About the beginning of human history (Problems of paleopsychology). Boris Fedorovich Porshnev F Porshnev
"Oh PDYO PPMPZ OE BOSMUS CHUETSHE LPMPZYEK YUEFCHETFYYUOSCHI RTEDLPCH MADEK, B CHEDSH UYUFENBFYLB, RTEDMBZBENBS RBMEPOFPMPZBNY LCA PLTHTSBCHYYI FYI RTEDLPCH TSYCHPFOSCHI CHYDPCH, OE NPTSEF BNEOYFSH LPMPZYY, VYPGEOPMPZYY, FPMPZYY. Oh PDYO RUYIPMPZ YMY OEKTPZHYYPMPZ OE BOSMUS UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH ZHYMPZEOEFYYUEULYN BURELFPN UCHPEK OBHLY, RTEDRPYUYFBS CHSCHUMHYYCHBFSH YNRTPCHYBGYY UREGYBMYUFPCH RP UPCHUEN DTHZPK YUBUFY:. HNEAEYI RTPYCHPDYFSH TBULPRLY J UYUFENBFYYTPCHBFSH OBIPDLY, OP OE HNEAEYI RPUFBCHYFSH J UBNPZP RTPUFPZP PRSCHFB H ZHYYPMPZYYUEULPK YMY RUYIPMPZYYUEULPK MBVPTBFPTYY th PDYO LCHBMYZHYGYTPCHBOOSCHK UPGYPMPZ YMY ZHYMPUPZH OE OBRYUBM P VYPMPZYYUEULPK RTEDSCHUFPTYY MADEK YUEZP-MYVP, YUFP OE VSCHMP R ™ £ YODHGYTPCHBOP , CH LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE, FENY TS RBMEPBTIEPMZBNY Y RBMEPBOFTPRMPZBNY, LPFPTSHCHE VSHCH UBNY OHTSDBMYUSH CH LFYI CHPRTPUBI CH OBHYUOPN THLPCHPDUFCHE.dms rPTYOECH - NBFETYIBMYUF. y CH FPPN PFOPYOYY PO OE PYOPL CH LTHZH BOFTPRMPZCH. pDOBLP IN EDCHB MJ DE EDYOUFCHEOOSCHK YUUMEDPCHBFEMSH-NBFETYBMYUF, LPFPTSCHK HYUEM, HUCHPYM CHEUSH FPF NBUUYCH TEMYZYPOPK LTYFYLY NBFETYBMYUFYYUEULYI RTEDUFBCHMEOYK PV BOFTPRPZEOEE, LPFPTSCHK OBLPRYMUS UP CHTENEOY CHSCHIPDB DBTCHYOPCHULPZP rTPYUIPCDEOYS CHIDPH. dv CHUEI NBFETYBMYUFYYUEULYI LPOGERGYK RTPYUIPTSDEOYS YUEMPCHELB LPOGERGYS rPTYOEChB UEZPDOS PUFBEFUS EDYOUFCHEOOPK UHNECHYEK HUFTBOYFSH Chueh EF-OBYCHOP HRTPEEOOSCHE MENEOFSCH NBFETYBMYUFYYUEULPZP RPDIPDB A RTPVMENE, ON LPFPTSCHE HTSE DBCHOP J UPCHETYEOOP PVPUOPCHBOOP HLBSCHCHBMB TEMYZYPOBS LTYFYLB. VE CHUSLPZP RTECHCHEMYYUEOYS NPTsOP ULBBFSH: EUMY ABOUT HTPCHOE UPCTENEOOOPZP OBOBOYS ZhBLFPCH Y UHEUFCHHEF BMSHFETOBFYCHB TEMYZYPPOSHCHN RTEDUFBCHMEOYSN PV BOFTPRPZEOIE, FP GPYCHYFP LPOGECHYFP. dBCE OEUNPFTS ABOUT FP, UFP ChPF HCE 25 MEF U OEK RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOP OILFP OE TBVPFBEF. CHUE PUFBMSHOSHCHE LPOGERGY FBLPK BMSHFETOBFYCHPK RTYOBOSCH VSHCHFSH OE NPZHF. iPYuH RPDYUETLOHFSH: LBL R ™ £ TH VSCHMY CHEMYLY J OBYUYNSCH LPOLTEFOSCHE PFLTSCHFYS B TBMYYUOSCHI BURELFBI FPK PVYYTOPK RTPVMENSCH, LBL R ™ £ TH VSCHMY RETURELFYCHOSCH LCA DBMSHOEKYEZP YUUMEDPCHBOYS CHSCHDCHYOHFSCHE dH UNEMSCHE ZYRPFESCH, CHBTSOEKYEE OBYUEOYE YUUMEDPCHBOYK rPTYOEChB B PVMBUFY BOFTPRPZEOEB METSYF B PVMBUFY ZHYMPUPZHYY: W TBTBVPFLE FBLPK LPOGERGYY, LPFPTBS CH LPOFELUFE OBHYUOSCHI BOBOIK LPOGB XX CHELB OE OHTSDBEFUS CH ZYRPFEJE P FCHPTGE. iBTBLFETOP, YUFP, PFCHEYUBS ON PVCHYOEOYS B "BOFYOBHYUOPUFY", "L UFTENMEOYY UEOUBGYY" J FR, LPFPTSCHE UFBMY TBDBCHBFSHUS RP RPCHPDH RPYULPCH rPTYOEChSchN "UOETSOPZP YUEMPCHELB" ON RPDYUETLYCHBM YNEOOP ZHYMPUPZHULPE OBYUEOYE UCHPYI PFLTSCHFYK:
"Th UEZPDOS of the ECE MYYSH PYUEOSH OENOPZYE RPOYNBAF, YUFP FTPZMPDYFSCH -. VPMSHYPE UPVSCHFYE B ZHYMPUPZHYY h ZHYMPUPZHYY, ZTBTSDBOE UHDSHY, B ZHYMPUPZHYY UMHYUYMBUSH UEOUBGYS, OP CHEDSH OE FP YNEMPUSH B CHYDH PVCHYOEOYEN nBFETYBMYN -. GEMYFEMSH UMERPFSCH vMBZPDBTS ENH NShch HCHYDEMY AF YUFP VSCHMP. RPD OPUPN, OP YuEZP OE OBDMETsBMP CHYDEFSH. OE NPOUFTTB, OE OYLUENOKHA DYLPCHYOKH ZPT Y YuBE, B RETCHPUFEROOOSCHK ZHBLF "ZHYMPUPZHULPK BOFTPRMPZYY"". RP NOOYA rPTYOECHB, DCHB MPTSOSCHI RPUFKHMBFB NEYBMY UETSHEPNKH OBHYUOPNKH RTPTTSCHCHH H YUUMEDPCHBOY BOFTPRPZEOEB.
- hVETsDEOOPUFSh H FPN, VHDFP BTIEPMPZYYUEULYE PUFBFLY TSYOEDESFEMSHOPUFY YULPRBENSCHI ZPNYOYD DPLBSCHCHBAF OBMYYUYE X-OHYE BVUFTBLFOP MPZYYUEULPZP (RPOSFYKOPZP) FCHPTYUEULPZP NSCHYMEOYS, B OBYUYF J FTEVHAF RTYOBOYS MADSHNY OE FPMSHLP OEPBOFTPRPCH, OP FBLTSE RBMEPBOFTPRPCH (OEBODETFBMSHGECH) Q DBTSE of the ECE VPMEE DTECHOYI CHYDPCH. x LFPZP RPUFHMBFB DCHB ZMBCHOSCHI LPTOS - NIZH PV PIPFE ABOUT LTHROSCHI TSYCHPFOSHCHI LBL PUOPCHOPN ЪBOSFYY YuEMPCHEYUEULPZP RTEDLB Y NIZH PV YЪPVTEFEOYY YN PZOS.
- hVETSDEOOPUFSH CH FPN, YuFP chpmagypoobs ZHPTNB, RTEDEYUFCHPCHBCHYBS homo sapiens, CHCHNETMB, YUYUEMB U MYGB yENMY FPFUBU RPUME RPSCHMEOYS LFPZP RPUMEDOEZP.
"URPT RPKDEF OE P ZHBLFBI, YVP VPMSHYYOUFCHP ZHBLFPCH RBMEPBOFTPRPMZYY Y RBMEPBTIEPMPZYY PVMBDBEF CHSHCHUPLPK UFEREOSHA OBDETSOPUFY, B PV PYULBI, YETEI LPFPTSCHE RTYCHSHCHLMY UNPFTEYFSHCHBL". h DCHHI OEPRKHVMYLPCHBOOSCHI ZMBCHBI RPTYOECH, UPVUFCHEOOP, DPLBJSCHBM DCHE CHEEY. 1. RTEDPL YuEMPCHELB OE NPZ VSHCHFSH PIPFOILPN. yVP LFP RTPFYCHPTEYUYF DBOOSCHN PPMPZYY. x RTEDLB VSHMB EDYOUFCHEOOBS OYYB, LPFPTHA AT OBOSFSh REFINERY: FTHRPSDEOYE. yNEOOP DMS TBDEMLY FHY FTHRPCH TSYCHPFOSHCHI Y VSCHMY RTYURPUPVMEOSCH OBNEOYFSHCHE "PTHDYS". fBL CE, LBL H DTHZYI TSYCHPFOSHCHI DMS RPDPVOSHCHI PRETBGYK YURPMSHHAFUS ЪHVSHCH, LMSCHLY, LPZFY. 2. RTEDPL YuEMPCHELB OE "Y'PVTEFBM" PZPOSH. pZPOSH, FMEOYE VSHMY OEYVETSOSCHN RPVPYUOSCHN TEHMSHFBFPN PVTBVPFLY YN LBNEOOSHHI PTHDYK. ENH RTYYMPUSH "HYUIFSHUS" ZBUYFSH PZPOSH, B FBLTS HFIMYY'PCHBFSH EZP RPMEOSCHE UCHPKUFCHB. fBL CE, LBL DTHZYE TSYCHPFOSHCHE RTYURPUBVMYCHBAFUS L UREGYZHYLE UCHPEK LLPMPZYUEULPK OYIY - RMEFHF RBHFYOH, CHSHAF ZOEDB, UFTPSF HMSHY, RETEZPTBTSYCHBAF TELCH RMPFYOBNY. yMY, ULBTSEN, LBL DPNBYOYE LPYLY "OBHYUBAFUS" YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH FARM OBUFPMSHOPK MBNRSHCH, VBFBTEY GEOPTBMSHOPZP PFPRMEOYS Y F.R. UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, OEF OILBLYI PUOPCHBOYK UYUYFBFSH OBMYYUYE PZOS Y LBNEOOSHHI PTHDYK RTJOBBLPN RPSCHMEOYS "YuEMPCHELB". FPMSHLP OEPBOFTPR NPTCEF VSHCHFSH RTY'OBO YUEMPCHELPN H FPYuOPN UNSHUME UMPCHB. uFP TSE UMHYUMPUSH CH BOFTPRMPZYY RPD CHPDEKUFCHYEN TBVPF rPTYOECHB? UMHUIMBUSH CHPRYAEBS OEURTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH, LPFPTBS, KhChSCH, CH YUFPTYY OBKHLY CHUFTEYUBEFUS OETEDLP. h OBYUBME U rPtyoechshchnoe UPZMBYBMYUSH, URPTYMY, B BBFEN UFBMY RTPUFP HIPDYFSH, HLMPOSFSHUS PF URPTPCH Y DYULKHUUIK. uFBFShS nBFETYIBMYêN Y YDEBMYêN CH ChPRTPUBI UFBOPCMEOYS YEMPCELB(PDOB YЪ RETCHSHI EZP RKHVMYLBGIK RP RTPVMEMBN BOFTPRPZEOEB), - RYEF rPTYOECH, - "OBCHMELMMB ABOUT NEOS DBTS OE UHD - PFMHYUEOOYE. iPFSH SOE OBSCCHBM YDEBMYUFPN OILPZP OY OBYI UREGYBMYUFCH, YUHFSH OE CHUE UICHBFYMYUSH YB YBRLY" . th FPMSHLP FPZDB, LPZDB OBHYUOPNH UPPVEEUFCHH BOFTPRPMPZPCH HDBMPUSH RTBLFYYUEULY RPMOPUFSHA YPMYTPCHBFSH UEVS rPTYOEChB PF, PF RPMOPUFSHA PUCHPVPDYFSHUS OEPVIPDYNPUFY EZP UMHYBFSH, B UPPVEEUFCHE BOFTPRPMPZPCH RTPYPYMP "YUHDP": CHSCHCHPDSCH rPTYOEChB PFOPUYFEMSHOP RTPYUIPTSDEOYS EPC J PVTBB RYFBOYS VMYTSBKYYI RTEDLPCH YUEMPCHELB VSCHMY RTYOSFSCH. UEZPDOS BVUPMAFOPE VPMSHYOUFCHP BOFTPRMPZCHP ZHBLFYUEULY TBDEMSEF FE CHSHCHPDSHCH, BY RTYOBOE LPFPTSCHI RPYUFY DCHBDGBFSH MEF UBNPPFCHETTSEOOP Y VEKHUREYOP VYMUS RPTYOECH. pDOBLP LFY UBNPPFCHETTSEOOOSCHE HUYMYS RTBLFYUEULY OILPNKh UEZPDOS OE YJCHEUFOSHCH YMY UCHETIEOOOP ЪBVSCHFShch. RTYOBOYE RPMHYUYMY CHCHCHPDSHCH, RTBCHIMSHOPUFSH LPFPTSHCHI RETCHSHCHN DPLBMBM rPTYOECH, OP EZP RETCHEOUFCHP OE RTYOBOP. h PFMYUYE PF RETCHSHCHHI DCHHI PFNEYUEOOOSCHI RPTYOECHSHCHN NYZHPC YMY RTEDTBUUUHDLPCH, FTEFIK DP UYI RPT TBDEMSEFUS BVUPMAFOSCHN VPMSHYYOUFCHPN UREGYBMYUFCHN. yNEOOP FFPF FTEFYK RTEDTBUUHDPL NEYBEF HCHYDEFSH FENKH DYCHETZEOHYY RBMEPBOFTPRCH Y OEEPBOFTPRCH (LBL LMAYUECHHA VYPMPZYUEULHA RTPVMENH RETEIPDB CH UPGYBMSHOPUFSH) Y CHUE HER OBYUMPTSOHSHCHE. LBL ULBBOP CHSHCHYE, FFPF RTEDTBUUHDPL RTEDEMSHOP RTPUF: RPSCHMEOYE YuEMPCHELB RTCHAMP L PYUEOSH VSHCHUFTPNH CHCHNYTBOYA RTEDLPCHPK ZHPTNSCH. dMS RTEPDPMEOYS FFPZP RTEDTBUUHDLB rPTYOECH RTEDRTYOSM OBUFHRMEOYE RP YuEFShTEN OBRTBCHMEOYSN. PP-Relucia, by Fabfemshop, ChP Selfie Burfby Euabouy, RTPBMYTPCHBM Chue Fe is Otfptschnaya RTpfychptius, l LPFPTSCHN OEYTETSOP Chadhf Mawshchki Telpudflgi Rpschmeysuis Yehempechelb RTy Upadtbuhdlb. rPTYOECh HVEDYFEMSHOP RPLBBM, YUFP RPDPVOSCHE TELPOUFTHLGYY RTY CHUEI YEE TBMYYUYSI OEPFCHTBFYNP CHEDHF H PDYO J FPF CE MPZYYUEULYK FHRYL, dv LPFPTPZP PUFBEFUS MYYSH PDYO YUEUFOSCHK CHSCHIPD: RTYOBFSH, YUFP VE ZYRPFESCH P FCHPTGE RTPVMENB RPSCHMEOYS YUEMPCHELB RTYOGYRYBMSHOP OETBTEYYNB. FP OBRTBCHMEOYE METSYF PRSFSH-FBLY ABOUT UFSCHLE PPMPZYY Y ZHYMPUPZHYY. ChP-ChFPTSCHI, rPtyoech RPLBBM, UFP FTBDYGYPOOSCHK NIZH RTPFYCHPTEYUYF CHUEN YNEAEINUS DBOOSCHN PPMPZYY, U LPFPTPK, LBL HCE PFNEYUBMPUSH, VPMSHYOUFCHP BOFTPRMPZCH VSCHNP OE OBLP. Fpyoeje Ulbbfsh, YaFetbfhtshchyuulPK MIFETBFCHTCH BOFTPRPMPZY IPTPPEP ъ BMMY MYUSYMKHEKHYUFILH, YPVYMKHEKHA NPDOCHNY BOYFTPNPTZHNBNY, OP OE CONTACTEROPEOP OUTBFCHTHTHTH. CHUE DBOOSCHE UPPMPZYY HVEDYFEMSHOP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHAF, YuFP RTBCHYMPN CHYDPPVTBCHBOYS SCHMSEFUS DMYFEMSHOPE UPUKHEEUFCHPCHBOYE OPCHPZP CHYDB, PFRPYULPCHBCHYEZPUS PF RTEDLPCHPK ZHPTNSCH, U RPUMEDOEK. Umvedpchbfemshop, Vtenshe DPLBBFEMCHUFCHB HRPT NEFPTPEYLBNI FPZP, UFP RSSchmeoya Yuhempechelb Lushmpt Veshubkyun ППППСYUYUSHYUN Yulmayuienoen, DPMCop Metzbfs Yneoop About Ufptpo, Yulmayufemshopufy. h FTEFSHYI, rPTYOECh RTPCHEM ZYZBOFULHA TBVPFH RP UVPTH ZHBLFPCH P RBTBMMEMSHOPN UHEEUFCHPCHBOYY VMYTSBKYEK RTEDLPCHPK ZHPTNSCH (RBMEPBOFTPRB) TSDPN Y YUEMPCHELPN (OEPBOFTPRPN) OE FPMSHLP DPYUFPTYYUEULPE CHTENS H, J H OD UPCHTENEOOHA RPIH CHRMPFSH DP OBYYI milkings. tO RPLBBM, YUFP UPITBOYCHYYKUS DP OBYYI milkings TEMYLFPCHSCHK TSYCHPFOSCHK RTEDPL YUEMPCHELB, YCHEUFOSCHK RPD TBOSCHNY YNEOBNY (B YUBUFOPUFY, LBL "UOETSOSCHK YUEMPCHEL") IPMF J OEULPMSHLP DEZTBDYTPCHBM, HFTBFYCH YUBUFSH UFBCHYYI YMYYOYNY OBCHSCHLPCH, OP PUFBMUS RTEDUFBCHYFEMEN FPZP CE RTEDLPCHPZP CHYDB - TEMYLFPCHSCHN RBMEPBOFTPRPN. YFPZPCHBS Loyzb Papebin H 34 BCHPTULYY MIUFB, PVPVEYSYBS NOPZPMEFOAA UBNPFFCHEOOKH TBVPFKH RPPTUKHBE EZP VSUTSBKYYY UPFKHDOYLPH, CHUFTEFIMBER PEREUFPEUEOPEOPEEEEUE OPBERSP UPVEVEUFCHB, OPBER
"RTBChDB, LOYZH HDBMPUSH PFREYUBFBFSH FBLYN FYTBTSPN, LBLYN CHSCHIPDYMY UTEDOECHELPCHSCHE RETCHPREYUBFOSCHE Loizou - PFO CHPUENSHDEUSF LENRMSTPCH op POB CHPYMB B NYT YUEMPCHEYUEULYI Lojze rHUFSh B RPUMEDOAA NYOHFH CHYDOSCHK RTPZHEUUPT BOFTPRPMPZYY NEFBMUS RP HYUTETSDEOYSN, FTEVHS RTETCHBFSH REYUBFBOSHE OYURTPCHETZBAEEK DBTCHYOYN Lojze lOYZB CHSCHYMB rHUFSh.... DYTELFPT YOUFYFHFB BOFTPRMPZYY nzh TBURPTSDYMUS OE RTYPVTEUFY CH VYVMYPFELH OH PDOPZP LEENRMSTTB.. h-YUEFCHETFSHCHI, rPTYOECH TELPOUFTKHITCHBM RPSCHMEOYE YuEMPCHELB, YUIPDS Yb BMSHFETOBFYCHOSHI RTEDRPUSHMPL, UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYI DBOOSCHN PPMPZYUEULPK OBHLY. h IPDE TBVPFSCH RP YuEFCHETFPNH OBRTBCHMEOYA rPTYOECHH RTYYMPUSH PFMYUYFSHUS UETHEOSCHNY YUUMEDPCHBOISNY OE FPMSHLP H ЪPPMPZYY, OP Y CH GEMPN TSDE DTHZYI OBHL. FENB DYCHETZEOGYY RTYOBDMETSYF OE FPMSHLP BOFTPRPMZYY, OP METSYF, EUMY NPTsOP FBL CHSHCHTBYFSHUS, ABOUT UFSCHLE PPMPZYY Y LKHMSHFHTPMPZYY. YUBEPHEUTULBS LCHMSHFHTB, RPTUYCHKH, CHISTPUMM YEY DYUTERZOGY RBMEPBFFRPRPH IPBFTPRPH, YEPVIPDINPUFE RPUMEDAYA, CHBENPDEKUFCHS RETCHESKY, CHUE NEME HYPDYFSH PF OBCHS WORKS WEIGHT SHPTNEKUNEKUFCHYS. rPFPNH RPUNPFTYN ABOUT PPMPZYUEULYK ZHEOPNEO DYCHETZEOHYY U FPYULY TEOYS EZP LHMSHFHTOSHCHI RPUMEDUFCHYK. RPULPMSHLH RPPTUYCHULYK BOBMY IBTBLFETE REPENCHESSIA YBZPCH DYUTERZOGY YEMPSELO FPMSLP H HRPNSOKHPK CHISTERSHIP OEADBOPK Zamba (h Prfvmilples Felufby NPCop Oblki Mysh Obnelli), RTYCHEDH YE OEE PERVICE CHSTICHESLY. rTPKDS YUETE GEMHA UETYA LPMPZYYUEULYI LTYYUPCH J RTYPVTEFS B IPDE EUFEUFCHEOOPZP PFVPTB UPCHETYEOOP HDYCHYFEMSHOSCHE VYPMPZYYUEULYE J OEKTPZHYYPMPZYYUEULYE "YOUFTHNEOFSCH" BDBRFBGYY, TSYCHPFOSCHK RTEDPL YUEMPCHELB B LPOGE UTEDOEZP RMEKUFPGEOB PLBBMUS RETED MYGPN OPCHPZP LTYYUB, ZTPSEEZP ENH OEYVETSOSCHN CHSCHNYTBOYEN. FFPF RTEDPL, CH UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U YUUMEDPCHBOISNY RPTYOECHB, HRPNSOHFSHCHNY CH RTEDSHCHDHEEN TBDEME, CHCHUFTPYM UEVE U RPNPESHHA OEKPUYZOBMSHOPZP NEIBOY’NB YOFETDYLGYY (P OEK TEYUSH RPKDEF OYCE zhYYPMPZYS) KHOILBMSHOSHCHE UINVYPFYUEULYE PFOPIEOYS U NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHNY YEOILBNY, FTBCHPSDOSHNY Y DBCE U RFYGBNY. CHPNPTSOPUFSH YURPMSHЪPCHBOIS CH RYEKH VYPNBUUSCH HNETYI EUFEUFCHEOOOPK UNETFSHHA YMY HNETECHMEOOSHHI IEOILBNY TSYCHPFOSHCHI VSHMB PVEUREYEOB TSEUFLYN YOUFYOLFPN, OE RPCHPHBFYMSCHYN.
