Research. Interaction between man and the technosphere. Habitat and its evolution Interaction between man and the technosphere
1.1 Fundamentals of life safety. Basic concepts, terms and definitions
Life safety is the science of comfortable and safe human interaction with the technosphere. The main goal of life safety as a science is to protect a person in the technosphere from negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and to achieve comfortable living conditions. In the life cycle, a person and the environment form a constantly operating system "man-environment".
Habitat - the environment surrounding a person, due at the moment to a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, health and offspring.
Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:
Provides its needs for food, water and air;
Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and its own kind.
For many centuries, the human habitat has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. This continued until the middle of the 19th century. - the beginning of an active growth of human impact on the environment. In the XX century. zones of increased pollution of the biosphere arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases to complete regional degradation. These changes were facilitated by:
High population growth rates on Earth and its urbanization;
Growth in consumption and concentration of energy resources;
Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;
Mass use of means of transport;
Growth of expenses for military purposes and a number of other processes.
In addition, until the middle of the XX century. man did not have the ability to initiate large-scale accidents and catastrophes and thereby cause changes on a regional and global scale, commensurate with a natural disaster.
An incident is an event consisting of a negative impact causing damage to human, natural or material resources.
An accident is an incident in a technical system that is not accompanied by the death of people, in which the restoration of technical means is impossible or economically inexpedient.
A catastrophe is an incident in a technical system, accompanied by the death of people or their disappearance.
Natural disaster - an incident associated with natural phenomena on Earth and leading to the destruction of the biosphere, death or loss of human health.
Thus, as a result of active human activity in many regions of our planet, the biosphere has been destroyed and a new type of habitat, the technosphere, has been created.
Biosphere - the area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layer of the lithosphere, which have not experienced technogenic impact.
Technosphere - a region of the biosphere in the past, transformed by people with the help of direct or indirect impact of technical means in order to best suit their material and socio-economic needs (technosphere - a region of a city or industrial zone, industrial or domestic environment).
1.2 Hazards, harmful and hazardous production factors
The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive or negative, the nature of the interaction is determined by the flows of substances, energies and information.
The negative result of the interaction of danger is determined - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly acting in the system "man - habitat".
Danger is a negative impact of the properties of living and negative matter that can cause damage to matter itself: people, the natural environment, material values.
Danger is a central concept in life safety. A person is exposed to hazards in his work activity. This activity is carried out in a space called the work environment.
In the conditions of production, man is mainly affected by man-made, i.e. technology-related hazards, which are commonly referred to as hazardous and harmful production factors.
A harmful factor is a negative impact on a person, which leads to a deterioration in well-being or illness.
Dangerous (traumatic, traumatic) factor - a negative impact on a person, which leads to injury or death.
Hazardous production factors include, for example:
Electric current of a certain strength;
red-hot bodies;
The possibility of falling from the height of the worker himself or various parts and objects;
Equipment operating under pressure above atmospheric pressure, etc.
Harmful production factors include, for example:
Unfavorable meteorological conditions;
Dust and gas contamination of the air;
Impact of noise, infra- and ultrasound, vibration;
The presence of electromagnetic fields, laser radiation, etc.
All dangerous and harmful production factors are divided into chemical, biological and psychophysiological.
Physical factors include electric current, increased pressure of vapors and gases in vessels, unacceptable levels of noise, vibration, infrared and ultrasound, insufficient illumination, etc.
Chemical factors are substances harmful to the human body in various states.
Biological factors are the effects of various microorganisms, as well as plants and animals.
Psychophysiological factors are physical and emotional overload, mental strain, monotony of work.
A clear boundary between dangerous and harmful production factors often does not exist. For example, the impact on a working molten metal. If a person falls under its direct influence (thermal burn), this leads to severe injury and may result in the death of the victim. In this case, the exposure of the worker to the molten metal is, by definition, considered a hazardous production factor. If a person who constantly works with molten metal is under the influence of radiant heat, then under the influence of irradiation, biochemical changes occur in the body, disturbances in the activity of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Prolonged exposure to infrared rays - leads to clouding of the lens. Thus, in the second case, the effect of radiant heat from molten metal on the worker's body is a harmful production factor.
Thus, paraphrasing the axiom about potential danger formulated by O.N. Rusak, it can be argued that human life is potentially dangerous.
The axiom predetermines that human actions and all components of the environment, all technical devices and technologies, in addition to positive properties and results, have the ability to generate traumatic and harmful factors. At the same time, any new positive action is inevitably accompanied by the emergence of new negative factors.
The main desired state of protected objects is safe, it differs in the complete absence of hazards.
Security is the state of the object of protection, in which the impact on it of all flows of matter, energy and information does not exceed the maximum allowable values.
The state of working conditions under which the impact on workers of hazardous and harmful production factors is excluded is called labor safety.
Life safety in production conditions has another name - labor protection.
Occupational safety is a system of legislative acts, socio-economic, organizational, hygienic and therapeutic and preventive measures and means that ensure safety, health and performance in the process of work.
Thus, the main task of the science of life safety is a preventive analysis of the sources and causes of hazards, forecasting and assessing their impact in space and time.
The main areas of practical activity of the Belarusian Railways are the prevention of the causes and the prevention of the conditions for the occurrence of dangerous situations.
1.3. Criteria for comfort and safety of the technosphere
The comfortable state of the living space in terms of microclimate and lighting is achieved by compliance with regulatory requirements. As comfort, the value of the air temperature in the premises, its humidity and mobility is set (GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area"). Comfort conditions are also achieved by compliance with the regulatory requirements for natural and artificial lighting of premises and territories (for example, SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting"). The safety criteria of the technosphere are the restrictions imposed on the concentration of substances and energy flows in the living space.
