Where are the Tatars in Siberia. Economy and life of the West Siberian Tatars before the October Revolution. Social organization of Siberian Tatars

TATARS SIBERIAN(khatan, turali, nogai, tyn, tsat; self-names - sibirtar, sibirtatarlar), group Tatars Western Siberia. Number up to 500 thousand people. (2010, census). They speak Siberian Tatar, Tatar and Russian languages. Believers are Sunni Muslims.

Includes territorial groups: Tobol-Irtysh on the rivers Irtysh, Tobol, Iset, Tura, Pyshma, Tavda, Noska, Laima in the Tyumen and Omsk regions (Isker-Tobol, Yaskolba, Aremzyano-Nadtsin, Babasan, Ishtyak-Tokuz, Tyumen, Turin and Upper Turin, Yalutorovsk, Koshuk, Tabara, Kurdak, Sargato-Utuz, Tara, etc.); Tomsk (Eushtintsy, chats, Temerchintsy) along the Ob and Tom rivers in the Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions and Baraba people. There were tribes: among the Tara, Kurdak and Sargato-Utuz Tatars - Ayals, Turals, Kaurdak, Sart, Sargach, Tav, Otuz, Tav-Otuz, Ya-Irtysh, Tebendyu, Tunus, Lunuy, Lyubay, etc.; among Yaskolba - yusha, horse, heron, kas, whole, torna, etc .; among the Tomsk people - yashtalar, kalmaklar, tsattyr, tsatskan, az-kyshtym, etc. They are settled in stripes with Russians. The old-timers Siberian Tatars (Russian tsaldons, Volga-Tatar. Kurchaklar - "puppeteers", that is, worshiping the images of their ancestors) differ from the settlers of the 19th-20th centuries. from the Volga and Ural regions (cauldron, self-propelled vehicles) and Central Asia and Kazakhstan (Bukharlyk, Uzbeks, Sarts). The Volga-Ural Tatars form compact groups in Kemerovo (Mariinsky Siberian Tatars), Tomsk (Zyryansk-Krivosheinsky and Kolpashevsko-Chainsk) and Tyumen (Sorokinsk) regions.

The composition of the Siberian Tatars included Ob Ugrians And Samoyedic peoples, mixed with the Turkic (in the 5th–8th centuries - Turks, body, Kyrgyz Yenisei, from the 9th–10th centuries. - Kimaki, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Karakalpaks, from the 16th century. - Kazan Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs) and from the 13th century. - with Mongolian groups. In the 15th century Tobolsk Tatars formed the core Siberian Khanate, in the 2nd floor. 16th century spread to the lands of the Yaskolba, Tyumen, Tara, Kurdak and Sargato-Utuz Tatars in the lower reaches of the Tobol and along the Irtysh and its tributaries from the Tobol to the Om; during the reign of the khan Kuchum the Baraba people and chats (the Baraba steppe, the upper reaches of the Om, Kargat and Chulym) were also subordinated. Tomsk Tatars obeyed to the Kyrgyz of the Yenisei; in the 17th century groups included Teleuts(Kalmaks). In the 17-18 centuries. Tyumen-Turin Siberian Tatars moved to the south, forming the Yalutorovskaya group. Along the Ob, below and above the Tom, the Ob Tatars (Shegarskaya, Temerchinskaya, Provo-Sorgulinsky and Chernomysskaya groups) lived, by the 20th century. assimilated.

Traditional occupations are nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding, arable farming, semi-sedentary hunting and fishing. The dwelling was heated by a stove or chuval; bunk beds run along the walls. Women's headdresses are characteristic: a headband (sarauts, saraoch) embroidered with gold and lace, a cap (kalfak), among Siberian Tomsk Tatars - a winter hat (tagyya) with a fur trim; footwear (shoes, boots-ichegi) with a mosaic ornament. The main food is barley flour (talkan), flat cakes (kattama), noodles, pies with meat and fish (balish), open pies (paramech), dough fried in oil (baursak), dairy products (cream - kaymak, butter - mai, unleavened cheese - pashlak, sour - kurut, etc.), fish, horse meat, sausages (kazy, tutyrma), pilaf, etc.; drinks - koumiss, ayran, mare's milk vodka (araka), oatmeal mash (buza). Musical creativity combines Siberian, Kazan, Mishar and Central Asian traditions. Epos (“Ak Kobek”, “Kara Kukel”, “Edige”, “Kuchum Khan”, “Kuzy Kurpe”, “Buz Yeget”), ritual songs are preserved; musical instruments - pipe (kurai), jew's harp (kobyz), two-string bowed, tambourine.