"In the first PEF CHNEUFE LTYFYYUEULYN UPLTBEEOYEN DPUFBAEEKUS dH VYPNBUUSCH Sing DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY CHUFHRBFSH B UPRETOYYUEUFCHP have IYEOYLBNY B FPN UNSCHUME, YUFP Chueh CE OBYUBFSH LPZP-OP OP HVYCHBFSH LBL UPCHNEUFYFSH DCHB UFPMSH RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOSCHI YOUFYOLFB:." OE HVEK "J" HVEK "?
uHDS RP NOPZYN DBOOSCHN, RTYTPDB RPDULBBMB [...] HЪLHA FTPRH (LPFPTBS, PDOBLP, CH DBMSHOEKYEN CHSHCHCHEMB CHPMAGYA ABOUT OEVSHCHCHBMHA DPTPZH). teyeoye VYPMPZYUEULPZP RBTBDPLUB UPUFPSMP CH FPN, UFP YOUFYOLF OE BRTEEBM YN HVYCHBFSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK UCHPEZP UPVUFCHEOOPZP CHYDB. [...] LPMPZYYuEULBS EEMSH, LBLBS PUFBCHBMBUSH LCA UBNPURBUEOYS X PVTEYUEOOPZP RTYTPDPK ON ZYVEMSH UREGYBMYYTPCHBOOPZP CHYDB DCHHOPZYI RTYNBFPCH, CHUESDOSCHI OBFHTE RP, RP OP FTHRPSDOSCHI PUOPCHOPNH VYPMPZYYUEULPNH RTPZHYMA, UPUFPSMB H FPN, YUFPVSCH YURPMSHPCHBFSH YUBUFSH UCHPEK RPRHMSGYY LBL UBNPCHPURTPYCHPDSEYKUS LPTNPCHPK YUFPYUOYL. oEYUFP, PFDBMEOOP RPDPVOPE FBLPNKh SCHMEOYA, OEVESHCHEUFOP H PPMPZYY. Pop Complexback BDEMSKHPZhPZYEK ("Rpaduben Ustbfshchech"), RPDubube Dpufisbaek x Oelfpfphatshi Childhps NEME YYY NEEE OTBNFOPPZP IBTBLBETB, IPFS Chu Tset Oilpdb OE Ufbopchsheek Puopchoshn Yuy Padin Yuj Puppsuchi Yufpyuyulpch Rifboyus. "rTPBOBMYYTPCHBCH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE DBOOSCHE PPMPZYY P UMHYUBSI BDEMSHZHPZHBZYY, B FBLTS BTIEPMPZYUEULIE DBOOSCHE, UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHAEYE P RPRSHFLBI RBMEPBOFTPRB HUFBFSH OB LFCHFPY RPHF RBHFSHCHP
. "ChSchIPDPN dv RTPFYCHPTEYUYK PLBBMPUSH MYYSH TBUEERMEOYE UBNPZP CHYDB RBMEPBOFTPRPCH ON DCHB CHYDB pF RTETSOEZP CHYDB UTBCHOYFEMSHOP VSCHUFTP J VHTOP PFLPMPMUS OPCHSCHK, UFBOPCHYCHYYKUS LPMPZYYUEULPK RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPUFSHA eUMY RBMEPBOFTPRSCH OE HVYCHBMY OYLPZP LTPNE RPDPVOSCHI UEVE, OP OEPBOFTPRSCH RTEDUFBCHYMY UPVPK YOCHETUYA:. RP HETE RTECHTBEEOYS B PIPFOYLPCH Sing OE HVYCHBMY YNEOOP RBMEPBOFTPRPCH. sing UOBYUBMB PFMYYUBAFUS PF RTPYUYI FTPZMPDYFPCH DRYER, YUFP OE HVYCHBAF FYI RTPYUYI FTPZMPDYFPCH. b NOPZP, NOPZP RPTSE, PFYOHTPCHBCHYYUSH PF FTPZMPDYFPCH sing HTSE OE FPMSHLP HVYCHBMY RPUMEDOYI, LBL CHUSLYI YOSCHI TSYCHPFOSCHI, LBL "OEMADEK" OP J HVYCHBMY RPDPVOSCHI UEVE, FP EUFSH OEPBOFTPRCH, CHUSLYK TB U NPFICHPN, UFP FE - OE CHRPMOE MADY, ULPTEE VMYCE L "OEMADSN" (RTEUFHROYLY, YUHTSBLY, YOPCHETGSHCH)".BOMBMY DBOOSCHI PPMPZYY (OBYOYOBS U dBTCHYOB) P TBMYUOSHI ZHPTNBI CHYDPPVTBBPCHBOYS RTYCHPDYF RPTYOECHB L CHCHCHPDH P UCHPEPVTBBOPN "UFYYIKOPN YULKHUUFCHEOOPN" PFVPTE, METSOPBEYEN CH PU
"ChRPMOE" VEUUPOBFEMSHOSCHN "J UFYIYKOSCHN YOFEOUYCHOSCHN PFVPTPN RBMEPBOFTPRSCH J CHSCHDEMYMY dv UCHPYI TSDPCH PUPVSCHE RPRHMSGYY, UFBCHYYE BFEN PUPVSCHN CHYDPN. PVPUPVMSENBS PF ULTEEYCHBOYS ZHPTNB, CHYDYNP, PFCHEYUBMB RTETSDE CHUEZP FTEVPCHBOYA RPDBFMYCHPUFY ON YOFETDYLGYA. FP VSCHMY" VPMSHYEMPVSCHE ". x OII CHRPMOE HDBCHBMPUSH RPDBCHMSFSH YNRHMSHU HVYCHBFSH RBMEPBOFTPRCH. OP RPUMEDOYE NPZMY RPEDBFSH YUBUFSH YI RTYRMPDB. "VPMShYEMPVSchI" NPTSOP VSCHMP RPVHDYFSH FBLTSE RETEUYMYFSH YOUFYOLF "OE HVYCHBFSH" OP EUFSH RPVHDYFSH HVYCHBFSH LCA RBMEPBOFTPRPCH LBL "CHSCHLHR" TBOSCHI TSYCHPFOSCHI, RPOBYUBMH IPMF VPMSHOSCHI R ™ £ J PUMBVECHYYI, CHDPVBCHPL A RTETSOYN YUFPYUOYLBN NSUOPK RYEY. PDOIN YUN UINRFPNPCH DMS Ufyikopp PFVPTB Umkhtsimb, Chetpsfop, Zechchpumpufs Yi FEMB, CHUMUFCHYE JESP CHISUCH PLTUFCHEK TSYCHPFUCTE NYTFTPCHBFSHBFCH II PF ChPMPUGFSHBFSHBFSKOPBFRPH.
FPF RTPGEUU OECHPNPTSOP NRYTYYUEULY PRYUBFSH, FBL LBL YULPRBENSCHE DBOOSCHE VEDOSCH, EZP NPTSOP TELPOUFTHYTPCHBFSH FPMSHLP TEFTPURELFYCHOSCHN BOBMYPN VPMEE RPDOYI SCHMEOYK LHMSHFHTSCH - TBULTHYUYCHBS YEE CHURSFSH, CHPUIPDS A HFTBYUEOOSCHN OBYUBMSHOSCHN CHEOSHSN. NS RTYNEN LBL NEFPDPMPZYUEULHA RPUSCHMLH RTEDUFBCHMEOYE, YuFP TBCHYFYE LHMSHFKhTSCHOE RTPDPMTSBEF, B PFTYGBEF Y CHUSYUEULY RTEPVTBHEF FP, UFP MADY PUFBCHYMY ЪFPZPNYB YTPP. h YUBUFOPUFY, CHEUSH PZTPNOSCHK LPNRMELU SCHMEOYK, PFOPUSEYIUS A TBOPCHYDOPUFSN RPZTEVBMSHOSCHI LHMSHFPCH, OP EUFSH VEULPOEYUOP NOPZPPVTBOPZP PVTBEEOYS have FTHRBNY UPVTBFSHECH UPRMENEOOYLPCH TH, TH SCHMSEFUS PFTYGBOYEN BRTEEEOYEN RPCHBDPL RBMEPBOFTPRPCH. MADY TBOSCHI YUFPTYUEULYI IRPI Y LKHMSHFHT CHUSYUEULY "IPTPOYMY", FP EUFSH HVETEZBMY, RTSFBMY RPLPKOILPCH, UFP DEMBMP OECHPЪNPTSOSCHN YI UYAEDEOYE. yULMAYUEOYEN, LPFPTPE, NPCEF VSHCHFSH, LBL TB ChPUIPDYF L YOFETEUKHAEENKH OBU RETEMPNKH, SCHMSEFUS PUFBCHMEOYE RPLPKOILPCH UREGYBMSHOP ABOUT RPEDBOYE "DCHBN" CH DTECHOYEK DP'PTPBUFTYYZHYKULPK TEMP. OE CHSHCHUFHRBAF MY FHF "DCHSHCH" LBL RTEENOYLY YULPRBENSCHI RBMEPBOFTPRCH? RPTSBMKHK, FP CE NPTsOP RPDPЪTECHBFSH Y CH PVTSDE URHULBOIS RPLPKOILB ABOUT RMPPHKH CHOY RP FEYUEOYA TEL, CH PVTSDE PUFBCHMEOYS EZP ABOUT CHEFCHSI DETECHB, CHSHCHUPLP CH ZPTBI Y FR."rPTYOECHULBS YOFETRTEFBHYS DTECHOEKYI BIPTPOEOYK LBL RTPSCHMEOYK RETCHSHCHI LHMSHFKHTOSHCHI BRTEFPCH VHDEF RTYCHEDEOB OYCE H TBEDEME lHMSHFHTPMPZYS. UMEDSH YURPMSHPCHBOYS UREGIBMSHOP CHSHTBBEEOOPK YUBUFY RPRHMSGYY OEEPBOFTPRCH CH LBYUEUFCHE LPTNPCHPK VBSHCH RBMEPBOFTPRCH UPITBOYMYUSH - PFNEYUBEF RPTYOECH - CH FBL GENERAL PVTSDBI YOGYBGI:
"UHFSh YEE UPUFPYF B FPN, YUFP RPDTPUFLPCH, DPUFYZYYI RPMPCHPK TEMPUFY (RTEYNHEEUFCHEOOP NBMSHYUYLPCH J H NEOSHYEK UFEREOY - DECHPYUEL) CHSCHTBEEOOSCHI B OBYUYFEMSHOPK YPMSGYY PF CHTPUMPZP UPUFBCHB RMENEOY, RPDCHETZBAF DPCHPMSHOP NHYUYFEMSHOSCHN RTPGEDHTBN J DBTSE YUBUFYYUOPNH LBMEYUEOYA, UYNCHPMYYTHAEYN HNETECHMEOYE FPF PVTSD UPCHETYBEFUS ZDE-. OYVHDSH B MEUH J CHSCHTBTSBEF LBL R ™ £ RTYOEUEOYE FYI RPDTPUFLPCH B TSETFCHH TH OF UYAEDEOYE MEUOSCHN YUHDPCHYEBN rPUMEDOYE SCHMSAFUS ZHBOFBUFYYUEULYNY BNEEEOYSNY OELPZDB UPCHUEN OE ZHBOFBUFYYUEULYI, B TEBMSHOSCHI RPTSYTBFEMEK -. RBMEPBOFTPRPCH, LBL J UBNP DEKUFCHYE SCHMSMPUSH OE URELFBLMEN, B RPDMYOOSCHN HNETECHMEOYEN n FPN, ULPMSH CHEMYLHA. TPMSh X YUFPLPC YUEMPCHEYUFCHB YZTBMP LFP SCHMEOYE, RETECYFPYuOP UPITBOYCHIEUS CH ZHTNE YOYGYBGYK, OBHLB HOBMB YB OBNEYUBFEMSHOPK LOYZY h.p. rTPRRB, RPLBBCHYEZP, YUFP PZTPNOBS YUBUFSH ULBPYUOP-NYZHPMPZYYUEULPZP ZHPMSHLMPTB RTEDUFBCHMSEF UPVPA RPDOEE RTEPVTBPCHBOYE RETEPUNSCHUMEOYE PDOPZP TH TH FPZP CE YUIPDOPZP SDTB: RTYOEUEOYS B TSETFCHH YUHDPCHYEH AOPYEK J DECHHYEL YMY, FPYUOEE, FPZP BLFB, RTEPVTBPCHBOOPZP HTSE B TBOSCHE CHBTYBOFSCH PVTSDB YOYGYBGYY ". dMYFEMSHOPE UPITBOEOYE YuEMPCHEYUEULYI CETFCHPRTYOPYOYEK, HCE PVPUPVYCHYYIUS PF ZhHOLGYY UMHTSYFSH LPTNPCHPK VBPK RBMEPBOFTPRBN, rPtyoech PVYASUOSEF UMEDHAENY RTYUYOBNY:
"EUMY OELPZDB HNETECHMEOYE MADEK VSCHMP UCHSBOP UP UREGYZHYYUEULYNY PFOPYEOYSNY OEPBOFTPRPCH have RBMEPBOFTPRBNY J PYUEOSH TBOP VSCHMP RPDNEOEOP TSETFCHEOOSCHN HNETECHMEOYEN TSYCHPFOSCHI, B YUBUFOPUFY ULPFB, FP B gEOFTBMShOPK J aTsOPK bNETYLE LTHROSCHK DPNBYOYK ULPF RPYUFY PFUHFUFCHPCHBM J RETCHPVSCHFOSCHK PVTSD UPITBOYMUS DP CHTENEOY UMPTSOSCHI LHMSHFPCH, FPZDB LBL DTECHOYE ZTELY HCE U OEBRBNSFOSCHI READEO BLNEOYMY YUEMPCHEYUEULIE TSEFCHSHCH RPDOPUYNSCHNY CHUSLPZP TBOB VPTSEUFCHBN ZELBFPNVBNY - ZPTBNY - HNETECHMSENPZP ULPFB".rTPBOBMYYTPCHBCH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE DBOOSCHE PV UCHPMAGYY TSEFCHPRTYOPYOYK, rPTYOECH TEANYTHEF:
"FBLYN PVTBPN B OBYYI ZMBBI CHPUUFBOBCHMYCHBEFUS UOBYUBMB LTYCHBS CHPUIPDSEEZP VYPMPZYYUEULPZP OBYUEOYS FYI TSETFCHPRTYOPYEOYK, OP EUFSH HCHEMYYUEOYE PVYAENB TSETFCHHENPK RYEY LCA OEMADEK (Cheto, BOFYMADEK), B RPTSE OBYUYOBEFUS J BFEN LTHFP BNEOSEF FH TEBMSHOHA VYPMPZYYUEULHA ZHHOLGYA UYNCHPMYYUEULBS ZHHOLGYS. RPUMEDOSS NPTSEF YDFY LBL RTSNP PF YUEMPCHEYUEULYI TSETFCHPRTYOPYEOYK (TEMYZYPOPE UBNPHVYKUFCHP, UBNPHTPDPCHBOYE, UBNPPZTBOYYUEOYE H ZHPTNE RPUFB J BULEFYNB, BFPYUEOYE) FBL Q PD TSETFCH ULPFPN J RTPDHLFBNY (RPUCHSEEOYE TSYCHPFOSCHI, TSETFCHB RETCHYOPL, LPTNMEOYE ZHEFYYB, UTSYZBOYE, VTSCHZBOSHE, CHPMYSOYE) ".rPTYOECH FBL RPDCHPDYF YFPZY BOBMYH DYCHETZEOHYY:
"YFBL, EUMY, I PDOPK UFPTPOSCH, NShch OBEHRSCHCHBEN B ZMHVYOBI DYCHETZEOGYY HNETECHMEOYE OBYUYFEMSHOPK YUBUFY NPMPDY OELPEK PFYOHTPCHSCHCHBAEEKUS TBOPCHYDOPUFY (LPMYYUEUFCHP FPK NPMPDY RPUFEREOOP TEDHGYTPCHBMPUSH DP PVTSDB RTYOEUEOYS B TSETFCHH FPMSHLP RETCHEOGB) AF have DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NShch OBIPDYN J CHBYNOPE HNETECHMEOYE DTHZ DTHZB CHTPUMSCHNY NHTSULYNY PUPVSNY (TEDHGYTPCHBOOBS ZHPTNB B FPN UMHYUBE - RPEDYOPL) dv FPK CHFPTPK MYOYY RTPYPYMY J TBVUFCHP, OP EUFSH UPITBOEOYE TSYOY TBOEOSCHN J RMEOOSCHN, J EZP RPUMEDHAEYE RTEPVTBPCHBOYS J UNSZYUEOYS B DBMSHOEKYEK LPOPNYYUEULPK CHPMAGYY YUEMPCHEYUEUFCHB, B Y DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH -. CHUSYUEULYE ZHPTNSCH NYTOPZP UPUEDUFCHB, FP EUFS RTECTBEEYAS CPKU HUUFPKYUCHPUFSHPUFSHPUKHUEUFCHTEI IFOPUPCH, LHMSHFKHT Y PUBHDBTUFCH. CHRACCHT PUFBMYUUSH LB UPTBDYYULYY LBFBLMYNCH, LPFPT SPEEUPHEUFCHP CHECE EE OE NPSEF YZYFSH.