Safety criteria - the maximum allowable physical and chemical contamination of the working area, established by regulatory documents in the form of MPC r.z. (maximum permissible concentration of the working area) and MPD (maximum permissible level of exposure to the working area). The concentrations of substances and energy flows must satisfy the following conditions:
where Ci is the concentration of the i-th substance in the living space;
MPC i-maximum allowable concentration of the i-th substance in the living space;
For energy flows, the allowable values are set by the relations:
Ji<ПДУ (1.2)
where Ji is the intensity of the i-th energy flow;
MPC is the maximum permissible intensity of the i-th flow.
With the simultaneous presence in the atmospheric air of several harmful substances with a unidirectional action, their concentrations must satisfy condition (3):
(1.3)
Specific values of MPC and MPC are established by the regulations of the State system of sanitary and epidemiological regulation of the Russian Federation. So, for example, with regard to the conditions of industrial and environmental pollution by electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range, the Sanitary Rules and Norms Сqн П and Н 2.2.4/2.1.8.055-96 apply.
The concentration of each harmful substance in the surface layer should not exceed the maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration, i.e.
With MPCmax, with an exposure of no more than 20 minutes. If the time of exposure to a harmful substance exceeds 20 minutes, then C MPCs (maximum allowable average daily concentration).
In cases where mass and/or energy flows from a source of negative impact into the environment can grow rapidly and reach excessively high values (for example, during accidents), the acceptable probability (risk) of such an event is taken as a safety criterion.
Risk - the probability of a negative impact in the area of human presence.
The probability of occurrence of emergency situations in relation to technical objects and technologies is estimated on the basis of statistical data, the risk value is determined by the formula:
where R is the risk;
Nch.s. - the number of emergency events per year;
No - total number of events per year;
Radm.- acceptable risk.
Currently, there are ideas about the values of acceptable (acceptable) and unacceptable risk. An unacceptable risk has a probability of realization of a negative impact of more than 10-3, an acceptable one - less than 10-6. With risk values from 10-3 to 10-6, it is customary to distinguish a transitional range of risk values.
For example: cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors have a probability of R=10-2, i.е. R>10-3 is the zone of unacceptable risk.
Transition zone of risk values 10-6 Acceptable risk zone R<10-6: проживание вблизи АЭС (при нормальном режиме работы) 1.4 Classification of working conditions. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process. In accordance with the hygienic classification of labor (R.2.2.013-94), working conditions are divided into four classes: Optimal; Permissible; Harmful; Dangerous. Optimal working conditions - provide maximum productivity and minimum tension of the human body. Optimal standards are set only for microclimate parameters and labor process factors. Permissible working conditions are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards. Changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift, do not adversely affect the health of the worker and his offspring in the near and long term. Harmful working conditions are characterized by the level of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and his offspring. Harmful working conditions (3rd class) are divided into four degrees of harmfulness. The first degree (3.1) is characterized by such deviations from hygienic standards, which, as a rule, cause reversible functional changes and cause the risk of developing the disease. The second degree (3.2) is determined by such levels of production factors that can cause persistent functional disorders that lead to an increase in the frequency of general morbidity, the appearance of initial signs of occupational pathology. At the third degree (3.3), exposure to levels of harmful factors leads to the development of occupational pathology in mild forms, to the growth of chronic general somatic pathology In working conditions of the fourth degree (3.4), pronounced forms of occupational diseases occur, a high level of morbidity with temporary disability is noted. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions are characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during a work shift poses a threat to life. 1.5 Methods for assessing the severity and intensity of labor. The variety of forms of labor activity is divided into physical and mental labor. Physical labor is characterized primarily by an increased load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (cardiovascular, neuromuscular, etc.) Mental labor combines work related to the reception and processing of information that requires the primary tension of the sensory apparatus, attention, memory, as well as the activation of thought processes, the emotional sphere. This type of labor is characterized by hypokinesia, i.e. a significant decrease in human motor activity, leading to a deterioration in the reactivity of the body. The physical severity of labor is the load on the body during labor, requiring mainly muscle effort. The classification of labor according to severity is based on the category of severity of work. Physical work of moderate severity is divided into category 2a - energy costs from 151 to 200 kcal / h and category 2b - energy costs from 201 to 250 kcal / h. Category 2a includes work associated with constant walking, moving weights up to 1 kg, and requiring a certain physical exertion (a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops, spinning and weaving, etc.) Category 2b includes work related to walking, moving and carrying loads up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized, foundry, blacksmith, thermal welding shops, etc.). Category 3 includes work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort (loaders, masons, a number of professions in blacksmith shops with hand forging, etc.) The intensity of labor is characterized by the emotional burden on the body during labor, which requires predominantly intensive work of the brain to receive and process information. In addition, when assessing the degree of tension, ergonomic indicators are taken into account: shift work, posture, number of movements, etc. The easiest is mental work, where you do not need to make decisions - optimal working conditions (when assessing tension) If the operator works and makes decisions within the framework of one instruction - acceptable working conditions. The stressful harmful conditions of the 1st degree include work that is associated with solving complex problems using known algorithms or working using several instructions. Creative activity refers to hard work of the 2nd degree. The tension depends on the duration of concentrated observation and the number of simultaneously observed objects. With an observation duration of up to 25% of the duration of the work shift, working conditions are optimal, 26-50% are acceptable, 51-75% are hard work of the 1st degree, more than 75% are of the 2nd degree. By the number of objects: up to 5 objects are optimal, 6-10 objects are acceptable working conditions, more than 10 are intense 2nd degree. Working with video play terminals up to 2 hours per shift is considered optimal, up to 3 hours - acceptable, over 3 hours hard work - 3-4 hours (tension of the 1st degree), more than 4 hours (stressful of the 2nd degree). With a working day of up to 7 hours - optimal working conditions, up to 9 hours - acceptable, more than 9 hours - intense. A person and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, domestic, etc.) in the process of life constantly interact with each other, moreover, they harmoniously interact and develop only in conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by a person