The concept of statistical observation and the requirements for it. Forms, types and methods of statistical observation. Program-methodical and organizational support of statistical observation. Methods for verifying the reliability of statistical observation data.

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2. Statistical observation

Plan.

1. The concept of statistical observation and the requirements for it.

2. Forms, types and methods of statistical observation.

3. Program-methodical and organizational support of statistical observation.

4. Methods for verifying the reliability of statistical observation data.

2.1. The concept of statistical observation and the requirements for it.

Statistical observationis the first stage of statistical research and is a scientifically organized and, as a rule, systematic collection of initial data on socio-economic phenomena and processes. The main task of statistical observation is to obtain reliable information to identify patterns of development and processes.

The collected data must be reliable and objective, therefore statistical observation must be organized as a planned, massive and systematic.

Plannedness statistical observation means that it must be carried out on a scientific basis according to a pre-developed plan that covers all issues of methodology, organization, technology for collecting information, controlling its quality and reliability.

Mass characterstatistical observation means that it should cover a large number of cases characterizing the mass of population units.

SystematicStatistical observation is determined by the fact that it should not be carried out spontaneously from case to case, but systematically, either continuously or regularly, if possible at regular intervals.

Reliability - the data of statistical observation must correspond to the facts.

Stages of statistical observation:

1. Program and methodological preparation of the observation.

2. Organizational preparation for the observation.

3. Collection of statistical observation data.

4. Quality control of statistical observation data.

5. Development of conclusions and proposals for improving statistical observation.

Object of statistical observation -limited in space and time, a certain set of interrelated units of observation, about which statistical information should be collected (a set of individuals - the population of a particular region, country; persons employed in enterprises of the industry; physical units - machines, machines, residential buildings; legal entities - enterprises , farms, commercial banks, educational institutions).

Reporting unit -it is the subject from which the data about the unit of observation comes.

When organizing statistical observation, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the place and time of this observation, including the choice of the season, the establishment of the period (period) of observation, and in some cases, the so-called critical moment.

Place of statistical observation -the place where data are recorded and statistical forms are completed.

Statistical observation time -the time to which the collected data refer, characterizing the object of observation in a state that best meets the goals and objectives of the study.

In some observations, in particular in censuses, it is necessary to establish the critical moment of observation.

Critical moment (date) of statistical observation -this is the moment at which information about the units of observation is recorded.

In practice, they usually strive to ensure that the process of registering information is not too far from the critical moment.

The period of statistical observation -a calendar period of time during which the collection, verification of statistical data and their registration in statistical forms are carried out.

The period of statistical observation is determined by many factors, the most important of which are the following:

■ features of the object of observation (its size, state at one time or another, etc.);

■ the scope and complexity of the surveillance program;

■ type of observation by source of information;

■ Availability of personnel who can be involved in monitoring, their number and degree of qualification.

The observation period, as a rule, is indicated by indicating the date (sometimes the hour) of the beginning and end of the observation.

Statistical observation form -this is a specially divided sheet (sheets) with a list of program questions, free spaces for writing answers to them, as well as for writing ciphers (codes) of answers

Mandatory elements of the formstatistical observation

Title part	Address part
Specify: ■ name of the statistical observation ■ monitoring body ■ by whom and when the form was approved, sometimes the number assigned to it in the general system of observation forms carried out by this statistical body	Specify: ■ the exact address of the unit or aggregates of units observations ■ their subordination

2.2. Forms, types and methods of statistical observation

There are three forms of statistical observation: reporting and specially organized observation, register.

1. Reporting - this is the main form of observation, with the help of which state statistical bodies receive information from enterprises and organizations in the form of reporting documents signed by persons responsible for the reliability of the information contained in them.

Reporting, as a form of observation, is characterized by the following features:

1. reporting forms are approved by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation;

2. reporting is mandatory for all enterprises and organizations;

3. reporting documents have legal force, because signed by the head of the organization and the chief accountant;

4. Reporting data is based on primary accounting documents.

Reporting deadlines include:

daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly.

According to the method of presenting information, reporting is divided into:

telegraph, teletype, postal.

For industrial enterprises, unified reporting forms have been approved:

N P-1 "Information on the production and shipment of goods and services" (monthly).

N P-2 "Information on investments" (quarterly).

N P-3 "Information on the financial condition of the organization" (monthly).

N P-4 "Information on the number, wages and movement of employees" (monthly).

For small businesses, there is an abbreviated form of reporting:

N PM "Information on the main indicators of the activity of a small enterprise" (quarterly).

2. Specially organized surveillanceis a collection of information organized by statistical authorities either to study phenomena that are not covered by reporting, or to study reporting data in more depth, verify and refine them,conducted in the form of censuses and various kinds of surveys (to obtain data that are not in the reporting).

3. Registers - this is a form of continuous statistical observation of long-term processes that have a fixed beginning, stage of development and a fixed end; (a form of observation in which the facts of the state of individual units of the population are continuously recorded).

In statistical practice, a distinction is made between population registers and business registers.

Population register- a named and regularly updated list of the inhabitants of the country. The surveillance program is limited by common characteristics such as gender, date and place of birth, date of marriage (these data remain unchanged throughout the observation period) and marital status (variable). As a rule, registers store information only on those variable features, the change in the values ​​of which is documented.

Register of enterprisesincludes all types of economic activity and contains the values ​​of the main features for each unit of the observed object for a certain period or point in time.

Three registers have been developed in our country: industrial enterprises, construction sites and contractors. Their introduction into statistical practice significantly increased the informational and analytical levels of statistics, and made it possible to solve a number of economic and statistical problems for which other forms of statistical observation are unsuitable. Currently, work is underway to create a single register for business units.

Statistical observations can be divided into groups according to the following criteria:

Types of statistical observation are classified according to three main features

Statistical observation
By population coverage		By time		By source of information
continuous		continuous (current)		direct
discontinuous:		discontinuous:		documentary
1. selective observation				1. periodic
2. observation of the main array				2. lump sum		interview
3. monographic

With total observationall units of the studied population are subjected to the survey

With poor observationthe survey covers only a part of the study population, selected in a certain order. According to the method of forming a separate part of the population, a non-continuous observation is divided into selective, observation of the main array, and monographic.

Selective call the observation of a part of the population units selected by random selection with a sufficient number of observations

Observation of the main arrayprovides that a part of the population units is subjected to the survey, which, according to the studied attribute, makes up the largest share in the entire population

Monographic observationcharacterized by a comprehensive examination of only individual parts of the population that have specific features that are of interest to the researcher

Depending on the timing of the observation can be discontinuous and continuous.

Continuous (current) surveillancecarried out by continuous recording of facts as they arise

Discontinuous observationis performed either regularly at certain intervals (periodic), or irregularly, once, as needed (one-time).

Depending on the source of information, direct observation, documentary observation and questioning are distinguished.

Direct observationis carried out by fixing the facts personally established by the registrars as a result of inspection, measurement or calculation of signs of the phenomenon under study

Documentary observationbased on the use of data from various documents as a source of information

Poll method based on receiving data in the form of responses from interviewees

Statistical observation can be obtained in various ways, the main of which are: forwarding, questionnaire, correspondent and self-registration.

Expeditionary way of observationconsists in the fact that a special person (registrar) is sent to each observation unit, who, in statistical forms, registers information about the observed phenomenon (population census).