OP OBYB FENB - FPMSHLP OBYUBMP YUEMPCHEYUEULPK YUFPTYY. DYCHETZEOHYS YMY PFYOKHTPCHBOYE PF RBMEPBOFTPRCH PDOK CHEFCHY, UMHTSYCHYEK RYFBOYEN DMS YUIPDOPK, - CHPF UFP NSCH OBIPDYN CH YUFPLE, OP RTSNPE YЪHYUEOYE FFPZP VYPMPZYUEULPZP ZHUMOPZHMOPSCHOYE. Hm NPTSEN MYYSH TELPOUFTHYTPCHBFSH EZP, LBL TH CHUA PYEMPNMSAEHA UYMH EZP RPUMEDUFCHYK, RPYUFY YULMAYUYFEMSHOP RP RPDOEKYYN TEHMSHFBFBN FPZP RETECHPTPFB: Do RPNPESHA OBYYI OBOYK PV YUFPTYYUEULPN YUEMPCHELE J YUEMPCHEYUEULPK YUFPTYY ".oEPVIPDYNPUFSh LPTNYFSH RBMEPBOFTPRPCH YUBUFSHA UPVUFCHEOOPK RPRHMSGYY, B LBYUEUFCHE LPFPTPK NPZHF CHSCHUFHRBFSH, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN, PUPVY NHTSULPZP RPMB, UZHPTNYTPCHBMB ON RPTPZE YUFPTYY UCHPEPVTBOSCHE "ZEODETOSCHE" PFOPYEOYS CHOHFTY CHYDB OEPBOFTPRPCH. UPCHTENEOOSHCHK ZHENOYIN NPZ VSH OBKFI ЪDEUSH NOPZP RPMEЪOPZP DMS RPOYNBOYS RTPYUIPTsDEOYS RTPVMEN, U LPFPTSCHNY ENH RTYIPDYFUS TBVPFBFSH:
"UBNLY-RTPYCHPDYFEMSHOYGSCH, CHETPSFOP, DBCHBMY J CHULBTNMYCHBMY OENBMPE RPFPNUFCHP. YuFP LBUBEFUS PUPVEK NHTSULPZP RPMB, YEE LPMYYUEUFCHP NPZMP VSCHFSH NOPZP Neosho LCA PVEUREYUEOYS RTPYCHPDUFCHB PVYMSHOPK NPMPDY. Op CHSCHTBUFBMB MJ RPUMEDOSS DP CHTPUMPZP UPUFPSOYS? [...] ECPAT DHNBFSH, YUFP FPF NPMPDOSL , CHULPTNMEOOSCHK YMY, cheto, LPTNYCHYYKUS VMY UFPKVYE ON RPDOPTSOPN TBUFYFEMSHOPN LPTNH DP RPTPZB CHPTBUFB TBNOPTSEOYS, HNETECHMSMUS J UMHTSYM RYEEK LCA RBMEPBOFTPRPCH. mYYSh PYUEOSH OENOPZYE NPZMY HGEMEFSH J RPRBUFSH B YUYUMP FEI CHTPUMSCHI, LPFPTSCHE FERETSH PFRPYULPCHSCHCHBMYUSH PF RBMEPBOFTPRPCH, PVTBHS NBMP-RPNBMH YPMYTPCHBOOSCHE RPRHMSGYY LPTNYMSHGECH FFYI RBMEPBOFTPRCH".tBMYYuYS B VYPMPZYYUEULPK GEOOPUFY, LPFPTHA RTEDUFBCHMSMY LCA PFOPYEOYK have RBMEPBOFTPRBNY NHTSULYE J TSEOULYE PUPVY OEPBOFTPRPCH, ON ZHPOE TBCHYFPZP "YULHUUFCHEOOSCHN" PFVPTPN YOUFYOLFB "HVYCHBFSH" PVHUMPCHYMY RPSCHMEOYE YUYUFP "NHTSULPZP Demba" - CHPKOSCH:
"EUMY PF UPCHTENEOOSCHI CHPKO have YEE UMPTSOEKYYNY LMBUUPCHSCHNY, RPMYFYYUEULYN, LPOPNYYUEULYNY RTYYUYOBNY URHUFYFSHUS LBL NPTSOP ZMHVTSE B RPOBCHBENPE LCA YUFPTYYUEULPK OBHLY RTPYMPE B RPIH CHBTCHBTUFCHB, NShch PVOBTHTSYCHBEN HCHEMYYUYCHBAEEEUS PBN OBYUEOYE OE BCHPECHBOYS, B UBNPZP UTBTSEOYS, UBNPK VYFCHSCH h RTEDZHEPDBMSHOSCHE CHTENEOB TEHMSHFBF CHPKOSCH -. FP HVYFSCHE MADY, PUFBCHYYEUS ON RPME VTBOY. [...] b Q b ZMHVYOBI RETCHPVSCHFOPUFY RPDBCHOP OE VSCHMP RPLPTEOYS FHENGECH BCHPECHBFEMSNY OH, OH PVTBEEOYS YEE DBOOYLPCH H, OH BICHBFB X OHYE FETTYFPTYK. CHBYNOPE about YUFTEVMEOYE CHSCHIPDYMY FPMSHLP NHTSYUYOSCH (EUMY PUFBCHYFSH H UFPTPOE MEZEODH PV BNB'POLBI); [...] U VYPMPZYUEULPK FPYULY TEOYS, YUYUE'OPCHEOYE DBCE YUBUFY NHTSULPZP OBUEMEOIS OE RTERSFUFCHPCHBMP CHPURTPY'CHEDEOYA Y TBUYTEOYA RPRHMSGYY RTY UPITBOEOYY RTPDHFYCHOPKU.Underwear of the GumpepvtBack of RTChUFEFY RTVMILLSBEBSHMSHMSHMSFBFSHB Uzreychbmzhazhki YumedpchBeeke RtoTeechb h PVMBUFY YLPMPZYY SWICBKYY RTEDLPCH YEMPCELB, YVP SOUNT RTSNP LBBAFUS VHDHEYY YUEMPCHEULY "WENEACHESE GEOPUFEKEK". TEYUSH YDEF P "FBUHAEENUS UFBDE" LBL ZHPTNE UPUKHEEUFCHPCHBOIS VMYTSBKYI RTEDLPC YuEMPCHELB:
"Yi VYPMPZYYUEULYK PVTB TSYOY, URPUPV RPMHYUEOYS NSUOPK RYEY RTEDYASCHYM ON PRTEDEMEOOPK UFHREOY RPYUFY OERPUYMSHOSCHE FTEVPCHBOYS A NPVYMSHOPUFY, RPDCHYTSOPUFY FYI UHEEUFCH, LBL B UNSCHUME VSCHUFTPFSCH RETEDCHYTSEOYS, FBL J H UNSCHUME DMYFEMSHOPUFY J RPLTSCHCHBENSCHI TBUUFPSOYK FY FTEVPCHBOYS J RTYCHEMY A TBTSCHCHH UFBDOPZP UGERMEOYS:. UBNLY Do NPMPDOSLPN (PYUEOSH DPMZP OEUBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHN X ZPNYOYD) PFUFBCHBMY, PFTSCHCHBMYUSH PF CHTPUMSCHI UBNGPCH, RTYYUEN OE UEPOOP (LBL, OBRTYNET, B UFBDBI ZPTOSCHI LPMPCH), B VE CHPNPTSOPUFY UPEDYOYFSHUS CHOPCHSH. OP ON ZYZBOFULPK FETTYFPTYY FYI NYZTBGYK DTHZYE UBNGSCH ON CHTENS RTYUPEDYOSMYUSH A FYN UBNLBN Do NPMPDOSLPN, UFPVSCH ЪBFEN, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSh, PFPTCHBFSHUS PF OII."
"EUMY OBUFBYCHBFSH ON UMPCHE" UFBDP "FP FP UFBDP UPCHETYEOOP PUPVPZP TPDB: FP TBVHIBS, OP UYAETSYCHBSUSH B PVYAENE, OP TBURBDBSUSH ON EDYOYGSCH, POP DE YNEEF RPUFPSOOPZP UPUFBCHB YODYCHYDPCH pDYO J FPF CE YODYCHYD NPTSEF PLBSCHCHBFSHUS RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOP YUMEOPN TBOSCHI UPPVEEUFCH RP HETE YEE. UPEDYOEOYK, TBUUTEDPFPYUEOYK, FBUPCHLY [...] h FYI FBUHAEYIUS ZTHRRBI TH OE NPZMP VSCHFSH UFPKLPZP UENEKOPZP SDTB, CHTPDE UENEKOSCHI ZTHRR ZYVVPOPCH, OH "ZBTENOPK UENSHY" RBCHYBOPCH, -. UBNGSCH, UPUFBCHMSAEYE CHPPVEE MENEOF PPZEPZTBZHYYUEULYK, PVSCHYUOP VPMEE NPVYMSHOSCHK, Yuen UCHSBOOSCHE NPMPDSHA UBNLY, CH DBOOPN UMHYUBE, PFPPTCHBCHYUSH PF UCHPYI UBNPL, HTS OE CHP-CHTBEBMYUSH L OIN CHOPCHSH, B RTINSCHLBMY ZDE-MYVP L DTKhZYN, FTEFSHYN, UPCHETYBS, NPTSEF VSHCHFSH, ZTPNEBDOSHCHE RTPUFTCHEBOUSH.
"fBL, RP-CHYDYNPNKH, PVYASUOSEFUS RPSCHMEOYE FBL OBSCCHCHBENPZP RTPNYULHYFEFB - SCHMEOYS, MPZYUEULY DPLBBEOPZP LBL YUIPDOBS UFHREOSH UEMPCHEYUEULPK WENSHY, IPFS ACCOUNTING DMSPTFOOPIE IBPTBLETHY."p RPTYOECHULPN BOBMYE CHPOYLBAEYI LKHMSHFKHTOSHCHI BRTEFPCH, UCHSBOOSHCHI U DBMSHOEKYEK LCHPMAGYEK UENEKOP-RPMPCHSCHI PFOPYOYEK MADEK, VKHDEF ULBOP OYCE CH TBEME lHMSHFHTPMPZYS. RTYCHEDEOCKET PFUBUFY DBAF PFCHEF ON THE CPIPPP PTYUYUUBYOFIFUFYUFUPZP, OP Rapufychmeois Peppers-Hyuzkuzki CHPPVEE "PVEEUFCHOPUFY", at LPFPTSCHN RPPTYUKHBFSHUS Chua Tsyosh. CHOEDTEOYE LFPK LPOGERGYY CH OBHYUOSCHK PVPTPF, CH UZHETH YTPLPZP RHVMYUOPZP PVUHTSDEOYS URUPUPVOP CHCHCHBFSH LHMSHFHTOSHCHK YPL OECHIDBOOSCHI NBUYFBVPC Y ZMHVYOSCHK. CHUE PVEEYUEMPCHEYUEULYE GEOOPUFY, LBL TEMYZYPHOSHCHE, FBL Y UCHEFULYE, LBL "BRBDOSHCHE", FBL Y "CHPUFPUOSCHE", RPFTEVHAF ZMHVPLPZP RETEUNPFTTB, RETEPUNSHUMEOYS, "RETEPVPUOPCHBOYS". chEDSh, I PDOPK UFPTPOSCH, Chueh LHMSHFHTOPE "UBNPUPOBOYE" YUEMPCHELB UZHPTNYTPCHBMPUSH B UYMH OEPVIPDYNPUFY "DYUFBOGYTPCHBFSHUS" PF UCHPEZP RTPYMPZP PF UCHPEZP RTEDLB (OYTSE PV FPN VHDEF ULBBOP RPDTPVOEE), OP, I DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, TEBMSHOP DPUFYZOHFPE "DYUFBOGYTPCHBOYE" OBDETSOP PVEUREYUEOP MYYSH PDOYN : OBYCHOPK CHETPK CH FP, YUFP "NSCH" RP PRTEDEMEOYA U "UBNPZP OBYUBMB" SCHMSENUS "YI" (TEBMSHOSHCHI RTEDLPCH) RTPFYCHPRPMTSOPUFSHHA. th PEF FHF RPSCHMSEFUS "HNOYL" rPTYOECh J RSCHFBEFUS PFLTSCHFSH "OPL" ZMBB ON AF YUFP W FH UBNHA RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPUFSH "NShch" of the ECE FPMSHLP RTECHTBEBENUS (Q of the ECE DPMZP VHDEN RTECHTBEBFSHUS) FPZDB LBL UCHPYN RPSCHMEOYEN ON ENME "NShch" PVSBOSCH OELPENH PFCHTBFYFEMSHOPNH TSYCHPFOPNH , LPFPTPE UREGYBMSHOP CHSCCHEMP "OBU" YULKHUUFCHEOOOSCHN PFVPTPN DMS CHSHCHRPMOEOIS EDYOUFCHEOOOPK ZHOLGYY - UMHTSYFSH ENH LPTNPCHPK VBPK! yuFP-OP CHTPDE "NSCHUMSEEK" LPTPCHSCH NSUOPK RPTPDSCH ... rPTYOECh B PDOPN NEUFE BNEFYM: EUMY UHNNYTPCHBFSH Chueh FYYUEULYE RTEDUFBCHMEOYS PV PFCHTBFYFEMSHOPN, NETLPN, ZTSOPN, OE DPUFPKOPN YUEMPCHELB, OP RPMHYUYFUS OE YUFP Jope, LBL TEBMSHOSCHK PVTB RBMEPBOFTPRB CHTENEO DYCHETZEOGYY. b OBBYUYF, Y PVTB RETCHSCHI MADEK, LPFPTSCHE, ZMSDS ABOUT RBMEPBOFTPRB, LBL CH ETTLBMP, NEDMEOOP OBBYUBMY "YURTBCHMSFSHUS". LBS TsYFSH, BCS, YUFP "NSH", MADY, RP VIPMZYYUEULPNH PEDEDMEYA, "ICHETS DBTEKH", YUFP KHUVKUFCHP UEVA RPDPEKOVA EUFSH OE "PFLMPEYEYE", BDDMYOBS "OTHER" RTYTPDB, PFMYYUBSEBS "FIR" PF SELE PUFMED POCHPFSKET (X RPUMEDAYA - FFP CHUE-FBLY YULMAYUEOYE, B OE RTBCHYMP)? LBL TSYFSH, OBS, YUFP LTBUYCHSCHK PVSCHYUBK DBTYFSH GCHEFSCH SCHMSEFUS CHUEZP MYYSH TEHMSHFBFPN ZMHVPLPK J DMYFEMSHOPK FTBOUZHPTNBGYY "OBYEK" DTECHOEKYEK J UPCHUEN "OELTBUYCHPK" PUOPCHOPK ZHHOLGYY - RTERPDOPUYFSH B LBYUEUFCHE "RPDBTLB" OELYN NETLYN TSYCHPFOSCHN UPVUFCHEOOSCHI the defects, RTPYCHPDYNSCHI LCA FPZP ON UCHEF B VPMSHYPN LPMYYUEUFCHE Y UPVUFCHEOOPTHYUOP HVYCHBENSCHI? pVTB "CHSHCHUPLPOTBCHUFCHEOOPZP YuEMPCHELB" LBL CHUEZP MYYSH FTHDOPZP YOE CHRPMOE DPUFYZOHFPZP TEEKHMSHFBFB YUFPTYYUEULPZP TBCHYFYS - UMBVPE Y, ZMBCHOPE, UCHETIEOOOP OERTICHSHCHUOPE HFEEEOYE... LBL FHF "VEEPFUEFOP" OE YURHZBFSHUSS? lBL TEYYFEMSHOP OE PFCHETZOHFSH? lBL OE RPRSCHFBFSHUS PRTPHETZOHFSH? LBLOE ЪBFLOHFSH HYY, EUMY PRTPHETZOHFSH OE RPMHYUBEFUS? h TBNLBI YUUMEDPCHBOYS "ZHEOPNEOB YUEMPCHEYUEULPK TEYUY" rPTYOECH HVEDYFEMSHOP RPLBBM, UFP YCHKHLY, YODBCHBENSCHE TSYCHPFOSHCHNY, OE NPZHF UMHTSYFSH YUIPDOSHN RHOLFPN YuEMPCHEYUSHCHLBP SBP. CHKHLY TSYCHPFOSHCHI SCHMSAFUS TEZHMELFPTOP RTYCHSBOOSCHNY L UYFKHBGYY. obRTPFYCH, RPMOBS "PFChSBOOPUFSH" UMPCHB LBL ZHYYPMPZYUEULPZP SCHMEOYS PF UCHPEZP OBBYUEOYS (UNSCHUMB) SCHMSEFUS LMAYUECHSHCHN HUMPCHYEN, RPCHPMSAEYN ENKH CHSHCHRPMOSFSH ZHOLGYU "UMPCHTEYU"
"rPOSFYE "KOBL" YNEEF DCHB LBTDYOBMSHOSHCHI RTYOBBLB: PUOPCHOSCHE OBLY 1) CHBYNPBNEOSENSCH RP PFOPIEOYA L DEOPFBFH, 2) OE YNEAF U OIN OILBLPK RTYUYOOOPK UCHSSCHOYUFHOY RP. yUUMEDPCHBOYS ZHYYPMPZYUEULYI RTEDRPUSHMPL YUEMPCHEYUEULPK TEYU RPCHPMYMY rPTYOECHH RETECHEUFY RTPVMENKH "OBBLB" CH ZEOEFYUEULHA RMPULPUFSH - "LBLPC YЪ FFYI DCHHI RTJOBLPCH RETCHPOBYUBMSHOEEE?":
"PFChEF ZMBUYF:. CHFPTPK pB FPN LPUCHEOOP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHHEF, NETSDH RTPYUYN, UENBUYPMPZYYUEULBS RTYTPDB YNEO UPVUFCHEOOSCHI B UPCHTENEOOPK TEYUY: EUMY Sing LBL J Chueh UMPCHB, HDPCHMEFCHPTSAF CHFPTPNH RTYOBLH, OP BNEOSENPUFSH DTHZYN OBLPN CHSCHTBTSEOB X YNEO UPVUFCHEOOSCHI Umbwe, W B RTEDEME DBTSE UFTENYFUS L OHMA [...]. yOBYUE ZPCHPTS, YNEOB UPVUFCHEOOOSCH CH UPCTENEOOOPK TEYUECHPK DESFEMSHOPUFY SCHMSAFUS RBNSFOILBNY, IPFS Y UFETYNYUS, FPK BTIBYUEULPK RPTSCH, LPZDB CHPPVEE UMPCHB OE YNEMY OBYUEOYS". UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CH YUIPDOPN RHOLFE UMPCHP "OE YNEEF OBBYUEOYS":
"SSchLPChSchE OBLY RPSCHYMYUSH BOFYFEB LBL, LBL PFTYGBOYE TEZHMELFPTOSCHI (HUMPCHOSCHI J VEHUMPCHOSCHI) TBDTBTSYFEMEK - RTYOBLPCH, RPLBBFEMEK, UYNRFPNPCH, UYZOBMPCH [...] yuEMPChEYuEULYE SSCHLPCHSCHE OBLY B UCHPEK PUOPCHE PRTEDEMSAFUS LBL BOFBZPOYUFSCH DRYER, LBLYE CHPURTYOYNBAFUS YMY RPDBAFUS MAVSCHN TSYCHPFOSCHN.". in DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, rPTYOECh RPLBBM, YUFP dv CHSCHDEMEOOSCHI UENYPFYLPK FTEI PUOPCHOSCHI ZHHOLGYK OBLPCH YUEMPCHEYUEULPK TEYUY (UENBOFYLB, UYOFBLUYU, RTBZNBFYLB) OBYVPMEE DTECHOEK J H FPN UNSCHUME OBYVPMEE CHBTSOPK SCHMSEFUS RTBZNBFYYUEULBS ZHHOLGYS - PFOPYEOYE UMPCHB A RPCHEDEOYA YUEMPCHELB. RPDCHPDS YFPZ UCHPENKH BOBMYFYUEULPNKH PVPTH YUUMEDPCHBOYK RP RUYIPMPZYY TEYUY, RPTYOECH RETELYDSCCHBEF NPUFIL PF MYOZCHYUFYLYY - YUETEY RUYIPMPZYA - HTS L ZHYYYPMPZYY:
"YuFP LBUBEFUS OPCHEKYYI HUREIPCH RUYIPMPZYY TEYUY, OP NShch NPTSEN FERETSH PVPVEYFSH ULBBOOPE CHSCHYE: CHRPMOE CHSCHSCHYMBUSH RETURELFYCHB RPLBBFSH HRTBCHMSAEHA ZHHOLGYA CHFPTPK UYZOBMSHOPK UYUFENSCH, YUEMPCHEYUEULYI TEYUECHSCHI OBLPCH LBL B OYYYI RUYIYYUEULYI ZHHOLGYSI, B FPN YUYUME B TBVPFE PTZBOPCH YUHCHUFCH, B TEGERGYY, B CHPURTYSFYY, FBL J W CHSCHUYYI RUYIYYUEULYI ZHHOLGYSI J, OBLPOEG, B UZHETE DEKUFCHYK, DESFEMSHOPUFY. pRTBChDBO RTPZOP, YUFP NBMP-RPNBMH have DBMSHOEKYYNY HUREIBNY OBHLY B ULPVLPK OE PUFBOEFUS OYYUEZP dv YUEMPCHEYUEULPK RUYIYLY J RPYUFY OYYUEZP dv ZHYYPMPZYYUEULYI RTPGEUUPCH X YUEMPCHELB ". rPUMEDOEE (HRTBCHMSAEBS ZHHOLGYS TEYUY RP PFOPYEOYA A ZHYYPMPZYYUEULYN RTPGEUUBN) OE FPMSHLP ON GEMPN TSDE UMHYUBECH RTPBOBMYYTPCHBOP UPCHTENEOOPK OBHLPK, OP J CHLMAYUEOP B OELPFPTSCHE UREGYBMSHOSCHE "RTBLFYLY": FBL, OBRTYNET, Chueh YCHEUFOSCHE "YUHDEUB" DENPOUFTYTHENSCHE "KPZBNY" PVOBTHTSYCHBAF YNEOOP URPUPVOPUFSH, PRYTBSUSH ON NEIBOYNSCH CHFPTPK UYZOBMSHOPK UYUFENSCH, UPOBFEMSHOP HRTBCHMSFSH DBTSE ZEOEFYYUEULY OBYVPMEE DTECHOYNY ZHYYPMPZYYUEULYNY ZHHOLGYSNY PTZBOYNB, CHLMAYUBS TH EF, LPFPTSCHE OBIPDSFUS B CHEDEOYY CHEZEFBFYCHOPK OETCHOPK UYUFENSCH, OP EUFSH SCHMSAFUS PVEYNY LCA YUEMPCHELB J TBUFEOYK. ABOUT FH CE FENH rPTYOECH RYEF H DTHZPN NEUFE:
"YuEMPChEYuEULYE UMPCHB URPUPVOSCH PRTPLYOHFSH AF YUFP CHSCHTBVPFBMB" RETCHBS UYZOBMSHOBS UYUFENB "- UPDBOOSCHE CHSCHUYEK OETCHOPK DESFEMSHOPUFSHA HUMPCHOP-TEZHMELFPTOSCHE UCHSY J DBTSE CHTPTSDEOOSCHE, OBUMEDUFCHEOOSCHE, VEHUMPCHOSCHE TEZHMELUSCH UE LBL VHTS, NPTSEF CHTSCHCHBFSHUS B, LBBMPUSH R ™ £, OBDETSOSCHE ZHYYPMPZYYUEULYE ZHHOLGYY PTZBOYNB POB.. . NPTSEF YEE UNEUFY, RTECHTBFYFSH RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOSCHE H, J TBNEFBFSH RETEFBUPCHBFSH RP-OPCHPNH [...] RFU FBLPZP VYPMPZYYUEULPZP YOUFYOLFB B YUEMPCHELE, OEF FBLPZP RETCHPUYZOBMSHOPZP TEZHMELUB, LPFPTSCHK OE refinery R ™ £ VSCHFSH RTEPVTBPCHBO, PFNEOEO, BNEEEO PVTBFOSCHN YUETE RPUTEDUFCHP CHFPTPK UYZOBMSHOPK UYUFENSCH - TEYUY ". bOBMY OEKTPZHYYPMPZYYUEULYI RTEDRPUSCHMPL UFBOPCHMEOYS TEYUY X VMYTSBKYYI RTEDLPCH YUEMPCHELB RPCHPMYM rPTYOEChH HFCHETTSDBFSH, YUFP "UMPCHP" CHPOYLMP H LBYUEUFCHE YOUFTHNEOFB RTYOHTSDEOYS PDOYN DTHZPZP, CHOEYOEZP "RTYLBB" PD CHSCHRPMOEOYS LPFPTPZP OECHPNPTSOP VSCHMP HLMPOYFSHUS. Oppnh Uppüchfufchhaf th worn Mischihighufilla p obseschyk Detchopufuy Utyy Yubufek Teoy Yneoop ZambzPMB, B YYUEUUFchyfemshchoshki - Ineo Customiferous (ChPyoyeyi LB LBDBFSH, RTylBUBFSHUS). uMEDPChBFEMShOP, OEPVIPDYNP RTEDRPMPTSYFSH, YUFP PDOB PUPVSH "RTYOHTSDBMB" DTHZHA A CHSCHRPMOEOYA YUEZP-OP RTPFYCHPTEYUBEEZP (RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOPZP) UYZOBMBN, RPDULBBOOSCHN ITS UEOUPTOPK UZHETPK: W RTPFYCHOPN UMHYUBE, B CHPOYLOPCHEOYY FPZP NEIBOYNB OE VSCHMP R ™ £ OYLBLPZP VYPMPZYYUEULPZP UNSCHUMB. DBCA UFPMSH VPVPT RPLETIOPUKUKTK PVITPT RPLBSCHBEF, Oblpmshlp RPPTUYCHULYK RPDIPD L BOBMUH КБТТПТПЦдейсдоса "UPGIBMSHOPUFY" JUEN FTBDIGIEKE TPBUHTECDOOSP P "UPHUEFUKUFY". LBL VHDFP RYUEMSCH YMY VPVTSCH "FTHDSFUS" OE "UPCHNEUFOP". fPMSHLP U RPSCHMEOYEN TEYUY, SJSHLB NPTsOP ZPCHPTYFSH P RPSCHMEOYY YUEMPCELB (Y YuEMPCHEYUEULPZP FTHDB). rPTYOECH DPLBBM, YuFP Ch VYVMEKULPN "CH OBYUBME VSCHMP UMPCHP" LHDB VPMSHIE NBFETYIBMYYNB (Y NBTLUYYNB), YUEN CH UUSCHMLBI ABOUT "FTHD", "LPMMELFICHOKHA PIPFH" Y F.R. pDOBLP FP "UMPCHP", LPFPTPE, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, VSHMP "CH OBYUBME", SCHMSMPUSH OPUIFEMEN RTYOKHTSDEOYS, B OE UNSHUMB, OE PVP-OBYUEOIS. rTPBOBMYYTPChBCh PZTPNOSCHK NBUUYCH YUUMEDPCHBOYK PFEYUEUFCHEOOSCHI J BTHVETSOSCHI UREGYBMYUFPCH, YHYUBCHYYI TBMYYUOSCHE BURELFSCH YUEMPCHEYUEULPK TEYUY (CHFPTPK UYZOBMSHOPK UYUFENSCH, RP rBChMPChH) rPTYOECh LPOUFBFYTHEF, YUFP PVEEE TBCHYFYE OBHLY CHRMPFOHA RPDPYMP A TEYEOYA CHPRTPUB P FPN, Yuen "FTHD" TSYCHPFOPZP PFMYYUBEFUS PF YUEMPCHEYUEULPZP FTHDB:
"LMAYuEChSchN SCHMEOYEN YUEMPCHEYUEULPZP FTHDB CHSCHUFHRBEF RPDYUYOEOYE CHPMY TBVPFBAEEZP LBL BLPOH PRTEDEMEOOPK UPOBFEMSHOPK GEMY. SSCHLE about UPCHTENEOOPK RUYIPMPZYY FP NPTSEF VSCHFSH LUFETPYOUFTHLGYEK (LPNBODPK) YMY BHFPYOUFTHLGYEK (OBNETEOYEN, BNSCHUMPN)". fTHD Ch UFTPZPN YuEMPCHEYUEULPN UNSHUME RTEDRPMBZBEF OEYUFP VPMSHYEE, YUEN "UPCHNEUFOPUFSH" DEKUFCHYK, PO RTEDRPMBZBEF RTYOHTSDEOYE PDOPZP DTHZYN. uFP CH IPDE TBCHYFYS YOFETYPTYYHEFUS CH "UBNPRTYOKHTSDEOYE" Y F.D. YUIPDOBS VYPMPZYUEULBS UYFKHBGYS, PVHUMPCHYCHYBS CHSHCHDCHYTSEOYE RTYOKHTSDEOYS ABOUT RETEDOIK RMBO, RPTPTSDEOB DYCHETZEOGYEK RTEDLPPCHPZP CHYDB, P YUEN ULBOP CHSHCHYE. rTBCHDB, ЪDEUSH PRSFSH OBJOBEF "RPRBIYCHBFSH" NBTLUYЪNPN, LURMHBFBGYEK, RTYVBCHPYuOPK UFPYNPUFSHHA ... rPDTPVOEE PV LFPN UN. OYCE CH TBEDEME LPOPNYUEULYE OBKHLY. Chuu DBMSHEKY TBHEEYFYE TEYUBYPZPP PVEEYAS UPULPSMP H Puchpeai Chuhe NEME ISPFESTERY YOFTHNEOFTHPUFFULT POPFNBFEYUILE CHRACPOSFSFS "LPNBODH", PDOPK UFPTPURE, YUKTHNEFTHPCH. pV LFPN RPKDEF TEYUSH CH UMEDHAEII TBDEMBI OBUFPSEEZP PVPTTB. h MYOZCHYUFYLE RTPYPYMP RPYUFY FP CE, YUFP J H BOFTPRPMPZYY: rPTYOEChB RTBLFYYUEULY OE CHURPNYOBAF (B OENOPZYNY YULMAYUEOYSNY) DBMSHOEKYEK TBTBVPFLPK RPTYOECHULPK RBTBDYZNSCH H SCHOPN CHYDE OYLFP OE BOYNBEFUS, PDOBLP H OESCHOPN CHYDE PUOPCHOSCHE CHSCHCHPDSCH rPTYOEChB VPMSHYYOUFCHPN MYOZCHYUFPCH UEZPDOS ZHBLFYYUEULY RTYOBOSCH. CHFPTSCHN CHBTSOEKYN "CHFPTZEOYEN" rPTYOECHB CH UNETSOSH OBKHLY VSHMY EZP YUUMEDCHBOYS CH PVMBUFY ZHYYPMPZYY CHSHUYEK OETCHOPK DEFEMSHOPUFY. PVTBFYUCHYUSH LMBUYUYUSHEYUS YUMEDPCHOUSN RBCHMPH HIFPHBCHP, RPPTUYCH RPUFBCHM Fppulkh Ch Yi Urbbdos NPZPMFPN URPTE P FPN, LLB TBVPFFBEF Geof, "Chilbchmsaik" Rpiedyoien Tsychpopoppzp. uHFSH PUKHEEUFCHMEOOPZP rPTYOECHSHCHN "UYOFEEB" UPUFPSMB CH RTEMPTSEOY "VYDPNYOBOPFOPK NPDEMY":
"H LBTSDSCHK DBOOSCHK NPNEOF TSYOEDESFEMSHOPUFY PTZBOYNB, LBL RTBCHYMP, OBMYGP DCHB GEOFTB (DCHE ZTHRRSCH, LPOUFEMMSGYY GEOFTPCH ON TBOSCHI FBTSBI) TBVPFBAEYI RP RTPFYCHPRPMPTSOSCHN RTYOGYRBN: PDYO -" RP rBChMPChH "RP RTYOGYRH VEHUMPCHOSCHI J HUMPCHOSCHI TEZHMELUPCH, DTHZPK -" RP hIFPNULPNH " , RP RTYOGYRH DPNYOBOFSCH pDYO -. RPMAU CHPVHTSDEOYS, DTHZPK - RPMAU FPTNPTSEOYS pDYO CHOEYOE RTPSCHMSEFUS B RPCHEDEOYY, B LBLPN-MYVP DEKUFCHYY PTZBOYNB, DTHZPK CHOEYOE OE RTPSCHMSEFUS, ULTSCHF, OECHYDYN, FBL LBL software HZBYEO RTYFELBAEYNY A OENH NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHNY VEUUCHSOSCHNY, YMY DYZHZHHOSCHNY,. CHPVHTSDEOYSNY. pDOBLP RTY Chuen YEE BOFBZPOYNE ON RETCHPN RPMAUE [...] B RPDYUYOEOOPK ZHPTNE FPTSE RTPSCHMSEFUS RTYOGYR DPNYOBOFSCH, B ON CHFPTPN PRSFSH-FBLY B RPDYUYOEOOPK ZHPTNE RTPSCHMSEFUS RTYOGYR VEHUMPCHOSCHI J HUMPCHOSCHI TEZHMELUPCH ". rTYOGYR DPNYOBOPSHCH TEBMYEKHEFUS RPMOPUFSHHA MYYSH ABOUT RPMAUE FPTNPTSEOIS, FP EUFSH CH LBYEUFCHE FPTNP'OPK DPNYOBOPSHCH. OP RTY LFPN UPITBOSEFUS CHPNPTSOPUFSH YOCHETUY LFYI GEOPTPCH, CHPNPTSOPUFSH "YOCHETUY FPTNP'OPK DPNYOBOFSHCH". CHUE CHOEYOYE UFYNHMSCH, RPRBDBS CH UEOUPTOHA UZHETH TSYCHPFOZP, DYZHZHETEOGYTHAFUS ABOUT "PFOPUSEYEUS L DEMX" Y "OE PFOPUSEYEUS L DEMX". RETCHSHCHE OBRTBCHMSAFUS CH "GEOFT RBCHMPCHB", CHFPTSCHE - CH "GEOFT HIFPNULPZP". h UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U RTYOGYRPN DPNYOBOFSHCH FFPF CHFPTPK GEOPHT VSHCHUFTP "RETERPMOSEFUS" Y RETEIPDYF CH ZHBH FPTNPTSEOYS. yOBYUE ZPCHPTS, CHUE, YUFP NPTSEF RPNEYBFSH OHTSOPNKH DEKUFCHYA, UPVYTBEFUS H PDOPN NEUFE Y TEYYFEMSHOP FPTNPYFUS. Hairdryer UBNCHN "Geoft HIFPNPCPP" Pveureyuchubf ChPNPTSOPUFS "Geophoft RBChBCBB" Chromfortbizhbfs Umppost Heri Temmelfpti Academy (Retcast Uyzobmshobe Uyufenb) DMS Pooheeufchmeois Vypumbyeweuly Opephmpspzp Zychpopopnh "Dem" Vej RPPNII:
"UPZMBUOP RTEDMBZBENPNH CHZMSDH, CHUSLPNH CHPVHTSDEOOPNH GEOFTH (VHDEN HUMPCHOP LCA RTPUFPFSCH FBL CHSCHTBTSBFSHUS) DPNYOBOFOPNH B DBOOSCHK NPNEOF B UZHETE CHPVHTSDEOYS, UPRTSTSEOOP UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF LBLPK-OP DTHZPK, B FPF CE NPNEOF RTEVSCHCHBAEYK B UPUFPSOYY FPTNPTSEOYS. YOBYuE ZPCHPTS, I PUHEEUFCHMSAEYNUS B DBOOSCHK NPNEOF RPCHEDEOYUEULYN BLFPN UPPFOEUEO DTHZPK PRTEDEMEOOOSCHK RPCHEDEOYUEULYK BLF, LPFPTSCHK RTEYNKHEEUFCHEOOP Y ЪBFPTNPTSEO". yNEOOP FBLYE ULTSCHFSCHE "RPCHEDEOYUEULYE BLFSCH" RPMEOSCHE TSYCHPFOPNH MYYSH UCHPEK "RTYFSZBFEMSHOPK" LCA CHUEZP OEOHTSOPZP UYMPK, J PVOBTHTSYCHBAFUS ZHYYPMPZPN-LURETYNEOFBFPTPN B FBL OBSCHCHBENPK "HMSHFTBRBTBDPLUBMSHOPK" ZHBE B CHYDE "OEBDELCHBFOPZP TEZHMELUB": TSYCHPFOPE CHNEUFP FPZP, YUFPVSCH RYFSH, CHDTHZ OBYUYOBEF "YUEUBFSHUS "Y F.R. FFPF "URBTEOOSHCHK" NEIBOYEN "rBCHMPCHB-HIFPNULPZP" FBYF CH UEVE GEMSCHK RETECHPTPF CH TSYCHPFOPN NYTE, YVP PFLTSCHCHBEF CHPNPTSOPUFSH PDOPNKH TSYCHPFOPNKh CHFPTZBFSHUS CH "DEKUFCHZPZP" DTHZPZP. chEDSh EUMY HDBEFUS RETECHEUFY B BLFYCHOHA ZHPTNH BFPTNPTSEOOPE DEKUFCHYE, OP RBTBMYPCHBOOSCHN PLBSCHCHBEFUS UPRTSTSEOOPE have Oin, VYPMPZYYUEULY RPMEOPE B DBOOSCHK NPNEOF LCA TSYCHPFOPZP "DEKUFCHYE" YVP HTSE GEOFT, PVEUREYUYCHBCHYYK RPUMEDOEE "RP rBChMPChH" RETEIPDYF B TETSYN TBVPFSCH "RP hIFPNULPNH". LCA FPZP, YUFPVSCH ON PUOPCHE FBLPK "YOCHETUYY FPTNPOPK DPNYOBOFSCH" CHPOYLMB UYUFENB DYUFBOFOPZP CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS, OEPVIPDYNP of the ECE SCDEP CHEOP - YNYFBGYS, RPDTBTSBOYE: BLFYCHOBS UFPTPOB CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS PUHEEUFCHMSEF OES DEKUFCHYE, LPFPTPE, VHDHYUY "USCHNYFYTPCHBOOSCHN" RBUUYCHOPK UFPTPOPK, BCHFPNBFYYUEULY FPTNPYF DEKUFCHYE, PUHEEUFCHMSENPE RPUMEDOEK:
"UPEDYOEOYE FYI DCHHI ZHYYPMPZYYUEULYI BZEOFPCH - FPTNPOPK DPNYOBOFSCH J YNYFBFYCHOPUFY - J DBMP OPCHPE LBYUEUFCHP, B YNEOOP CHPNPTSOPUFSH, RTPCHPGYTHS RPDTBTSBOYE, CHSCHSCHCHBFSH A TSYOY" BOFYDEKUFCHYE "ON Mavpy DEKUFCHYE, OP EUFSH FPTNPYFSH X DTHZPZP YODYCHYDB Mavpy DEKUFCHYE VE RPNPEY RPMPTSYFEMSHOPZP YMY PFTYGBFEMSHOPZP RPDLTERMEOYS TH ON DYUFBOGYY". fBLPE DYUFBOFOPE (PRPUTEDPCHBOOPE YNYFBFYCHOSCHN TEZHMELUPN) OKEKTPUYZOBMSHOPE CHPDEKUFCHIE PDOK PUPVY ABOUT DTKHZHA rPTIOECH OBCHBM "YOFETDYLGYEK". CHPF RTYCHEDEOOOSCHK RPTYOECHSHCHN RTYNET "PVTPPOYFEMSHOPC" YOFETDYLGYY CH UFBDE:
"LBLPK-OP ZMBCHBTSH, RSCHFBAEYKUS DBFSH LPNBODH, CHDTHZ RTYOHTSDEO RTETCHBFSH EE: YUMEOSCH UFBDB UTSCHCHBAF FPF BLF DRYER, YUFP B TEYBAEYK NPNEOF DYUFBOFOP CHSCHSCHCHBAF X OEZP, ULBTSEN, RPYUEUSCHCHBOYE B BFSCHMLE YMY ECHBOYE, YMY BUSCHRBOYE, YMY of the ECE LBLHA-MYVP TEBLGYA, LPFPTHA CH OEN OEPDPMYNP RTPCHPGYTHEF (LBL YOCHETUYA FPTNP'OPK DPNYOBOPSHCH) BLPO YNYFBGYY". fBLYN RTYNETPN rPTYOECH YMMAUFTYTHEF OEEPVIPDYNSHCHE HUMPCHYS RPSCHMEOYS YOFETDYLGYY. POB RPSCHMSEFUS YNEOOP FPZDB, LPZDB YUEMPCHEYUEULPNH RTEDLH, PVMBDBAEENH UYMSHOP TBCHYFSCHN YNYFBFYCHOSCHN TEZHMELUPN, B UYMH NEOSAEEKUS LPMPZYYUEULPK UTEDSCH Chueh YUBEE RTYIPDYMPUSH ULBRMYCHBFSHUS PE Chueh VPMEE NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE J UMHYUBKOSCHE RP UPUFBCHH ZTHRRSCH, zde FBLPK TEZHMELU OE RTPUFP UFBOPCHYMUS PRBUOSCHN - EZP OEPDPMYNBS UYMB HTSE ZTPYMB "VYPMPZYYUEULPK LBFBUFTPZHPK ". YOFETDYLGYS, PDPMECHBS OEPDPMYNHA (OYYUEN YOSCHN) UIMKH YNYFBGYY, LBL TB Y RTEDPFCHTBEBEF FFH HZTPBH. fBLYN PVTBYPN YNYFBGYS YZTBEF CH UFBOCHMEOYY YOFETDYLGYY DCHPSLHA TPMSh. at PDOPC UFPTPOSCH, TBCHYFSHCHK YNYFBFYCHOSCHK TEZHMELU RTEDPUFBCHMSEF LBOBM DMS RETEDBYU UBNPZP YOFETDYLFYCHOPZP UYZOBMB. at DTHZPK, FFPF TSE TBCHYFSHCHK YNYFBFYCHOSCHK TEZHMELU RTCHTBEBEF YOFETDYLFYCHOPE UYZOBMSHOPE CHPDEKUFCHIE H OEVPVIPDYNPE HUMPCHYE CHSHTSYCHBOYS DBOOPZP CHYDB. YOFETDYLGYS - RYJEF rPTYOECH - "UPUFBCHMSEF CHSHCHUYHA ZHPTNKh FPTNPTSEOIS CH DESFEMSHOPUFY GEOFTBMSHOPC OETCHOPK UYUFENSCH RPCHPOPUOSCHI". bOBMY YNEAEYIUS DBOOSCHI PV LPMPZYYUEULYI OYYBI, B LPFPTSCHI ON TBOSCHI FBRBI RTYIPDYMPUSH "VPTPFSHUS B UHEEUFCHPCHBOYE" RTEDLH YUEMPCHELB, PV CHPMAGYY EZP ZPMPCHOPZP NPZB, P VEURTEGEDEOFOP FEUOSCHI PFOPYEOYSI have PZTPNOSCHN YUYUMPN DTHZYI TSYCHPFOSCHI RTYCHPDYF rPTYOEChB A DCHPSLPNH CHSCHCHPDH:
- X YuEMPCHEYUEULPZP RTEDLB VSCHMY CHUE BOBFPNYUEULYE Y ZHYYYPMPZYUEULIE RTEDRPUSHMLY DMS PUCPEOYS YOFETDYLGYY;
- VEI PUCHPEOYS RPDPVOSHI YOUFTKHNEOPCH YUEMPCHEYUEULYK RTEDPL VSCHM PVTEYUEO ABOUT CHCHNYTBOYE.