and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena. In the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the "man - environment" system: comfortable; admissible; dangerous; extremely dangerous. The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive or negative, the nature of the interaction is determined by the flows of substances, energies and information. End of work - This topic belongs to: State educational institution of higher professional education.. Moscow State Technological University Stankin.. b g singers.. If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works: If this material turned out to be useful for you, you can save it to your page on social networks: Life safety Terms, definitions Habitat evolution, transition from biosphere to technosphere Dangerous (harmful and traumatic) factors Security, security systems Theoretical foundations and practical functions of the BJD Criteria of comfort and safety of the technosphere. The concept of risk Fundamentals of designing the technosphere according to the conditions of the Belarusian Railways The role of an engineer in providing BJD Physical work. The physical burden of work. Optimal working conditions Brainwork General characteristics of analyzers Characteristics of the visual analyzer Characteristics of the auditory analyzer Characteristics of the skin analyzer Kinesthetic and taste analyzer Psychophysical activity of a person Hygienic standardization of microclimate parameters of industrial premises Types of chemicals Chemical toxicity indicators Effect of sound waves and their characteristics Types of sound waves and their hygienic regulation
The influence of permanent magnetic fields on the human body RF electromagnetic field Regulation of exposure to electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies
Biological action of infrared radiation. Rationing of ICI
Biological action of UV radiation. Rationing UVI Components of the formation of the light environment
Hygienic regulation of artificial and natural lighting Biological effect of laser radiation Rationing of laser radiation Types of electric shock The nature and consequences of electric shock to a person Categories of industrial premises according to the danger of electric shock Danger of three-phase electrical circuits with isolated neutral Danger of three-phase electrical networks with grounded neutral Danger of single-phase current networks Current spreading in the ground Prevention of adverse effects of the microclimate Types of ventilation. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for ventilation systems Determining the required air exchange Calculation of natural general ventilation Calculation of artificial general ventilation Calculation of local ventilation Air conditioning Performance monitoring of ventilation systems Heating of industrial premises. (Local, central; specific heating characteristics) Rationing and calculation of natural lighting Artificial lighting, rationing and calculation
Methods and means of reducing the negative impact of noise Determination of the effectiveness of some alternative noise reduction methods Methods and means of reducing the harmful effects of vibration Means and methods of protection against exposure to electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies Means of protection against exposure to infrared and ultraviolet radiation Protection when working with lasers Protective earth Zeroing Safety shutdown The use of individual electrical protective equipment The device and rules for the use of PPE for respiratory organs, protection of the head, eyes, face, hearing organs, hands, special protective clothing and footwear Sanitary and hygienic requirements for general plans of industrial enterprises Sanitary and hygienic requirements for industrial buildings and premises Organization of certification of workplaces for working conditions Goals of labor protection management at the enterprise Tasks, functions and objects of labor protection management Information in the management of labor protection Constitution of the Russian Federation Labor Code of the Russian Federation Normative legal acts on labor protection System of labor safety standards. (SSBT) Bibliographic list E.G. Spiridonov, Voronezh Military Aviation Engineering Institute Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual levels of flows is accompanied by negative impacts on humans, the technosphere and/or the natural environment. The result of human interaction with the environment can vary over a very wide range: from positive to catastrophic, accompanied by the death of people and the destruction of habitat components. The negative result of the interaction of danger is determined - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or constantly acting in the system “man - habitat”. Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household, etc.) in the process of life constantly interact with each other. At the same time, “life can exist only in the process of movement through the living body of flows of matter, energy and information” . Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual levels of flows is accompanied by negative impacts on humans, the technosphere and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena. In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the “man - environment” system: Comfortable (optimal) when the flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: create optimal conditions for activity and rest; prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest efficiency and, as a result, the productivity of activity; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the habitat components; Permissible, when the flows, affecting a person and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the environment; Dangerous, when flows exceed permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing diseases during prolonged exposure, and / or lead to degradation of elements of the technosphere and the natural environment; It is extremely dangerous when high-level flows in a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause destruction in the technosphere and in the natural environment. Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment. The interaction of a person with the environment can be positive or negative, the nature of the interaction is determined by the flows of substances, energies and information. The result of human interaction with the environment can vary over a very wide range: from positive to catastrophic, accompanied by the death of people and the destruction of habitat components. The negative result of the interaction of danger is determined - negative impacts that suddenly arise, periodically or permanently acting in the “human-environment” system (Fig. 1). Danger is a negative property of living and inanimate matter, capable of causing damage to matter itself: people, the natural environment, material values. When identifying hazards, it is necessary to proceed from the principle “everything affects everything”. In other words, all living and non-living things can be a source of danger, and all living and non-living things can also be endangered. Hazards do not have a selective property; when they occur, they negatively affect the entire material environment surrounding them. A person, the natural environment, and material values are exposed to the influence of dangers. Sources (carriers) of hazards are natural processes and phenomena, man-made environment and human actions. Hazards are realized in the form of flows of energy, matter and information, they exist in space and time. Rice. 1. Negative factors of influence in the system "man - environment": 1 - natural disasters; 2 - production environment per worker; 3 - production environment for the urban environment (industrial zone environment); 4 - human (erroneous actions) on the production environment; 5 - urban environment per person, industrial and domestic environment; 6 - household environment for urban; 7- household environment per person; 8 - a person on the domestic environment; 9 - urban environment or industrial area on the biosphere; 10 - biospheres for the urban, domestic and industrial environment; 11 - people on the urban environment; 12 people per biosphere; 13 - biospheres per person. There are dangers of natural, technogenic and anthropogenic origin. Natural hazards caused by climatic and natural phenomena arise when weather conditions change, natural light in the biosphere. To protect against everyday (cold, low light, etc.) hazards a person uses housing, clothing, ventilation systems, heating and air conditioning, as well as artificial lighting systems. Ensuring comfortable living conditions practically solves all the problems of protection from everyday dangers. Protection from natural phenomena occurring in the biosphere is a more complex task, often without a highly effective solution (floods, earthquakes, etc.). Every year, natural disasters endanger the lives of about 25 million people. For example, in 1990 more than 52 thousand people died as a result of earthquakes in the world. This year was the most tragic in the past decade, given that over the period 1980 - 1990. 