With a questionnaire method of observationinterviewees are given or published in the periodical press special questionnaires, the completion of which is voluntary and, as a rule, anonymously.

With the correspondent method of observationThe statistical organization mails the survey forms to enterprises and instructions on how to complete them. After filling out the forms, they are sent back to the statistical organization.

When self-registrationthe examined person is handed the forms and explains the questions of filling it out. The examined person fills out the form independently. On the appointed day, the statistical worker visits the surveyed person, receives the form and checks the completeness and correctness of the answers.

The choice of the type and method of statistical observation depends on the characteristics and size of the population under study, the goals and objectives of observation, the technique of collecting and processing information, the time and timing of the results.

2.3. Program-methodical and organizational support of statistical observation.

Statistical observation is carried out according to a previously developed plan, which includes program, methodological and organizational issues.

Statistical observation plan

Program and methodological issues Definition of the purpose and objectives of statistical observation Establishment of the object and unit of observation, reporting unit or survey unit Determination of the time of statistical observation Development of a program of statistical observation and its approbation Development of the main and auxiliary monitoring tools Choice of the type, form and method of observation most appropriate to the objectives of the study

Organizational matters ■ Development of organizational plans for statistical observation ■ Indication of supervisory authorities ■ Determining the location of the observation Establishing the time of observation ■ Implementation of trial observation in some cases ■ Recruitment, training and placement of personnel ■ Indication of the timing and procedure for receiving, handing over observation materials

To program and methodological issues relate:

1. Establishment of goals and objectives of observation.The purpose of observation should be formulated clearly and precisely. Specific tasks of observation follow from the goal.

2. Definition of the object and unit of observation.

The object of observation is understood as a certain statistical set in which the studied phenomena and processes take place. The object of observation can be a set of individuals or legal entities, etc. It is necessary to establish the boundaries of the object of observation according to some characteristics (territory, industry). The unit of observation is a constituent element of the object, which is the carrier of features to be registered.

3. Development of an observation program.

Observation programis a list of questions, signs, to which reliable answers must be obtained in the process of observation. The content of the program is determined by the object and tasks of observation.

The following requirements apply to the monitoring program:

a) the program must contain essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon under study;

b) program questions must be clear, precise and unambiguous;

c) it is advisable to include control questions in the program, the answers to which allow you to clarify the correctness of the answers to other questions.

Program questions and answers to them are reflected in statistical forms, which may have a list or card system.

With the card system, each form card is intended for registration of one unit of observation and its characteristics.

With a list system, information about several units of observation is recorded in one form.

4. Choice of the type and method of observation.

In order to successfully conduct statistical observation, its organizational plan is being developed.

Organizational plan -a document that fixes the solution of the most important issues of preparing and conducting statistical observation, indicating the specific dates for carrying out the planned activities and the persons (organizations) responsible for their implementation

Positions of the organizational plan of statistical observation:

• Goals and objectives of monitoring
• The object of observation (its definition, description is given, distinctive features are indicated)
• Surveillance bodies that prepare and conduct surveillance and are responsible for this work
• Time and timing of observation
• Place of observation (this is the place where registration of the observed facts should be made and observation forms filled out)
• Organizational form, type and method of observation
• Preparatory work for observation, including training for observation
• Observation procedure
• The procedure for receiving and handing over observation materials
• The procedure for obtaining and submitting preliminary and final results of observation, etc.

Organizational issues of statistical observation include:

1. Establishing the place, time and timing of observation.

2. Determination of the circle of persons and organizations responsible for the monitoring.

3. Selection, training and instruction of personnel.

4. Establishment of deadlines for the submission of observation materials.

2.4. Methods for verifying the reliability of statistical observation data.

Requirements for statistical information.

1. Reliability (accuracy) of data
2. Data comparability- ensured by the unity of the timing of observation, its program, methods of data recording.

Control over the reliability of statistical information is carried out at all stages of statistical observation from the acceptance of primary data to the release of summary reports.

Discrepancies between the results of observation and the true value of the magnitude of the observed phenomenon are calledobservation errors.

Depending on the causes of occurrence, there are

Error type	Characteristic
Registration errors	deviations between the value of the indicator obtained in the course of statistical observation and its actual, actual value. This type of error can occur with continuous and non-continuous observations. Registration errors are divided into random and systematic, intentional and unintentional.
Random registration errors	it is the result of the action of various random. They can increase and underestimate the values ​​of indicators, and with a sufficiently large number of observations, these errors can cancel each other out. With a sufficiently large number of observations, as a result of the operation of the law of large numbers, these errors more or less cancel each other out.
Systematic registration errors	occur for certain fixed reasons. They have the same tendency to either increase or decrease the value of indicators for each unit of observation, which ultimately leads to serious distortions in the overall results of statistical observation (during a social survey, rounding off the age of the population).
Intentional registration errors	arise as a result of deliberate, conscious distortion of facts.
Unintentional registration errors	are random and unintentional.
Representativeness (representativeness) errors	deviations of the value of the indicator of the surveyed population and its value in the original population. Characteristic for non-continuous observation, and, in particular, for selective observation. They arise as a result of differences in the individual characteristics of the units that fell into the sample population from the units that remained in the total population. The results obtained from sample observation cannot exactly match the results if the entire population is examined.
Random representativeness errors	arise if the selected population does not fully reproduce the entire population as a whole. The magnitude of the error can be estimated.
Representativeness biases	appear as a result of violation of the principles of selection of units from the initial population, which should be subjected to observation. The size of these errors, as a rule, cannot be quantified.

Verification of the reliability, objectivity and accuracy of statistical observation data in practice can be implemented through control.

There are syntactic, logical and arithmetic methods of statistical data control.

With syntactic control checks the correctness of the structure of the document, the presence of the need for details and records provided for by the instruction; completeness of filling in the lines of the document and coverage of all units of observation.

With a logical control checks the correspondence of codes and names of signs, the presence of logical relationships between indicators.

With arithmetic control, the correctness of summing up the results contained in the observation form and various calculations is checked.

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A deep comprehensive study of any economic or social process involves measuring its quantitative side and characterizing its qualitative essence, place, role and relationships in the general system of social relations. Before proceeding to the use of statistical methods for studying the phenomena and processes of social life, it is necessary to have at your disposal an exhaustive information base that fully and reliably describes the object of study. The process of statistical research involves the following steps:

• collection of statistical information (statistical observation) and its primary processing;
• systematization and further processing of data obtained as a result of statistical observation, based on their summary and grouping;
• generalization and analysis of the results of processing statistical materials, formulation of conclusions and recommendations based on the results of the entire statistical study.

Statistical observation- the first and initial stage of statistical research, which is a systematic, systematically organized on a scientific basis, the process of collecting primary data on various phenomena of social and economic life. Regularity of statistical observation is that it is carried out according to a specially developed plan, which includes issues related to the organization and technique of collecting statistical information, controlling its quality and reliability, and presenting the final materials. Mass nature of statistical observation it is ensured by the most complete coverage of all cases of manifestation of the phenomenon or process under study, i.e., in the process of statistical observation, quantitative and qualitative characteristics are measured and recorded not by individual units of the population under study, but by the entire mass of units of the population. Systematicity of statistical observation means that it should not be carried out randomly, that is, spontaneously, but should be carried out either continuously or regularly at regular intervals.