"RPTsBMHK, UBNBS RETCHYUOBS YJ OII CH CHPUIPDSEEN TSDH - HLMPOIFSHUS PF UMSCHYBOYS Y CHIDEOYS FPZP YMI FEI, LFP ZHPTNYTHHEF UHZZEUFYA CH NETSIODYCHYDKHBMSHOPN PVEEOYY". MEF DEUSFSH OBBD PDYO RPTSYMPK MEOYOZTBDULYK ZHYYPMPZ B YUBUFOPK VEUEDE PVYASUOYM UMPTSYCHYHAUS UYFHBGYA UMEDHAEYN PVTBPN: UPCHTENEOOSCHNY ZHYYPMPZBNY RTYOBEFUS FPMSHLP AF YUFP SCHMSEFUS TEHMSHFBFPN YURPMSHPCHBOYS NYLTPULPRB, ULBMSHREMS, IYNYYUEULPZP BOBMYB J FR CHUE PUFBMSHOPE - "ZHYMPUPZHYS". FEN OE NEOEE, TYULOKH CHSHCHULBBFSH HCHETEOOPUFSH, YUFP RPFTEVOPUFSH ZHYYYPMPZPCH CH "ZHYMPUPZHYY" CH DHIE rBCHMPCHB, HIFPNULPZP Y rPTYOECHB YUYUEMB OE OBCHUEZDB. POB EEE CHETOEFUS. [ PRKHEOSCH UMEDHAE ZMBCHSCHCH, CH LPFPTSCHI, CH PUOPCHOPN, RTYCHPDYFUS YjMPTSEOYE UPPFCHEFUFCHHAEYI FEN Y LOYZY RPTYOECHB "p OBYUBME YuEMPCHEYUEULPK YUFPTYY": II. JYMPUPZHULBS BOFTPPRPMPZYS
III. 'PPMPZYS'
IV. MYOSCHYUFILEB
v.
VI. RUYIPMPZYUEULYE OBKHLY ] VII. lHMShFHTPMPZYS yUUMEDPChBOYS rPTYOEChB, BFTBZYCHBAEYE LHMSHFHTH, LBUBAFUS, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBPN, ITS RTPYUIPTSDEOYS, OEKTPZHYYPMPZYYUEULYI, PPMPZYYUEULYI, B FBLTSE UPGYBMSHOP-RUYIPMPZYYUEULYI RTEDRPUSCHMPL ITS TBMYYUOSCHI RTPSCHMEOYK. RPFPPNKH VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH TEEKHMSHFBFPCH YUUMEDPCHBOIK rPTYOECHB, LPFPTSCHE NPTSOP VSHMP VSH RTPCHEUFY RP CHEDPNUFCHH "LKHMShFKhTPMPZYS", ZHBLFYUEULY HTS Y'MPTSEOSHCHCHCHYE, CH RTTSCHFKHTPMPZYI. ЪDEUSH UMEDHEF ЪBFTPOHFSH EEE OEULPMSHLP CHBTSOSCHI FEN, LPFPTSCHE PUFBCHBMYUSH DP UYI RPT ЪB TBNLBNY OBYEZP YЪMPTSEOIS. 1. FIELB Y FUFEFIELB h RPTYOECHULPN BOBMYE ZMBCHOPZP LFYUEULPZP CHPRTPUB "UFP FBLPE IPTPYP Y UFP FBLPE RMPIP?" PFNEYUKH FTY CHEBYNPUCHSHBOOSCHI BURELFB. l RETCHPK ZTHRRE PO PFOPUIF ЪBRTEFSHCH HVYCHBFSH UEVE RPDPVOPZP, FP EUFSH PZTBOYUEOOYE UZHPTNYTPCHBOOPZP CH IPDE DYCHETZEOHYY ZHHODBNEOFBMSHOPK VYPMPZYUEULPK PUPVEOOPUFY YuEMPCHELB, P Yuen Khtse Yyushchyye
"RP-CHYDYNPNH, DTECHOEKYYN PZHPTNMEOYEN FPZP BRTEFB SCHYMPUSH BRTEEEOYE UYAEDBFSH YUEMPCHELB, HNETYEZP OE FPK YMY YOPK EUFEUFCHEOOPK UNETFSHA, B HVYFPZP YUEMPCHEYUEULPK THLPK. FTHR YUEMPCHELB, HVYFPZP YUEMPCHELPN, OERTYLBUBEN. EZP OEMSHS UYAEUFSH, LBL FP, RP-CHYDYNPNH, VSCHMP EUFEUFCHEOOP UTEDY OBYYI DBMELYI RTEDLPCH CH PFOPIOYY PUFBMSHOSHCHHI HNETYI. l FBLPNKh ChSCHCHPDKh RTYCHPDYF BOBMY RBMEPMYFYUEULYI RPZTEVEOYK".
"We RPLPKOYLB OERTYLBUBENPUFSH TBURTPUFTBOSMBUSH TH OF TSYCHPZP YUEMPCHELB. Poe, RP-CHYDYNPNH, UYUYFBMUS OERTYLBUBENSCHN, EUMY, OBRTYNET, VSCHM PVNBBO LTBUOPK PITPK, OBIPDYMUS B YBMBYE, YNEM ON FEME RPDCHEULY. On PRTEDEMEOOPN FBRE RTBCHP HVYCHBFSH YUEMPCHELB PZTBOYYUYCHBEFUS RTYNEOEOYEN FPMSHLP DYUFBOFOPZP, OD OE LPOFBLFOPZP PTHTSYS; CHNEUFE U FYN RPSCHMSAFUS CHPKOSHCH, LPFPTSHCHE CH RETCHPVSHCHFOPN PVEEUFCHE CHEMYUSH RP PYUEOSH UFTPZYN RTBCHYMBN.. fBLYN PVTBBPN, rPTYOECH OBNEYUBEF RTPGEUU RPUFEREOOPZP RTEPDPMEOIS "UCHPKUFCHB" YuEMPCHELB HVYCHBFSH UEVE RPDPVOSHCHI. h DTHZPN NEUFE ON FBL ZPCHPTYF P RTPGEUUE NPOPRPMYBGYY ZPUHDBTUFCHPN RTBCHB HVYCHBFSH (PV LFPN RPKDEF TEYUSH H TBEDEME rPMYFYUEULYE OBKHLY):
". FHF TEYUSH OE PV PGEOLE - IPTPYP FP YMY RMPIP chEDSh NPTSOP RPUNPFTEFSH ON RTPGEUU FPK NPOPRPMYBGYY LBL ON RHFSH RTEPDPMEOYS YUEMPCHEYUEUFCHPN HLBBOOPZP" UCHPKUFCHB ": LBL ON BRTEEEOYE HVYCHBFSH DTHZ DTHZB, PUHEEUFCHMSENPE" RPUTEDUFCHPN YULMAYUEOYS "- LCA FEI HLYI UYFHBGYK, LPZDB FP NPTSOP Y DPMTSOP (FBLPC NEIBOYIN PUKHEEUFCHMEOYS NOPZYI BRTEFPCH CH YUFPTYY LHMSHFHTSC, CH RUYIYLE YUEMPCHELB)". LP CHFPTPK ZTHRRE BRTEFPCH RPTYOECH PFOPUYF "UBRTEFSHCH VTBFSH Y FTPZBFSH FE YMYY YOSCHE RTEDNEFSHCH, RTPYCHPDYFSH U ONYY FE YMYY YOSCHE DECUFCHYS., P YUEN TEYUSH VKHDEF CH UMEDHAEEN TBEDEME. oblpoeg, L FTEFSHEK ZTHRRE BRTEFPCH RPTYOECH PFOPUYF RPMPCHSHCHE ЪBRTEFSHCH, CH YUBUFOPUFY, OBYVPMEE DTECHOYE YЪ OII - BRTEF RPMPCHPZP PVEEOIS NBFETEK Y USHCHOPCHEK, VBFEN VTBFSHECH Y UEUFET. RPDCHPDS YFPZY UCHPENH BOMBMYKH PVTBYB TSIOY DTECHOEKYI MADEK, rPTYOECH RYEF:
"On BTE UFBOPCHMEOYS PVEEUFCHB [...] FY BRTEFSCH POBYUBMY RTEYNHEEUFCHEOOSCHE RTBCHB RTYYEMSHGECH-NHTSYUYO. Op UMPTSYCHYYKUS FBLYN PVTBPN LPOZHMYLF NETSDH OYNY J NMBDYYNY CHSCHTPUYYNY ON NEUFE NHTSYUYOBNY TBTEYYMUS ZHPTNE H, PP-RETCHSCHI, PVPUPVMEOYS NMBDYYI B PUPVHA PVEEUFCHEOOHA ZTHRRH, PFDEMEOOHA PF UFBTYYI UMPTSOSCHN VBTSHETPN, ChP-CHFPTSCHI, CHPOYOLOPCHEOYS LLPZBNYY - PDOPZP Y ChBTSOEKYI YOUFYFHFCH UFBOPCHSEEZPUS YuEMPCHEYUEULPZP PVEEUFCHB ". LBL HTSE ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHSCHYE, UYUFENB "FBUHAEEZPUS UFBDB" RTEDRPMBZBEF OERTETSCHCHOPE PVOPCHMEOYE EZP UPUFBCHB, B IPDE LPFPTPZP CHTENS PF CHTENEOY RPSCHMSAFUS OPCHSCHE RTYYEMSHGSCH-UBNGSCH, RTYNSCHLBAEYE A FPNH "UFBDH" B YUETE OELPFPTPE CHTENS CHOPCHSH RPLYDBAEYE EZP. 2. THAMESIS y TEEKHMSHFBFPCH YUUMEDPCHBOIK rPTYOECHB, UBFTZYCHBAEYI FBLPK ZHEOPNEO LHMSHFKhTSCH, LBL TEMYZYS, LTBFLP PUFBOPCHMAUSH MYYSH ABOUT DCHHI.
- ChP-RETCHSCHI, LFP TBOOSS YUFPTYS TEMYZYPYOSCHI CHETPCHBOYK, RTPYUIPTsDEOYE RTEDUFBCHMEOYK P "IPTPYYI" Y "RMPIYI" VPTSEUFCHBI. rPTYOECHULYK BOBMYU UHEEUFCHEOOP PFMYYUBEFUS PF PVEERTYOSFSHCHI CHZMSDPCH - LBL TEMYZYPYOSCHI, FBL Y UCHEFULYI.
- CHP-CHFPTSCHI, LFP BOBMY TB'CHYFYS Y NEUFB CH PVEEUFCHE TEMYZYY LBL YOUFYFHFB, LBL "GETLCHY". yuumedpchboys rptyoechb RPLBJSCHCHBAF UBNHA FEUOKHA UCHSHSH LFPZP YOUFYFHFB, RTYOBDMETSBEEZP, RP NBTLUYUFULPK FETNYOPMPZYY, RTETSDE CHUEZP, L OBDUFTPKLE, U LMBUUPCHPK VPTShVP. OYCE CH TBEDEME rPMYFYUEULYE OBKHLY PV LFPN VKhDEF ULBBOP RPDTPVOEE. DEUSh MYYSH HRPNSOH, YUFP, I FPYULY TEOYS TBCHYFYS ZHEOPNEOB UHZZEUFYY, GETLPCHSH B RETYPD OBYVPMSHYEZP NPZHEEUFCHB (B ZHEPDBMSHOPN PVEEUFCHE) VSCHMB PDOYN dv DCHHI (OBTSDH have ZPUHDBTUFCHPN) LMAYUECHSCHI YOUFTHNEOFPCH "YOUFYFHGYPOBMSHOPK" LPOFTLPOFTUHZZEUFYY, RTEPDPMECHBCHYEK UPRTPFYCHMEOYE (LPOFTUHZZEUFYA) UMPCHH ZPURPDUFCHHAEYI LMBUUPCH (AF EUFSH YI UHZZEUFYY).