57 thousand people became victims of earthquakes. The negative impact on humans and the environment, unfortunately, is not limited to natural hazards. A person, solving the problems of his material support, continuously affects the environment with his activities and products of activity (technical means, emissions from various industries, etc.), generating technogenic and anthropogenic hazards in the environment. Technogenic hazards are created by elements of the technosphere - machines, structures, substances, etc., while anthropogenic hazards arise as a result of erroneous or unauthorized actions of a person or groups of people. The higher the transformative activity of a person, the higher the level and number of dangers - harmful and traumatic factors that adversely affect a person and his environment. Harmful factor - a negative impact on a person, which leads to a deterioration in well-being or illness. Traumatic (traumatic) factor - a negative impact on a person, which leads to injury or death. Paraphrasing the axiom about potential danger formulated by O.N. Rusak, we can state: Human life is potentially dangerous. The axiom predetermines that all human actions and all components of the environment, primarily technical means and technologies, in addition to positive properties and results, have the ability to generate traumatic and harmful factors. At the same time, any new positive action or result is inevitably accompanied by the emergence of new negative factors. The validity of the axiom can be traced at all stages of the development of the “man - environment” system. So, in the early stages of its development, even in the absence of technical means, a person continuously experienced the impact of negative factors of natural origin: low and high air temperatures, precipitation, contacts with wild animals, natural phenomena, etc. In the modern world, natural Numerous factors of technogenic origin have been added: vibrations, noise, increased concentration of toxic substances in the air, water bodies, soil; electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc. Technogenic hazards are largely determined by the presence of waste that inevitably arises from any type of human activity in accordance with the law on the irremovability of waste (or) side effects of production. In any economic cycle, waste and side effects are generated, they are not removable and can be transferred from one physical and chemical form to another or moved in space. Waste accompanies the work of industrial and agricultural production, means of transport, the use of various types of fuel in obtaining energy, the life of animals and people, etc. They enter the environment in the form of emissions into the atmosphere, discharges into water bodies, industrial and household waste, mechanical flows , thermal and electromagnetic energy, etc. The quantitative and qualitative indicators of waste, as well as the regulations for handling them, determine the levels and zones of the hazards arising from this. A person is exposed to significant man-made hazards when they enter the zone of operating technical systems: highways; radiation zones of radio and television transmission systems, industrial zones, etc. The levels of hazardous effects on humans in this case are determined by the characteristics of technical systems and the length of time a person stays in the danger zone. The manifestation of danger is also likely when a person uses technical devices at work and at home: electrical networks and appliances, machine tools, hand tools, gas cylinders and networks, weapons, etc. The occurrence of such hazards is associated both with the presence of malfunctions in technical devices, and with incorrect human actions when using them. The levels of hazards that arise in this case are determined by the energy performance of technical devices. Currently, the list of really acting negative factors is significant and includes more than 100 types. The most common and having sufficiently high concentrations or energy levels are harmful production factors: dust and gas contamination of the air, noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, increased or decreased parameters of atmospheric air (temperature, humidity, air mobility, pressure), insufficient and improper lighting, monotony of activities, heavy physical labor, etc. Even in everyday life, we are accompanied by a large range of negative factors. These include: air polluted by products of combustion of natural gas, emissions from thermal power plants, industrial enterprises, vehicles and waste incinerators; water with excessive content of harmful impurities; poor quality food; noise, infrasound; vibrations; electromagnetic fields from household appliances, TVs, displays, power lines, radio relay devices; ionizing radiation (natural background, medical examinations, background from building materials, radiation from devices, household items); medicines for excessive and improper consumption; alcohol; tobacco smoke; bacteria, allergens, etc. Rice. 2. Daily migration of a city dweller in the system "man-technosphere": BS-domestic environment; HS-urban environment; PS-working environment. The world of dangers that threaten the individual, very wide and constantly growing. In industrial, urban, domestic conditions, a person is usually affected by several negative factors. The complex of negative factors acting at a particular point in time depends on the current state of the “human-environment” system. On fig. Figure 2 shows the typical daily migration of an urban dweller (employee of an industrial enterprise) in the “man - technosphere” system, where the size of the radius conditionally corresponds to the relative share of negative factors of anthropogenic and technogenic origin in various habitat options. All hazards are classified according to a number of features (Table 1). The distribution of injuries in the adult population by types of habitat in Russia is shown in Table 2. All hazards are then real when they affect specific objects (objects of protection). Objects of protection, as well as sources of danger, are diverse. Every component of the environment can be protected from hazards. In order of priority, the objects of protection include: person, society, state, natural environment (biosphere), technosphere, etc. The basic desired state of the protected objects is safe. It is implemented in the complete absence of exposure to hazards. The state of safety is also achieved under the condition that the hazards acting on the object of protection are reduced to the maximum permissible levels of exposure. Security - the state of the protected object, in which the impact on it of all flows of matter, energy and information does not exceed the maximum allowable values. Table 1 Classification of hazards by features table 2 Distribution of injuries of the adult population by types of habitat in percent The environmental friendliness of a hazard source is the state of the source, in which its permissible impact on the technosphere and / or biosphere is observed. Speaking about the