SIBERIAN TATARS

Siberian Tatars have been living on the territory of Western Siberia for many centuries. These are the descendants of those who, long before the arrival of Yermak, built capital cities on the steep banks of the Irtysh and Tura, who gave the name "Siberia" to the vast region.

According to the latest All-Russian population census in 2010, the total number of Tatars in the Tyumen region amounted to more than 240 thousand people. The Tatar population of the Tyumen region includes the indigenous Siberian Tatars - "sebertatarlar" and groups of alien Tatars, mainly from the Volga region, who moved to Siberia under the influence of various factors during the 16th-20th centuries.

As part of the indigenous Siberian Tatars, according to the classification of N.A. Tomilov, there are three ethnoterritorial groups - Tobol-Irtysh, Tomsk and Baraba, which, in turn, are divided into smaller units. On the territory of the Tyumen region, mainly Tobol-Irtysh Tatars live, which include the Tyumen-Turin, Tobolsk, Yaskolbinsk (bog) local groups.

According to anthropological data, the Siberian Tatars belong to the South Siberian and Central Asian racial types. According to anthropologist A.N. Bagashev, the dermatoglyphic material makes it possible to attribute the Siberian Tatars to the mestizo group of Mongoloid-Caucasoid forms with a significant predominance of the Mongoloid component.

In the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars, the initial stage of which researchers attribute to the 1st-2nd millennium AD, Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic, and partly Mongolian tribes and nationalities, which were part of different groups of the Siberian-Tatar ethnic community, took part. The interweaving of different cultures in the historical fate of the Siberian Tatars was reflected in the traditional economy, beliefs, clothing and anthropological appearance of the people. According to the famous Russian ethnographer N.A. Tomilov, the penetration of the Turks into the territory of the West Siberian Plain occurred mainly in two ways - from the east - from the Minusinsk Basin and from the south - from Central Asia and Altai. Initially, the territory of the settlement of the Siberian Tatars was occupied by the ancient Turks of the Turkic Khaganates. At the first stage of the ethnogenesis of the people, it was the ancient Turkic tribes that made up the main ethnic component. The Kypchak tribes and nationalities, which emerged from the environment of the Kimaks, appeared on the territory of Western Siberia in the 11th-12th centuries.

As part of the Siberian Tatars, tribes and clans of Khatans, Kara-Kypchaks, Nugays were recorded. Later, the yellow Uighurs, Bukharans, Teleuts (into the Tara, Baraba and Tomsk groups), Volga Tatars, Mishars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs joined their composition. A special role in the later stages of the ethnogenesis of the Siberian Tatars was played by the Bukharians, immigrants from Central Asia.

Already in the XVIII century. historian G.F. Miller used the common name "Siberian Tatars" in relation to the Turkic-speaking population of Siberia, calling it the "main people" of Siberia. Famous ethnographers F.T. Valeev and D.M. Iskhakov believe that the Siberian-Tatar ethnic community was already formed in the Middle Ages - during the existence of the Siberian Khanate. They determine that “it was within the framework of the Siberian Khanate that the main prerequisites arose for the unification of the Turkic-speaking population into a single nation” (F.T. Valeev), “the uniformity of the ethnonym, the emphasis on the confession of Islam by all Siberian Tatars ... indicates a sufficient consolidation of the Siberian-Tatar ethnic group in the XVI in." (D.M. Iskhakov).

