of these individuals, but also as a degradation of the personality of these individuals. The decline (reduction) in the total value of human capital, which is represented by a given individual or professional (social) group, when this decline is the result of their life over a continuous series of years, is degradation, but by no means the development of the corresponding individuals or social groups as carriers and representatives of capital .

At the same time, in the bourgeois economy, the implementation of any type of activity has as its goal the receipt of appropriate income. These latter are characterized not only quantitatively, that is, in monetary (value) terms, but also qualitatively - as a list of produced and sold goods, including not only works and services, but also the very ability to work (labor force). Both the costs of doing business and the income from this activity have different sources that are in certain proportional relationships with each other, determined by the technical basis of the relevant production (type of activity) and organic structure capital employed in this production. All these proportions of income and expenses can and should be expressed as a balance of the corresponding items of income and expenses (costs) in the total balance of the reproduction of some specific processing capital. This is fully applicable also to the balance of the reproduction of human capital, if we are talking about the reproduction of this particular type of capital.

Only on this one, considered so far only in its most significant moments, theoretical basis the meaning and difference between the expressions become clear: investment (investment) in human capital, on the one hand, and investment (investment) of human capital in specific businesses or organizations (corporations), on the other hand. But if for the reproduction of financial or industrial capital the basic (primary) level is the world market (the whole of humanity as a global economy), then for the reproduction of human capital, the primary (basic) level is still by no means an individual or even a world or national economy, but family as an economic corporation of consanguinity (household). It is the family as a corporation of consanguinity, in reality often consisting not of one household, but of several or many such households, that acts as a real personifier (owner) of capital, endowing individuals not only with the opportunities to form their abilities to work, but also opportunities use, possession and disposal of various types of capital.

If in the entire previous definition of human capital, a family (household) or a municipality, region (region or republic as a state entity), a national state is replaced by an individual, then we will get, if we take into account all the necessary and inevitable changes and complications, the definition of human capital according to a particular family, municipality, region or nation state. Only from the considered point of view, the volume and content of the concepts of human capital and development (expanded reproduction) of human capital become logically quite definite and clear.

Limits of human capital accumulation.

What is really of interest to any particular inhabitant of the territory of a given region or nation-state? He is interested, first of all, in the certainty of what the purchasing power of his family's income will be in a year, two, five, ten years. And it will not be abstract, but concrete with a high degree probability, based on the actual structure acceptable to his family, the quantity and quality of consumption of goods, works and services that guarantee his family an improvement in its real opportunities, position and status in this year, two, five, ten years. And on what basis can he reasonably draw such a conclusion? Based on the confidence that his family's consumption, which improves in quality and quantity, and, consequently, his family's expenses, which grow in accordance with this, will be covered by the income she receives in a year, and in two, and in five, ten years.

The main factors of such confidence of people in their entire national mass are their national state and the social well-being of the bulk of the population of this state. We are talking about the confidence of this mass of people that the state, firstly, will fully fulfill its part of the obligations to create and develop conditions that will ensure the supply of jobs that their families need in terms of wages and corresponding to the ability of families to change set of competencies of its members. Secondly, we are talking about the confidence of this mass of people that the state will fully fulfill its part of the obligations to create and develop conditions that will provide the structure required in terms of quality, quantity and price, goods, works and services in all areas of reproduction. human capital of the respective families.

This is the amount of real wages, and the amount of income from family property, and the amount of all types of pensions and social payments, and the amount of income from all other sources of gratuitous social support and possible borrowings, if any, are required to balance the family income with its necessary expenses. The necessary expenses of the family include not only all utility bills determined by the tariffs and prices for the relevant services, but also taxes and fees, interest on loans and the repayment of the loans themselves, and all other payments that are mandatory by law. In addition to them, the necessary expenses include the family's expenses for food and clothing, home furnishings and provision of life, education and health care, satisfaction of cultural and other needs of leisure, recreation and development, payment for transport services, including personal transport, covering the costs of maintaining and improvement of living conditions, creation of insurance and reserve savings. And all this is by no means “average for the hospital”, but real values ​​that characterize the level and quality of life of that particular group (set) of families to which the family of a particular resident of a region or state belongs. Based on these real values, each family plans in one way or another and, in fact, regularly balances (or does not) the elementary daily, monthly and other balances of their income and expenses.

Another of the main factors and at the same time a guarantor of such confidence of the population is social practice, if it convinces that by their direct actions (protests, lawsuits, elections, etc.) or through political parties, trade unions and other public corporations, the population can force authorities and employers to fulfill their obligations to the population. This is, firstly, and, secondly, if the same social practice convinces the population that, despite objectively and subjectively caused failures in some difficult years, in the medium and long term (5-10-15 years and more) the state seeks to consistently improve the conditions that ensure the actual increase in the level and quality of life of the entire population.

But none of the above can be seen even in a ghostly distance even in the documents of strategic planning of economically developed national states and their regions, not to mention the real policy of the ruling class pursued by state authorities and business corporations of transnational, national and subnational significance in all other states. Why? Apparently, because in terms of the accumulation of human capital, strategic planning documents are by no means the dominant instruments of the actual management activities carried out by the authorities and governments of states and corporations in reality, but also the institutional means that ensure the accumulation of total human capital in the corresponding national state.

The content of state strategic planning documents is “perpendicular” not only to the accumulation of human capital by the entire population of the respective states and their territories, but also to the real management of the economy of national states and corporations operating in this territory. The vast majority of such state documents of strategic planning are a "bureaucratic brake" in the economic practice of state authorities and at the same time a "club" in the interdepartmental and intersectoral struggle of clans of the ruling class and corporations, the use (implementation) of which exponentially increases the "white noise" in state authorities and transaction costs of government regulation of the economy.

The results that will be achieved in the case of the use of funds planned by the current strategic planning documents at the national and subnational levels, not only in the current Russian Federation, but also in the developed countries of the world, will most likely cause a further decline in the total human capital of the vast majority of the population and its further social and economic degradation than keeping the existing one. And no "manual control", including by the most brilliant leaders of the state, even theoretically can fix this.

The economic use of territories with a population of millions and tens of millions of people, and their development in modern conditions, it is impossible to effectively manage in a "manual mode" even in the short term (one or three years), not to mention the medium and long term. These are only social catastrophes of all kinds, as a rule, "man-made", that is, they are the inevitable result of "manual control" by persons holding leadership positions at all levels of managerial "verticals" and "horizontals". But sustainable development is possible only as a result of the systematic efforts of the majority, if not all participants, of this process, purposefully coordinating and balancing their interests, available resources and daily activities in terms of tasks, territories and terms.