implementation of the security state, it is necessary to consider the object of protection and the totality of the dangers acting on it. The security systems that actually exist today are shown in Table 3. From the foregoing, it follows that the security systems for the objects of protection that actually exist at the present time fall into the following main types: The system of personal and collective security of a person in the process of his life; The system of protection of the natural environment (biosphere); State security system; global security system. Human security systems have a historical priority, which at all stages of its development has constantly strived to ensure comfort, personal safety and the preservation of its health. This desire was the motivation for many actions and deeds of man! Creating a safe home is nothing more than the desire to provide yourself and your family with protection from natural negative factors: lightning, precipitation, wild animals, low and high temperatures, solar radiation, etc. But the appearance of a dwelling threatened a person with the emergence of new negative influences, for example, the collapse of a dwelling, when fire was introduced into it - poisoning with smoke, burns and fires. The presence in modern apartments of numerous household appliances and devices greatly facilitates life, makes it comfortable and aesthetic, but at the same time introduces a whole range of traumatic and harmful factors: electric current, electromagnetic field, increased levels of radiation, noise, vibration, the risk of mechanical injury, toxic substances and etc. Progress in the sphere of production during the scientific and technological revolution was accompanied and is currently accompanied by an increase in the number and energy level of traumatic and harmful factors in the production environment. Thus, the use of progressive methods of plasma treatment Table 3 Existing security systems The creation of internal combustion engines solved many transport problems, but at the same time led to increased injuries on the roads, gave rise to difficult tasks to protect humans and the environment from toxic vehicle emissions (exhaust gases, oils, tire wear products, etc.). The significance of problems in security systems is constantly increasing, as not only the number, but also the energy level of negative impacts is growing. If the level of influence of natural negative factors has been practically stable for many centuries, then most anthropogenic and technogenic factors continuously increase their energy performance (increase in stresses, pressures, etc.) with the improvement and development of new types of equipment and technology (the emergence of nuclear energy, the concentration of energy resources and etc.). In recent centuries, the levels of energy possessed by man have increased immeasurably. If at the end of the XVIII century. he possessed only a steam engine with a power of up to 75 kW, then at the end of the 20th century. at its disposal are power plants with a capacity of 1000 MW or more. Significant energy capacities are concentrated in storage facilities for explosives, fuels and other chemically active substances. According to acad. N.N. Moiseev, “humanity has entered a new era of its existence, when the potential power of the means of influence it creates on the environment becomes commensurate with the mighty forces of nature on the planet. This inspires not only pride, but also fear, because it is fraught with consequences that can lead to the destruction of civilization and even all life on Earth.” Many security systems are interconnected both in terms of negative impacts and means of achieving security. Ensuring the safety of human life in the technosphere is almost always inextricably linked with the solution of problems for the protection of the natural environment (reduction of emissions and discharges, etc.). This is well illustrated by the results of work to reduce toxic emissions into the atmosphere of industrial zones and, as a result, to reduce the negative impact of these zones on the environment. Ensuring the safety of human life in the technosphere is the way to solve many problems of protecting the natural environment from the negative impact of the technosphere. The growth of technogenic and anthropogenic negative impact on the environment is not always limited to the growth of only direct hazards, for example, an increase in the concentration of toxic impurities in the atmosphere. Under certain conditions, there may be secondary negative impacts that occur at the regional or global levels and have a negative impact on regions of the biosphere and significant groups of people. These include the formation of acid rain, smog, the “greenhouse effect”, the destruction of the Earth's ozone layer, the accumulation of toxic and carcinogenic substances in the body of animals and fish, in food products, etc. Solving problems related to ensuring the safety of human life is the foundation for solving security problems at higher levels: technospheric, regional, biospheric, global. At the heart of the emergence of the dangers of the technosphere Problems of theoretical and applied ecology at the present stage, ways of their solution. Methods and the need for the development of eco-friendly technologies, requirements for them. International control and state management of environmental quality. The assessment of the state of the air basin of an oil region primarily includes the determination of the potential danger of its pollution, depending on natural and climatic factors. Some industrial enterprises have high energy saturation, have significant amounts of toxic and radioactive substances in circulation, which causes their potential danger to the population and the environment. The concept, composition and structure of the biosphere. The main functions of the biosphere: gas; concentration; redox; informational. Biogeochemical cycles of substances in the biosphere. The main phases of the evolution of the biosphere. Vernadsky's law of the noosphere. Geographical and economic characteristics of the region. The main sources of technogenic loads and types of natural hazards, assessment of negative environmental impacts. The essence of the anthropogenic impact of business entities on the environment. Situational analysis of the issue of human environmental safety in the conditions of the modern ecosystem. Characteristics and ways to prevent anthropogenic impacts and environmental damage as a consequence of man-made disasters and environmental crisis. "Harmony. Human ecology and its significance in harmonizing the relationship between society and nature” “HARMONY. HUMAN ECOLOGY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN HARMONIZING RELATIONS OF SOCIETY AND NATURE» Organization of monitoring systems in Russia. Methods and means of monitoring the habitat: contract, remote and biological methods for assessing the quality of air, water and soil. Methods for controlling energy pollution and assessing the environmental situation. The concept and purpose of monitoring the animal world, the stages and regulatory framework for its implementation. The main objects and directions for the implementation of monitoring of the animal world. The composition and content of environmental information obtained as a result of such observations. Pollution of technosphere regions with toxic substances. Smog and photochemical fog. Energy pollution of the technosphere. Ensuring life safety in anthropoecological systems. The main anthropogenic sources of atmospheric impurities. The main technogenic factors of adverse effects on humans, the degree of their distribution at the present stage. Periods of development of the technosphere. Scope of adsorption treatment, industrial adsorbents: their characteristics and features. Types of negative impacts in the system “Man – Habitat”. Physical and chemical characteristics of drinking water, its main sources, importance in human life and health. The main problems associated with drinking water and ways to solve them. Biological and social aspects of human interaction with the environment. The