"UPZMBUOP FPNH IPDSYUENH RTEDUFBCHMEOYA, IPSKUFCHEOOBS RUYIPMPZYS CHUSLPZP YUEMPCHELB NPTSEF VSCHFSH UCHEDEOB A RPUFHMBFH UFTENMEOYS A NBLUYNBMSHOP CHPNPTSOPNH RTYUCHPEOYA. OYTsOYN RTEDEMPN PFYUHTSDEOYS (VMBZ YMY FTHDB) RUYIPMPZYYUEULY B FPN UMHYUBE RTYENMENSCHN, SCHMSEFUS PFYUHTSDEOYE B TBCHOPGEOOHA LPNREOUBGYA. [...] dEKUFChYFEMShOP, RPCHEDEOYE , PVTBFOPE HLBBOOPNH RPUFHMBFH, RTY LBRYFBMYNE OE NPTSEF VSCHFSH OYYUEN YOSCHN, LBL RTYCHEULPN op DBTSE RTY ZHEPDBMYNE, LBL CHYDOP dv YUFPYUOYLPCH, IPSKUFCHEOOBS RUYIPMPZYS UPDETTSBMB ZPTBDP VPMSHYE FPZP PVTBFOPZP OBYUBMB:. OBYUYFEMSHOPE YUYUMP UTEDOECHELPCHSCHI ATYDYYUEULYI J BLPOPDBFEMSHOSCHI BLFPCH BRTEEBEF YMY PZTBOYYUYCHBEF VECHPNEDOPE DBTEOYE, RPDOPYEOYE, RPTSETFCCHPCHBOYE ODCHYTSYNPZP Y DCHYTSYNPZP YNHEEUFCHB. YuEN DBMSHYE H ZMHVSH CHELCH Y FSHCHUSUEMEFYK, FEN CHSHCHRHLMEE FFPF YNRHMSHU". h RETCHPVSCFOPC LLPOPNYUEULPK LHMSHFHTE rPTYOECH LPOUFBFYTHEF BVUPMAFOPE DPNYOYTPCHBOYE YNEOOP "FFPZP YNRHMSHUB":
"ChBYNOPE PFYUHTSDEOYE DPVSCHCHBENSCHI dv RTYTPDOPK UTEDSCH TSYOEOOSCHI VMBZ VSCHMP YNRETBFYCHPN TSYOY RETCHPVSCHFOSCHI MADEK, LPFPTSCHK OPL DBTSE FTHDOP CHPPVTBYFSH, YVP IN DE UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF OH OPTNBN RPCHEDEOYS TSYCHPFOSCHI, OH ZPURPDUFCHHAEYN B OPCHPK J OPCHEKYEK YUFPTYY RTYOGYRBN NBFETYBMSHOPK BYOFETEUPCHBOOPUFY YODYCHYDB, RTYOGYRBN RTYUCHPEOYS." PFDBFSh "VSCHMP OPTNPK PFOPIEOYK.""FP Vushchy Bofweipzyuyulie Pfopesois Optitude - PFDBCHBFSH, TPUFPUBFSBBBB, LPFPTCTKA Youfyolfshchi Retribuspuschobm TBDTBCIFEMY FTEVPCHBMY VSF RPPFEVIFS UBNPNH, NBLUINKHN - PFDBFS Uchpin" Defofosbn MIVP UBNLBN " . zhBLFYUEULY RPTYOECH OBNEYUBEF LPOFHTSHCH OBHLY P RETCHPVSHCHFOPK LLPOPNYLE. pDOBLP CH UYMX FPZP, UFP UPITBOYYEUS CH GENERAL CHENS UMEDSCH RETCHPVSCHFOPC LLPOPNYUEULPK LHMSHFHTSCH PFOPUSFUS ULPTEE L LHMSHFHTE LBL FBLCHPK, DBOOBS FENB PFOUEOB L TBDEMH "LHMSHFHTPMPZYS":
"OPTNB LPOPNYYUEULPZP RPCHEDEOYS LBTSDPZP YODYCHYDB [...] UPUFPSMB LBL TB emergency CHUENETOPN" TBUFPYUEOYY "RMPDPCH FTHDB: LPMMELFYCHYN RETCHPVSCHFOPK LPOPNYLY UPUFPSM OE H TBUUFBOPCHLE PIPFOYLPCH RTY PVMBCHE, OE H RTBCHYMBI TBDEMB PIPFOYYUSHEK DPVSCHYUY TH FR, W B NBLUYNBMSHOPN HZPEEOYY TH PDBTEOYY LBCDSCHN DTHZPZP. [...] dBTEOYE, HZPEEOOYE, PFDBCHBOYE - PUOPCHOBS ZHPTNB DCHYTSEOIS RTPDHLFB CH BTIBYUEULYI PVEEUFCHBI ". obRTPFYCH, TBCHYFYE YuEMPCHEYUEULPZP PVEEUFCHB UPUFPSMP CH UPDBOY CHUE VPME HUMPTSOSAEEKUS UYUFENSCH PZTBOYUEOYK DMS LFPK "ZHPTNSCH DCHYTSEOIS RTPDHLFB", CH "PFTYGBOYY" HLBYHOPZP
"On BTE YUFPTYY MYYSH RTERPOSCH TPDPCHPZP, RMENEOOPZP J FOPLHMSHFHTOPZP IBTBLFETB PUFBOBCHMYCHBMY B MPLBMSHOSCHI TBNLBI" TBUFPYUYFEMSHUFCHP "J DRYER UBNSCHN OE DPRHULBMY TBPTEOYS DBOOPK RETCHPVSCHFOPK PVEYOSCH YMY ZTHRRSCH MADEK. FP OBYUYF, YUFP TBDTPVMEOOPUFSH RETCHPVSCHFOPZP YUEMPCHEYUEUFCHB ON PZTPNOPE YUYUMP PVEOPUFEK YMY PVEYO (RTYYUEN TBOPZP HTPCHOS TH RETEUELBAEYIUS), UFPSEYI DTHZ L DTHZH FBL YMYY YOBYUE CH PRRPYGYY "NSCH - SING", VSHMP PVYAELFYCHOPK IPSKUFCHEOOOPK OEEPVIPDYNPUFSHHA". LBL OBZMSDOP CHYDOP dv RTYCHEDEOOPZP PFTSCHCHLB, RPTYOECHULYK BOBMY RPUFPSOOP PVTBEEO A RTPVMENBN, METSBEYN UFSCHLE ON, ON RETEUEYUEOYY TBMYYUOSCHI OBHL, B DBOOPN UMHYUBE, LBL NYOYNHN, YUEFSCHTEI - YUFPTYY, LPOPNYLY, UPGYBMSHOPK RUYIPMPZYY J LHMSHFHTPMPZYY. OYCE, CH TBEDEME LPOPNYUEULBS OBHLB, VHDEF RPLBBOP, UFP, RP rPTYOECHKh, UPDBOYE PRIUBOOPC UYUFENSCH RETCHPVSHCHFOSHCHI PZTBOYUEOYK CHBYNOPZP "TBUFPYUYFEMSHUFCHB" PJOBYUBEF Y ZHPTNYTPCHBOYE RETCHPVSHCHFOSHCH PFOPUPOYCHEOYEK. chPURTYSFYE FCHPTYUEULPZP OBUMEDYS rPTYOECHB CH LHMSHFHTPMPZYY - CHEUSHNB OEPVSHCHUOPE SCHMEOYE. in PDOPK UFPTPOSCH, FBL UMHYUYMPUSH, YUFP LHMSHFHTPMPZYS UEZPDOS Chueh VPMSHYE OBYUYOBEF RTEFEODPCHBFSH ON TPMSH FPK UBNPK "UYOFEFYYUEULPK OBHLY PV PVEEUFCHEOOPN YUEMPCHELE YMY YUEMPCHEYUEULPN PVEEUFCHE" P UFTPYFEMSHUFCHE LPFPTPK NEYUFBM rPTYOECh. th RPRHMSTOPUFSH EZP YNEOY UTEDY LHMSHFHTPMPZCH EDCHB MY OE UBNBS CHSHCHUPLBS CH OBHLBI CHPPVEE. ChP CHUSLPN UMHYUBE, CH tPUUYY. at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, UPCHTENEOOOBS LHMShFHTPMPZYS BVUPMAFOP OE UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF RPTYOECHULYN LTYFETYSN "UYOFEFYUEULPK OBHLY PV PVEEUFCHEOOPN YuEMPCHELE YMY YuEMPCHEYUEULPN PVEEUFCHE". ьMENEOFSHCH ZEOEFYUEULPZP BOMBMYB ZHEOPNEOPCH LHMSHFHTSC, OBYVPMEE CHBTSOSCHE DMS RPTYOECHB, ЪDEUSH LTBKOE TEDLY. rPFPNKh OEHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YuFP Ch PFMYYUYE PF YNEOY rPTYOECHB EZP DECUFCHYFEMSHOSHCHE CHZMSDSCH H LHMSHFHTPMPZYY UCHETIEOOOP OERPRKHMSTOSHCH. h TBNLBI FPK OBHLY FPMSHLP OE OE TBTBVBFSCHCHBEFUS RPTYOECHULPE FCHPTYUEULPE OBUMEDYE, OE RTPCHPDSFUS YUUMEDPCHBOYS ON VBE EZP OBHYUOPK RBTBDYZNSCH, OP FY RPUMEDOYE PBN UFTPZP ZPCHPTS, DBTSE OE UMYYLPN IPTPYP YCHEUFOSCH. [ PRHEEOSCH UMEDHAEYE ZMBCHSCH: VIII. LPOPNYUEULYE OBKHLY IX. uPGYPMPZYS X. rPMYFYYUEULYE OBKHLY XI. zhYMPUPZHYS YUFPTYY LBL UPGIBMSHOBS ZHYMPUPZHYS ] XII. uHDSHVB OBUMEDYS: CHNEUFP BLMAYUEOYS UP CHUEN LFYN ZYZBOFULYN OBUMEDYEN NPTsOP UFP-FP DEMBFSh. rTBChDB RPLB UNEMSHUBLE VOLUME... rPYENH? ENH YUBUFP VTPUBMY HRTEL CH FPN, UFP PO YUIPDYF OE YJBLFB, B YHNPTYFEMSHOSHCHI RPUFTPEOYK. RPNOYFUS, RP LFPK RTPVMENE (UYUEZP OBYUYOBFSH?) RPCHPDPN VSCHMB PUETEDOBS RPRSCHFLB RPDTSCHCHB NPOPRPMY YDEPMPZYUEULPK OBDUFTPKLY. UNEMSCHE MADY TEYYMY RPDCHETZOHFSH UPNOOYA PDOP CHSHCHULBSCCHCHBOYE nBTLUB RTP DCHYTSEOIE PF BVUFTBLFOPZP L LPOLTEFOPNH LBL EDYOUFCHEOOP OBHYUOPN NEFPDE. h RTPFICHPCHEU nBTLUKH CHSHCHDCHYZBMUS Y CHFPTPK, SLPVSCH UFPMSh TSE RTBCHPNETOSCHK RHFSH: PF LPOLTEFOPZP L BVUFTBLFOPNH. pDOBLP EEE CH 1960 ZPDKh LTHROEKYK UPCHEFULYK ZHYMPUPZH b. YMSEOLPH DPLBM, YUFP CH YUIPDOPN Rholph Yuumedpchbfemsh Chutub Ynef h ZPMPCH OLRA BLUFLBLFOKH WENHE, IPFS for NPCCF Her Y OE PUPBCHBFSH, RTylmbdshchbs of her L "LLBKH" LB OEUUFP UBNP UPVPK TBKHNEEEYUS, "Pyunpk". Ripphpnh, Eumy Yurpmshhiphbfs Fettech h Iftpzpn Yobuyuyuyui y yäwezbfsh Dchhonzyuuufekufek, Emiofeeopk BMSFETOBFYCPK Dchyatsoya PF BLUFLBPPPP L LPOLTEFOPNH NPSFSF VSHFSH Mysh Dchyatsoye PF Bvuftbfoppp l Bvuftbfoph. lPOEYUOP, rPTYOECH, H ЪOBYUYFEMSHOP VPMSHYEK NO, OE UBN PFSCHULYCHBM ZHBLFSCH, B RPMShЪPCHBMUS ZHBLFBNY, UPVTBOOSCHNY DTHZYNY HYUEOSCHNY. OP PO PVOBTKHTSYCHBM FBLPE YI ЪOBYUEOYE Y FBLIE YI UCHSKY DTHZ U DTHZPN, LPFPTSCHE OE UNPZ Y OE TSEMBM CHYDEFSH UBN "PFLTSCHCHBFEMSH" FFYI ZhBLFPCH. vMBZPDBTS FFPNH ENH HDBCHBMPUSH BRPMOSFSH "NETFCHSHCHE POSHCH", METSBEYE ABOUT UFSCHLBI TBMYUOSCHI OBHL. pV FFK RTPVMENE ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHCHIE CH OEULPMSHLYI TBDEMBI. at DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, NOPTSEUFCHP ZhBLFPCH PVOBTHTSYM Y UBN rPTYOECH. vPMEE FPZP, ON UZHPTNKHMYTPCHBM PVEHA NEFPDPMPZYA, RPCHPMSAEKHA YuEFLP PFDEMYFSH "ZhBLF" PF EZP "YOFETRTEFBGYY":
"On UFPME HYUEOPZP METSYF PZTPNOBS UFPRLB UPPVEEOYK MADEK P OECHEDPNPN ENH SCHMEOYY. [...] FB UFPRLB UPPVEEOYK DPLBSCHCHBEF IPMF R ™ £ PDYO ZHBLF, B YNEOOP, YUFP FBLBS UFPRLB UPPVEEOYK UHEEUFCHHEF, J NShch OE RPUFHRYN ZMHRP, EUMY RPDCHETZOEN DBOOSCHK ZHBLF YUUMEDPCHBOYA. ChEDSh NPTSEF VSHCHFSH, FFPF RETCHSHCHK OBVMADBENSCHK ZHBLF RPNPTSEF IPFS VSH HZBDBFSH RTYUYOH OEDPUFBFLB DTHZYI ZhBLFPCH, B FEN UBNSCHN OBKFY DPTPZH L OYN "
Boris Fedorovich Porshnev(03/07/1905 - 11/26/1972) - Soviet historian and sociologist. Doctor of historical (1941) and philosophical (1966) sciences. Honorary Doctor of Clermont-Ferrand University in France (1956).
Boris Fedorovich Porshnev graduated from the faculty social sciences Lomonosov Moscow State University and postgraduate studies in history at RANION.
In 1935, Porshnev became a professor at the Moscow Regional Pedagogical Institute. In 1938 he received his Ph.D. and an institute chair in the history of the Middle Ages; in the same year he became a professor at the Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War was evacuated to Kazan, where he worked as a professor and head of the department of history (1941-1942) of the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan University. Here he defended his doctoral dissertation on popular uprisings in France in the 17th century.
For the monograph "People's Uprisings" B. F. Porshnev on March 3, 1950, by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, was awarded the Stalin Prize of the USSR III degree for 1949.
From 1957 to 1966 he was the head of the sector for the modern history of Western European countries at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1966 he led the group for the study of the history of socialist ideas, and since 1968 he headed the sector for the study of the history of the development of social thought at the Institute of World History of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Porshnev's works have been translated into many foreign languages. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Clermont-Ferrand.
Peru BF Porshnev owns two dozen monographs and more than 200 articles.
Porshnev believed that the study of history as a set of facts is fundamentally wrong, that this science is just as logical and regular as the exact sciences. He was going to describe human history from this point of view. However, Porshnev managed to write only the beginning of this "rewritten" history - "". The uniqueness of this monograph lies in the fact that the author for the first time tried to explain one of the most difficult questions of the formation of Homo sapiens in the historical period of his separation from monkey ancestors, relying not on mythological guesses, but on strict patterns of development and dynamics of higher nervous activity. All the outstanding achievements of the world and, especially, domestic physiology of nervous and higher nervous activity, related not only to paleopsychology, but to the entire psyche of Homo sapiens, entered the structure of his theoretical constructions.
The history of this book is tragic. Porshnev hardly obtained permission to publish the book, agreeing for this to remove chapters that are important for expressing his main idea. However, in the end, the set was scattered, and the book came out only after Porshnev's death in 1974. This edition is also incomplete.
The first complete edition of the book was published in 2006 under the editorship of B.A. Didenko. Then the book "On the Beginning of Human History" was published in 2007 under the scientific editorship of O.T. Vita, who restored the manuscript in its original version, and also did a great job of expanding the scientific apparatus of the book.
Porshnev's works demonstrate his education not only in the humanities, but also in special ones, such as general physiology of nervous activity, higher nervous activity, pathopsychology and psychiatry, linguistics and psycholinguistics. Deep knowledge in these areas of science allowed Porshnev to reveal the concepts of instinctive and conscious labor, touched upon by Marx and Engels, and their role in the humanization of great apes.
The main ideas of B.F. Porshneva
There is a fundamental gap between man and all other animals.
Anthropogenesis is not an ascending process of gradual humanization of ape-like ancestors, but a steep turn over the abyss, during which Something appeared in nature and then disappeared, something fundamentally different from both monkeys and people.
"Remnants of the past" in human behavior are associated not so much with the "monkey" inheritance, but with what arose in the process of anthropogenesis.
Human thinking is not a development of information processing methods that exist in other animals, but a fundamental new formation.
Human thinking is primarily collective and was originally carried out by a network of brains connected by speech signals. Only as society develops, individual thinking is formed.
Human labor is fundamentally different from the labor of bees and beavers in that a person first thinks and then does. This work is peculiar only to Homo sapiens. The work of Pithecanthropes and Neanderthals was like the work of a beaver, not Homo sapiens.
Man is not a biosocial, but a completely social being.
Boris Fedorovich Porshnev (03/07/1905 - 11/26/1972) - Soviet historian and sociologist.
Doctor of historical and philosophical sciences. Honorary doctorate from Clermont-Ferrand University in France.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. was evacuated to Kazan, where he worked as a professor and head of the department of history of the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan state university(KSU) them. V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin.
From 1957 to 1966, he was the head of the sector for the modern history of Western European countries at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1966 he led the group for the study of the history of socialist ideas, and since 1968 he headed the sector for the study of the history of the development of social thought at the Institute of World History of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Supporters of cryptozoology consider him the founder of hominology (the so-called science of Bigfoot).
Main works: Essay on the political economy of feudalism, M., 1956., The current state of the issue of relic hominoids, M., 1963., Feudalism and the masses, M., 1964., Mellier, M., 1964., Social psychology and history , M., 1966., France, English Revolution and European politics in the middle of the 17th century, M., 1970., About the beginning of human history, M., 1974.
Books (12)
About the beginning of human history. Problems of paleopsychology
Revised edition 2007.
B. Porshnev's monograph is devoted to the problem of the origin of social man and human society.
The author summarizes many years of research in the field of physiology of higher nervous activity, general and social psychology, history, political economy, sociology, political science, etc. In contrast to the dominant approaches in world science that analyze the transition from animal to human in the “individual-environment” model, B. Porshnev puts the “individual-individual” model at the center.
The main place is occupied by studies of the transformation of an animal into a person from the point of view of the psychology and physiology of higher nervous activity, based on a rethinking of the data and conclusions obtained by Russian and foreign scientists belonging to the schools of I. Pavlov and A. Ukhtomsky, L. Vygotsky and A. Wallon.
Essay on the political economy of feudalism
The present book is a book on political economy, and not on economic history. Its task is to highlight, on the basis of the instructions of the founders of Marxism-Leninism, the main theoretical issues related to the characterization of social production, economic relations of feudal society and their development.
It is necessary to make a reservation that the political economy of feudalism is still based mainly on facts from the history of economic relations between Western Europe and the USSR and much less on the countries of the East, since the history of the economy of the countries of the East has not been sufficiently developed. However, the fundamental provisions and laws that characterize feudal relations of production are, of course, of a universal nature; in their basic features, they are undoubtedly applicable to the history of all countries, all peoples.
Social psychology and history
The author proves that the human psyche is social, because it is largely conditioned by the socio-historical environment. The first chapter is devoted to Lenin as a social psychologist. Lenin was engaged in social psychology as a theorist and practitioner of the revolutionary struggle. In other chapters we are talking about the main categories of social psychology. Much attention is paid by the author to the category "us and them". “We and them” is more primary and deeper than “I and you”. "We and them" - the impulse of the initial settlement of people. The whole vast human history is also “us and them”.
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War and the entry into it of Sweden and the Muscovite state.
The book addresses the complex issues of social, political, diplomatic, military history European states on the eve and in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648) - the first all-European war that broke out at the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times and took place against the backdrop of broad popular movements of this transitional era from feudalism to capitalism.
Using a wide range of sources in a new way, including rich materials from Russian archives, B. F. Porshnev shows the place of Russia in the system of European states of that time, its role in the history of the Thirty Years' War.
Feudalism and the populace
In the book Feudalism and the Masses of the People, which is devoted to some theoretical questions of political economy and historical materialism, one of the leading and most promising ideas of Marxism-Leninism for concrete development is taken as a leitmotif - the idea of the decisive role of the masses in history.
At the same time, the book is an attempt to develop a doctrine of socio-economic formations by analyzing one of them - feudalism - as a whole.
France, the English Revolution and European politics in the middle of the 17th century
A strange and wonderful year: 1648.
The culmination of the English Revolution and the signing of the Peace of Westphalia; the Fronde in France and the People's Republic in Italy; national liberation action of the Ukrainian people and a wave of uprisings in the cities of the Muscovite state. The years surrounding from 1648 are also saturated with a thunderous atmosphere. The first all-European war, called the Thirty Years' War, covered Germany and other countries with the smoke of fires, and at the same time the revolution in England lit up Europe with its flame. Thus began the history of the new time.
In the book of B. V. Porshnev, two planes of the history of these critical years are compared: the struggle of states and the struggle of classes, in other words, international relationships and internal social movements throughout Europe.
O. T. Vite "Creative heritage of B. F. Porshnev and its modern significance"
The presentation of Porshnev's contribution to the science of anthropogenesis in the form of his contribution to a number of completely independent sciences is extremely difficult, because these sciences intersect on the problem of anthropogenesis to such an extent that it is almost impossible to draw a line between them. However, there is one circumstance that makes such a path justified.