At the beginning of the XV century. on the river Ture created the Tyumen Khanate, with the capital in Chimgi-Tura. From 1428/29 to 1446 The city of Tura (Chimgi-Tura) was the capital of the Sheibanid (Uzbek) state headed by Khan Abulkhair. The Tyumen Khanate was part of the sphere of influence and political interests of the Golden Horde. It was here after a series of military defeats at the end of the XIV century. Khan Tokhtamysh fled. In the XV century. representatives of the local nobility - the Taibugids and the descendants of Genghis Khan - the Sheibanids fought for these territories. Under Sheibanid Ibak, the territory of the khanate noticeably expanded. The Sheibanid dynasty ruled the Tyumen Khanate until the end of the 15th century. The lands in the north, in the vicinity of Tyumen (Lower Tobol and Middle Irtysh) remained in the power of the Taibugids. In the struggle for the strengthening and expansion of the Tyumen Khanate, Ibak died. In 1495, the power was seized by a representative of the local nobility, bek Mamet, who united the Tatar uluses into a state formation on the Tobol and the Middle Irtysh. Mamet moved his bet to the river. Irtysh to the city of Siberia (aka Isker or Kashlyk). By the name of the capital, the khanate began to be called Siberian. Later, in the 1510s, the Tyumen Khanate also became part of this state formation. The Siberian Khanate was a feudal multi-ethnic confederation, consisting of a number of Tatar uluses and Ugric principalities (Kodsky, Pelymsky).

The borders of the state extended to the west to the Ural Mountains, in the north they bordered on the river. Tavda, in the south - with the Ishim steppes, and in the east they reached the Baraba steppe. The capital was the city of Isker (Siberia), indicated on medieval Western European maps of the 15th-16th centuries. During the time of the Siberian Khanate, Isker was a small fortress with reliable defensive fortifications. For its time, it was one of the most powerfully fortified cities in Siberia.

At present, the location of the ancient settlement is largely lost. However, the finds collected on Isker by archaeologists give a fairly complete picture of the traditional culture of the Tatars during the period of the Siberian Khanate. Archaeologists have discovered a powerful two-meter cultural layer on the settlement. Agricultural tools were found: iron coulters from plows, sickles, pink salmon scythes and stone hand millstones. The existence of a developed craft in the Siberian Khanate - pottery, jewelry production, weaving, iron production, is evidenced by numerous finds of iron tools (arrowheads and spears, axes, needles, bits, etc.), casting molds, crucibles, fragments of ceramic, copper and cast iron utensils, rings, beads, plaques, strained, etc. Remains of imported items (including Chinese porcelain, glass vessels) and silver coins with Arabic inscriptions were found on Isker. The Siberian Khanate carried on active trade with the eastern countries and the Russian state. An ancient caravan route passed through Isker. Furs, leather, fish, mammoth ivory, wool, etc. were exported from Siberia. Bread, tea, paper, dried fruits, jewelry, iron products, chests, dishes, mirrors, etc. were imported from Central Asia to Siberia.

In addition to the capital centers - Isker (Siberia), Chimgi-Tura, Siberian chronicles mention a number of cities that existed during the time of the Siberian Khanate: Suzgun-Tura, Bitsik-Tura, Yavlu-Tura, Kyzyl-Tura, Kysym-Tura, Tunus, Chuvash, Karachin, Tashatkan, Abalak, “city of Kuchumov’s brother”, Zubar-Tura, “dangerous city” of Yesaul Alyshaya, city of Murza Changuly, Tarkhan-kala, Tsytyrly, Yalym, Aktsibar-kala, the ancient city of Chubar-Tura on the river. Nice and others. Mentioned in the documents are the “towns” of Murza Attika, Aty Murza, “princely town”, “outpost town on the Yatman hill”, Makhmetkulov town, Kinyr-town in the upper reaches of the river. Tours, Ilensky, Chernoyarsky, Katargulov, Small Town, "strong Tatar town" on the river. Arimzyanke, Obukhov town, Black town, etc.

The conquest in 1552 of the Kazan Khanate and the annexation of the Bashkir lands to the Moscow state up to the Urals, seriously influenced the policy of the rulers of Siberia. In an effort to secure friendly relations with Moscow, the Taibugid brothers Ediger and Bekbulat, who ruled in the Siberian Khanate, sent an embassy to Ivan IV in January 1555 with a proposal of an agreement, the terms of which made the Siberian Khanate a vassal of Moscow. Siberian rulers were supposed to deliver tribute to Moscow. On the part of the Siberian rulers, these relations became largely forced, since at this time the Siberian Khanate suffered greatly from constant raids from the south by the Nogai, Kazakh and Uzbek rulers. To counter them, Yediger and Bekbulat sought to enlist the support of a stronger neighbor by standing under his protection.