And here, namely, the distribution of the conditions of social reproduction and its results, the group and, ultimately, the class interests of social groups of people in all territories of a given national state, the limits of accumulation of the total human capital not only of the bulk of its population, but of the entire the nation as a whole. For a long period up to the end of the 70-80s of the last century, the most developed nations removed such limits on the accumulation of their human capital, setting higher limits instead, not so much due to internal sources of economic and social development, but due to the exploitation of everything else. humanity.

The “developing” nations removed (raised) the limits of the accumulation of national human capital to a greater extent, the more effectively they carried out “catching up development” not so much at the expense of internal sources, but at the expense of the “assistance” of developed nations and participation in the exploitation of other peoples. Ultimately, this inevitably led and led to the transformation of "developing nations" into actual neo-colonies of developed nations and the loss by developing nations of the very opportunity to catch up and overtake developed nations. Even contemporary China seems to be losing more and more real chances to become an exception to this general rule.

The global systemic crisis of the economic social formation, which entered its final stage at the end of the 1970s and 1980s, revealed not only to all of humanity as a whole, but every year it also shows to an increasing extent also to the bulk of the population of developed nations the absolute limit to further accumulation human capital both globally and nationally. Not only that, in recent decades, even within developed nations, there has been an increasing awareness of the fact that this absolute limit to the accumulation of their human capital has already remained in the past, and that the value of their human capital already has a steady downward trend in the medium and long term.

The historically emerging and further aggravated objective social conditions and factors of the ever-increasing loss of human capital by the ever-increasing masses of the population of developed and developing nations necessarily and inevitably reveal and exacerbate the conflict between the material development of production and its social form (see: Conditions and limits for expanding the reproduction of financial capital, part 10: The urgency of the inevitable change in the social form of production). And this will necessarily and inevitably entail the escalation of the economic demands and economic struggles of the broad masses of the developed and developing nations into their political demands and actions, which in the end cannot but lead to ideological, political, economic and social changes that mark the beginning of the transition period. to a different social form of reproduction of man as a man.

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Course work

Human capital

Introduction. 3

1. Human capital: essence and types. Formation of human capital 6

1.1 The essence of human capital as an economic category. 6

1.2 Classification of types of human capital. eighteen

1.3 Formation and accumulation of human capital. 27

2. Analysis of human capital in modern Russia. 35

2.1 The state of Russia's human capital. 35

2.2 Main problems of human capital formation. 41

2.3 Investments in Russia's human capital. 48

Conclusion. 54

List of references.. 57

INTRODUCTION

Man, his creative abilities, intellect, forces and possibilities with which he transforms the world and himself, came to the fore in social production.

Human capital is the main value today modern society and a key factor in the development of the country's economy. The concept of human capital is the central basis of modern economic analysis, which is based on deep theoretical and methodological prerequisites and accumulates research tools that interpret the essence, role, content, basic structures of types and methods of quantitative and qualitative assessment.

The concept of "human capital" is of great importance both for theoretical economists and for individual enterprises. Most enterprises have an increasing interest in the accumulation of human capital, as the most significant among all types of capital. The main factor in the accumulation of human capital is investing in a person, in his health and education. The study of the problems of increasing the efficiency of the use of the productive forces of people, which are realized in the form of human capital, is considered not only relevant, but also put forward in a number of priority tasks in the structure of social and economic research. This implies the implementation of deep scientific research on this problem.

The concept of human capital began to be intensively used in world science, evaluating the importance of mental activity, finding out the need and the highest efficiency of investment in human capital.

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the development of human capital and its effective use is undoubtedly a priority in many economically developed countries of the world. Investments in human capital, as most studies confirm, have a higher return on investment. The development of human capital at the macro level leads to an increase not only in living standards, but also in increasing the competitiveness and economic growth of the country.

This term paper is to consider the theoretical and practical foundations of human capital and its role in the development modern economy Russia.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks were set in the work:

Define the essence and concept of human capital;

Consider the main provisions of the concept of human capital;

Consider the classification of types of human capital;

Track the development of human capital;

Determine the state of human capital in Russia;

Consider the main methods for improving the efficiency of the use of human capital.

The object of research is human capital.

The subject of the research is human capital and its role in the modern economy.

Research methods:

Processing, analysis of scientific sources;

Analysis of scientific literature, textbooks and manuals on the problem under study.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Human capital: essence and types. Formation of human capital

1.1 The essence of human capital as an economic category

The foundations for the formation of the concept of human capital were laid in the works of the founders of classical economic theory: W. Petty, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, who introduced into economic science ideas about the importance of the labor force, human abilities, and his education in the growth of the country's wealth.

For the first time, W. Petty introduced and studied the category of “human active forces”. He considered it in the context of national wealth as an important factor in increasing the country's wealth. A. Smith focused on the primary role of human abilities in relation to the material factor of production. He believed that the growth of labor productivity depends on the skills of workers, the improvement of machines and tools. D. Riccardo considered necessary the role of human education, the population in the economic growth of the country.

The ideas of the founders of economic thought about the "human factor" of the economic development of society were applied by K. Marx. Agreeing with the ideas of the founders of classical economic theory about the place of the labor force in the economy, he understood the labor force as “the totality of physical and spiritual abilities” of workers that are used in the production process. However, Marx developed these ideas. He substantiated the necessity and importance of using special production and significant investments in the creation of a workforce.

Currently, some prominent experts believe that many modern economists absolutely ignore the ideas of Marx, the labor theory of value in matters of disclosure of the essence and content of the category of "human capital". We find it difficult to accept this. Working in the era of industrial society, even then K. Marx called the person himself the main capital. In the era of post-industrial society, the category of "human capital" is filled with new qualitative content.

The formation of the theory of human capital refers to the middle of the twentieth century, in that historical period development of the economy, when the differences in the rates of economic growth between individual industrialized and backward states increased sharply.

At the end of the 18th and at the beginning of the 20th centuries, a great contribution to the theory of human capital was made by L. Walras, J. M. Clark, F. List, J. McCulloch, G.D. McLeod, A. Marshall, I.F. Thunen, T. Winstein, J. S. Walsh, I. Fisher.