Porshnev clearly understood the ambiguous role of special sciences in the study of the problems of anthropogenesis. On the one hand, paleoanthropologists, paleontologists and paleoarchaeologists - hardly the main "legitimate" researchers of human origins - were extremely superficially familiar with serious scientific results obtained in zoology, psychology, neurophysiology, and sociology. On the other hand, these listed sciences themselves were extremely poorly developed precisely in the application to the Pleistocene time: "Not a single zoologist has seriously taken up the ecology of the Quaternary ancestors of people, and yet the systematics proposed by paleontologists for the animal species surrounding these ancestors cannot replace ecology, biocenology, ethology. Not a single psychologist or neurophysiologist, for his part, has taken up the phylogenetic aspect of his science, preferring to listen to the improvisations of specialists in a completely different field: those who know how to excavate and systematize finds, but who are not able to put even the simplest experiment in a physiological or psychological laboratory No qualified sociologist or philosopher has written anything about the biological prehistory of people that would not have been induced , ultimately, by the same paleoarchaeologists and paleoanthropologists who would themselves need these issues in scientific guidance.
In order to break through this vicious circle, Porshnev resolutely set about filling in the gaps mentioned above in zoology, physiology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, etc.
Porshnev is a materialist. And in this regard, he is not alone in the circle of anthropologists. However, he is perhaps the only materialist researcher who has taken into account, assimilated the whole array of religious criticism of materialistic ideas about anthropogenesis, which has accumulated since the release of Darwin's book. Origin of Species. Of all the materialistic concepts of the origin of man, Porshnev's concept today remains the only one that has managed to eliminate all those naively simplified elements of the materialist approach to the problem, which religious criticism has long and quite reasonably pointed out.
Without any exaggeration, we can say: if at the level of modern knowledge of facts there is an alternative to religious ideas about anthropogenesis, then this is Porshnev's concept. Even despite the fact that no one has been working with her professionally for 25 years. All other concepts cannot be recognized as such an alternative.
I want to emphasize: no matter how great and significant specific discoveries in various aspects of this vast problem are, no matter how promising for further research the bold hypotheses put forward by him, the most important significance of Porshnev’s research in the field of anthropogenesis lies in the field of philosophy: in the development of such a concept that in the context of scientific knowledge of the late XX century does not need a hypothesis about the creator.
It is characteristic that, responding to accusations of "anti-science", "striving for a sensation", etc., which began to be heard about Porshnev's search for "Bigfoot", he emphasized precisely the philosophical significance of his discoveries: "And today, very few people still understand that troglodytes are a great event in philosophy. In philosophy, citizens of the judge, in philosophy there was a sensation, but that was not what the prosecution meant. Materialism is the healer of blindness. Thanks to him, we saw what was under one's nose, but what one shouldn't have seen. Not a monster, not a worthless wonder of mountains and thickets, but a paramount fact of "philosophical anthropology""
.
According to Porshnev, two false postulates prevented a serious scientific breakthrough in the study of anthropogenesis.
- The conviction that the archaeological remains of the life activity of fossil hominids prove that they have an abstract-logical (conceptual), creative thinking, and therefore require the recognition of people not only neoanthropes, but also paleoanthropes (Neanderthals) and even more ancient species.
This postulate has two main roots - the myth of hunting large animals as the main occupation of the human ancestor and the myth of the invention of fire by him.
- The belief that the evolutionary form that preceded homo sapiens, died out, disappeared from the face of the Earth immediately after the appearance of this latter.
The main work of Porshnev, summing up his research in the field of anthropogenesis and outlining a program for further research, is About the beginning of human history (Problems of paleopsychology)- was published two years after the death of the author - in 1974.
The published book did not include three chapters from the manuscript. Two of them included a carefully and thoroughly substantiated refutation of the two named myths underlying the first false postulate. Forced to shorten the text, Porshnev decided that it was more important to preserve the methodology than the details of the empirical evidence. The third chapter of those not included concerned the second false postulate. Some of this chapter was included in the text of the book. But not all. In general, Porshnev considered it less successful. Looking ahead, I note that research on the topics of this chapter is the most difficult, but also the most important for the further development of the entire concept and even the entire science of "human society and social man."
And only when the scientific community of anthropologists managed to almost completely isolate themselves from Porshnev, completely free themselves from the need to listen to him, did a "miracle" happen in the anthropological community: Porshnev's conclusions regarding the origin of fire and the diet of the closest human ancestors were accepted. Today, the vast majority of anthropologists actually share those conclusions for the recognition of which Porshnev fought selflessly and unsuccessfully for almost twenty years. However, these selfless efforts are practically unknown to anyone today or completely forgotten. Recognition was given to the conclusions, the correctness of which was first proved by Porshnev, but his superiority is not recognized.
Unlike the first two myths or prejudices noted by Porshnev, the third is still shared by the absolute majority of specialists. It is this third prejudice that makes it difficult to see the topic of the divergence of paleoanthropes and neoanthropes (as the key biological problem of the transition to sociality) and all its most complex aspects.
As mentioned above, this prejudice is extremely simple: the appearance of man led to a very rapid extinction of the ancestral form. To overcome this prejudice, Porshnev launched an offensive in four directions.
First, he carefully, in all aspects and nuances, analyzed all those insoluble contradictions, to which any attempts to reconstruct the appearance of man inevitably lead, while maintaining the named prejudice. Porshnev convincingly showed that such reconstructions, for all their differences, inevitably lead to the same logical dead end, from which there is only one honest way out: to admit that without the hypothesis of a creator, the problem of the appearance of man is fundamentally unsolvable. This direction lies again at the intersection of zoology and philosophy.
Secondly, Porshnev showed that the traditional myth contradicts all the available data of zoology, which, as already noted, most anthropologists were not familiar with. More precisely, from zoological literature, anthropologists were well aware only of journalism, replete with fashionable anthropomorphisms, but not strictly scientific zoological literature. All the data of zoology convincingly testify that the rule of speciation is the long-term coexistence of a new species, budding from an ancestral form, with the latter. Consequently, the burden of proof in the dispute between supporters and opponents that the appearance of man was the rarest zoological exception should lie precisely on the supporters of exceptionalism.
Thirdly, Porshnev did a gigantic job of collecting facts about the parallel existence of the nearest ancestral form (paleoanthrope) next to man (neoanthrope) not only in prehistoric times, but also in the modern era up to the present day. He showed that the relict animal ancestor of man, which has survived to this day, known under various names (in particular, as "Bigfoot"), although somewhat degraded, having lost some of the skills that have become redundant, but remained a representative of the same ancestral species - a relict paleoanthrope.
The final book of 34 copyright sheets, summarizing the many years of selfless work of Porshnev and his closest collaborators, met with fierce resistance from the scientific community, but still came out: “It is true that the book was printed in such a print run as the medieval early printed books were, one hundred and eighty copies. But it entered the world of human books. director of the Institute of Anthropology of Moscow State University ordered not to purchase a single copy for the library. It existed from now on"
.
Fourthly, Porshnev reconstructed the appearance of man on the basis of alternative premises corresponding to the data of zoological science.
In the course of work in the fourth direction, Porshnev had to distinguish himself by serious research not only in zoology, but also in a number of other sciences.
Having gone through a whole series of environmental crises and acquired in the course of natural selection absolutely amazing biological and neurophysiological "tools" of adaptation, the animal ancestor of man at the end of the Middle Pleistocene faced a new crisis that threatened him with inevitable extinction. This ancestor, in accordance with Porshnev’s research mentioned in the previous section, built himself an interdiction using the neurosignal mechanism of interdiction (it will be discussed below, in the section Physiology) unique symbiotic relationships with numerous predators, herbivores, and even birds. The ability to use the biomass of animals that died of natural death or killed by predators for food was provided by a tough instinct that did not allow him to kill anyone. “And now, along with a critical reduction in the biomass they get, they had to compete with predators in the sense that they still start killing someone. But how to combine two such opposite instincts: “do not kill” and “kill”?
Judging by many data, nature prompted [...] a narrow path (which, however, later led evolution to an unprecedented road). The solution to the biological paradox was that instinct did not forbid them from killing members of their own species. [...] The ecological gap left for self-salvation in a specialized species of bipedal primates doomed by nature, omnivorous by nature, but carrion-eating according to the main biological profile, was to use part of its population as a self-reproducing food source. Something remotely similar to such a phenomenon is not unknown in zoology. It is called adelfophagy ("eating fellows"), sometimes reaching a more or less noticeable character in some species, although it never becomes the main or one of the main sources of nutrition.
After analyzing numerous zoological data on cases of adelfophagy, as well as archaeological data indicating attempts by a paleoanthrope to embark on this path, Porshnev comes to the conclusion: “The only way out of the contradictions was the splitting of the very species of paleoanthropes into two species. A new one broke away relatively quickly and violently from the previous one, becoming an ecological opposite. If the paleoanthropes did not kill anyone other than their own kind, then the neoanthropes represented an inversion: as they turned into hunters It was the paleoanthropes that killed them. At first they differ from other troglodytes in that they do not kill these other troglodytes. And much, much later, having laced themselves from the troglodytes, they no longer only killed the latter, like any other animals, as "non-humans", but also killed similar themselves, that is, neoanthropes, each time with the motive that they are not quite people, rather closer to "non-humans" (criminals, strangers, non-believers)".
Zoology data analysis (since Darwin) about various forms speciation leads Porshnev to the conclusion about a kind of "spontaneous artificial" selection underlying the divergence: “It was by quite “unconscious” and spontaneous intensive selection that the paleoanthropes isolated special populations from their ranks, which then became a separate species. The form isolated from crossing, apparently, met, first of all, the requirement of susceptibility to interdiction. These were “large-browed”
. They were quite successful in suppressing the impulse to kill paleoanthropes. But the latter could eat part of their offspring. The “big-browed” could also be induced to overpower the “not to kill” instinct, that is, they could be induced to kill for paleoanthropes as a “ransom” for various animals, at least at first sick and weakened, in addition to the previous sources of meat food. One of the symptoms for spontaneous selection was probably the hairlessness of their bodies, as a result of which the entire surrounding animal world could visibly differentiate them from hairy - harmless and harmless - paleoanthropes. This process cannot be empirically described, since fossil data are poor, it can only be reconstructed by a retrospective analysis of later cultural phenomena - spinning them back, going back to the lost initial links. We will accept as a methodological premise the notion that the development of culture does not continue, but denies and in every possible way transforms what people have left behind the threshold of history. In particular, the whole huge complex of phenomena related to the varieties of funeral cults, that is, the infinitely diverse treatment of the corpses of brothers and tribesmen, is a denial and prohibition of the habits of paleoanthropes. people of different historical eras and cultures were "buried" in every possible way, that is, they saved, hid the dead, which made it impossible to eat them. An exception, which, perhaps, just goes back to the turning point we are interested in, is the leaving of the dead specifically for eating by the "devas" in the ancient pre-Zoroastrian religion of the Iranians and in Parsism. Do not the "devas" appear here as the successors of fossil paleoanthropes? Perhaps the same can be suspected in the rite of lowering the deceased on a raft down the river, in the rite of leaving him on the branches of a tree, high in the mountains, etc. "
Porshnev's interpretation of the most ancient burials as manifestations of the first cultural prohibitions will be given below in the section Culturology.
Traces of the use of a specially grown part of the population of neoanthropes as a food base for paleoanthropes have been preserved - notes Porshnev - in the so-called initiation rites: "Their essence lies in the fact that adolescents who have reached puberty (mainly boys and to a lesser extent - girls), grown up in considerable isolation from the adult composition of the tribe, are subjected to rather painful procedures and even partial mutilation, symbolizing mortification. This rite is performed somewhere sometime in the forest and expresses, as it were, the sacrifice of these adolescents and the devouring of forest monsters.The latter are fantastic replacements for the once not at all fantastic, but real devourers - paleoanthropes, just as the action itself was not a performance, but a genuine killing. this phenomenon played a role at the origins of mankind, survived in the form of initiations, science learned from the wonderful book by V. Ya. Propp
, which showed that a huge part of fairy-tale mythological folklore is a later transformation and rethinking of the same initial core: the sacrifice of boys and girls to the monster, or, more precisely, this act, already transformed into different versions of the initiation rite.
Porshnev explains the long-term preservation of human sacrifices, which have already separated from the function of serving as a food base for paleoanthropes, by the following reasons: "If once the killing of people was associated with the specific relationship of neoanthropes with paleoanthropes and was very early replaced by the sacrificial killing of animals, in particular cattle, then in Central and South America large livestock was almost absent and the primitive rite was preserved until the time of complex cults, while the ancient Greeks since time immemorial, they have replaced human sacrifices with hecatombs - mountains - of slaughtered cattle offered to deities of any rank.
After analyzing numerous data on the evolution of sacrifices, Porshnev summarizes: "Thus, in our eyes, the curve of the ascending biological significance these sacrifices, that is, an increase in the volume of food sacrificed for non-humans (or rather, anti-humans), and later begins and then abruptly replaces this real biological function symbolic function. The latter can come both directly from human sacrifices (religious suicide, self-mutilation, self-restraint in the form of fasting and asceticism, imprisonment), and from sacrifices of livestock and products (animal dedication, sacrifice of firstfruits, fetish feeding, burning, splashing, libation).
Porshnev sums up his analysis of divergence as follows: “So, if, on the one hand, we feel in the depths of divergence the killing of a significant part of the juveniles of a certain lacing variety (the number of these juveniles was gradually reduced to the rite of sacrificing only the firstborn), then, on the other hand, we also find the mutual killing of each other by adults from this second line came slavery, that is, the preservation of life for the wounded and prisoners, and its subsequent transformations and mitigations in the further economic evolution of mankind, and on the other hand, all forms of peaceful neighborhood, that is, the transformation of wars into the stability of borders, into the delimitation of coexisting ethnic groups, cultures and states.Wars have remained as sporadic cataclysms that humanity still cannot overcome.
But our theme is only the beginning of human history. The divergence or detachment from paleoanthropes of one branch that served as nourishment for the original one is what we find in the source, but a direct study of this biological phenomenon is unthinkable. We can only reconstruct it, as well as all the stunning power of its consequences, almost exclusively from the later results of this upheaval: with the help of our knowledge of historical man and human history.
Pishnev's analysis of emerging cultural prohibitions associated with the further evolution of family and sexual relations of people will be discussed below in the section Culturology.
The above excerpts partly answer the question of the reasons for the gigantic, but almost unaccountable resistance of fellow scientists and the "public" in general, which Porshnev had to face all his life. The introduction of this concept into scientific circulation, into the sphere of wide public discussion, can cause a culture shock of unprecedented scale and depth.
All universal values, both religious and secular, both "Western" and "Eastern", will require a deep revision, rethinking, "re-justification". Indeed, on the one hand, the entire cultural "self-consciousness" of a person was formed due to the need to "distance" from one's past, from one's ancestor (more on this will be discussed below), but, on the other hand, the actually achieved "distancing" is reliably provided only by one : the naive belief that "we" by definition from "the very beginning" are "their" (real ancestors) opposite.
And here the "clever" Porshnev appears and tries to open "us" eyes to the fact that "we" are just turning into this very opposite (and will turn for a long time), while "we" owe their appearance on earth to some disgusting animal , which specially brought "us" by artificial selection to perform the only function - to serve as a food base for it! Something like a "thinking" beef cow...
Porshnev noted in one place: if we sum up all the ethical ideas about the disgusting, vile, dirty, unworthy of a person, then we get nothing more than a real image of a paleoanthrope from the times of divergence. And that means the image of the first people who, looking at the paleoanthrope, as if in a mirror, slowly began to "correct".
How to live, knowing that "we", people, by biological definition, are "worse than animals", that the killing of our own kind is not a "deviation", but the true "our" nature, which distinguishes "us" from all other animals (in the latter - Is this the exception, not the rule?
How to live, knowing that the beautiful custom of giving flowers is just the result of a deep and long transformation of "our" ancient and completely "ugly" main function - to present as a "gift" to some vile animals of their own children, produced for this into the world in large numbers and personally killed?
The image of a "highly moral person" as just a difficult and not fully achieved result historical development- weak and, most importantly, completely unusual comfort...
How can you not be frightened here "unaccountably"? How not to reject decisively? How not to try to refute? How not to plug your ears if you can't refute?
Studies of the physiological prerequisites of human speech allowed Porshnev to translate the problem of the "sign" into the genetic plane - "Which of these two signs is more original?": "The answer is: the second one. This is indirectly evidenced, by the way, by the semasiological nature of proper names in modern speech: if they, like all words, satisfy the second attribute, then substitution by another sign is less pronounced for proper names, and in the limit even tends to zero [...]. In other words, proper names in modern speech activity are monuments, albeit worn out, of that archaic time when words had no meaning at all"
.
Hence, in the original paragraph, the word "doesn't matter": "Language signs appeared as an antithesis, as a denial of reflex (conditioned and unconditioned) stimuli - signs, indicators, symptoms, signals. [...] Human language signs are basically defined as antagonists to those that are perceived or given by any animal"
.
On the other hand, Porshnev showed that of the three main functions of human speech signs identified by semiotics (semantics, syntax, pragmatics), the most ancient and, in this sense, the most important is the pragmatic function - the relation of the word to human behavior.
Summing up his analytical review of research on the psychology of speech, Porshnev throws a bridge from linguistics - through psychology - already to physiology: “As for the latest successes in the psychology of speech, we can now summarize what has been said above: the prospect of showing the control function of the second signal system, human speech signs, both in lower mental functions, including the work of the sense organs, in reception, in perception, has come to light. and in higher mental functions and, finally, in the sphere of action, activity. The forecast is justified that little by little, with further advances in science, nothing from the human psyche and almost nothing from the physiological processes in humans will remain outside the bracket "
.
The latter (the control function of speech in relation to physiological processes) has been analyzed not only in a number of cases modern science, but also included in some special "practices": for example, all known "miracles" demonstrated by "yogis" reveal precisely the ability, relying on the mechanisms of the second signaling system, to consciously control even the genetically most ancient physiological functions of the body, including those , which are administered by the autonomic nervous system, that is, they are common to humans and plants.
Porshnev writes on the same subject elsewhere: “Human words are able to overturn what the “first signal system” developed - conditioned reflex connections created by higher nervous activity and even innate, hereditary, unconditioned reflexes. It, like a storm, can break into seemingly reliable physiological functions of the body. can sweep them away, turn them into opposites, scatter and shuffle them in a new way [...] There is no such biological instinct in a person, there is no such primary signal reflex that could not be transformed, canceled, replaced by the reverse through the second signal system - speech "
.
An analysis of the neurophysiological prerequisites for the formation of speech in the closest human ancestors allowed Porshnev to assert that the "word" arose as a tool for forcing one another, an external "order", from which it was impossible to evade. This is also consistent with the data of linguistics about the greatest antiquity among the parts of speech of the verb, and of the nouns - proper names (which arose as signs of the prohibition to touch, touch).
Therefore, it is necessary to assume that one individual "forced" the other to do something contrary (opposite) to the signals prompted by its sensory sphere: otherwise, there would be no biological sense in the occurrence of this mechanism.
Even such a cursory and superficial review shows how Porshnev's approach to the analysis of the origin of "sociality" is richer and more promising than traditional arguments about "joint labor activity." As if bees or beavers "work" not "together".
Only with the advent of speech, language can we talk about the emergence of man (and human labor). Porshnev proved that in the biblical "in the beginning was the word" there is much more materialism (and Marxism) than in references to "labor", "collective hunting", etc. However, that "word", which, indeed, was "in the beginning", was the bearer of coercion, and not the meaning, not the designation.
