Spiritual life in the 20th century. Spiritual life in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. at the beginning of the XXI century. What name falls out of the general logical series
Questions:1. Fight against illiteracy
2. Power and intelligentsia
3. Party control over the spiritual
life
4. "Smenovekhovstvo"
5. Bolsheviks and the Church
6. The beginning of the "new art"
Back in 1913, Lenin wrote:
“Such a wild country in which the masses
people were so robbed in the sense
education, light and knowledge - such a country
there is not one left in Europe, except
Russia".
On the eve of October revolution near
68% of the adult population could not read and
write. It was especially disheartening
the situation of the village, where the illiterate
accounted for about 80%, and in national
districts, the proportion of illiterates reached 99.5%. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918:
─ pre-emptive right to enter
universities received workers and peasants
poor.
─ at universities and institutes were
workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created September 30, 1918
All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved
"Regulations on
unified labor
school of the RSFSR.
encouraged
pedagogical
innovation,
respect for the individual
child, were introduced
elements
self-government and
principle free education.Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 26, 1919 "On
eradication of illiteracy among
population of Russia. (page 163)
1. all citizens between the ages of 8 and 50
were required to learn to read and write.
Points were created in towns and villages
elimination of illiteracy - educational program. In the middle
1920s only
half
population
USSR in
age
over 9 years old
owned
diploma. Rural school for adults.
2. Power and intelligentsia
Events 1917-1922 dividedcultural figures.
1. Some took a critical position on
attitude towards the Bolshevik government and
went abroad. They have chosen their lot
emigrants
2. Others have gone into a deep spiritual
opposition
3. Many became successors
revolutionary traditions of Russian
culture The Bolsheviks sought to attract
cooperation of scientists, those who
contributed to the defense and
economy of the country or had a global
confession. They were provided with more
tolerable living and working conditions. Many
famous scientists sincerely worked on
the good of the Motherland, although they did not share
the views of the Bolsheviks.
This is N.E. Zhukovsky, V.I. Vernadsky,
N.D.Zelinsky, A.N.Bach, K.E.Tsiolkovsky,
I.P. Pavlov, I.V. Michurin.
3. Party control over spiritual life
Started in 1921 or after the civilwar.
August 1921 - the trial of
Petrograd military organization.
Some scientists and cultural figures
were shot.
August 1922 from the country were
160 scientists and philosophers were expelled.
In 1922, Glavlit was established -
censorship committee. In 1923 -
Glavrepertkom. Until 1925 until the strengthening of positions
Stalin's culture developed under the conditions
relative spiritual freedom.
In 1925, the Central Committee adopted a resolution
All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the policy of the party in the field of
fiction". Began
the abolition of artistic
dissent. Approved
ideological attitudes.
4. "Smenovekhovstvo"
In July 1921, a collection was published in Praguearticles "Change of milestones". (explain title)
Some Russian emigrants believed
that the Bolsheviks managed to drive anarchy
(revolution) into the state mainstream and
start the restoration of the Russian state.
We need to stop fighting
Soviet power. She will inevitably come
to the restoration of the bourgeois-democratic order. NEP
confirmed the correctness of their conclusions.
Comparison Soviet power with radish.