essence of environmental pollution, its signs. Features of water and atmosphere pollution, the main pollutants and the degree of their impact. Concept of ecological crisis and its consequences. Factors, sources and consequences of ecological danger. Factors that directly or indirectly affect the life and activities of a person. Natural and anthropogenic, social, physical, chemical, biological phenomena and elements. Rules for the preservation and improvement of a favorable environment for human life. Negative impact of production and technical means on the biosphere and technosphere. Identification of emissions of technical systems, energy impacts of technical systems and emergencies arising during the operation of technical systems. The evolution of human development and the creation of industrial methods of management have led to the formation of a global technosphere, one of the elements of which is rail transport. Criteria for environmental safety, its legal support and regulatory levels. Environmental risks: basic concepts, price, terms of management and risk assessment. Global, regional and local levels of environmental safety implementation. The concept of environmental safety. Terminology in the field of environmental safety. What are the prospects for environmental security? Analysis of standards for maximum permissible emissions, discharges of pollutants and limits on waste disposal for military facilities. Overview of environmental hazards: environmental disturbances, radioactive contamination and deterioration of living conditions of the population. Plan 1. The concept of the technosphere 2. The structure of the technosphere and its main components 3. Genesis of the technosphere. 4. Objects of protection. 5. Problems in security systems. 6. Tasks related to ensuring the safety of human life. The concept of technosphere. The technosphere is an artificial shell of the Earth, embodying human labor organized by the scientific and technical mind. This is also a projection of a person. Material production, consisting of material-energy complexes, is a mechanical cast of the musculoskeletal body of an organism. Information production copies the nervous system. Mass media connect the sense organs, the functions of the nervous system and the brain. Therefore, the technosphere and the house, despite all their differences, are functionally similar. The modern technosphere is diverse: Its representatives are cities, which include industrial and residential areas, Transport hubs and highways, Trade and cultural and community areas and separate premises, TPP and CHP, Recreation areas, etc. Technogenic negative factors in the technosphere are formed due to the presence of production and household waste, due to the use of technical means, due to the concentration of energy resources, etc. The negative factors of the technosphere have the highest concentration in the sphere of production. The production environment is a part of the technosphere with an increased concentration of negative factors. The main carriers of traumatic and harmful factors in the working environment are machines and other technical devices, chemically and biologically active objects of labor, energy sources, unregulated actions of workers, violations of regimes and organization of activities, as well as deviations from the permissible parameters of the microclimate of the working area. The scale of the material culture created by mankind is truly enormous. And the pace of its development is constantly increasing. Nowadays, the so-called techno-mass (everything created by man in a year) is already an order of magnitude greater than biomass (the weight of wild living organisms). This is an alarming signal, it requires a thoughtful attitude to the balance of the components of the nature-biosphere-man system. The level of human impact on the environment depends primarily on the technical equipment of society. It was extremely small at the initial stages of human development. However, with the development of society, the growth of its productive forces, the situation has changed dramatically. The 20th century is the century of scientific and technological progress. Associated with a qualitatively new relationship between science, engineering and technology, it has colossally increased the scale of society's impact on nature and posed a number of new, extremely acute problems for mankind. The study of the impact of technology on the biosphere and nature as a whole needs not only applied, but also deep theoretical understanding. Technique is less and less only an auxiliary force for man. Its autonomy (automated lines, robots, interplanetary stations, the most complex computer self-adjusting systems) is becoming more and more apparent. The concept of "a set of technology and technical systems" is only beginning to acquire the right to exist in science. By analogy with living matter underlying the biosphere, we can speak of techno-substance as the totality of all existing technical devices and systems (peculiar technocenoses). In its composition, in particular, include technical devices that extract minerals and generate energy like green plants in the biosphere. There is also a technical block for the processing of the received raw materials and the production of means of production. Next comes the machinery that produces consumer goods. Then - technical systems for the transfer, use and storage of information media. Autonomous multifunctional systems (robots, automatic interplanetary stations, etc.) are allocated in a special block. Recently, technosystems for the processing and disposal of waste have also appeared, which are included in the continuous cycle of waste-free technology. These are a kind of "technical orderlies", acting like biological, natural subsystems. Thus, the structure of techno-substance (as a set of individual technical devices and entire subsystems-technocenoses) increasingly reproduces a similar organization of natural living systems. Another approach to understanding the structure and role of technosubstance is offered by the Swiss economist and geographer G. Besch. He identifies three major sectors in the world economy: primary (extraction of natural resources), secondary (processing of extracted products) and tertiary (production services: science, management). By the strength of its impact on the planet, techno-substance in the form of a system of technocenoses is able to compete with living matter at least on an equal footing. The further development of technology clearly requires the calculation of the optimal options for the interaction of the constituent subsystems of a technical substance and the consequences of their influence on nature, and primarily on the biosphere. The 20th century was marked by a loss of stability in such processes as the growth of the world's population and its urbanization. This caused a large-scale development of energy, industry, agriculture, transport, military affairs and led to a significant increase in the anthropogenic impact. In many countries, it continues to grow at the present time. As a result of active human activity in many regions of our planet, the biosphere has been destroyed and a new type of habitat has been created - the technosphere. Biosphere - the area of distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper layer of the lithosphere, which have not experienced technogenic impact. Technosphere– a region of the biosphere, in the past transformed by people with the help of direct or indirect impact of technical means in order to best suit their material and socio-economic needs (technosphere - a region of a city or an industrial zone, an industrial or domestic environment). Region - a territory with common characteristics of the state of the biosphere or technosphere. Work environment - the space in which human activity takes place. Creating the technosphere, man sought to increase the comfort of the living environment, to increase sociability, to provide protection from natural negative influences. All this had a positive effect on living conditions and, in combination with other factors (improvement in medical