After analyzing a huge array of studies by domestic and foreign specialists who studied various aspects of human speech (the second signal system, according to Pavlov), Porshnev states that general development science came close to solving the question of how the "labor" of an animal differs from human labor: "The key phenomenon of human labor is the subordination of the will of the worker as the law of a certain conscious goal. In the language modern psychology it can be an exteroinstruction (command) or an autoinstruction (intention, intention)"
.
Labor, in the strict human sense, presupposes something more than the "jointness" of action, it presupposes compulsion one another. What in the course of development is internalized into "self-compulsion", etc. The initial biological situation that brought coercion to the fore was generated by the divergence of the ancestral species, as mentioned above.
True, here again it begins to "smell" of Marxism, exploitation, surplus value ... For more details on this, see below in the section Economic Sciences.
All further development of speech communication consisted in the development of more and more complex tools for protecting against the need to automatically execute a "command", on the one hand, and tools for breaking such protection. This will be discussed in the following sections of this review.
In linguistics, almost the same thing happened as in anthropology: Porshnev is practically not remembered (with a few exceptions), no one is explicitly engaged in the further development of the Porshnev paradigm, however, in an implicit form, Porshnev's main conclusions are actually recognized by most linguists today.
The dominant principle is fully implemented only at the pole of inhibition, that is, as inhibitory dominant. But at the same time, the possibility of inversion of these centers, the possibility of "inversion of the inhibitory dominant" remains.
All external stimuli, falling into the sensory sphere of the animal, are differentiated into "relevant" and "irrelevant." The first are sent to the "Pavlov center", the second - to the "Ukhtomsky center". In accordance with the principle of dominance, this second center quickly "overflows" and passes into the phase of inhibition. In other words, everything that can interfere with the desired action is collected in one place and decisively inhibited. Thus, the “Ukhtomsky center” provides the “Pavlov center” with the opportunity to build complex chains of reflex connections (the first signal system) to carry out the “business” biologically necessary for the animal without interference: “According to the proposed view, any excited center (we will conditionally express it this way for simplicity), which is dominant at a given moment in the sphere of excitation, is associated with some other center, which at the same moment is in a state of inhibition. In other words, with the behavioral the act correlates another specific behavioral act, which is predominantly and inhibited"
.
It is precisely such hidden "behavioral acts" that are useful to the animal only by its "attractive" force for everything unnecessary, and are discovered by the experimental physiologist in the so-called "ultraparadoxical" phase in the form of an "inadequate reflex": instead of drinking, the animal suddenly begins to "scratch" " etc.
This "paired" mechanism of "Pavlov-Ukhtomsky" conceals in itself a whole revolution in the animal world, for it opens up the possibility for one animal to interfere in the "actions" of another. After all, if it is possible to convert an inhibited action into an active form, then the “action” associated with it, biologically useful at the given moment for the animal, turns out to be paralyzed, because the center, which provided the latter “according to Pavlov”, switches to the mode of operation “according to Ukhtomsky”. In order for a system of distant interaction to arise on the basis of such an "inversion of the inhibitory dominant", one more link is necessary - imitation, imitation: the active side of the interaction performs some action, which, being "imitated" by the passive side, automatically inhibits the action carried out by the latter: The combination of these two physiological agents - inhibitory dominance and imitativeness - gave a new quality, namely, the possibility, provoking imitation, to bring to life an "anti-action" to any action, that is, to inhibit any action in another individual without the help of positive or negative reinforcement and on distance"
.
Porshnev called such a distant (mediated by an imitation reflex) neurosignal effect of one individual on another "interdiction". Here is an example of "defensive" interdiction in a herd given by Porshnev: “Some leader, who is trying to give a command, is suddenly forced to interrupt it: the members of the herd frustrate this act by causing him, at a decisive moment, remotely, say, to scratch his head or yawn, or fall asleep, or some other reaction that it irresistibly provokes (as an inversion of the inhibitory dominant) the law of imitation"
.
With this example, Porshnev illustrates the necessary conditions for the appearance of interdiction. It appears precisely when the human ancestor, who has a highly developed imitative reflex, due to the changing ecological environment, increasingly had to accumulate in more and more numerous and random groups, where such a reflex not only became dangerous - its irresistible force already threatened "a biological catastrophe". ". Interdiction, overcoming the irresistible (nothing else) force of imitation, precisely prevents this threat.
Thus, imitation plays a twofold role in the formation of interdiction. On the one hand, a developed imitative reflex provides a channel for the transmission of the interdictive signal itself. On the other hand, the same developed imitative reflex turns the interdictive signal effect into necessary condition survival of this species.
Interdiction - writes Porshnev - "constitutes the highest form of inhibition in the activity of the central nervous system of vertebrates" .
An analysis of the available data on ecological niches in which at different stages the human ancestor had to "fight for existence", on the evolution of his brain, on an unprecedentedly close relationship with a huge number of other animals, leads Porshnev to a twofold conclusion:
- the human ancestor had all the anatomical and physiological prerequisites for mastering interdiction;
- without the development of such tools, the human ancestor was doomed to extinction.
Having "discovered" for itself interdiction as a way of signaling influence on its own kind, the human ancestor immediately began to spread this practice in relation to all other animals. Porshnev's research led him to the conclusion that the human ancestor "practiced" interdiction on the widest scale, in relation to a wide variety of mammals - predators and herbivores - and even birds.
The development of interdiction allowed the human ancestor to occupy a completely unique ecological niche, to build symbiotic relationships that had never been seen before in the animal world.
About ten years ago, an elderly Leningrad physiologist, in a private conversation, explained the current situation as follows: modern physiologists recognize only that which is the result of using a microscope, a scalpel, chemical analysis, etc. Everything else is "philosophy".
Nevertheless, I would venture to express my confidence that the need of physiologists for "philosophy" in the spirit of Pavlov, Ukhtomsky and Porshnev has not disappeared forever. She will be back.
[ The following chapters have been omitted, which basically provide an exposition of the relevant topics from Porshnev's book "On the Beginning of Human History":
In Porshnev's analysis of the main ethical question "what is good and what is bad?" I will note three interrelated aspects.
To the first group, he refers prohibitions to kill his own kind, that is, the restriction of the fundamental biological features of a person formed during the divergence, which was already discussed above: "Apparently, the most ancient design of this prohibition was the prohibition to eat a person who died not by one or another natural death, but killed by a human hand. The corpse of a person killed by a person is untouchable. It cannot be eaten, as, apparently, it was natural among our distant ancestors in relation to the rest of the dead. An analysis of Paleolithic burials leads to this conclusion"
. “From the dead, untouchability extended to a living person. He, apparently, was considered untouchable if, for example, he was smeared with red ocher, was in a hut, had pendants on his body. At a certain stage, the right to kill a person is limited to using only a distant, but not contact weapons; along with this, wars appear, which in primitive society were conducted according to very strict rules. However, a person killed according to the rules could already be eaten "
.
Thus, Porshnev outlines the process of gradually overcoming the "property" of a person to kill his own kind. Elsewhere he speaks thus of the process by which the state monopolizes the right to kill (this will be discussed in the section Political science): “Here we are not talking about an assessment of whether this is good or bad. After all, one can look at the process of this monopolization as a way for humanity to overcome the indicated “property”: as a prohibition to kill each other, carried out “by means of exclusion” - for those narrow situations when it is possible and should (this is the mechanism for the implementation of many prohibitions in the history of culture, in the human psyche)"
.
Porshnev refers to the second group of prohibitions "prohibitions to take and touch certain objects, to perform certain actions with them. This group of prohibitions is especially closely connected with the formation of a social relation of property", which will be discussed in the next section.
Finally, Porshnev refers sexual prohibitions to the third group of prohibitions, in particular, the most ancient of them - the prohibition of sexual intercourse between mothers and sons, then brothers and sisters. Summing up your lifestyle analysis ancient people, Porshnev writes: “At the dawn of the formation of society [...] these prohibitions meant the priority rights of male aliens. But the conflict that developed in this way between them and the younger men who grew up on the spot was resolved in the form, firstly, of the separation of the younger ones into a special social group, separated from the older ones. difficult barrier, and secondly, the emergence of exogamy - one of the most important institutions of the emerging human society"
.
As mentioned above, the system of the "shuffling herd" implies a continuous renewal of its composition, during which new male aliens appear from time to time, adjoining this "herd", and after a while leaving it again.
Of the results of Porshnev's research, affecting such a cultural phenomenon as religion, I will briefly dwell on only two.
- First, this early history religious beliefs, the origin of ideas about "good" and "bad" deities. Porshnev's analysis differs significantly from generally accepted views - both religious and secular.
For Porshnev, human culture is born in an era of divergence. In a number of special studies, he convincingly showed that the images of deities, proto-deities, various varieties of "evil spirits" are a reflection of the paleoanthrope with whom a person had to interact for a long time, as well as a reflection of the specific features of this interaction itself. And the more ancient these images are, the more literal physical features and behavioral features of a real "living" paleoanthrope are in them.
- Secondly, it is an analysis of the development and place in society of religion as an institution, as a "church". Porshnev's research shows the closest connection between this institution, which, according to Marxist terminology, belongs primarily to the superstructure, and the class struggle. Below in the section Political science this will be discussed in more detail. Here I will only mention that, from the point of view of the development of the phenomenon of suggestion, the church in the period of greatest power (in feudal society) was one of the two (along with the state) key instruments of "institutional" counter-suggestion, which overcame resistance (counter-suggestion) to the word of the ruling classes (that is, their suggestions).
Considering what has been said above about the peculiarities of the relationship of neoanthropes with paleoanthropes in the era of divergence, Porshnev’s decisive refutation of the widespread prejudice about the almost “bourgeois” behavior of primitive man is understandable: “According to this current idea, the economic psychology of any person can be reduced to the postulate of striving for the maximum possible appropriation. The lower limit of alienation (of goods or labor), psychologically acceptable in this case, is alienation for equivalent compensation. [...] Indeed, behavior However, even under feudalism, as can be seen from the sources, economic psychology contained much more than this reverse principle: a significant number of medieval legal and legislative acts prohibit or restrict gratuitous donation, offering, donation of immovable and movable property. The farther into the depths of centuries and millennia, the more convex this impulse "
.
In primitive economic culture, Porshnev states the absolute dominance of precisely "this impulse": "Mutual alienation of extracted from the natural environment life's blessings was an imperative of the life of primitive people, which is even difficult for us to imagine, because it does not correspond either to the norms of animal behavior, or to the principles of the material interest of the individual, the principles of appropriation that prevail in modern and recent history. "Giving back" was the norm."
"These were antibiological attitudes and norms - to give, squander the benefits that instincts and primary signal stimuli would require to consume yourself, maximum - to give to your cubs or females" .
In fact, Porshnev outlines the contours of the science of the primitive economy. However, due to the fact that the traces of primitive economic culture that have survived in our time are more likely to culture as such, this topic is classified under the section "culturology": "The norm of the economic behavior of each individual [...] consisted precisely in the all-round "squandering" of the fruits of labor: the collectivism of the primitive economy consisted not in the arrangement of hunters during the round-up, not in the rules for dividing hunting prey, etc., but in the maximum treat and gifting each other. [...] Giving, treating, giving away is the main form of product movement in archaic societies "
.
On the contrary, the development of human society consisted in the creation of an increasingly complex system of restrictions for this "form of product movement", in the "negation" of the indicated starting point: "At the dawn of history, only obstacles of a tribal, tribal and ethno-cultural nature stopped "waste" within the local framework and thereby did not allow the ruin of a given primitive community or group of people. This means that the fragmentation of primitive humanity into a huge number of communities or communities (moreover, of different levels and intersecting), standing to each other in one way or another in the opposition "we - they", was an objective economic necessity"
.
As can be clearly seen from the above passage, Porshnev's analysis is constantly turned to problems that lie at the junction, at the intersection various sciences, in this case, at least four - history, economics, social psychology and cultural studies. Below, in the section economic science, it will be shown that, according to Porshnev, the creation of the described system of primitive restrictions on mutual "squandering" also means the formation of primitive property relations.
The perception of Porshnev's creative heritage in cultural studies is a very unusual phenomenon.
On the one hand, it so happened that culturology today is increasingly beginning to claim the role of the very "synthetic science of social man or human society", the construction of which Porshnev dreamed of. And the popularity of his name among culturologists is perhaps the highest in the sciences in general. In any case, in Russia.
On the other hand, modern cultural studies absolutely does not correspond to Porshnev's criteria of a "synthetic science of a social person or human society." Elements of genetic analysis of cultural phenomena, the most important for Porshnev, are extremely rare here. Therefore, it is not surprising that, in contrast to name Porshneva his valid views in cultural studies are completely unpopular. Within the framework of this science, not only is Porshnev's creative heritage not developed, research is not carried out on the basis of its scientific paradigm, but these latter, strictly speaking, are not even very well known there. [ The following chapters have been omitted:
Of course, Porshnev, to a much greater extent, did not look for facts himself, but used the facts collected by other scientists. But he revealed such significance and such connections between them that the “discoverer” of these facts himself could not and did not want to see. Thanks to this, he was able to fill the "dead zones" that lie at the junctions of various sciences. This issue has been discussed in several sections above.
On the other hand, Porshnev himself discovered many facts. Moreover, he formulated a general methodology to clearly separate "fact" from its "interpretation": "On the table of a scientist lies a huge pile of people's messages about a phenomenon unknown to him. [...] This pile of messages proves at least one fact, namely, that such a pile of messages exists, and we will not act foolishly if we subject this fact to research. After all perhaps this first observed fact will help at least to guess the reason for the lack of other facts, and thereby find the way to them.
.
The most dangerous thing for a scientist, according to Porshnev, is to immediately start culling: the least reliable ones are thrown away, leaving only a minimum of the most reliable ones for analysis: "The starting point should be distrust of the entire pile of messages as a whole, without the slightest privileges and concessions. This is the only way a scientist has the right to start his reasoning: maybe everything told to us by different people about a relic hominoid is not true. Only with such an assumption can a scientist objectively consider an indisputable fact - a stack of messages. Since everything in it is wrong, how to explain its appearance? What is it and how did it arise?
.
Obviously, what has been said applies not only to the facts about the relic hominoid.
Let's approach the problem from the other side.
For any "social scientist", and even more so for such a "universalist" as Porshnev, one fundamental difference between the social sciences and the natural sciences is of key importance. If a physicist or chemist cannot explain why his brilliant discovery is rejected by society, then the fact of such a misunderstanding does not cast doubt on his professional competence. If a social scientist does not understand, then he is a bad social scientist, because the question of the mechanisms of the susceptibility of society (the population, the scientific and political elite, etc.) to various innovations is directly included in the subject of his science.
Did Porshnev understand the problem of "introduction"? Undoubtedly.
After all, it was he and no one else who investigated the mechanisms of protection against suggestion (counter-suggestion) and ways to break such protection (counter-counter-suggestion). He, as a high-class professional, could not help but see what forms of counter-suggestion are used to defend against his arguments, but he did not find suitable forms of counter-counter-suggestion. The situation is somewhat similar to Z. Freud, who in each objection to the results of his research found one of the "complexes" he studied. In the same way, Porshnev clearly saw in the reaction to the presentation of the results of his research the ways he himself analyzed to protect against the influence of the word.
Why did he not find suitable forms of counter-counter-suggestion?
Of course, man is not omnipotent, and even in the most intellectually developed community, the possibility of recurrences of the most primitive forms of counter-suggestion, which turn out to be especially effective against those who cannot afford to sink to the same level, is never turned off.
However, it seems that the point is not only in this, and even mainly - not in this. I will hypothesize that Porshnev was seriously mistaken in his assessment of the appropriate forms of counter-counter-suggestion.
Porshnev, of course, suffered, so to speak, from the professional illness of any "diachronic universalist" - an overestimation of the level of progressiveness of the stage of development in which he himself lived, obvious to most contemporaries. This is precisely what Hegel was rightly accused of.
It is safe to assume that Porshnev was aware of the threat posed by this disease for him personally. Here is a very characteristic discourse of his on Hegel: “Nowhere do we find in Hegel a direct statement that the Prussian monarchy in its real state of that time is already an achieved ideal [...]. accompanied by countless praises and ceremonial bows"
.
The same can be said about Porshnev himself. He both painted a "utopia of the further development" of the USSR (and of the "socialist camp" as a whole), and "presented his demands and bills" to it, avoiding neither "praise" nor "ceremonial bows." However, even taking into account all this (let us reproduce Porshnev’s logic of analyzing the “basic sociological problem”), we will have to state: there is too much that he wrote about the surrounding socialist reality, undoubtedly sincerely, but which, in terms of the power of analysis, is incomparably smaller than his studies of other formations. .
Of course, the not quite adequate assessments caused by such a "disease" social order The USSR does not in the least detract from his merits in the study of the rest of history - these assessments constitute an immeasurably small part of his creative heritage. However, it was they who prevented Porshnev from building a dialogue with colleagues.
He quite often resorted to arguments that did not reach the goal, were not and could not be heard by his contemporaries: he saw in them not at all the people they really were. One example related to the dialogue with colleagues on problems of the history of feudalism.
Already by the beginning of the 1950s (if not earlier), for the majority of serious historians, the glaring contradictions between the canonical (and frozen, from the point of view of concrete content) formulas of "Marxism-Leninism" and the gigantic array of new, reliably established empirical facts accumulated by historians became obvious. over the years Soviet power. Every scientist faced a fatal fork.
The majority took the path of ritual oaths of allegiance to the canonical formulas in "prefaces" and "introductions", resolutely refusing to actually use them as any important methodological tools. Porshnev, one of the few, "went the other way": he undertook a comprehensive and thorough revision of the very content of the "empty" formulas. It is clear that scientists following these two different paths could not avoid a rapid divergence up to a complete misunderstanding of each other.
However, then Porshnev did not lose hope, trying to clarify that the notorious "formulas" are applicable not only for ritual purposes: "The authors of a number of textbooks and works on the feudal era, [...] even if they recognize in words the function of suppressing and curbing the peasantry as the essence of the feudal state, further leave this "essence" aside, without resorting to it to explain even the most significant aspects and changes of the feudal state (for example, centralization), explaining them by some other, non-principal, functions of the state. But what kind of “essence” is this, since nothing significant in the history of the feudal state can be explained by it?
.
From the above words it is clear that Porshnev used an argument that could only cause reverse effect, namely, an extremely negative emotional reaction, the meaning of which he, as a specialist in social psychology, was obliged to understand. Indeed, in fact, Porshnev catches them trying to break through the monopoly of the ideological superstructure "from the flank". He reproached them precisely with what, in his own analysis of analogous processes in feudal society, he attached exceptionally important and undeniably progressive significance! Could such arguments achieve the goals Porshnev was striving for?
The second example is the one described above in the section Zoology an episode with the reaction of the scientific community to the implicit accusation of anthropologists of idealism. In fact, Porshnev did not take into account that the logic of the evolution of a monopolistic ideological superstructure and the logic of scientific knowledge, which determines the evolution of the theoretical concept underlying this superstructure, can directly contradict each other.
However, I emphasize: the value of Porshnev's analysis of the medieval ideological superstructure, which makes it possible to understand the essence of any totalitarian ideological superstructure, certainly outweighs his own, not quite adequate, perception of such a superstructure in Soviet society, and indeed this society as a whole.
And the last.
After all that has been said, one important question remains. Is it possible at all, in accordance with Porshnev's methodology and consistent with the results of his research, to correct the formation theory precisely in that part that remained most vulnerable to criticism due to Porshnev's occupational illness indicated above? So that it would correspond to all the facts of the last decades of human development, including the events of the last ten years?
After all, the point here is not only to explain, say, the collapse of a number of communist regimes, but also to show unconditional progressiveness within the framework of the "formation process" of these events.
The current state of the issue of relic hominoids. - M.: VINITI, 1963. For an abbreviated presentation, see the Struggle for troglodytes. Space, NoNo 4-7. - Alma-Ata, 1968. Back Back