In 1563 Khan Kuchum came to power in Siberia. The period of his reign can be defined as the heyday of the Siberian Khanate. In the second half of the XVI century. the territory of the khanate stretched from the lower reaches of the Ob to the Kazakh steppes. The state consisted of uluses, inhabited mainly by ulus people, who were ruled by the Tatar nobility.

The layer of the Siberian-Tatar nobility that developed in the Siberian Khanate bore various titles: bais and beks, yasauls, murz and oglans. The main core of the nobility was the tribal princelings of small Tatar tribes. This also included tarkhans and members of the family of the khan himself. A prominent group of Siberian feudal lords was the service nobility, who was supported by the khan himself. From the Russian chronicles it is known about the existence at the Khan's court of the "dumchiy tsar" - karachi. Atalyks, tax collectors "darugs" and other service people of the "middle and lower levels" are mentioned. All of them represented the actual "Tatar" layer of the Siberian-Tatar ethno-political community. The system of state organization that existed in the Siberian yurt was in general similar to the political structures of other post-Golden Horde states - the Kazan, Crimean khanates, the State of the Shibanids, the Nogai Horde. Despite certain differences in the composition of the ruling clans, the ruling stratum in the Siberian Khanate, as in other khanates, genetically ascended to the military-feudal “Tatar” class of the Golden Horde period.

Khan was the head of the Siberian state. In the Tyumen Khanate, and the Siberian yurt, power belonged to the Genghisides. The last ruler of Siberia Khan Kuchum (1563-1582) was a descendant of Genghis Khan in the thirteenth generation. Most historians, considering the origin of Khan Kuchum, rely on the genealogy of Abul-Gazi, which coincides with other Turkic and Arabic chronicles. According to the historian M. Safargaliev, Kuchum's genealogy is as follows: Kuchum - Murtaza - Ibak - Kutlubuda - Mahmudek - Hadji-Muhammed - Ali-oglan - Bekkunde - Mengu-Timur - Badakul - Jochi-Buka - Bahadur - Shayban - Jochi - Chinggis- khan. Khan Kuchum owned the Siberian throne for more than 20 years. Under him, the territory of the state expanded significantly, and power was strengthened in the Siberian yurt. The prominent Turkic historian Abul-Gazi assesses Khan Kuchum as an outstanding statesman of his era.

Kuchum brought into his subordination the territory inhabited by Siberian Tatars from the Trans-Urals to the Baraba forest-steppe. The Siberian Khan was paid yasak by all the "grassroots" peoples, including the Kodsky and Obdorsk princes. In the north, the small Tatar uluses of the lower Irtysh were subordinated, as well as the Mansi and Khanty principalities in the lower Irtysh region, partly in the Lower Ob region and the forest Trans-Urals, which were overlaid with yasak.

Khan Kuchum is credited with the spread of Islam among the Siberian peoples. Although the Islamic religion made its first steps in Western Siberia long before Kuchum (according to one of the versions, more than 600 years ago, according to another - about 900), but it was under Khan Kuchum that Islam became the state religion of the Siberian Khanate. When strengthening the new religion, Kuchum enjoyed the support of the Bukhara Khan Abdullah. In 1567, the first Muslim mission arrived in Siberia from Bukhara and Urgench, followed by the second and third. The systematic policy of Kuchum determined the final consolidation of the positions of Islam in the new territory, at present the Siberian Tatars profess Sunni Islam.

A sharp turn in the history of Siberia takes place at the end of the 16th century. It was associated with Yermak's campaign, which began in September 1581. After a series of battles with the soldiers of Kuchum, the Cossack squad reached the Irtysh. On the right bank of the river, near the Chuvash Cape, on the territory of the modern city of Tobolsk, on October 23, 1581, a decisive battle took place, which paved the way for the development of Siberia by the Russians.

After the conquest of the Siberian Khanate by the Moscow state at the end of the 16th century. a significant part of the Tatar feudal nobility, as in other Tatar khanates, goes to serve the new government as a service class. The main part of the population, "black people", still had to pay yasak, but now to the Muscovite state.