The German economist Friedrich List considered the main source of the nation's wealth to be "intellectual capital" - inventions, achievements in the sciences, art, etc. List believed that the well-being of a nation does not depend on the amount of wealth, but on the productive forces that form this wealth.

The English economist Henry Dunning MacLeod considered exchange relations to be the main source of social value. He assigned credit and banking operations to be of particular importance in the country's economic growth. The main factor in the prosperity of the population was knowledge, experience, mental capacity worker.

L. Walras, J. McCulloch, I.F. Tyunen, T. Winstein, W. Farr, I. Fisher were of the opinion that human capital is directly a person, and not his qualities - education, abilities, etc. Later this position was supported by A. Marshall. He introduced the concept of "personal capital", which has physical strength, abilities, skills that contribute to increasing labor productivity.

F. List, J. S. Walsh, J. S. Mill understood human capital not as a person himself, but as his ability to work, which are both natural abilities and abilities acquired by a person in the course of his life. This position was developed in the economic views of R. Dornbusch, S. Fischer, K. Schmanlesi, who attributed to human capital not only the physical and labor abilities of the individual, but also his spiritual and worldview features - cultural, psychological, moral and ethical. They assigned a large role to the personal characteristics of the individual in the context of the social environment, the process of making managerial decisions, readiness to take responsibility, self-discipline and determination in the most difficult and extraordinary situations. This is today the basic idea of ​​many specialists in the field of management in the formation of the image of a modern manager in an organization, including at the level of top management of an economic entity.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, economists working within the framework of the concept of human capital began to make the first attempts to quantify the effectiveness of human capital in the economy. They began to widely use economic, mathematical and statistical tools in such matters as: the cost of a person; the impact of the national education system on the economic growth of the country; family costs associated with increasing the economic value of a person; formation and use of public expenditures necessary for the upbringing and education of the population. A great contribution to the study of these issues was made by L. Dublin, F. Cram, I. Fischer, S.Kh. Forsyth. Separate provisions of the economic views of these major economists were later used in the formation of the modern theory of human capital.

The formation of the theory of human capital as an independent scientific direction is associated with foreign studies of the 60s. second half of the 20th century. This was facilitated by the special socio-economic conditions that had developed by the second half of the last century.

1. Transition to innovative production as a result of high achievements in scientific and technological progress. This led to an increase in the role of complex labor and the special qualifications of workers, as a result of which the role and place of the labor force in the production process began to be rethought.
2. As a result of profound changes in the content of production processes in many areas of public life, the share of intellectual, highly professional labor costs of workers has increasingly become a part of the cost structure of the final product.
3. Accelerating the processes of humanization of socio-economic relations in the most developed countries of the world, the stability and authority of the "idea of ​​human value" at all levels of economic management - in socio-economic systems of various types and kinds.
4. The accumulated theoretical and methodological potential of the concepts of human capital in world economic thought. It made it possible to critically assess the state of scientific thought in the field of human capital concepts and create on the basis of them, taking into account the new socio-economic conditions in society, a new independent scientific direction - the theory of human capital.

The term "human capital" first appeared in the works of the American economist Theodore Schulz, who believed that the well-being of poor people does not depend on land, technology and effort, but on knowledge, that is, on human capital.

Schultz viewed human capital as "something like an asset" and noted that human productive potential far exceeds all other forms of wealth combined. According to Schultz, human capital is formed from valuable qualities acquired throughout a person's life, which can be strengthened through appropriate investments. The increase in human capital due to an individual's investment in himself affects the change in the structure of income. This explains the fact that human capital is not limited to innate abilities, but also includes skills and knowledge accumulated over a lifetime.

Schultz identified several types of human capital depending on the type of investment made in this capital: school education, on-the-job training, health promotion and protection, a growing body of knowledge about the changes taking place in the economy. Formed through the above activities, human abilities can be capitalized.

The American economist Harry Becker summarized the studies of the theory of human capital in the course of explaining socio-economic phenomena. The concept of "human capital" was considered as a set of valuable qualities and believed that the approach of the theory of human capital is based on the assumption of rational behavior of the individual, market equilibrium and stability of preferences.

G. Becker, a colleague of Schultz at the University of Chicago, expanded the scope of the theory of human capital in the course of explaining various social phenomena.

Under human capital, Becker understood the totality of skills, knowledge and motivations of a person, and the approach to its study is based on the assumption of maximizing behavior, market equilibrium and stability of preferences.

The scientist considered the following strategy of rational families. Since the return on investment in the human capital of children is much higher than the return on investment in other assets, the family first invests in the human capital of children. After the return on children's human capital equals the rate of return on other assets, the family begins to invest in them with the aim of passing them on as a gift or inheritance to their children in the future.

Human capital, according to Becker, is a type of capital that is separate from physical capital, but has similar properties, namely:

Human capital is a durable good;

Human capital requires "repair and maintenance" expenses;

Human capital can become obsolete even before it physically wears out.

Becker saw the main differences between human capital and physical capital, firstly, in the inseparability of human capital from the personality of its carrier, and secondly, in the ability of human capital to increase the efficiency of activities both in the market and non-market sectors, along with this, income from it can take both monetary and non-monetary forms. According to Becker, people cannot be separated from their knowledge, skills, health, values ​​in the same way that they can be separated from their financial and physical assets.

Within the framework of the theory of human capital, Becker pays special attention to the concept of internal rates of return, which can be individual and social. The first type of rates of return is considered from the point of view of an individual investor, and the second type - from the standpoint of the whole society.

In the course of research, Becker came to the conclusion that, on average, the return on investments in human capital is higher compared to investments in physical capital, while it decreases with an increase in the volume of investments in human capital, while in other cases (compared to other assets) decreases little or does not change.

It is worth noting that Schultz and Becker, in the course of their research, sought to equate the role of human capital in the creation of the total social product with material resources.

Lester Thurow, an American economist, professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for the first time generalized research on the theory of human capital, paid great attention to the importance of labor. According to Thurow, people's human capital is their ability to produce goods and services. He singled out several abilities of people, among them he focuses on the basic economic ability, which is formed at the genetic level. “Economic capacity,” he writes, is not just another productive investment that an individual has. Economic ability affects the productivity of all other investments.”

Dutch economist Mark Blaug points out that human capital is the present value of previous investments in the skills of individuals. The expenditure of past years on the upbringing, education and health of the individual can be beneficial. But this benefit is formed in the case when the productive qualities of a person will be used exclusively to perform certain tasks in the process of production of material goods that bring income to the owner.