care, etc.), affected the life expectancy of people: The technosphere, created by the hands and mind of man, designed to satisfy his needs for comfort and safety as much as possible, did not justify the hopes of people in many ways. The emerging industrial and urban environments turned out to be far from acceptable requirements in terms of safety and environmental friendliness. The appearance of the technosphere led to the fact that the biosphere in many regions of our planet began to be actively replaced by the technosphere (Table 0.1). Table data. 0.1 show that there are few territories left on the planet with undisturbed ecosystems. Ecosystems have been destroyed to the greatest extent in developed countries - in Europe, North America, and Japan. Here, natural ecosystems have been preserved mainly in small areas, they are small patches of the biosphere, surrounded on all sides by territories disturbed by human activity, and therefore are subject to strong technospheric pressure. The technosphere is the brainchild of the 20th century, replacing the biosphere. The new technospheric include the conditions of human habitation in cities and industrial centers, production, transport and living conditions of life. Almost the entire urbanized population lives in the technosphere, where living conditions differ significantly from biospheric ones, primarily by the increased impact of technogenic negative factors on humans. The characteristic state of the "man-environment" system, the totality and direction of the impact of negative factors in the regions of technospheres Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household, etc.) in the process of life constantly interact with each other. Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual flow levels is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena. In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are caused by elements of the technosphere (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, it is possible to go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the "man - environment" system: – comfortable (optimal)
), when the flows correspond to the optimal conditions of interaction: they create optimal conditions for activity and rest; prerequisites for the manifestation of the highest efficiency and, as a result, the productivity of activity; guarantee the preservation of human health and the integrity of the habitat components; – admissible,
when flows, affecting a person and the environment, do not have a negative impact on health, but lead to discomfort, reducing the efficiency of human activity. Compliance with the conditions of permissible interaction guarantees the impossibility of the emergence and development of irreversible negative processes in humans and in the environment; – dangerous
when the flows exceed the permissible levels and have a negative impact on human health, causing diseases during long-term exposure, and / or lead to degradation of the natural environment; – extremely dangerous
when high-level flows in a short period of time can cause injury, lead a person to death, cause destruction in the natural environment. Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment.Life safety
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“Approved by the Educational and Methodological Association of Universities for Education in the Field of Automated Engineering (UMO AM) as a textbook for students of higher institutions studying
Life safety is a field of scientific knowledge that studies the dangers and ways to protect a person from them in any living conditions. Security is a state of affairs
In the life cycle, a person and the environment form a constantly operating system "man - environment". Habitat - the environment surrounding a person, conditioned in
Danger is processes, phenomena, objects that have a negative impact on human life and health. All types of hazards (negative impacts) generated in the process
All hazards are then real when they affect specific objects (objects of protection). Objects of protection, as well as sources of danger, are diverse. Every component of the environment
Assessing the consequences of the impact of negative factors on the final result is the grossest miscalculation of mankind, which led to huge victims and the crisis of the biosphere. Implementation
The comfortable state of the living space in terms of microclimate and lighting is achieved by compliance with regulatory requirements. The criteria for comfort are
This is achieved by providing comfort in the areas of vital activity; the correct location of sources of danger and areas of human stay; reduction in the size of hazardous areas; applied
The practical provision of safety in the conduct of technological processes and the operation of technical systems is largely determined by the decisions and actions of engineers and technicians.
Physical labor Physical labor is characterized primarily by an increased load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems (heart
Mental labor combines work related to the reception and processing of information that requires the primary tension of the sensory apparatus, attention, memory, as well as the activation of
Expedient and safe human activity is based on the constant reception and analysis of information about the characteristics of the external environment and the internal systems of the body. This process
In the process of activity, a person receives up to 90% of all information through a visual analyzer. Reception and analysis of information takes place in the light range (380-760 nm) of electromagnetic
With the help of sound signals, a person receives up to 10% of information. The characteristic features of the auditory analyzer are: 1. The ability to be ready to receive inf
Provides perception of touch (light pressure), pain, heat, cold and vibration. For each of these sensations (except for vibration), there are specific receptors in the skin, or
Provides a sense of the position and movement of the body and its parts. There are three types of receptors that perceive: 1. Stretching of muscles during their relaxation - “muscle spindles”.
Any activity contains a number of mandatory mental processes and functions that ensure the achievement of the desired result. Attention is the focus of mental
To create normal working conditions in industrial premises, standard values of microclimate parameters are provided - air temperature, its relative humidity and
In industry, harmful substances are in gaseous, liquid and solid states. They are able to penetrate the human body through the respiratory, digestive or skin. Harmful
The study of the biological effect of chemicals on humans shows that their harmful effects always begin with a certain threshold concentration. For quantities
Noise is a random combination of sounds of various frequencies and intensities (strengths) that occur during mechanical vibrations in solid, liquid and gaseous media. Noise is negative
By frequency, noise is divided into low-frequency (maximum sound pressure in the frequency range below 400 Hz), medium-frequency (400 ... 1000 Hz) and high-frequency (over 1000 Hz).
Vibration is a process of propagation of mechanical vibrations in a solid body. When vibration is applied to the body, an important role is played by CNS analyzers - vestibular, to
The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation of natural and man-made origin, which affects a person both in everyday life and in production conditions, has a range of
The electromagnetic field (EMF) of the radio frequency range has a number of properties that are widely used in economic sectors. These properties (the ability to heat materials, spread
Regulation of exposure to electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies. The assessment of the impact of EMR RF on a person according to SaNPiN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.055-96 is carried out according to the following parameters:
Infrared radiation (IRI) is thermal radiation, which is invisible electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 0.76 to 420 microns and has wave and light properties.