The process of statistical observation is shown in fig. 2.1.

Rice. 2.1.

The process of preparing a statistical observation involves determining the purpose and object of observation, the composition of features to be recorded, and choosing the unit of observation. It is also necessary to develop forms of documents for collecting data and choose the means and methods for obtaining them.

Thus, statistical observation is a laborious and painstaking work that requires the involvement of qualified personnel, its comprehensive organization, planning, preparation and implementation.

Types and methods of statistical observation

Direct observation is carried out by registering the facts personally established by the registrars as a result of inspection, measurement, counting the signs of the phenomenon under study. In this way, prices for goods and services are recorded, measurements of working hours are made, an inventory of stock balances, etc.

Interview is based on obtaining data from respondents (survey participants). The survey is used in cases where observation by other methods cannot be carried out. This type of observation is typical for conducting various sociological surveys and public opinion polls. Statistical information can be obtained by different types of surveys: expeditionary, correspondent, questionnaire, private.

Expeditionary (oral) survey is carried out by specially trained workers (registrators), who record the answers of respondents in the observation forms. The form is a form of a document in which it is necessary to fill in the fields for answers.

Correspondent poll assumes that, on a voluntary basis, the staff of respondents reports information directly to the monitoring body. The disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to verify the correctness of the received information.

At questionnaire respondents fill out questionnaires (questionnaires), voluntarily and mostly anonymously. Since this method of obtaining information is not reliable, it is used in those studies where high accuracy of the results is not required. In some situations, there are enough approximate results that capture only the trend and record the emergence of new facts and phenomena. turnout poll involves the submission of information to the bodies conducting monitoring, in person. In this way, acts of civil status are registered: marriages, divorces, deaths, births, etc.

In addition to the types and methods of statistical observation, the theory of statistics also considers forms of statistical observation: reporting, specially organized statistical observation, registers.

Statistical reporting- the main form of statistical observation, which is characterized by the fact that statistical authorities receive information about the phenomena under study in the form of special documents submitted by enterprises and organizations within a certain time frame and in the prescribed form. The forms of statistical reporting themselves, the methods of collecting and processing statistical data, the methodology of statistical indicators established by the Federal State Statistics Service are the official statistical standards of the Russian Federation and are mandatory for all subjects of public relations.

Statistical reporting is divided into specialized and standard. Composition of indicators standard reporting is the same for all enterprises and organizations, while the composition of indicators specialized reporting depends on the specifics of individual sectors of the economy and the sphere

activities. According to the timing of submission, statistical reporting is daily, weekly, ten-day, two-weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annual and annual. Statistical reporting can be transmitted by telephone, communication channels, on electronic media with mandatory subsequent submission on paper, certified by the signature of responsible persons.

Specially organized statistical observation is a collection of information organized by the statistical authorities either for the study of phenomena not covered by reporting, or for a deeper study of reported data, their verification and clarification. Various kinds of censuses, one-time surveys are specially organized observations.

Registers- this is a form of observation in which the facts of the state of individual units of the population are continuously recorded. Observing a unit of the population, it is assumed that the processes occurring there have a beginning, a long-term continuation and an end. In the register, each unit of observation is characterized by a set of indicators. All indicators are stored until the observation unit is in the register and has not ended its existence. Some indicators remain the same as long as the unit of observation is in the register, others may change from time to time. An example of such a register is the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations (USRE). All work on its maintenance is carried out by the FSGS.

So, the choice of types, methods and forms of statistical observation depends on a number of factors, the main of which are the goals and objectives of observation, the specifics of the observed object, the urgency of presenting results, the availability of trained personnel, the possibility of using technical means of collecting and processing data.

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

One of the most important tasks that must be solved when preparing a statistical observation is to determine the purpose, object and unit of observation.

Targets almost any statistical observation- obtaining reliable information about the phenomena and processes of social life in order to identify the interrelationships of factors, assess the scale of the phenomenon and the patterns of its development. Based on the tasks of observation, its program and forms of organization are determined. In addition to the goal, it is necessary to establish the object of observation, that is, to determine what exactly is to be observed.

Object of observation called the totality of social phenomena or processes to be investigated. The object of observation can be a set of institutions (credit, educational, etc.), the population, physical objects (buildings, transport, equipment). When establishing the object of observation, it is important to strictly and accurately determine the boundaries of the population under study. To do this, it is necessary to clearly establish the essential features by which it is determined whether to include an object in the aggregate or not. For example, before conducting a survey of medical institutions for the provision of modern equipment, it is necessary to determine the category, departmental and territorial affiliation of the clinics to be surveyed. When defining the object of observation, it is necessary to specify the unit of observation and the unit of the population.

Unit of observation is an integral element of the object of observation, which is a source of information, i.e. the unit of observation is the carrier of signs to be registered. Depending on the specific tasks of statistical observation, this may be a household or a person, such as a student, an agricultural enterprise or a factory. The units of observation are called reporting units, if they submit statistical reports to the statistical authorities.

Population unit- this is an integral element of the object of observation, from which information about the unit of observation is received, i.e., the unit of the population serves as the basis for counting and has features that are subject to registration in the process of observation. For example, in a census of forest plantations, the unit of the population will be a tree, since it has characteristics that are subject to registration (age, species composition, etc.), while the forestry itself, in which the survey is conducted, acts as the unit of observation.

Each phenomenon or process of social life has many features, but it is impossible to obtain information about all of them, and not all of them are of interest to the researcher, therefore, when preparing an observation, it is necessary to decide which features will be subject to registration in accordance with the goals and objectives of the observation. . To determine the composition of the registered features, an observation program is developed.

Statistical Observation Program call a set of questions, the answers to which in the process of observation should form statistical information. The development of an observation program is a very important and responsible task, and the success of the observation depends on how correctly it is carried out. There are a number of requirements that need to be taken into account when developing an observation program:

• the program should, if possible, contain only those characteristics that are necessary and whose values ​​will be used for further analysis or for control purposes. In an effort to complete the information that ensures the receipt of benign materials, it is necessary to limit the amount of information collected in order to obtain reliable material for analysis;
• program questions should be formulated clearly in order to exclude their incorrect interpretation and prevent distortion of the meaning of the information collected;
• when developing an observation program, it is desirable to build a logical sequence of questions; questions of the same type or signs characterizing any one side of the phenomenon should be combined into one section;
• the monitoring program should contain control questions for checking and correcting the recorded information.

To carry out the observation, certain tools are needed: forms and instructions. statistical form- a special document of a single sample, which records the answers to the questions of the program. Depending on the specific content of the observation being carried out, the form may be called a form of statistical reporting, a census or questionnaire, a map, a card, a questionnaire or a form. There are two types of forms: card and list. form card, or an individual form, designed to reflect information about one unit of the statistical population, and list the form contains information about several units of the population. The integral and obligatory elements of the statistical form are the title, address and content parts. AT title part the name of the statistical observation and the body that approved this form, the deadlines for submitting the form and some other information are indicated. AT address part details of the reporting unit of observation are indicated. main, content, part of the form usually looks like a table that contains the name, codes and values ​​of indicators.

The statistical form is filled in according to the instructions. The instruction contains instructions on the procedure for conducting observation, methodological instructions and explanations for filling out the form. Depending on the complexity of the surveillance program, the instruction is either published as a brochure or placed on the back of the form. In addition, for the necessary clarifications, you can contact the specialists responsible for conducting the observation, the bodies that conduct it.