Thanks to many years of research by foreign scientists, the theory of human capital has become a universally recognized scientific direction in the world, which has been actively studied in educational institutions. On the basis of this direction, the foundations of other areas of knowledge were laid: the economics of education, the economics of knowledge, the economics of intellectual property. Human capital began to be interpreted in an expanded interpretation. Somewhat later, this was used first by Soviet and then by Russian scientists.

In the so-called "era of stagnation" in the USSR, a number of unskilled works of Soviet scientists are coming out, critically evaluating the achievements of foreign specialists in the field of the theory of human capital from the angle of the political economy of socialism: V.I. Basova, V.S. Goylo, A.V. Dainovsky, R.I. Kapelyushnikov, V.P. Korchagin, V.V. Klochkov, V.I. Martsinkevich. So, for example, R.I. Kapelyushnikov believes that human capital is a certain stock of knowledge, abilities and motivations that are inherent in a certain person. On the one hand, they require the diversion of funds to the detriment of current consumption, and on the other hand, they are reliable sources of earnings and income in the future.

In domestic science, the theory of human capital began to be fundamentally dealt with only from the beginning of the nineties of the last century, from the moment radical economic reforms began in Russia. During this period, the first fundamental works in this area appeared by S.A. Dyatlova, A.I. Dobrynina, I.V. Ilyinsky, R.I. Kapelyushnikova, M.M. Kritsky, V.T. Martsinkevich.

The theoretical positions of domestic researchers are distinguished by a clearer distinction between the essence, content, forms and types, conditions for the development, reproduction and accumulation of human capital. Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of St. Petersburg State University of Engineering and Economics, Mikhail Mikhailovich Kritsky among Russian scientists for the first time carried out a positive study of the theory of human capital. In his works, the scientist noted that human capital is not just sold and bought, but also advanced, reimbursed as fixed capital, and, accordingly, requires significant investments and is a long-term capital resource.

Kritsky, in the process of functioning and depreciation of human capital, singled out three components that interact with each other: the consumption fund, the consumer services fund and the fund of dematerialized productive abilities of the population.

In a large economic dictionary under the general editorship of A.N. Azrilyana human capital is “education, qualifications acquired in the production process; knowledge and skills embodied in the workforce”. It is the concept of human capital that has become the most popular and the basis for the development of the theory and methodology of human capital by Russian specialists, including scientists from the St. state university economics and finance. For example, B.V. Korneichuk writes that human capital is “a set of individual qualities that serve as a source of cash income. Measured by the amount of investment in education, health, etc.”

Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov defined human capital as “a certain stock of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations formed as a result of investments and accumulated by a person, which are expediently used in a particular area of ​​social reproduction, contribute to the growth of labor productivity and production efficiency and thereby affect growth of earnings (income) of this person "

The views of Kritsky are developed in her works by Simkina Lyudmila Georgievna. Human capital is defined as the concept of life activity, which is carried out within the boundaries of saving time. Simkina considers certain forms of enrichment of life activity, which are manifested in consumption and production. The basis of this form of enrichment is mental activity. Since mental activity is a source of increased consumption, since its expanded reproduction is considered the basis for the production of economic relations of human capital. The identification of relative and absolute forms of enrichment of life by increasing needs and abilities makes it possible for Simkina to determine the historically specific form of human capital. “The productive form of human capital,” she writes, “is presented as a basic integrity of two constituent elements - direct labor and mental activity. These elements can act either as functions of the same subject, or as organizational and economic forms of various subjects entering into an exchange of activity with each other.

A group of researchers led by Abalkin Leonid Ivanovich, who are considering the problem of Russia's strategic development in the new century, are exploring human capital as a combination of innate abilities, education, acquired professional skills, moral, emotional and physical health, which provide an opportunity to make a profit. Socio-economic progress is determined, first of all, by new knowledge acquired by research workers and mastered in the future in the process of education and training of workers. The main areas of activity that form human capital are the scientific and educational complex, healthcare and areas that form the conditions of life and life.

Yuri Grigoryevich Bychenko notes that human capital is:

a) the object of social relations in the socio-labor, information, professional, social, political spheres;

b) the process of interactions, considered as an investment in the formation of the individual;

c) a set of knowledge, skills, abilities accumulated by a person, which have a quantitative and qualitative characteristic;

d) the abilities, knowledge, skills and abilities of the individual, acting as the goal of the activities of the state, individual companies, families, enterprises;

e) abilities, knowledge, abilities and skills that individuals use to achieve certain goals and status in the areas of social reproduction;

f) the main indicator that demonstrates the degree of social welfare and determines the country's position in the international arena.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Kostyuk, studying socio-economic processes and developing his own concept of development theory, defines human capital as an individual ability of a person that allows him to function safely in conditions of uncertainty. It includes rational and intuitive components in the structure of human capital. Their connection can provide the owner of human capital with success where high qualifications and professionalism alone are not enough. He noted that talent is needed, which requires a separate reward.

Among modern definitions of human capital, there are mainly extended interpretations. A comprehensive definition of human capital in accordance with its broad interpretation is contained in L.Sh. Suleymanova In accordance with the definition of L.Sh. Suleymanova "is an innate, formed as a result of investments and savings, a certain level of health, education, skills, abilities, motivations, energy, cultural development, both of a particular individual, a group of people, and society as a whole, which are expediently used in a particular area of ​​public reproduction, contribute to economic growth and affect the amount of income of their owner.

CM. Klimov believes that human capital is an integral category of the modern intellectualized economy. As structural elements of human capital, he calls biophysical capital, social and intellectual resources of the individual. CM. Klimov notes that "The effectiveness of the use of human capital in production largely depends on the factors of the social environment." Agreeing with the understanding of human capital S.M. Klimov, from our point of view, it is worth emphasizing the relevance of using human capital not only in production, but also beyond. From this position, human capital is used “not only in production activities, but also in everyday life, in life that goes beyond the boundaries of working time. Therefore, investments in the formation of intellectual resources, as well as human capital in general, are inseparable from consumption expenditures.

The socio-economic form of human capital and its qualitative certainty are described by Anatoly Fedorovich Dobrynin and Anatoly Stepanovich Dyatlov. “Human capital,” they write, “is a form of manifestation of the productive power of a person in a market economy, the corresponding form of an enterprise of human productive capacities introduced into the system of a socially oriented market economy as the main, creative factor of social reproduction.”