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Text content of presentation slides: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s. Somenkova Ekaterina Vladimirovteacher of history MBOU secondary school No. 1O Arzamas Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" A.V. Lunacharsky - People's Commissar of Education: The goal of the cultural revolution is to form a comprehensively developed harmonious personality. In the transformation of each person into a conscious creator of history. Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" L.D. Trotsky, member of the Politburo elimination of illiteracy. Where in a backward country, which is in a capitalist encirclement, to appear " new person". Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. December 26, 1919 In order to provide the entire population of the Republic with the opportunity to consciously participate in political life of the country, the Council of People's Commissars decided: 1. The entire population of the Republic aged 8-50 years old, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language at will ... the entire literate population of the country who was not drafted into the army ... 5. For those studying to read and write, employed, with the exception of those employed in militarized enterprises, the working day is reduced by two hours for the entire duration of training while maintaining wages. public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities 1921-1922 subbotniks were held to help schools (voluntary fundraising) 1923 the All-Russian Voluntary Society “Down with illiteracy” was organized, headed by M.I. the elimination of illiteracy, the introduction of universal education from 8-50 years old, workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes, schools were opened, and illiteracy was eliminated. Statement by N.I. Bukharin in 1924 “We need the cadres of the intelligentsia to be trained ideologically in a certain manner. Yes, we will churn out intellectuals, we will work them out like in a factory.” Comment on this document. Start by clarifying the meaning of such phrases as "cadres of intelligentsia", "trained ideologically", "in a certain manner", "stamp intellectuals", "produce intellectuals, like in a factory." Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. Emigration (from lat. emigro - “I am moving out”) relocation from one country to another due to economic, political, personal circumstances Spiritual opposition M. VoloshinA. AkhmatovaN. GumilevV. MayakovskyM. BulgakovV. Meyerholdy etc. V.V. Mayakovsky A.A. Blok Author K.S. social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. “Smenovekhovism” (results) A.N. Tolstoy, S.S. Prokofiev, M. Gorky, M. Tsvetaeva, A.I. Returned to their homeland: Attitude of the Bolsheviks: Remained in their homeland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (well-known scientists and cultural figures). August 1922-1922. –1922 - establishment of Glavlit. 1925. Decrees of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" 1918 decree on the separation of church and state Workers of culture and science were shot The expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country. church and its ministers class approach to the culture of the Bolsheviks and the Church. From a note by V. I. Lenin. March 19, 1922 Precisely now and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore must!) confiscate church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy and without stopping before suppression of any resistance ... Than more the representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie can be shot on this occasion, so much the better. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any kind of resistance. - For what purposes did Lenin propose to confiscate church valuables? More and more bans fell upon the Church. Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education. The main directions of the spiritual life of Soviet society, new cadres of the Soviet intelligentsia appeared, the fight against illiteracy, a “new art” arose, party control was established over the spiritual life of the country, and the fight against religion. Homework paragraph 22, heading "Expanding vocabulary", answer the question in writing: Determine the achievements and losses of the spiritual life of the country.
Construction Soviet school
On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." Despite the obvious costs - the abolition of lessons, homework, textbooks, grades and exams, the provision was significant because it affirmed the principle of free education.
By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, the workers and poor peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. Working faculties (workers' faculties) were created at the universities.
Ideology and culture
The creative intelligentsia at first enthusiastically accepted the revolution, but soon they realized how tight the state control over any manifestations of creative search would become.
Many representatives of the creative intelligentsia went abroad. (I.A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin, A.K. Glazunov, S.S. Prokofiev, F.I. Chaliapin, I.E. Repin and others)
A. A. Akhmatova, M. A. Voloshin, M. M. Prishvin, M. A. Bulgakov, having remained in their homeland, went into deep spiritual opposition.
A number of creative intelligentsia collaborated with the new government, believing that the revolution would awaken the creative forces in the country. VV Mayakovsky sang about the revolution in his poems. ("Ode to the Revolution", "Left March"). A.A. Blok (poem "The Twelve"). Artists K.S. Petrov-Vodkin who painted the painting “1918 in Petrograd” and V.M. Kustodiev - the painting “Bolshevik”. V. E. Meyerhold staged the first Soviet performance "Mystery-buff" based on Mayakovsky's play. The performance was designed by the artist K.S.Malevich.
Many famous scientists considered it their duty to work for the good of the Motherland, although not everyone shared the ideological views of the Bolsheviks. The founder of aircraft construction N.E. Zhukovsky, the creator of biochemistry and geochemistry V.I. Vernadsky, the chemist N.D. Zelinsky, the father of cosmonautics K.E. Tsiolkovsky, the physiologist I.P. Pavlov, the agronomist I.V. A. Timiryazev.
With the end civil war Bolsheviks sharply increased control over the spiritual life of the country. In August 1921, repressions began. The chemist M.I. Tikhvinsky and the poet N.S. Gumilyov were shot.
At the end of August 1922, about 160 prominent scientists and philosophers were expelled from the country. Among them are the philosophers N.A. Berdyaev, S.N. Bulgakov, E.N. Trubetskoy. The greatest scientist - sociologist P.A. Sorokin and others.
Until 1925, culture developed in relative spiritual freedom. In 1925, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the policy of the party in the field of fiction” was adopted. Party diktat began to assert itself in the spiritual life of the creative intelligentsia.
Smenovekhovism
After the October Revolution, about a million of its citizens were forced to leave the country. Most of them were extremely hostile to the Soviet regime. However, a number of emigrants saw deep roots in the "senseless and merciless rebellion". The Bolsheviks managed to drive anarchy into the mainstream of the state. In the NEP, they saw confirmation of their correctness. In July 1921, a collection of articles entitled "Change of milestones" was published in Paris, reflecting these views. A number of emigrants began to return to their homeland. In 1923 A.N. Tolstoy returned. In the 1930s S.S. Prokofiev, M.I. Tsvetaeva, M. Gorky, A.I. Kuprin returned.