In addition to the yasaks, among the Siberian there were groups of service Tatars, backbone Tatars (in the first half of the 18th century they were transferred to the category of yasaks), quitrents who paid tribute from the chuval-oven (usually alien Tatars from the Volga region), as well as categories of nobles and merchants, insignificant in number , Muslim clerics, etc.

At the end of the 17th century, according to N.A. Tomilov, all Turkic groups belonging to the Siberian Tatars numbered about 16 thousand people. According to the results of the general census of the population of 1897, there were 56,900 Tatars in the Tobolsk province. The total number of Siberian Tatars in 1897 included up to 7.5 thousand "newcomers" from different regions of the country, as well as 11.3 thousand Bukharans.

Significant groups of Siberian Tatars lived in the cities of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tara, Tomsk, etc. In these cities, for several centuries, the Tatars lived in Tatar settlements. Here in the XIX - early XX centuries. many Volga-Ural Tatars also settled.

Until the middle of the twentieth century. The Tatar population of the region mainly lived in rural settlements auls, yurts. They are characterized by riverine and lakeside types of settlements. With the construction of roads, near-tract villages appeared. Almost every Tatar village had a mosque, usually wooden, sometimes brick (village Tobolturi, Yembaevo, etc.). In some large villages (village Tukuz, Embayevo, etc.) there were two or three mosques.

The basis of the traditional economy of the Siberian Tatars, inhabiting the forest-steppe and subtaiga zones, was animal husbandry, agriculture, fishing, hunting and gathering. The economy of the Siberian Tatars was complex. Variations of the economic complex depended, first of all, on the habitat, landscape, climatic factors and were traditional in a particular area.

Trade played an important role in the economy, which was historically determined. An ancient caravan route passed through the territory of the former Siberian Khanate, connecting Russia and the West with the eastern countries. Close trade and cultural ties between Siberia and the regions of Central Asia were established in ancient times. S.V. Bakhrushin believed that this fact was determined by the fact that a large trade road from Maverannahr and Khorezm to Eastern Europe ran along the Irtysh. After the Russian colonization of Siberia, the former centers of trade with Central Asia remained - Tobolsk (Isker), Tyumen (Chimgi-Tura), Tara (Yalym), etc. Moscow's state policy during this period was focused on supporting economic ties with Central Asia. Trade privileges contributed to the emergence of significant Bukhara settlements in Siberia at the end of the 16th-18th centuries. The largest Bukhara settlements arose in Tobolsk, Tara, and Tyumen. The Bukharians had a strong influence on the development of many types of handicraft production among the Siberian Tatars.

Many artisans lived in the Tatar villages - blacksmiths, tinsmiths, jewelers, shoemakers, carpenters. The traditional crafts of the Siberian Tatars were tanning and the production of felt lint-free carpets - "alamysh". Of the crafts, the manufacture of ropes from linden bast (Tyumen and Yaskolbinsk Tatars), knitting of nets, weaving of boxes from willow twigs, the manufacture of birch bark and wooden utensils, carts, boats, sledges, and skis were also developed. They were engaged in seasonal trades (work for hire in agriculture, at state-owned forest dachas, sawmills and other factories), and carting.

One of the oldest types of handicraft of the Tatar population is kun eshlau tanning. Leather craftsmen passed on their craft from generation to generation and were engaged in this craft in their free time from agricultural work. Among the Siberian Tatars, there were craftsmen who made women's half boots with soft soles. Such shoes were sewn mainly from morocco, the surface was covered with continuous patterns.

Weaving played an important role. Woven from hemp and linen. The production of yarn and canvas provided mainly its own needs. Wealthy Tatars preferred clothes made from expensive oriental fabrics - brocade, satin, silk, as well as imported jewelry made by Kazan and Central Asian craftsmen.

Lace weaving and knitting, as well as embroidery, were widespread among the Siberian Tatars. The lace was crocheted with thick cotton threads. Embroidery and other crafts were taught from childhood. Some women made hats and dresses for sale. Wedding and festive clothes were most carefully and richly decorated. Such items were very expensive.