In the Russian economic literature there is no holistic concept of "human capital". Some scientists distinguish between the physical and creative abilities of a person, in addition to his knowledge, skills, which, as a rule, are sources of income for a household and an enterprise. Other researchers under human capital consider a set of certain qualities that a person accumulates during his lifetime or realizes as a result of investments.

1.2 Classification of types of human capital

The classification of types of human capital is possible for different reasons and for different purposes, which is presented in the literature on this issue. Almost all scientists recognize the reality and the main role of human capital.

1) According to the level of limited use of human capital, it is divided into:

a) Specific human capital - knowledge and skills that people use while in a particular position or in a particular company.

There are two types of specific human capital:

Positive - capital that guarantees the expected return on investment in the training of a specialist;

Negative - capital that does not provide the expected return on investment.

The development of specific capital is associated with numerous costs for the training of specialists to perform specific job duties at a particular workplace.

The company can recover expenses after training by paying a reduced salary, however, in this case, the employee may leave the company for a similar position, as his human capital will grow. As a rule, specific human capital does not involve the application of unique information and skills in another company. In this case, the costs of training are divided proportionally between the employee and the company.

b) General human capital - knowledge and skills that, regardless of where they were obtained, can be applied in other jobs and companies.

2) According to the main forms of formation and accumulation:

a) Health capital is an important component of human capital, the investment in which is manifested in the preservation of working capacity by reducing morbidity and increasing the productive period of life. Physical strength, working capacity, immunity, increasing the period of intensive labor activity are necessary for all people in every field of professional activity.

b) Labor capital is the capital that an individual acquires or accumulates through experience, practical skills, abilities and education during his life period in a particular field of activity.

c) Intellectual capital - mental, creative activity, which is a unique attribute of the human mind, ingenuity.

d) Organizational and entrepreneurial capital - the ability to develop constructive business ideas, entrepreneurial spirit, innovation, high responsibility, confidence, organizational skills, possession of trade secrets. The level of entrepreneurial abilities is realized in the amount of equity, which makes it possible to single out small, medium and large businesses. The quality of entrepreneurial abilities is assessed by the effective use of capital and the stability of business development.

e) Cultural capital - intellectual abilities, skills, labor and domestic morality, law-abidingness, which an individual uses in the process of social activity.

f) Social capital is knowledge that can be transferred and developed through relationships between employees, partners.

g) Organizational capital - the systematized competence of the company, enhancing its creative and organizational potential, aimed at creating a product.

3) According to the forms of implementation:

a) Living capital - capital, which includes a set of knowledge, skills, abilities and health, embodied in each person.

b) Non-living capital is capital in which knowledge is embodied in material and physical form.

c) Institutional capital - institutions that contribute to the effective use of all types of human capital.

4) By levels and features:

a) Individual human capital;

Individual human capital is an economic type of talent that includes the necessary individual qualities of a person, which he manifests through personal free will, for example:

Physical and mental health;

Knowledge, skills, abilities;

Natural possibilities, ability to morality;

Education;

Creativity, inventions;

Courage, prudence, compassion;

Leadership, inexpressible personal trust;

labor mobility.

The cost of individual human capital in the narrow sense is determined by the formula:

where Z - knowledge of the individual;

Y - skills of the individual;

O - experience of the individual;

I - individual initiatives.

The mental, emotional, motivational abilities that individuals possess determine their capabilities and significance in society or in an enterprise.

The skills that an individual acquires are considered a form of capital - individual human capital. Skills are acquired through deliberate investment in education. The theory of human capital considers education as a commodity that must be applied in order to extract economic benefits. Individual human capital contains the costs and investments for education and health, which ultimately leads to an increase in the productivity of the carrier of this human capital.

In a broad sense, the value of individual human capital can be expressed through the formula:

where PS is the initial cost of individual human capital;

KMS - the cost of obsolete knowledge of individual human capital;

SDR - the value of the acquired knowledge, skills of individual human capital;

SI - the cost of investments of individual human capital;

y - coefficient of cost of individual human capital

SZN - the cost of implicit knowledge, the possibilities of individual human capital.

Through the transfer of knowledge, human capital can be increased. The transfer of knowledge contains such elements as the source of knowledge, the addressee of knowledge, their relationship, the transmission channel and a single connection.

b) Human capital of the organization(enterprises, firms);

Knowledge that is inside the organization and is used to ensure innovation, productivity, quality is a characterizing component of winning the competition in the search for buyers, technologies, special knowledge, financing, which forms an intangible advantage. The dynamics of the formation of organizations and local systems is based on the exploitation of intangible resources.

The concept of human capital of an organization can be interpreted in different ways. It can be ideas, technologies, equipment, scientific research, job descriptions that belong to a specific organization. On the other hand, human capital is seen as the wealth of the organization in relation to the qualifications of the staff. The human capital of an organization is formed with the help of employees, their innate and acquired knowledge, skills, capabilities and talents. As a result, the human capital of the organization is considered as the total value, which is formed by the employees of the company in accordance with their skills, abilities, abilities, using the resources of the company.

The development of the human capital of the organization is carried out in the following ways:

Acquisition;

Attraction and retention;

Development and training;

Mergers and acquisitions.

The value of the human capital of an organization depends on the category of employee. The value of the human capital of an organization is greatly influenced by: high professional competence, intellectual and creative potential, the ability to assimilate innovations and be a participant in innovations, adaptability to rapidly changing production conditions, possession of several specialties, and responsibility. The value of the human capital of an organization is based on a probabilistic nature.

The human capital of an organization considers value, which is meaningful only in economic terms. The value of this type does not include the value of the individual to the family, society, or other nuances of one's own social network. The main emphasis of the value of the human capital of an organization is placed solely on the skills, knowledge and experience that a person possesses.

in) Regional human capital;

Currently, human capital is considered the main factor in the socio-economic development of the region. The economic success of a region depends on the population living in a given territory, the possibilities of regional human capital, and the level of unemployment. In regions with a significant level of unemployment, there is an outflow of labor, and as a result of a decrease in regional human capital. In the same period, actively developing regions feel a shortage of labor resources.

The property of human capital mobility is used in regional labor markets for the purpose of intra-regional movement of human capital. The mobility of the population of the regions is determined by economic and social factors.

The human capital of the region is based on public consciousness, socio-political development. Regional human capital is measured by the proportion of the population with a particular degree of education to total economic activity or income. The knowledge and skills of the region's population are considered a major contributor to the region's business competitiveness.