"Smenovekhovstvo" suited the Bolsheviks as well, since it made it possible to split the emigration.
The ideology of the "new art"
As part of an atheistic upbringing, the Bolsheviks tried to eliminate their main competitor in the spiritual life of the country. The adoption on January 23, 1918 of the decree on the separation of the state from the church opened up a policy of arbitrariness in relation to the church. Temples and monasteries began to close, and their property was confiscated by the authorities. Elected in 1918, Patriarch Tikhon, anathematized by the Bolsheviks. In 1922, Patriarch Tikhon was arrested. After his death in 1925, the election of a new patriarch was banned. Metropolitan Peter, who assumed the duties of patriarch, was exiled to Solovki. Until 1943, Sergius, locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, led the church. (Patriarch in 1943-1944).
By creating a literary, artistic and cultural-educational organization - Proletkult, the Bolsheviks tried to introduce the creative intelligentsia into an organized channel, preaching "pure proletarian culture" and demanding that the cultural traditions of the past be thrown into a landfill.
In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) took shape. A new generation of writers entered literature. I.E.Babel - "Cavalry", A.S. Serafimovich with the novel "Iron Stream", K.A. Trenev "Love Yarovaya", M.A. Sholokhov - "Don Stories", D.A. Furmanov - " Chapaev.
During the years of the NEP, satire flourished. The "Twelve Chairs" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, Mayakovsky's satirical plays "Bug" and "Bath" were published. Amazing stories by M. Zoshchenko.
Poster art flourished. Revolutionary romance fanned the work of the sculptor I.D. Shadr - “Cobblestone is a tool of the proletariat. 1905". Giant construction plans in the spirit of constructivism are presented by the architects. "Tower of the III International", designed in 1919 by V.E. Tatlin.
The history of world cinema includes the films of S. Eisenstein - "Battleship Potemkin", "October".
The spiritual life of Soviet society in the first years of Soviet power was still distinguished by relative freedom, but gradually, more and more, spiritual life began to be squeezed by the ideological party attack on culture.
Spiritual life of the USSR in the 30s of the XX century
The 30s are the years "cultural revolution" proclaimed by the Bolsheviks. The main tasks of the "cultural revolution" were considered to be the elimination of illiteracy and significant raising the educational level people. The most important, fundamental aspect of the "cultural revolution" was approval and undivided dominance in the spiritual life of society of the Marxist - Leninist teachings.
Education
In the 1930s began the transition to universal 4 classroom teaching . AT 1937 became mandatory 7 years of study. reworked school programs created new textbooks. Lessons, subjects, schedule, grades, strict discipline and penalties, up to and including exclusion, have been returned to the school. In 1934, the teaching of geography and history was restored on the basis of Marxist-Leninist principles. In 1933-1937, more than 20,000 new schools were opened. According to the 1939 census, literacy in the USSR was over 80%. Soviet Union ranked first in the world in terms of the number of students and students
The science
Stalin's statement that all sciences, including natural and mathematical ones, are political in nature, led to the persecution of scientists who disagree with this statement.
A group of biologists and philosophers, headed by T.D. Lysenko, opposed geneticists, declaring it a "bourgeois science." The correct "class" approach was appreciated. Leading geneticists of the country, headed by N.I. Vavilov, N.K. Koltsov, were repressed. As a result Soviet genetics hopelessly lagged behind in its development from the advanced world science.
Stalin paid special attention to history, which became the most important ideological discipline. In 1938 would be published « Short Course history of the CPSU (b)", personally edited by Stalin and became a new concept of the country's history. Ideological dogmas and party control had an extremely negative impact on the state of the humanities.
Despite everything, Soviet science continued to develop. Leading Soviet scientists have made a significant contribution to world science.
Physics: S.I. Vavilov (problems of optics). A.F.Ioffe (physics of crystals and semiconductors). B.V. and I.V. Kurchatov (study of the atomic nucleus. I. Kurchatov became the creator of the Soviet atomic bomb.)
Chemistry: N.D.Zelinsky, S.V.Lebedev. The production of synthetic rubber, plastics, etc. has been established.
socialist realism
Soviet art developed in the grip of party censorship, and was obliged to follow within the framework of a single artistic direction - socialist realism. Marxist-Leninist ideology was driven into society by any means. The decisions of the party bodies regarding the state and further development of culture were the ultimate truth and were not subject to discussion. Reflecting the life of Soviet society not through the realities of the present day, but only through the myths planted in society about a beautiful tomorrow is the political basis of the method of socialist realism. All creative workers had to follow this rigid party setting. Dissenters had no place in the life of society.