Radiant heat has a number of features. Infrared radiation, in addition to enhancing the thermal effect on the body of the worker, also has a specific effect, depending on the intensity
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) - optical radiation with wavelengths less than 400 nm. For biological purposes, the following spectral regions are distinguished: UVI-C - from 200 to 280 nm;
The biological effect of UV radiation is associated with both one-time and systematic irradiation of the surface of the skin and eyes. Acute eye damage from UV-irradiation usually manifests itself in the form
The light environment is formed by the following components: Radiant flux Ф is the power of the radiant energy of the electromagnetic field in the optical wave range, W. Light
Light sources for artificial lighting are gas discharge lamps and incandescent lamps. Discharge lamps are preferred for use in artificial
The normalized parameters for artificial lighting systems are: the value of the minimum illumination Emin, the permissible brightness in the field of view Ladd, and also n
The biological effect of laser radiation depends on the radiation energy E, energy En, power density (energy) Wp (We), exposure time t, dl
When normalizing LI, the permissible levels of LI are established for two conditions of exposure - single and chronic, for three wavelength ranges: 180 ... 300 nm, 380-1400 nm, 1400-100000
There are two types of electric shock to the body: electrical trauma and electrical shock. Electrical injuries are local lesions of tissues and organs. To them
The defeat of a person by electric current can occur when touched: to live parts that are energized; disconnected current-carrying parts, on which the dawn remained
According to the “Electrical Installation Rules” (PUE), all industrial premises are divided into three categories according to the danger of electric shock. 1.Premises with
The wires of electrical networks in relation to the ground have a capacitance and active resistance - leakage resistance, equal to the sum of the insulation resistances through the current to the ground (Fig. 3). For u
Rice. 4. Danger of three-phase electric circuits with earthed neutral Three-phase networks with earthed neutral have low resistance
Rice. 5. The danger of single-phase current networks With a single-pole touch to the wire of an isolated network, a person is “connected” to another
The scheme of current spreading in the soil is shown in Fig. 6a. The current short circuit occurs when the insulation is damaged and the breakdown of the phase on the equipment case, when the wire falls to the ground under pressure.
The leading role in the prevention of the harmful effects of high temperatures, infrared radiation belongs to technological measures - the replacement of old and the introduction of new technological measures.
Types of ventilation: 1. According to the method of air induction: · artificial; natural; mixed. 2. According to the method of air exchange
Air exchange, m3 / h, in a normal microclimate and the absence of harmful substances or their content within the limits can be determined by the formula L \u003d nL
Natural ventilation of buildings and premises is due to thermal pressure (difference between the densities of indoor and outdoor air) and wind pressure. According to Gay-Lussac's law at
The ventilation system includes: air intakes in the form of holes in the structures of fences or shafts equipped with louvered grilles; devices for adjusting the number of
· Calculation of the performance of the exhaust hood; · Calculation of local ventilation of surfacing installations; · Calculation of local ventilation of welding installations; · Calculation
Air conditioning is the process of maintaining temperature, humidity and air purity in accordance with the sanitary and hygienic requirements for industrial premises.
The efficiency of the ventilation system in practice is controlled by two methods: direct and indirect. The direct method involves testing the ventilation performance of the environment.
Heating is designed to maintain normalized air temperature in industrial premises during the cold season. In addition, it contributes to better preservation of buildings and
Natural lighting is created by direct sunlight or diffused light from the sky. It should be provided for all production, storage, sanitary and administrative
For artificial lighting of premises, incandescent and gas-discharge lamps are used. Rationing of artificial illumination Norms
Incandescent lamps are simple in design, cheap and easy to use. However, they convert only 2.5 ... 3% of the consumed energy into a luminous flux, they are sensitive to voltage fluctuations.
To reduce noise in industrial premises, various methods are used: · reduction of the noise level at the source of its occurrence; Sound absorption and sound
Usually there are several noise sources with different intensity levels installed in the premises. In this case, the total sound pressure level (L, dB) in the frequency bands or average
To combat the vibration of machines and equipment and protect workers from vibration, various methods are used. The fight against vibration in the source of occurrence is associated with the elimination of causes by
Protection of personnel from exposure to electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies (EMR RF) is carried out by carrying out organizational, engineering, technical, treatment and preventive measures
Measures of protection against the action of infrared radiation
Work with optical quantum generators (OQG) - lasers - should be carried out in separate, specially allocated rooms or fenced off parts of the rooms. The room itself
Protective grounding is an intentional electrical connection to the ground or its equivalent to metal non-current-carrying parts of electrical installations that may be under
Grounding is a deliberate connection with a zero protective conductor of metal non-current-carrying parts of electrical equipment that may be energized. Zeroing pr
A protective shutdown is a fast-acting protection that provides automatic shutdown of an electrical installation with a voltage of up to 1000 V if there is a danger of electric shock in it.
They are divided into basic and additional insulating protective equipment, as well as auxiliary devices. Basic insulating protective equipment is insulated
Overalls and footwear are designed to reliably protect the human body from hazardous production factors while maintaining a normal functional state and performance
The main condition for observing safety in the design of an enterprise, technologies and equipment is the prevention of the impact of harmful and dangerous production factors on work
At the stages of design and construction, it is necessary to take into account the sanitary class of the premises, the norms of usable area for workers and for equipment, and also observe the width of the aisles.
Certification of workplaces in terms of working conditions is an important component of the organization of labor protection at the enterprise. The tasks of certification of workplaces are: 1. Define
Occupational safety management is understood as a systematic process of influencing the system “man - machine - production environment” to obtain the set values of the set of indicators
The main tasks of the labor protection service are: 1. Organization and coordination of work on labor protection at the enterprise. 2. Monitoring compliance with legislative and
All information necessary for the management of labor protection can be conditionally divided into normative and informing. Regulatory information contains information characterizing
The Constitution of the Russian Federation on labor protection. It defines the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens in the political and socio-economic life of society, serves as the basis for the development
It was put into effect on February 1, 2002 and regulates the labor relations of people. The Code contains a fairly detailed interpretation of labor protection legislation. Section I
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 12, 1994 No. 937 “On state regulatory requirements for labor protection in the Russian Federation”. Legal acts on labor protection. T
The SSBT structure includes five subsystems of standards (12.0-12.4). 12.0. Organizational and methodological standards for the foundations of building a system establish the structure, tasks, goals and
1. Life safety: a textbook for universities / S.V. Belov, A.V. Ilnitskaya, A.F. Kozyakov and others; ed. S.V. Belova. - M.: Higher School, 2001. - 448 p. 2. Kukin P.P. Without
melting from toxic aerosols, exposure to an electromagnetic field, increased noise, high voltage electrical networks.