The development of human capital at the regional level depends on economic indicators:

Influence on the efficiency of the region of the sphere of employment of the population;

Expanding employment opportunities for individuals.

The deficit in regional human capital is considered to be a factor in reducing investment in the regional economy. Support for professional and highly qualified personnel is one of the problems of retaining regional human capital. Globalization, actively emerging regions have a great influence on the outflow of talent from less developed regions.

G) National human capital;

National human capital is an integral part of its national wealth. The formation of human capital and the increase in the quality of life relies heavily on the implementation of national projects. Human capital is considered as the ability of the population, which ensures economic growth.

National human capital contains:

social capital;

political capital;

National intellectual priorities;

National competitive advantages;

The natural potential of the nation.

National human capital is measured as a value, which is calculated in various ways - by investment, by discounting methods. The size of the national human capital is calculated as the totality of the human capital of all people. National human capital makes up more than fifty percent of the national wealth of each of the developing countries and over 70-80% of the developed countries of the world.

The characteristic features of national human capital determined historical development world civilizations and countries of the world. National human capital in the XX and XXI centuries is considered the main intensive condition for the development of the economy and society.

5) Supranational (global) human capital.

Globalization is the free, natural movement of all resources. The globalization of the economy creates a supranational, global level of human capital development. The global mobility of human capital within global corporations and firms increases their economic returns.

Global human capital is the totality of education, skills and personal qualities that are represented in the workforce. The concept of workers as important assets, leads to the policy of the formation of international organizations in less developed countries.

The concept of global human capital compares and considers indicators of the quantitative values ​​of the labor force in different countries. The globalization of human capital activates the enterprise to innovate. The development of human capital in any country can be realized through investments in education, healthcare, maintaining the conditions of family life, and the rights of citizens.

This classification of types of human capital makes it possible to analyze human capital at the level individual person and the state as a whole.

1.3 Formation and accumulation of human capital.

The wealth of the country is man. The economic growth of the country is feasible by increasing the funding of human capital, culture, healthcare, etc. The development of the mental and spiritual abilities of people, the accumulation of human capital today remains an important task for any country. The main priority of budgetary expenditures is investment in human capital.

With each member of society possessing a huge potential, there is a significant increase in the intellectual resource, leading to economic growth and significant opportunities for society. The development of human potential involves:

Improving the living conditions of citizens;

Significant growth in the competitiveness of human capital;

Providing favorable conditions for all members of society to develop their abilities.

Today, the economic growth of countries depends on the level of human capital formation, which expands the knowledge, skills and abilities of the people of the country.

The formation of human capital represents various types, forms and stages of the life cycle of individuals. Experts identify factors that unite each other into the following groups: social, institutional, integration, economic, production, demographic, socio-economic.

Conceptually, the model of human capital formation in the socio-economic system includes different levels: society, region, firm, and contains a control subsystem. The subjects of the control subsystem are the state, higher educational institutions, enterprises and organizations, the family and society, and the person himself. The object of management is human capital and its types.

Fig.1. The concept of the human capital formation model

The formation of human capital is a long process of increasing the productive qualities of the workforce. The formation of human capital plays an important role for the long-term economic growth of the country, provides the same benefits of new innovative technologies and efficient industrial equipment.

Professionalism, education and advanced training occupy a significant place in the formation of human capital. Education is a key element of human capital. It performs two functions: individual development and economic, namely the reproduction of skilled labor. It makes it possible not only to master the previous, already accumulated knowledge, but also contributes to the acquisition of new knowledge in the process of human practical activity, creates favorable conditions for their production in the future. With the help of education, a significant increase in the potential of human capital, its place in the socio-economic development of society is supported. It is not in vain that people believe that there is only one way for people to progress - knowledge and a means of overcoming all obstacles on this path - mental abilities.

The degree of qualification of workers, their professionalism is an important component of the quality of the workforce. This problem is solved with the help of a system of primary, secondary and higher professional education.

Currently Russian universities implement multi-level training of specialists, which made it possible to make the higher education system more flexible, providing students with the opportunity to choose a direction.

Professionalism is a special quality of people to regularly and effectively perform difficult labor functions with established quality indicators. This concept includes such a level of work performance that meets the standards and objective requirements available in the world. A person is able to obtain this quality as a result of special training and accumulation of work experience.

The activity of a professional is a multi-level system that has not only external, but also complex and diverse internal functions. Professionalism is not only a high level of knowledge, skills and results of a person's activity in a certain area, but also a certain system of organization of his consciousness, psyche.

Public institutions are contained in absolutely all spheres of people's lives, and in addition, absolutely all of them have an impact on the formation of human capital. To highlight significant institutions, we can apply the concept of "funds" of human capital.

By creating funds of own human capital, a person will be introduced not only into the system social institutions, stabilizing a certain area of ​​activity, but also into a system of informal institutions. Informal - those institutions that are not fixed in a formal form, however, nevertheless, are an established way of acting in a particular area of ​​the formation and development of human capital. Formal institutions will begin to show their effect, defining the principles, restrictions and directions in the behavior of people.

Moreover, human actions will also be targeted by the influence of informal institutions that reflect norms, values, traditions and habits. They can affect human behavior in any field of activity. That is, to exercise their influence both within certain organizations or associations of individuals, and in the sphere of general institutional influence.

The accumulation of human capital precedes economic growth and serves as the basis for economic growth. The process of accumulating human capital requires significant investment costs.

Investments in human capital are classified according to the criterion of their functional orientation. In the structure of investment in human capital, the main place is occupied by investments in health and education, which are the most important in its formation and accumulation (Fig. 2).

The formation, accumulation of human capital assets is carried out in the process of investment, where investors are the private and public sectors of the economy. The reproduction of human capital takes place on an investment basis, the formation of primary assets into human capital is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Forms of human capital: features of formation and accumulation

Forms of human capital	Sources of accumulation	The main characteristic of the accumulation process
Health Capital	1. Investments of the society in the creation and development of the public health system, physical culture and sports; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective system of health care, physical culture, and sports.	The basis of accumulation is the ownership of labor power.
Labor capital	1. Investments of the society in the development of the public system of science and education, training and retraining, retraining; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective education system, in training and retraining, advanced training.	Accumulation occurs in the process of consuming knowledge, as well as acquiring skills and experience in the process of labor activity.
intellectual capital	1. Investments of the society in the creation and development of the public system of education and science; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of the collective system of science and education, financing of R&D.	The accumulation is carried out in the process of intellectual appropriation.
Organizational and entrepreneurial capital	1. Investments of the society in the development of the public system of science and education, state support for entrepreneurship; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective education system, in the training, retraining, and advanced training of managers.	Accumulation occurs in the process of consuming knowledge, acquiring skills and experience in the process of labor and entrepreneurial activity.
Cultural and moral capital	1. Investments of the society in the development of the public system of upbringing and education; financing of cultural, leisure and recreation institutions; 2. Investments of enterprises in the development of a collective education system, in collective leisure and recreation programs, in the formation of traditions and organizational culture, leisure and recreation.	Accumulation occurs in the process of education, consumption of knowledge, services of institutions of the socio-cultural sphere.