At first, most Soviet people perceived the implanted myths in an atmosphere of faith in a beautiful tomorrow. These moods of the people were skillfully used by the authorities, generating labor enthusiasm and anger towards the "enemies of the people", absolute devotion to the leader and readiness for exploits.
The development of Soviet culture in the 1930s was controversial. Despite the strictest control and ideological pressure, Soviet culture has achieved significant success.
Soviet cinema
Documentary film
Cinematography has become the most popular form of art. The whole country watched the documentary chronicle. Through the screen, it was possible to show the life around people within the framework of party guidelines. The “great illusion” of a communist tomorrow, shown through the heroism of myths, influenced the consciousness of people who built new life as part of a grand communist experiment ..
D. Vetrov, E.K. Tisse, E.I. Shub worked in documentary films, leaving wonderful shots of the country's past.
Art cinema
Feature cinematography also worked within the framework of socialist realism.
In 1931, the first Soviet sound film "Start in Life" (directed by N.V. Ekk) was released. The problem of the new Soviet generation is devoted to the films of S.A. Gerasimov "Seven Courageous", "Komsomolsk", "Teacher".
In 1936, the first color film "Grunya Kornakov" directed by N.V. Ekka was released.
In the 1930s, a significant number of Soviet films were made on a wide variety of topics.
17. 02.2017Spiritual life FEATURES OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
in the 1920s-1930s
1918 -
Overcome shortcomings
cultural development
FOLK
period of tsarist Russia:
COMMISSARY
estate restrictions;
ENLIGHTENMENT
low level
education, etc.
(NARKOMPROS)
politicize
culture;
put her to work
Soviet state
and Bolshevik
parties;
bring up a new
A.V. Lunacharsky
person" -
first people's commissar of education
(1917-1929)
"CULTURAL REVOLUTION"
The main tasks of the cultural revolution:
overcome cultural inequalitiesmake available to workers
cultural treasures;
eradication of illiteracy: in 1919
The Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the liquidation
illiteracy
among
population
RSFSR", according to which the entire population from
8 to 50 years old had to study
literacy in the native or Russian language;
in
1923
year
It was
established
voluntary
society
"Down with
illiteracy” chaired by
M.I. Kalinina. 1. Fight against illiteracy
Read
document
(page 159)
and answer
to questions
to the document.
The starting point for literacy rates across
country at the beginning of the century, data are received on
1897, recognized as domestic and
foreign scientists: total - 21.1%, including
including 29.3% of men and 13.1% of women.
In Siberia, literacy was
respectively 12% (excluding children under 9
years - 16%), according to Central Asia- 5 and 6%
respectively from the entire population.
And although in subsequent years, until 1914, the level
literacy increased (according to various estimates
up to 30-45% in industrialized
provinces), but “after the wars and generally reinforced
Educational program courses
sets, the percentage of literacy is falling.”
Educational program courses
Lenin one of the main tasks of building socialism
in the country considered the fight against illiteracy.
"Down with illiteracy!"
In 1923, the voluntary society "Down withilliteracy” under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.
Were open
thousand points
to liquidate
illiteracy
violence 1. Fight against illiteracy
Total in 1917-1927
was literate
up to 10 million adults,
including in the RSFSR
5.5 million
Soviet propaganda
posters from the 1920s
In 1918 it was
approved "Regulation
about the unified labor school
RSFSR "- school
proclaimed
free, she
managed on the basis
self-government,
encouraged
pedagogical
innovation, respect
to the personality of the child.
lesson at school
con. 1920s - early. 1930s
But some experiments
had a negative
side - canceled
lessons, desks, homework
assignments, grades,
exams.
public education
September 30, 1918 Nextimportant
VTsIK
approved milestone - adoption in 1930
"Regulations on a single year of the decision of the Central Committee
labor
school of the CPSU / b "On the universal
RSFSR". The mandatory
put
principle of primary education.
free education.
By the end of the 30s
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars dated 2 mass
august
1918
illiteracy in our
predominant
country mainly
entitlement to enrollment has been overcome
universities received workers
and peasants 2. Construction of the Soviet school
Upon admission to universities
benefits
used by workers
and peasants sent
to study on the party
and Komsomol vouchers.