When organizing statistical observation, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the time of observation and the place of its conduct. Choice places of observation depends on the purpose of the observation. Choice observation time associated with the definition of a critical moment (date) or time interval and the definition of the period (period) of observation. critical moment Statistical observation is the point in time to which the information recorded in the process of observation is timed. Observation period the period during which the registration of information about the phenomenon under study should be carried out is determined, i.e. the time interval during which the forms are filled out. Usually, the observation period should not be too far from the critical moment of observation in order to reproduce the state of the object at that moment.

Issues of organizational support, preparation and conduct of statistical observation

For the successful preparation and conduct of statistical observation, the issues of organizational support must be resolved. To do this, an organizational plan of observation is drawn up, which reflects the goals and objectives of observation, the object of observation, the place, time, timing of observation, and the circle of persons responsible for conducting the observation.

An obligatory element of the organizational plan is the indication of the supervisory authority. The circle of organizations designed to assist in the monitoring is also determined, these may include internal affairs bodies, tax inspectorate, sectoral ministries, public organizations, individuals, volunteers, etc.

The preparatory activities include:

• development of forms of statistical observation, reproduction of the documentation of the survey itself;
• development of a methodological apparatus for analyzing and presenting the results of observation;
• development of software for data processing, purchase of computer and office equipment;
• purchase of necessary materials, including stationery;
• training of qualified personnel, training of personnel, conducting various kinds of briefings, etc.;
• conducting mass explanatory work among the population and participants in the observation (lectures, conversations, speeches in the press, on radio and television);
• coordination of the activities of all services and organizations involved in joint actions;
• equipment for data collection and processing;
• preparation of information transmission channels and means of communication;
• solution of issues related to the financing of statistical observation.

Thus, the monitoring plan contains a number of measures aimed at the successful completion of work on recording the necessary information.

Observation Accuracy and Data Validation Methods

Each specific measurement of the magnitude of the data, carried out in the process of observation, gives, as a rule, an approximate value of the magnitude of the phenomenon, which differs to some extent from the true value of this magnitude. The degree of compliance with the actual value of any indicator or feature obtained from observation materials is called accuracy of statistical observation. The discrepancy between the result of observation and the true value of the magnitude of the observed phenomenon is called observation error.

Depending on the nature, stage and causes of occurrence, several types of observation errors are distinguished (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1

By their nature, errors are divided into random and systematic. Random called errors, the occurrence of which is due to the action of random factors. These include reservations and misprints by the interviewee. They can be directed towards decreasing or increasing the value of the attribute; as a rule, they are not reflected in the final result, since they cancel each other out during the summary processing of the observation results. Systematic errors have the same tendency to either decrease or increase the value of the attribute indicator. This is due to the fact that measurements, for example, are made by a faulty measuring instrument or errors are the result of an inaccurate formulation of the question of the observation program, etc. Systematic errors are of great danger, since they significantly distort the results of observation.

Depending on the stage of occurrence, registration errors are distinguished; errors that occur during the preparation of data for machine processing; errors that appear in the process of processing on computer technology.

To registration errors include those inaccuracies that occur when recording data in a statistical form (primary document, form, report, census form) or when entering data into computers, distortion of data when transmitted via communication lines (telephone, e-mail). Often, registration errors occur due to non-compliance with the form of the form, that is, the entry was made in the wrong line or column of the document. There is also a deliberate distortion of the values ​​of individual indicators.

Errors in preparing data for machine processing or in the process of processing itself occur in data centers or data preparation centers. The occurrence of such errors is associated with careless, incorrect, fuzzy filling in of data in forms, with a physical defect in the data carrier, with the loss of part of the data due to non-compliance with the information base storage technology, or are determined by equipment failures.

Knowing the types and causes of observation errors, it is possible to significantly reduce the percentage of such information distortions. There are the following types of errors:

measurement errors, associated with certain errors that arise during a single statistical observation of the phenomenon and processes of social life;

representativeness errors, arising in the course of non-continuous observation and related to the fact that the sample itself is not representative, and the results obtained on its basis cannot be extended to the entire population;

intentional mistakes, arising from the deliberate distortion of data for various purposes, including the desire to embellish the actual state of the object of observation or, conversely, to show the unsatisfactory state of the object (this distortion of information is a violation of the law);

unintentional errors as a rule, of an accidental nature and associated with the low qualification of employees, their inattention or negligence. Often such errors are related to subjective factors, when people give incorrect information about their age, marital status, education, membership in a social group, etc., or simply forget some facts, telling the registrar information that just occurred to them.

It is desirable to carry out some activities that will help prevent, identify and correct observational errors. These include:

• selection of qualified personnel and high-quality training of personnel related to the conduct of surveillance;
• organization of control checks of the correctness of filling out documents, by a continuous or selective method;
• arithmetic and logical control of the received data after the completion of the collection of observation materials.

The main types of data reliability control are syntactic, logical and arithmetic (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2

Syntax control means checking the correctness of the structure of the document, the availability of necessary and mandatory details, the completeness of filling in the form lines in accordance with the established rules. The importance and necessity of syntactic control is explained by the use of computer technology, scanners for data processing, which impose strict requirements on compliance with the rules for filling out forms.

Logic control the correctness of the recording of codes, compliance with their names and values ​​​​of indicators are checked. The necessary relationships between indicators are checked, answers to various questions are compared and incompatible combinations are identified. To correct errors identified during logical control, they return to the original documents and make corrections.

At arithmetic control the obtained totals are compared with pre-calculated checksums for rows and columns. Quite often, arithmetic control is based on the dependence of one indicator on two or more others, for example, it is the product of other indicators. If the arithmetic control of the final indicators reveals that this dependence is not observed, this will indicate inaccuracy of the data.

Thus, the control of the reliability of statistical information is carried out at all stages of statistical observation, from the collection of primary information to the stage of obtaining the results.

Non-state educational institution

higher professional education

INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL INNOVATIONS

Test

By discipline: "Legal statistics"

On the topic: Stages of statistical observation

Completed by: Vyatkina O.E.

4th year student, correspondence department,

faculty of jurisprudence, specialty lawyer

Volgograd 2014

Introduction

Definition and steps of statistical observation

3. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

4. Organizational issues of statistical observation

5. Errors in statistical observation and control of observation materials

Ways to improve statistical observation

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The study of statistical science plays an important role in the preparation of highly qualified lawyers - both practitioners and researchers. Statistics is of great importance: criminological, criminal law, penitentiary, forensic, administrative and legal. Its corresponding indicators are needed by specialists in administrative, criminal, civil and other branches of law. Accordingly, a specialist in the field of legal sciences must master the basic issues of the theory of statistics, i.e. statistical methodology as a set of techniques and methods, to a certain extent invariant to the specific content of the statistical data used: about its subject and method, the law of large numbers, statistical observation, grouping, generalizing indicators and statistical analysis.

Legal statistics - a system of concepts and methods of the general theory of statistics, applied to the field of study of offenses and measures of social control over them.