There are three main stages in the accumulation of human capital. In the first stage, the conditions for the accumulation of human capital are formed as a result of the system of investments of society, organizations, families, a structure is created that ensures the expanded reproduction of the potential of human capital. At the second stage, the potential of human capital is formed, that is, a set of human properties that are used in the process of social production. At the third stage, potential human capital is involved in production and commercial activities, that is, it is transformed from a potential form into a form of real human capital. With this understanding of the stages of accumulation of human capital, investment in a person is not only First stage formation and accumulation, but also sources designed to enable the implementation of these processes.

Rice. 3 Stages of accumulation of human capital.

Having considered all stages of the accumulation of human capital, we can conclude that investment in a person is not only the initial stage of formation and accumulation, but also the sources that make it possible to carry out these processes.

1. Analysis of human capital in modern Russia

2.1 The state of human capital in Russia

Human capital is a certain stock of health, knowledge, habits, and opportunities formed as a result of investment investments and accumulated by individuals, which are purposefully applied in one or another sphere of social production. To analyze the quality of human capital, the standard of living, literacy, education, the state of medicine and the production of GDP per capita of the country are measured. These indicators are taken into account when calculating the human capital development index.

The Human Development Index is a ratio based on three dimensions of human capital:

Longevity and health status, determined by life expectancy;

Ability to acquire knowledge as measured by average and expected years of study;

The ability to achieve a decent standard of living, as determined by gross national income per capita.

The highest value of individual human development is 1.0. In order to measure human development as a whole, there are three composite indexes: Gender Inequality Index, Gender Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index.

Countries with the highest degree of individual human development;

Countries with an average degree of individual human development;

Countries with a low degree of individual human development.

table 2

Countries of the world by level of human development in 2017

Key indicators of Russia:

Average life expectancy - 70.3 years;

The average duration of education is 14.7 years;

Gross national income per capita - $ 22,352 per year.

In addition to the above, the study conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) together with the international consulting firm for human resource management Mercer - "Human Capital Report-2016" is of great interest.

In this report, the WEF points out that in the 21st century, the main condition for the development of the country and economic growth is human capital. By comparing human development opportunities across 46 country indicators, a human capital index can be determined. The report depicts a ranking that measures opportunities for human capital development in different age groups, including accessibility and quality of education; opportunities for professional development; employment in the country's economy.

The top ten countries with the highest human capital index are: Finland - 85.78; Norway - 83.84; Switzerland - 82.59; Canada - 83.87; Japan - 82.74; Sweden - 81.77; Denmark - 83.45; Netherlands - 85.36; New Zealand- 82.88 and Belgium - 82.11, which were included in the group of fourteen countries exceeding the 80% limit.

The index is used to assess human capital through indicators of the level of education, qualifications and employment of people from 15 years old to over 65 years old. The challenge is to evaluate the results of previous and current investments in human capital and provide an opportunity to predict the situation in the future.

Table 3

The name of indicators	Meaning
Total population, million people
Working-age population (from 15 to 64 years), million people
of them with higher education, million people
Retirement load ratio (%)
Potential replacement rate (%)
Average age of the population, years
GDP per capita (PPP, USD)
Labor force participation rate (%)
Employment (%)
Unemployment rate(%)

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

To the index, the report includes information on the number of current and recent graduates in the main areas of study in each country and data on the activity of the workforce, as well as the level of education.

Experts note that Russia is in a high position in the ranking in terms of the level of education and qualifications of the workforce. In terms of the level of primary, secondary, secondary specialized and higher education, Russia is included in the group of leaders in all age groups.

There is a noticeable trend in the distribution of the population by type of economic activity, which is distinctive for countries with an agricultural way of production.

Table 4

Distribution of employment by types of economic activity and professions in 2016, %

	Percentage of the population employed in
	agriculture	industry
Managers, specialists and technicians
Clerks, trade and service workers
Skilled agricultural and labor professions
Plant and machine operators, assemblers
Starting Profession

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

Based on the objectives of the study, the age group that is able to receive full-time higher education is presented - from 15 to 24 years.

Table 5

Education indicators in the age group from 15 to 24 years 2016

Table 5 continued

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

The strong position of the country depends on the accessibility of the education system at all levels from primary to higher education. According to indicators that determine access to education, Russia occupies high places. Russia's weaknesses include demographic factors, i.e. a low proportion of the population of working age, high unemployment, the quality of education and the state of health of the population.

In terms of training, the most important were Social sciencies, business - learning. A positive condition for the economy is the training of professionals in the field of construction, production, education and science.

Table 6

Students in the areas of training in 2016

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

In the same age group, WEF experts carried out information about the economic participation and abilities of the younger generation. Its results are shown in Table 7.

Table 7

Economic Participation and Skills 2016

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

The information in the table leads to significant conclusions. Russia ranks fifth in terms of part-time employment.

According to the indicators of the educational system, economic participation, on-the-job training, Russia occupies the following places, shown in Table 8.

Table 8

Country profile by age groups 2016

Source: Federal State Statistics Service.

The measurement of human capital in Russia is determined by the analytical center under the Government of the Russian Federation. The base is taken from the human capital index presented above.

2.2 Main problems of human capital formation

The problem of human capital development is of great importance, both in the world and in Russia. There are objective difficulties that hinder the normal formation of human capital.

First of all, it's rather low. wage in Russia compared to other countries. According to international organization Labor 2017, among 71 countries, Russia ranks 51st with an indicator of $ 570 of the average monthly salary.