In order for workers
and the peasants could learn
in universities, with them
workers were created
faculties.
The state provided
graduates of workers' schools
scholarships
and hostels. Rabfak goes (universities)
(B. Johanson. 1928) 2. Construction of the Soviet school
Rabfakovites
By 1927 the network of higher educational institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR
numbered 90 universities (in 1914 - 72 universities) and 672 technical schools
(in 1914 - 297 technical schools). 2. Construction of the Soviet school
N.K. Krupskaya -
A.V. Lunacharsky -
A.S. Makarenko -
since 1929 deputy
people's commissar of education
first people's commissar of education
(1917-1929)
Soviet teacher
and writer
Great contribution to the organization of public education and enlightenment,
N.K. contributed to the development of pedagogy. Krupskaya, A.V. Lunacharsky,
talented teachers A.S. Makarenko, P.P. Blonsky, S.T. Shatsky. 3. Reform of the Russian language
December 1917 -
reform of Russian spelling:
were excluded from the Russian alphabet
obsolete letters Ѣ (yat), Ѳ (fita), І (“and
decimal"), solid sign (Ъ) on
end of words and parts of compound words, but
kept as separator
sign (rise, adjutant);
in the parent and
accusative adjectives
and participle endings -ago, -yago
was replaced by -th, his (for example, new → new, better
→ better, early → early), in
nominative and accusative cases
plural of feminine and
middle genders -yya, -іya - on -th, ie (new (books, editions) → new)
etc.
The title page of the novel "War and Peace" with the old spelling.
I.D. Sytin's publication for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, Moscow, 1912. 4. Power and intelligentsia
SUPPORT
REVOLUTIONS
EMIGRATION
M. Gorky,
I. Bunin,
A. Kuprin,
F. Chaliapin,
S. Prokofiev,
S. Rachmaninov,
I. Repin,
M.Chagall,
V.Kandinsky
and etc.
Bolshevik
(B. Kustodiev. 1920)
OPPOSITION
A. Akhmatova,
M. Bulgakov,
M. Voloshin,
M. Prishvin
and etc.
V. Mayakovsky,
A. Block,
B. Kustodiev
K. Petrov-Vodkin
and etc.
Stayed at home
V.M. BekhterevN.I.Vavilov
V.I.Vernadsky
N.E. Zhukovsky
N.D.Zelinsky
K.A. Timiryazev
I.P. Pavlov
K.E. Tsiolkovsky M. Voloshin
A. Akhmatova
N. Gumilyov
V. Mayakovsky
M. Bulgakov
W. Meyerhold 4. Power and intelligentsia
... So they go with a sovereign step -
Behind is a hungry dog,
Ahead - with a bloody flag,
And invisible behind the blizzard
And unharmed by a bullet
With a gentle step over the wind,
Snowy scattering of pearls,
In a white corolla of roses -
In front is Jesus Christ. 4. Power and intelligentsia
In the history of Russian culture, the revolution came to its heyday
"Silver Age". Many masters of culture appreciating the freedom of creativity
were abroad.
"Change of milestones" - collection
journalistic
articles
PhilosophicallyReturned
in Russia
political science
content,
(in 1920-1930s
years):
published in Prague in 1921
A. Tolstoy,
S. Prokofiev,
prominent
representatives
liberal
directions
in
M. Tsvetaeva,
M. Gorky
public A. Kuprin
Russian thoughts
emigration.
The participants of "Change of milestones" made an attempt to comprehend the role of the Russian
intelligentsia in the new political and economic conditions. general idea
year
collection was the idea of the possibility of accepting the Bolshevik1909
revolution
and
reconciliation with its results for the sake of preserving the unity and power of the Russian
states. Professor N. V. Ustryalov was the first ideologist of Smenovekhovism. 4. Power and intelligentsia
The Bolsheviks sought to attract famous scientists to cooperate. From them
activities depended on the defense of the country. These people created
conditions for normal life and research. Many scientists believed that
it is necessary to work for the good of the Motherland, although they did not accept the ideology of the Bolsheviks.
I.P. Pavlov
N.D.Zelinsky
I.V.Michurin
V.I.Vernadsky
In the 20s. scientific activity of I. Pavlov, N. Zhukovsky continued,
K. Tsiolkovsky, N. Zelinsky, I. Michurin, V. Vernadsky and others. 4. Power and intelligentsia
After the Kronstadt rebellion, the Bolsheviks tightened control over the spiritual
sphere of social life. In August 1921, the Petrogradskaya
military organization.