In order to study the mass phenomena and processes of social life, including crime, it is necessary, first of all, to collect the necessary information, that is, statistical data. Statistical data is a set of quantitative (numerical) characteristics obtained as a result of statistical research (observation and scientific processing). The formation of an information base (statistical data) with the help of a statistical study of social phenomena and processes is a complex multi-stage process. In this process, the following stages are distinguished: Statistical observation; Summary and grouping of the collected material;

Statistical observation is the first stage of statistical research, which is a scientifically organized accounting of facts characterizing the phenomena and processes of social life according to a single program.

1. Definition and steps of statistical observation

statistical observation information

Statistical observation is an organized work to collect primary information about the studied mass phenomena and processes of social life. Statistical observation is carried out in an organized manner and according to a previously developed program and plan.

The initial stage of economic and statistical research is statistical observation. The use of objective and complete information obtained in the course of statistical observation at the subsequent stages of the study provides scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

The object of statistical observation is the population within which the observation is carried out. A unit of statistical observation is an element of the object under study, which represents the necessary initial information of the Trait, and the properties of the units of the population are called features. In order to obtain information, you need to develop a monitoring program. The program of statistical observation should contain a list of features that will characterize individual units of the population.

The process of conducting statistical observation consists of the following steps:

) program - methodological preparation of the observation. At this stage, the goals and objects of observation, signs to be registered are determined, documents for data collection are developed, methods and means of obtaining data are determined, and more;

) organizational preparation for the observation. This stage implies the following types of work: selection and training of personnel; drawing up a calendar plan of work for the preparation and conduct of statistical observation; materials are processed that will be used in statistical observation;

) at the third stage, choose the form, method and type of statistical observation. The most important stage in carrying out statistical observation is the collection of observation data, the accumulation of statistical information;

) control of statistical observation data;

) at the last stage of statistical observation, conclusions and proposals for statistical observation are made.

The results obtained in the course of statistical observation are subject to control in terms of their reliability, completeness and the possibility of errors or inaccuracies.

There are the following requirements that statistical observation must meet:

) observed phenomena must have value and express certain socio-economic types of phenomena;

) the collection of statistical data should ensure the completeness of the facts that are considered in the issue under study;

) in order to ensure the reliability of statistical data, it is necessary to carefully and comprehensively check the quality of the collected objects - this is one of the most important characteristics of statistical observation;

) in order to create good conditions for obtaining objective materials, it is necessary to scientifically organize statistical observation.

Forms, types and methods of statistical observation

The main organizational forms of statistical observation include: reporting and specially organized observation.

The most important form of statistical observation is reporting.

.Reporting is a form of statistical observation, in which the relevant statistical authorities receive information from enterprises and organizations that carry out economic activities within a certain period of time. Information must be submitted in accordance with the procedure for reporting documents established by law.

Reporting documents must be filled out on the basis of primary accounting data and signed by persons responsible

for the information provided. State statistical bodies approve the forms of statistical reporting.

In commercial activities, reporting is divided into:

) nationwide - obligatory for all organizations and is submitted in a consolidated form to the state statistics bodies;

) intradepartmental - this reporting is valid within departments and ministries. There are the following reporting forms:

) standard is called reporting, which contains indicators that are the same for all enterprises, institutions of various organizational forms, as well as for other types of activities

) if the enterprise has its own specific features, then specialized reporting is introduced into this organization;

) reporting provided by each enterprise at the same time intervals is called periodic;

) reporting, which is received by the statistical authorities as needed, is called one-time reporting. Each organization has the right to choose how it provides reporting data.

At present, there are many ways for statistical data to be received by statistical agencies, for example, postal and urgent services are provided by telegraph, teletype, fax, and other methods. Specially organized statistical observation is the collection of information through censuses, one-time surveys and records. An example of a specially organized statistical observation is an inventory at an enterprise.

Consider the following types of statistical observation:

) if absolutely all units of the studied set of phenomena and processes are subjected to examination, then this is a continuous statistical observation;

) if part of the unit of the studied set of phenomena is subjected to the survey, then this is not a continuous statistical observation;

) selective observation is an observation in which the characteristics of the entire set of facts are given according to some of their parts, selected in a random order;

) monographic survey is a detailed study and description of certain units of the population;

) if that part of the units of the population is subjected to the survey, in which the value of the studied trait is predominant in the entire volume, then this is called the method of the main array;

) data collection based on the voluntary completion of questionnaires by addressees is called a questionnaire survey;

) if the observation is carried out continuously, and at the same time all the facts and phenomena occurring in the state of change are recorded, then this observation is called current;

) if the observation is carried out irregularly, but only when required, this observation is called one-time;

) periodic observation is called, which is repeated at certain intervals (year, month, quarter, etc.).

Depending on the sources of information collected, there are:

) observation carried out by the registrars themselves by measuring and with the help of inspection, counting and weighing the features of the object under study is called direct;

) a survey is an observation in which a person's answers to questions are recorded on a specific form;

) when documenting facts, documents serve as a source of information.

The provision by enterprises and organizations of statistical reports on their economic activities in a strictly established manner is called the reporting method. The type of statistical observation, which involves the provision of information to the bodies that conduct the observation, is called the private method.

If correspondents provide information to the authorities, then this method is called correspondent.

The provision of documents that are filled out by the respondents themselves, and special workers only provide forms, is called the method of self-registration.

Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

The development of a plan for conducting statistical observation is the most important stage in the preparation of statistical observation. The plan should contain the formulation and solution of organizational issues, such as setting the goals and objectives of observation, developing observation programs, determining the object and unit of observation, choosing the type and method of observation.

The purpose of observation is to obtain the main result of a statistical study.

In order to organize statistical observation, it is necessary to accurately establish the object of observation.

Sets of units about which statistical data should be collected are called objects of statistical observation. Before performing a statistical survey of the organization's activities, it is necessary to determine the distinctive features and the most important features of the object under study.

The primary element of the object of statistical observation, which is the carrier of certain characteristics, is called the unit of observation, and the primary cell, from which statistical information will be obtained in the future, is called the unit of the population.

Requirements for the program of statistical observation:

) the observation program should contain all its main features, features that characterize those phenomena and processes that will be further used in the development of statistical observation materials;

) all control questions included in the monitoring program should be briefly but clearly formulated;

) the degree of completeness and reliability of the data obtained in the course of statistical observation depends on the quality of the program;

) the issues addressed in this program should be presented in a logical sequence.

Statistical forms are specialized documents of a certain form, which are designed for accounting and reporting. The statistical observation form contains a list of program questions and places for recording answers to them. This form consists of: the title part, which includes the name of the statistical observation and the body conducting it, the date and name of the body that approved this form; the address part of the form must contain a record of the exact address of the unit or set of units of observation, their subordination.

The form has various forms of expression and name: census form, form, questionnaire, reporting form, questionnaire, etc.

Statistical form systems include: an individual form designed to record responses to observation program questions, but only for one observation unit; the list form is designed to record in it the answers to the questions of the monitoring program about several units of observation. In order to interpret the questions contained in the forms in a uniform manner, a statistical hint may be given. Statistical hint - a list of possible answers to the questions. An instruction is drawn up for statistical forms - this is a document that includes explanations and instructions on the program of statistical observation, and also reflects the goals and objectives of observation, information about the object and units of observation, the timing and time of the observation. Instructions should be simple, concise and clear.