Table 9

Average salary by countries of the world per month according to PPP 2017, $

		Average salary per month according to PPP, $
	Luxembourg
	South Korea
	Great Britain
	Republic of Cyprus
	New Zealand
	Australia
	Slovakia
	Malaysia

In the process of economic development, there is a replacement of the accumulation of physical capital by the accumulation of human capital. The rate of accumulation of human capital outstrips the rate of accumulation of physical capital. Human capital has a completely different accumulation process than physical capital. Attention to human capital is due to the clear profitability of funds invested in its formation (for example, in education, vocational training).

Human capital is considered a mobile form of capital. In the current conditions, labor migration of highly qualified employees is considered a significant source of human capital accumulation, which ensures material well-being and economic growth in Russian Federation.

The economic world has a need for hired employees of high quality, with higher education and significant qualifications. Theoretical growth models and microeconomic data suggest that the accumulation of human capital is considered to be a significant condition characterizing income per inhabitant, GDP. One of the key conditions of production, characterizing the state welfare of the state, is the size of the collected human capital.

The main form of accumulation of human capital is investment in human capital, health, and education. The accumulation of the main assets of human capital occurs in the process of investment, and both the private sector of the economy and the state act as investors.

The growth of the world economy in the shortest few years will depend on the accumulation of human capital. The accumulation of human capital is becoming one of the main conditions for achieving such development. The accumulation of human capital is considered the source of economic growth.

The policy of saving human capital contains:

human capital and demographic movements: a combination to a single regulation;

formation of human capital;

business and investment in human capital;

state-private partnership in the field of saving human capital;

problems of saving and implementation of human capital in the regions of the Russian Federation.

The subjective factor has a huge impact on the accumulation of human capital. The accumulation of human capital depends on the average level of human capital. The participation of people in the process of accumulating human capital is meaningful, it requires motivation and significant efforts of the student himself.

The direct costs of accumulating human capital may include individual tasks, educational materials investment in human capital. General Process accumulation of human capital is of a long-term nature and ranges from 12 to 20 or more years. In the Russian Federation, the accumulation of human capital in any area contains its own character traits: in rural areas, small settlements, the accumulation of capital is slower than in large settlements. Economic growth promotes the accumulation of human capital in rural areas.

Human capital is the accumulated stock of health, knowledge,

Abilities, culture, experience, expediently used for production activities to create products and services, increasing the income of a person, enterprise, society.

Role

A scientist, designer, doctor, teacher, manager (manager) and many other leading professions determine the face of modern companies, their efficient work and competitiveness. The share of low-skilled labor in developed countries is 10-15%. Intelligence and creativity, intellectual products and new information become decisive both in the organization of any enterprise and in ensuring the progress of the country. The basic importance of human ability in production has always been noted by economists.

Revealing the qualitative content and diversity of human capital, it is important to highlight the following significant points:

1. Human capital is formed by a specific person and is inseparable from

alive human personality. Only the products of mental and physical labor can be isolated and alienated, and not the ability to create them.

2. Health, knowledge, abilities, experience accumulate and act as a certain reserve or potential that requires preservation and reproduction.

3. The formation of individual human capital takes a long period of life - 18 - 25 years and requires significant costs.

4. Investments (investments) in the formation and accumulation of human capital are carried out by the family, the person himself, firms, the state, but their effect depends on personal activity and abilities for self-development.

5. The use of human capital, the degree of its return (effect) largely depends on the free will of a person, his individual preferences and values, responsibility, general worldview and culture, including economic culture.

6. In modern conditions, in any branch of economic activity, human capital, its volume, quality and forms of use are the main factor in economic growth, competitiveness and efficiency.

Health capital. Physical strength, endurance, performance,

immunity to diseases, period of active labor activity /

labor capital. The more difficult the work, the higher the requirements for qualifications, skills and experience. Requirements for the labor capital of a loader, turner - generalist, computer programmer, nuclear power plant operator, economist. Their knowledge and talent determine the success of the business.

intellectual capital. T. Edison, A. Tupolev and other inventions

The authors obtained the copyright to name the designed and patented products. An intellectual product is separated from the author, patented and secured by copyright as the exclusive property of the author, who determines the directions and forms of economic use of his property.

Organizational and entrepreneurial capital. The ability to develop fruitful business ideas, entrepreneurial spirit and determination, organizational talents, possession of trade secrets become indispensable in today's competitive economy.

Cultural and moral capital. Culture and morality are also necessary in the economy, as are labor, intelligence, and qualifications. Physicians take the Hippocratic Oath and undertake to maintain medical secrecy. Teachers, by the very nature of their work, are obliged to act as an example of behavior and morality. Business ethics and decency are absolute requirements for the work of bankers, brokers, experts, consultants. For them, cultural and moral capital is necessary as a condition for the reputation and honor of the company, which means trust in it and an increase in the number of customers.

Formation, evaluation and accumulation of human capital

Human capital matters both for a person, and for any company, and for society. All of them are interested in the formation and enhancement of human capital. Everyone spends resources (funds) both on maintaining health, and on developing culture, and on promoting entrepreneurship.

The formation of human capital begins at birth and continues throughout life. In this process, experience and practice have helped shape a number of sustainable life cycles.

Until the age of 7, the child is socialized, the musculoskeletal system, biochemical mechanisms, all subsystems of the body are formed as the basis of health and strength. At this age, the beginnings of culture are mastered - language, speech, the basic principles of behavior and communication. In the same period, the sensory world, psychomotor reactions and the stability of the nervous system are formed.

No child is born a genius, and no one is born a fool. It all depends on the stimulation and degree of development of the brain in the years from birth to the age of three.

From 7 to 17 - 18 years old children go to school. The goal of the school, from the point of view of the theory of human capital, is to form the foundations of cultural and moral capital, to identify and consolidate the abilities of children. General secondary education lays down the basic body of knowledge in the field of natural, social and human sciences. At the same time, the socialization of the individual is completed and by the age of 16-18 a person receives civil rights, which is formally expressed in obtaining a passport.

From 16 to 25 years old, through industrial training, vocational schools, technical schools, higher educational institutions, a person’s labor capital is formed, a set of abilities for specific work. Professional knowledge and skills are brought to a certain level, allowing you to successfully complete the list of works in this profession and in this position. Accumulating exclusive rights to use land, money capital, other property, securing their organizational finds and commercial secrets, entrepreneurs (managers) form their own special organizational and entrepreneurial capital. Also specific is the formation intellectual capital. Its presence is most often associated with the development of certain talents through creative work.

Every person on life path certain abilities are formed that can receive a capital assessment. Key indicators for assessing different types of human capital.