On charge
in accessories
to her were
shot
N. Gumilyov,
M. Tikhvinsky
and other figures
science and culture.
Cover of volume 177 of the "case" of N. S. Gumilyov.
1921 4. Power and intelligentsia
"Philosophical ship" - the campaign of the government of the RSFSR for the expulsion
people objectionable to the authorities abroad in September and November 1922.
P. A. Sorokin
N. A. Berdyaev
S. N. Bulgakov
I. A. Ilyin
In 1922, 160 scientists were expelled from the country.
"We sent these people
Among those expelled are Russian philosophers and thinkers: because they cannot be shot
I. Yu. Bakkal, N. A. Berdyaev, V. F. Bulgakov, S. N. Bulgakov,
V. V. Zworykin,
I. A. Ilyin,
reason to endure
It was
L.P. Karsavin, A.A. Kizevetter, N.A. Kotlyarevsky, D.V. Kuzmin-Karavaev, I. I. Lapshin,
impossible"
N. O. Lossky, V. A. Myakotin, M. M. Novikov, M. A. Osorgin, P. A. Sorokin, S. E. Trubetskoy,
L.D. Trotsky
A. I. Ugrimov, S. L. Frank, N. N. Tsvetkov, V. I. Yasinsky and others. 4. Power and intelligentsia
Scientists worked in exile
with worldwide names:
microbiologist S.N. Vinogradsky,
geologist N.I. Andrusov,
soil scientist V.K.Agafonov,
chemists V.N. Ipatiev
and A.E. Chichibabin,
aircraft designer I.I. Sikorsky,
one of the creators
television V.K. Zvorykin,
historian N.P. Kondakov and others.
I.I. Sikorsky - Russian and American aircraft designer,
scientist, inventor, philosopher. Creator of the first in the world:
four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" (1913),
passenger plane "Ilya Muromets" (1914),
transatlantic seaplane, serial helicopter
single screw circuit. 4. Power and intelligentsia
Established in 1922
Glavlit, who carried out
censorship of all printed
products.
Created in 1923
Glavrepetkom with the same
functions.
But until 1925 in culture
relative
spiritual freedom.
Party leaders fighting each other
with a friend, could not
agree on a single line.
With the rise of Stalin
the situation has changed,
ideologization began
artistic creativity. 5. State and Church
At the end of October 1917
restored in Russia
patriarchate.
Activities of Patriarch Tikhon:
condemned the execution of the royal
families;
condemned the persecution of the church;
fought against the confiscation
church values
(1922);
tried to establish a dialogue and
state cooperation
and churches.
Patriarch Tikhon
(1917-1925) 5. State and Church
Reasons for the fight
with church and religion:
atheistic views
party leaders;
desire to remove
spiritual competitor
spheres.
Fragment of the Decree on freedom of conscience,
church and religious communities.
1918
At the beginning of 1918
the church was separated
from the state
and the school from the church. 5. State and Church
Church cartoons 5. State and Church
1922 - the seizure of church
values.
“We cannot approve withdrawals from temples,
albeit through voluntary
donation, sacred objects,
the use of which is not for liturgical
purposes is prohibited by the canons of the Ecumenical
Church and is punished by Her as sacrilege -
the laity by excommunication from Her,
clerics - eruption out
dignity"
From the Appeal of Patriarch Tikhon.
Poster to help the starving regions of the RSFSR "Hunger spider strangles
peasantry of Russia.
Black marks the most starving regions (Lower Urals,
Volga region, Crimea, south of Ukraine). Allegorical flows emanating from
various religious institutions (Orthodox, Catholic and
Muslim), affect the body of the "starvation spider" Seizure of church property
Opening of the relics of Alexander
Nevsky and the removal of the precious shrine.
May 1922. 5. State and Church
Church property
requisitioned in the struggle fund
with hunger. This led to
performances of believers.
In response, power shifted to
offensive. Spring 1922
in Moscow and Petrograd
lawsuits over
church leaders.
Several people were
executed, and Patriarch Tikhon
arrested. In 1925 after
Tikhon's death elections
patriarch were banned (until
1943).
Simonov Monastery. The destruction of the temple.
1923 Literary currents
XX century in Russia
symbolism
acmeism
imagism
futurism Symbolists (French symbolisme from Greek
symbolon - sign, symbol).