Organizational issues of statistical observation

The organizational plan is a document, it should reflect the most important issues for organizing and holding upcoming events. It is compiled in order to successfully carry out statistical observations. It indicates: the bodies conducting observations, the time and date of observation, the preparatory work that was carried out for further observation, the procedure for recruiting and training personnel necessary for statistical observation, the procedure for conducting it, the procedure for receiving and submitting materials, obtaining and providing preliminary and final results. The question of the timing of the statistical observation must necessarily be resolved, including the choice of the season, term and critical moment of the observation.

In order to choose a season, you need to make sure that the object under study is in its usual state.

The time of beginning and end of the collection of statistical data is called the period, or period.

The observation time is the time to which the collected statistical information will be referred.

The critical date is the date as of which information is reported.

The critical moment of statistical observation is the point in time at which the collected data are recorded, which are obtained in the process of statistical observation, for example, they choose the end of one day and the beginning of others.

The organization that prepares, conducts statistical observation and is responsible for its work is the monitoring body. The supervisory body must clearly define the areas of activity, functions, rights and duties for which it is responsible.

The place where the registration of observed facts and the filling of statistical forms is called the place of statistical observation.

Errors in statistical observation and control of observation materials

The most important task of statistical observation is the reliability and accuracy of the collected statistical information.

Accuracy is the level of compliance of the value of any feature or indicator, which was obtained as a result of statistical observation, with its actual value. In the process of preparing and conducting a statistical study, in order to prevent the possibility of deviations or differences between the calculated indicators, it is necessary to foresee and implement a number of measures. If such deviations occur, they are called statistical observation errors.

The materials collected as a result of observation are subjected to comprehensive verification and control. They are checked from the point of view of the completeness of coverage of all units of the observation population and the correctness of filling in the documents and in the order of logical and arithmetic control.

Logical control consists in comparing answers to interrelated questions of the observation program in order to identify logically incompatible answers.

Counting control is reduced to checking the total and group digital totals and their comparison. Its task is to detect and correct incorrect totals of numerical indicators.

Statistical observation errors are representativeness errors and registration errors.

Representativeness errors indicate the extent to which a sample represents the population. These errors arise because only a part of the units of the studied population is subjected to observation, and this information cannot absolutely accurately reflect the properties of the entire mass of phenomena in the population.

Registration errors resulting from incorrect fact-finding can be divided into:

) random - these are errors that can give distortions both in one direction and in the other;

) systematic errors arising from the violation of the principles of unintentional selection of units of the studied population. Systematic errors are dangerous because they affect the resulting scores;

) intentional errors arise from deliberate misrepresentation of facts.

6. Protection of statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations

Statistical information provided by legal entities, their branches and representative offices, citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities for conducting state statistical observations, depending on the nature of the information contained in it, may be open and publicly available or classified in accordance with the legislation as restricted access.

The State Statistics Committee of Russia ensures, within its competence, the protection of statistical information, including information that constitutes a state or other secret protected by law, and confidential information, develops a list of confidential information obtained during state statistical observations, and the procedure for their provision to users.

The State Statistics Committee of Russia guarantees the reporting entities the confidentiality of the statistical information received from them on the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data) and provides for an appropriate record of guarantee provision on the forms.

The provision of statistical information contained in the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data), except for those classified as state secrets, by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction, is carried out with the written consent of the reporting entities that provided this data, except for cases, provided by law.

The provision of statistical information contained in the forms of state statistical observation (primary statistical data), which is classified as a state secret, is carried out by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction in the manner established by the Law of the Russian Federation of July 21, 1993 No. 5485 -1 "On State Secrets" (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1997 No. 41, Art. 4673).

Responsibility for Violation of the Procedure for Presenting Statistical Information Necessary for Conducting State Statistical Observations

In accordance with Article 13.19 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, violation by an official responsible for providing statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations of the procedure for its provision, provision of false statistical information entails the imposition of an administrative fine.

The proceedings on administrative offenses of the procedure for providing statistical information necessary for conducting state statistical observations and the execution of administrative penalties imposed are carried out in the manner established by the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

Reporting organizations compensate, in accordance with the established procedure, the Goskomstat of Russia, its territorial bodies and organizations under its jurisdiction for the damage that arose in connection with the need to correct the results of consolidated reporting when providing distorted data or violating the deadlines for reporting, in accordance with Article 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation of 13.05. 1992 No. 2761-1 "On liability for violation of the procedure for the provision of state statistical reporting."

8. Ways to improve statistical observation

A comprehensive study of the transformations taking place in society, economic and social processes using the method of a scientifically based system of indicators, generalization and forecasting of the ways of development of farms, identifying reserves for increasing the efficiency of social production is the main task of statistical science at the present time.

The concept of creating an automated statistical information system considers ways and directions for solving such important tasks as the development of a scientifically based system of statistical indicators and the scientific organization of statistical observation.

The system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development is the same for all levels of government, provided by a single methodology for their calculation. It is designed to provide information that will characterize the state and development of economic, social, political and public life in all spheres and at all levels of government.

Obtaining the necessary data on the quantitative and qualitative values ​​of certain indicators should change in accordance with the requirements of the system of statistical observations.

Improving statistical monitoring will increase the content, reliability and efficiency of reporting data based on statistical reporting, censuses, and one-time records.

Basic principles for the formation of a statistical monitoring system: statistical reporting should contain a system of reporting indicators and provide the ability to control the progress of the implementation of planned programs; sample surveys, censuses, records, qualifications should ensure the receipt of quantitative values ​​of statistical indicators for the purpose of their subsequent economic analysis.

The main purpose of the reporting indicators system is to control the implementation, implementation and achievement of target figures, government orders, compliance with established standards and limits.

At present, the organizational structures of managing the economy, forms and methods of managing the economy are changing, small and joint ventures, joint-stock companies are being actively formed, and the scope of lease relations is expanding.

In connection with these changes, the statistical authorities need to develop and implement a program to improve the organization of statistical observation.

The program approach will make it possible to carry out a targeted set of measures to improve the system of statistical observation - from asking questions to developing specific reporting forms.

At present, some main directions for improving the system of statistical observation have already been developed: this is the formation, on the basis of a system of statistical indicators of socio-economic development, of a list of the most important measures to monitor the implementation of economic reforms in the system of national economic management; methodology for the most important indicators taken into account when conducting censuses of one-time, sample and monographic surveys.

Consider the sequence of stages in the development and implementation of the improvement of statistical observation.

It is necessary to define a list of indicators that will characterize economic processes for continuous observation, as well as a list of indicators and objects of statistical observation; information on them can be obtained using selective observation and one-time accounting

Development and implementation of reporting forms for complete observation, as well as programs and forms of selective observation and a mathematical apparatus for disseminating selective observation data to the entire set of objects.

Development of a system of qualified reporting and the necessary mathematical apparatus for distributing the data of qualified reporting to the entire set of objects.

Training of economists in methods of selective, monographic surveys and qualification reporting.

Conclusion

Any statistical observation requires careful, thoughtful preparation. The reliability and reliability of information, the timeliness of its receipt will largely depend on it.

The reliability of statistical data is ensured in various ways. These include: rational development of a monitoring program and instructions explaining the content of indicators: systematic control and verification of accounting and reporting at all enterprises, institutions and organizations; selection and training of personnel, etc.

Statistical literacy is an integral part of the professional training of every economist, financier, sociologist, political scientist, as well as any specialist dealing with the analysis of mass phenomena, be it social, economic, technical, scientific, and others.

The work of these groups of specialists is inevitably associated with the collection, development and analysis of data of a statistical (mass) nature.

Statistical observation acts as one of the main methods of statistics and as one of the most important stages of statistical research. The importance of this stage of the study is determined by the fact that the use of only objective and sufficiently complete information obtained as a result of statistical observation at subsequent stages of the study is able to provide scientifically based conclusions about the nature and patterns of development of the object under study.

Bibliography:

1. Bendina N.V. General theory of statistics (lecture notes). - M.: PRIOR, 2009.

2. Goremykina T.K. General and legal statistics; 2006

legal statistics; Kazantsev S.Ya. , Lebedeva S.Ya.; 2007

4. Eliseeva I.I., Yuzbashev M.M. "General theory of statistics" Textbook. 4th ed., revised. and additional M. Finance and statistics, 2009.

5. Godin A.M. Statistics: textbook / A.M. Godin.- Moscow: Dashkov, 2012

Statistics: textbook / (I. I. Eliseeva et al.) - Moscow: Prospekt, 2011

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In order to study mass phenomena and processes of public life, including crime, one should, first of all, collect the necessary information about them - statistical data (information, which is understood as a set of quantitative (digital) characteristics obtained as a result of a statistical study (observation and scientific processing.

State statistical observation is carried out by collecting statistical information from reporting subjects (primary statistical data on the forms of state statistical observation (state statistical reporting) in the form of documented information) in order to speed up consolidated official statistical information on the socio-economic and demographic situation of the country.

Official statistical information is part of the state information resources on the socio-economic and demographic situation of the country.

Mandatory stages of the study: statistical observation, summary and grouping of the collected material, processing and analysis of summary statistical data (information). The last two stages (stages) constitute the scientific processing of statistical data (information).

The listed stages (stages) are inextricably linked, are carried out according to a preliminary plan, and only in their totality constitute the complete form of any statistical study.

Statistical observation is the first stage of a statistical study of any legal or legally significant phenomenon, which is a scientifically organized collection of data on legal and legally significant phenomena and processes by registering established facts in accounting documents for subsequent generalization.

Any statistical research begins, firstly, with obtaining the initial statistical data (for example, taking into account offenses, court decisions or other legally significant facts), and secondly, with the generalization of the established facts into the appropriate totality (the data obtained are reduced for some reason). in various forms of reporting).

The results of the study and the objectivity of conclusions about the phenomenon under study largely depend on the quality of statistical observation and the correct scientific organization. Therefore, a number of requirements are imposed on statistical observation, the main of which is the reliability and mass character of the initial information. The reliability of the data (their correspondence to the actual state of affairs) is determined by a number of reasons: the professionalism of the statistical staff, the monitoring program, the social content of the indicator (for example, deliberate distortion of data on the number of crimes), etc. The mass nature of statistical observation is determined by the fact that in order to obtain objective statistical data, it is necessary to cover a sufficiently large number of facts of the manifestation of the phenomenon or process under study. Statistical observation must necessarily be systematic, since only continuous or regular observation makes it possible to study the trends and patterns of legal processes characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes.

The most important requirement of statistical observation is the comparability of units of observation among themselves (for example, it is impossible to compare crime measured in criminal acts (facts of a crime) and crime measured in subjects of a crime (persons who committed them), since one crime can be committed by a group of people, and one person can commit several crimes). Comparability of data is achieved by the unity of the methods of registration (recording) of data, the monitoring program, the timing and time of observation (for example, crimes are registered at the moment a criminal case is initiated, and persons who have committed crimes at the moment the prosecutor approves the indictment) .

Any statistical observation includes the following stages: preparatory work, direct collection of mass data, control over their quality, preparation of data for automated processing.

The stage of preparing the observation includes the development of a plan for its implementation, which should contain the solution of program-methodological and organizational issues.

The program and methodological issues include: definition of the goal (task), object, units of observation, totality and measurement; composition of characteristics subject to registration; development of an observation program and documents for data collection, as well as the choice of place and time of observation.

Organizational choice of the type and method of observation, determination of the circle of persons and organizations responsible for conducting observation, selection, training and instruction of personnel, reproduction and distribution of primary accounting documents and statistical reporting forms, setting deadlines for the submission of materials, as well as other practically important issues related to with statistical observation.

The direct collection of mass data is the filling of statistical forms - primary accounting documents (census forms, statistical cards, questionnaires, forms, etc.) and statistical reporting. It begins with their distribution and ends with delivery after filling in to the bodies (divisions) conducting the observation.

The data obtained at the stage of their preparation for automated processing are subjected to a quality check by arithmetic and logical control based on knowledge of the relationship between indicators and qualitative features.

2. Program and methodological issues of organizing statistical observation

Statistical observation is the initial stage of the statistical study of any legal or legally significant phenomenon, and its final results directly depend on its correct scientific organization.

The programmatic and methodological issues of organizing statistical observation include:

Definition of the purpose and tasks of observation:

Establishment of the object and unit of observation;

Drawing up a monitoring program;

The choice of the type and method of observation.

The objectives of statistical observation in legal statistics can be very different. They arise from real socio-legal needs, for example, when studying crime, the goal may be to track the level of recorded crime. At the level of republics, cities, their own specific needs may arise in the study of certain legal phenomena, information about which is collected in addition to nationwide forms of accounting and reporting.

The main goal of any statistical observation is to obtain reliable information about the phenomena and processes under study in order to identify patterns and trends in their development.

The main practical purpose of statistical monitoring in the field of law enforcement is to register and record each detected crime and the persons who committed it in the relevant primary records. To obtain complete data necessary for analysis, the purpose of observation must be formulated clearly and precisely.

Depending on the goal, specific tasks are set that must be solved in the course of statistical observation.

The tasks of statistical observation follow from the tasks of statistical research (depending on the real social and legal needs of law enforcement agencies or the state) and can be very different. When determining the purpose and objectives of statistical observation, it is also necessary to take into account the practical capabilities of those organizations that are entrusted with the statistical observation of legal or legally significant phenomena.

Depending on the purpose of statistical observation, the object of observation is selected.

The object of statistical observation in legal statistics is the totality of social and legal phenomena and processes, facts or events that are subject to observation.

It is necessary to clearly establish the spatial (observation area: district, city, etc.), temporal (observation period: month, year) and quantitative limits of the object of observation; indicate the essential features of the object of observation that distinguish it from other objects (for example, when studying crime, only persons who have committed a crime, and not administrative or other offenses, are subject to registration).

The specific objects of criminal law statistics are: a crime, a person who committed a crime, and punishment, i.e. a measure of state coercion, appointed by a court verdict.

The specific objects of civil law statistics are: a civil law dispute (civil case), parties to a civil process (plaintiff and defendant), and a court decision.

The objects of administrative and legal statistics are: administrative offenses (offences), persons who have committed administrative offenses, measures of administrative responsibility (administrative penalties).

Any object of statistical observation consists of separate elements, therefore, when determining the object of observation, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the unit of observation.

Unit of observation- this is the primary element of the object of statistical observation (the population under study), which is the bearer of legally significant features recorded during observation.

In legal statistics, the units of observation can be a crime, a person who committed a certain crime, a civil case, a plaintiff, etc. The unit of observation should not be identified with the reporting unit.

Reporting unit is the source from which the primary statistical information comes. With regard to criminal law statistics, such sources are police departments, district (city) prosecutor's office, district court, penitentiary institutions.