Z. N. Gippius,
V. Ya. Bryusov,
K. D. Balmont,
F. K. Sologub,
A. A. Blok,
S.. Solovyov,
K. Balmont,
V. Ivanov,
I.F. Annensky
A. Blok
A. Bely
K. Balmont
Symbolism
built
on the
basis
interpretation of the concept of a symbol as the fundamental principle
connections of being, thinking, personality and culture. Acmeists (from the Greek akme` - a point, the highest
degree of something, blossoming power).
N. S. Gumilyov
A. A. Akhmatova
O. E. Mandelstam
G. V. Ivanov
V. I. Narbut
A.Akhmatova
O. Mandelstam
Acmeism
based
on the
proclamation
materiality, objectivity of themes and images,
word accuracy. Futurists (from the Latin futurum - future).
V. Khlebnikov
V. V. Mayakovsky
D. D. Burliuk
I. Severyanin
David
Burliuk
Velimir
Khlebnikov
Futurism was based on speed, movement,
energies that
tried to convey enough
simple tricks. Imagists (from French image - image)
S. A. Yesenin
S. Yesenin
A. B. Mariengof
V. G. Shershenevich
Anatoly
Mariengof
Imagism characterizes
anarchist motives.
creative
outrageous,
Class approach to culture
The party and the state have established a completecontrol over the spiritual life of society.
1921 - the trial of the Petrograd battle
organization (famous scientists and figures
culture).
1922 – expulsion from the country of 160 large
scientists and philosophers.
1922
–
institution
Glavlita
(Main Department for Literature and Publishing
elstvo), and then Glavrepertkom (organ
accepting censorship).
From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" - June 18, 1925
Thus, as it does not stop with usclass struggle in general, so it is definitely not
stops on the literary front. AT
class society is not and cannot be
neutral art.
The party must stress the need
creation
artistic
literature,
designed for really mass
reader, worker and peasant; need
bolder
and
more resolutely
break
With
the prejudices of the nobility in literature 6. New art
PROLETKULT - mass
cultural and educational
and literary and artistic
organization of the proletarian
amateur performances under the People's Commissariat
education that existed
from 1917 to 1932.
The ideologists of Proletkult proceeded from
definitions of "class culture"
formulated by Plekhanov.
According to them, any work
art reflects the interests and
world view of only one class
and therefore unsuitable for the other.
Therefore, the proletariat
you need to create your own
own culture from scratch. 6. New art
First working theater
Proletcult in 1924-32
located in
Cinema "Coliseum"
on Chistoprudny
boulevard (now building
Theater "Sovremennik").
He put in front of
campaign missions,
contributed to the development
and statement on stage
Soviet dramaturgy.
Worked in the theatre:
G.V. Alexandrov,
E.P. Garin, I.A. Pyryev,
MM. Strauch;
CM. Eisenstein and others.
Theater of Working Youth (TRAM).
1930 6. New art
S. M. Eisenstein.
"Battleship Potemkin" is a silent feature film,
filmed by director Sergei Eisenstein at the Mosfilm studio
in 1925 (to the 20th anniversary of the revolution of 1905). Many times over the years
recognized as the best or one of the best films of all time and peoples
according to the results of polls of critics, filmmakers and the public. 6. New art
In 1921 he left
first number
first Soviet
thick magazine
"Red New".
Editor from 1921 - 1927
was A.K. Voronsky. 6. New art
"Quiet Flows the Don" - epic novel
Mikhail Sholokhov in four
volumes, written from 1925 to 1940.
One of the most significant
works of Russian
literature of the 20th century, drawing
a wide panorama of the life of the Don
Cossacks during the First
world war, revolutionary
events of 1917 and civil
wars in Russia.
For this novel in 1965
Sholokhov was awarded
Nobel Prize for
literature with the wording "For
artistic power and integrity
epic about Don Cossacks in
a turning point for Russia."
Magazine "Roman-gazeta", 1928.
(one of the first publications of the novel
and portrait of the author) 6. New art
I.M.Babel.
D.A.Furmanov. 6. New art
Lenin
And I,
and now
like the spring of mankind,
more than alive.
born
Our knowledge
- and in battle,
in writings
sing
strength
my fatherland
and weapons.
my republic!
From the poemFrom the poem "Good"
(1927).
"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
(1924).
V.V.Mayakovsky. 6. New art
"Windows of satire ROSTA" -
series of posters created
in 1919-1921
Soviet poets
and artists working
in the Russian
telegraphic
agency (ROSTA).
"ROSTA Windows" -
specific shape
mass agitation
art that emerged
during the Civil
wars and interventions
1918-1920
A big role in the creation of "Windows
ROSTA" was played by V. Mayakovsky. 6. New art
D. Moor.
Campaign posters.