Unit shows, in what values ​​the socio-legal phenomena studied by statistics are taken into account. In the statistical reporting of criminal justice bodies, three units are used to measure crime: a criminal case (investigative or judicial proceedings>), a crime (by type), a subject of a crime (by person: suspect, accused, defendant, convicted, prisoner). should be taken into account. that the subjects of crimes can be incomparable at different stages of criminal justice: not every suspect becomes an accused, not every accused becomes a defendant.

An important requirement of statistical observation in legal statistics is the comparability of units of measurement.

It is important to distinguish between crime measured in criminal cases, crimes and persons. The number of registered crimes, as a rule, exceeds the number of persons who have committed crimes, since only a part of the persons who have committed crimes are identified in the process of investigative and operational activities, and the statistics of registered crimes also include those for which the persons to be charged as defendants turned out to be unidentified. . Several crimes may be combined in one criminal case, one crime may be committed by a group of persons, and one and the same person may commit several crimes.

The program of statistical observation is developed on the basis of the content of the object, the purpose and objectives of statistical observation. The program of statistical observation is drawn up during the organization of any statistical and legal research.

Statistical Surveillance Program is a list of clearly formulated questions to which reliable answers must be obtained for each unit of observation. The content of the program depends on the goals and specifics of the object of study.

For example, when studying the personality of a criminal, the observation program should contain questions about the socio-demographic data of criminals. A properly designed monitoring program and ensuring the reliability of data is the key to a successful statistical study.

It is undesirable to include in the observation program unnecessary questions (answers to which are not required to solve the problems of a particular study), ambiguous questions or questions that may cause mistrust among the subjects being examined (for example, questions about socio-demographic data in an anonymous survey on criminal records may alert the respondent) . Questions should be precise and reflect the essential features that directly characterize the phenomenon under study.

The main observation tool is a statistical form (questionnaire, census form, etc.), which reflects the questions of the statistical observation program and the answers to them.

There are two types of forms: individual (card) and list.

An individual form is designed to register the characteristics of one unit of observation. An example of an individual form can be a statistical card of primary registration for a detected crime (in form No. 1), filled out by a prosecutor, investigator or interrogating officer immediately after the initiation of a criminal case.

The list form records the data of several units of observation, as, for example, in the list of court cases scheduled for hearing, where each line indicates a separate case. The list forms include a register of crimes, criminal cases and persons who have committed crimes, in which the internal affairs bodies enter the data of primary statistical cards.

The statistical form should be easy to fill in, read, encode and, currently, machine-readable. Detailed instructions are drawn up for the statistical forms, which explain the goals and objectives of the observation and provide explanations for filling out the form.

The choice of the survey site depends mainly on the purpose of the survey.

If we are talking about the census of the population of the country, in this case, the observation covers the entire country.

The choice of observation time in criminal law statistics is determined by the unit of observation.

Thus, the system of unified accounting of crimes and persons who committed them is based on the registration of crimes at the time of initiation of a criminal case and persons who committed crimes at the time of approval of the indictment by the prosecutor.

Theory of Statistics: Lecture Notes Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

4. Organizational issues of statistical observation

organizational plan- this is a document, it should reflect the most important issues on the organization and holding of upcoming events. It is compiled in order to successfully carry out statistical observations. It indicates: the bodies conducting observations, the time and date of observation, the preparatory work that was carried out for further observation, the procedure for recruiting and training personnel necessary for statistical observation, the procedure for conducting it, the procedure for receiving and submitting materials, obtaining and providing preliminary and final results. The question of the timing of the statistical observation must necessarily be resolved, including the choice of the season, term and critical moment of the observation.

In order to choose a season, you need to make sure that the object under study is in its usual state.

The start and end times for collecting statistics are called period, or deadline.

Observation time name the time to which the collected statistical information will be referred.

critical name the date as of which the information is reported.

critical moment Statistical observation refers to the point in time at which the collected data are recorded, which are obtained in the process of statistical observation, for example, they choose the end of one day and the beginning of others.

The organization that prepares, conducts statistical observation and is responsible for its work is the monitoring body. The supervisory body must clearly define the areas of activity, functions, rights and duties for which it is responsible.

The place where the registration of observed facts and the filling of statistical forms is called the place of statistical observation.

author Shcherbina Lidia Vladimirovna

7. Types and methods of statistical observation Statistical observation is a process that, from the point of view of its organization, can have a variety of methods, forms and types of conduct. The task of the general theory of statistics is to determine the essence

From the book General Theory of Statistics author Shcherbina Lidia Vladimirovna

8. Methods of statistical observation The methods of obtaining statistical information are the documentary method of observation; method of direct observation: survey. Documentary observation is based on the use of data as a source of information

From the book General Theory of Statistics author Shcherbina Lidia Vladimirovna

9. Forms of statistical observation The theory of statistics also considers the forms of statistical observation: reporting; specially organized statistical observation; registers. Statistical reporting is the main form of statistical observation, which

From the book General Theory of Statistics author Shcherbina Lidia Vladimirovna

10. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

From the book General Theory of Statistics author Shcherbina Lidia Vladimirovna

11. Issues of organizational support, preparation and conduct of statistical observation For the successful preparation and conduct of statistical observation, the issues of its organizational support must be resolved. This is done when compiling

author Konik Nina Vladimirovna

3. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation

From the book General Theory of Statistics: lecture notes author Konik Nina Vladimirovna

4. Issues of organizational support, preparation and conduct of statistical observation For the successful preparation and conduct of statistical observation, the issues of its organizational support must also be resolved. This is done when drawing up an organizational

author

6. Organization of statistical observation The initial stage of statistical research is statistical observation.

From the book Theory of Statistics author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

7. Forms of statistical observation Statistical observation differs in organizational forms, types, sources of information and ways of collecting them. The main organizational forms of statistical observation include: reporting and specially organized

From the book Theory of Statistics author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

8. Types and methods of statistical observation Consider the following types of statistical observation: 1) if absolutely all units of the studied set of phenomena and processes are subjected to examination, then this is a continuous statistical observation; 2) if the survey

From the book Theory of Statistics author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

9. Program and methodological issues of statistical observation The development of a plan for conducting statistical observation is the most important stage in the preparation of statistical observation. The plan should contain the formulation and solution of organizational issues, such as

From the book Theory of Statistics author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

11. Errors of statistical observation and control of observation materials The most important task of statistical observation is the reliability and accuracy of the collected statistical information. Any statistical observation involves obtaining data that will be

author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

1. Organization of statistical observation Statistical observation is an organized work to collect primary information about the studied mass phenomena and processes of social life. Statistical observation is carried out in an organized manner and according to predetermined

From the book Theory of Statistics: Lecture Notes author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

3. Program-methodological issues of statistical observation The development of a plan for statistical observation is the most important stage in the preparation of statistical observation. The plan should contain the formulation and solution of organizational issues, such as

From the book Theory of Statistics: Lecture Notes author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

4. Organizational issues of statistical observation An organizational plan is a document that should reflect the most important issues for organizing and holding upcoming events. It is compiled in order to successfully carry out statistical observations. AT

From the book Theory of Statistics: Lecture Notes author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

5. Errors of statistical observation and control of observation materials The most important task of statistical observation is the reliability and accuracy of the collected statistical information.