V. Denis.
Campaign posters. 6. New art
V.E. Meyerhold
E.B. Vakhtangov
A.Ya.Tairov
In the theater, in addition to the system of K.S. Stanislavsky, they are looking for new forms
artistic expression (revolutionary romance, grotesque,
satire, biomechanics, etc.) 7. Communal life
Communal apartment -
apartment where he lives
several families
who are not
relatives.
Appeared after the revolution
1917 during
"seals" when
Bolsheviks forced
took away property from the wealthy
townspeople and sat down with them in
apartment of new people,
active supporters
Soviet power
(communists, military,
employees of the Cheka).
Most utilities
apartments appeared
in Leningrad (Petersburg). 8. Satire
M.A. Bulgakov
The story was written in 1925, for the first time
published in 1968 simultaneously
in the magazine "Frontiers" (Frankfurt) and
Alec Flegon's Student magazine
(London).
In the USSR in the 1960s it was distributed in
samizdat. For the first time officially
published in the USSR in 1987 in the 6th
issue of Znamya magazine.
Since then it has been reprinted several times. 8. Satire
I. Ilf and E. Petrov 8. Satire
V.V.Mayakovsky.
In the background "ROSTA Windows" RESULTS:
+
significantly raised the level
literacy
culture has become mass
public
still maintained in the 1920s
relative freedom
creativity, no rigid
censorship
Poster. 1920
Author: A. Radakov. RESULTS
end of the silver age
multiple development paths
culture begins gradually
liquidated by the Soviet government
as the dictatorship was formed
Stalin began the party
attack on culture
limitation of creative freedom,
development of "socialist
realism"
activities of the intelligentsia
will gradually be brought under
party control (especially
emerge in the 1930s)
Poster. 1930
Authors: I.Lebedev, N.Krasilnikov.
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Text content of presentation slides: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s. 1.Combating illiteracy.2. Power and intelligentsia. 3. Party control. 4. "Smenovekhovism." 5. Bolsheviks and the Church. The main tasks of the cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. liquidation of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the liquidation of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in native or Russian. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. "Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program. Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. By the end of the 1930s, mass illiteracy in our country had been largely overcome. Power and the intelligentsia: the question of attitudes towards the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. 500 prominent scientists who headed the departments and entire scientific areas: P.A. Sorokin, K.N. Davydov, V.K. . BOLSHEVIK DECRETS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLOGANS REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. THE EARTH OF GOD... IS IT NOT A SYMBOL OF THE LEADING INTELLIGENCE? TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SAY THE WORDS "GOD", THEY ARE MORE CURSING, BUT YOU CAN'T GET A WORD FROM A SONG. EVITATION OF THE INTELLIGENTIAL AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT LOOKS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN HE SAYS. RECONCILIATION IS COMING, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION...” Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A.A. Blok) Remained in the Motherland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. Bekhterev K.A. Remained in the homeland of M. Voloshin. AkhmatovaN. GumilevV. MayakovskyM. BulgakovV. Meyerholdy, etc. "Change of Vekhovism" is an ideological, political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovvekhovites set themselves the task of revising the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was to abandon the armed struggle against the new government, recognizing the need for cooperation with her in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland. “Smenovekhovism” (results) A.N. Tolstoy, S.S. Prokofiev, M. Gorky, M. Tsvetaeva, A.I. Returned to their homeland: The attitude of the Bolsheviks: A class approach to culture The party and the state established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). - expulsion from the country of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers. 1922. - Establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship). From the Decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925. Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature. The Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appears on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. On January 21, 1918, a decree was published on the complete separation of church from state and for the confiscation of all church property.” The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and was not accompanied by infringement on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, religious societies were granted the right to free use of buildings and objects for worship. More and more bans fell upon the Church: Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education. http://www.pugoviza.ru/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1220371796 http://alkir.narod.ru/rh-book/l-kap9/l-09-03-3.html http://www.uralligaculture.ru/index.php?main=library&id=100007 http://www.xumuk.ru/bse/993.html http://literra.ru/2006/10/ http:// mp3slovo.com/list2_13_5.html http://russianway.rhga.ru/catalogue-books/index.php?SECTION_ID=326&ELEMENT_ID=23253 http://dugward.ru/library/blok/blok_mojet_li.html Sources: A.A .Danilov, History of Russia XX - beginning of the XXI century M., "Prosveshchenie", 2008. Internet resources.