The main religious holidays of the Tatars of Siberia, as well as of all Muslim believers, are Uraza Bairam (Ramazan) and Eid al-Adha. All the main rituals of the life cycle of the Tatar population were carried out with the participation of the mullah: the rite of naming fell atatyu, baby tui, circumcision Sunnat, marriage nikah, the funeral kumeu, funeral ceremony katym and etc.

some groups of Siberian Tatars celebrate the spring holiday "amal" (on the day of the vernal equinox). The Karga putka (Karga tui) holiday, which was held before the start of sowing work during the arrival of rooks, belongs to the ancient holidays. The villagers collected cereals and other products from their yards, then they boiled porridge in a large cauldron, and left the remnants of the meal in the field. In the dry summer time, the ritual of making rain "shokran", "kuk kormannyk" was performed. The villagers, led by a mullah, turned to the Almighty with a request for rain. An animal was sacrificed, from the meat of which a treat was prepared for the participants of the event, the mullah read a prayer. Of the national holidays, the Tatars annually celebrate Sabantuy, which researchers consider borrowed from the Volga Tatars.

The spiritual heritage of the Siberian Tatars includes folklore, diverse in terms of genre. Dastans “Idegey”, “Ildan and Goldan”, etc., songs (yyr), baits, fairy tales (yomak, akiyat), ditties (takmak), etc. are known. Among the traditional musical instruments are kurai, kubyz, tumra.

Before the revolution of 1917, Tatar children received primary education in mektebs, which existed in almost every village, and continued education took place in secondary educational institutions, the role of which was played by madrasahs. “In rare Tatar villages there is no mosque and a mullah with it, and in this respect the children of the Tatars are placed in better conditions than the children of peasants,” researchers of pre-revolutionary education noted. According to J. Gagemeister, by the middle of the 19th century. In the Tobolsk province, there were 148 Mohammedan mosques.

According to the results of the 1897 census, the literacy rate of the Tatars of the Tobolsk province turned out to be significantly higher in percentage terms than that of the Russian population. Thus, among male Tatars, 25.4% were literate (Russians - 17.45%), among women - 16.8% (Russians - 4.5%). (Information is given on literacy in the native language). At the same time, the educational function completely belonged to the Muslim clergy. As N.S. Yurtsovsky, educational activities were energetically carried out by the Muslim clergy, who were quite clearly aware of the importance of the school for strengthening their influence: “The results of this ... are expressed both in a real increase in literacy among the non-Russian population, and in the successful opposition to its Russification tendencies of power.”

With the establishment of Soviet power in the country, the organizational restructuring of the entire public education made significant changes in the education of the Tatar population. Representatives of the Muslim clergy, who had previously been engaged in literacy and had extensive experience, were removed from teaching work. In order to train teachers for Tatar schools in 1930, a Tatar pedagogical college was created in Tyumen, which in 1934 was transferred to Tobolsk. Over the years of its existence (until the mid-50s), more than 1,500 teachers were trained on the basis of the school. The Tobolsk Tatar Pedagogical College was for many years the center of propaganda and dissemination of the Tatar national culture in the Tyumen region.

In connection with the expansion of the network of seven-year and secondary Tatar schools, it became necessary to train teachers with higher education. For this purpose, in 1950-1953. at the Tyumen Pedagogical Institute there was a faculty for the training of teachers of Russian and Tatar languages ​​and literature with a two-year term of study, which in 1953 was transferred to the Tobolsk Pedagogical Institute and functioned until the early 60s of the 20th century. During the years of perestroika, Russian-Tatar departments and departments were recreated in the universities of Tyumen and Tobolsk. But in recent years they have been closed.

In some districts of the Tyumen region (Tobolsk, Vagai), territories of compact settlement of the Tatar population remain.

In the second half of the twentieth century. there has been a significant outflow of the rural population to the cities, which has intensified in recent decades. Residents of rural settlements usually move to nearby cities. To date, Siberian Tatars have turned from predominantly rural residents into townspeople, mainly of the first and second generations. Urbanization in general is accompanied by a separation from the values ​​of traditional culture, a cultural gap between generations, and is reflected in the strengthening of tendencies towards the loss of the native language.

Today, Tatars live in almost all urban settlements of the Tyumen region, but the former compactness of their settlement in urban Tatar settlements has disappeared. From the second half of the 20th century, Tatars began to make up a significant part of the population of the northern cities of the region - Nefteyugansk, Nadym, Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Salekhard, etc. The formation of this population group took place in connection with active migration processes associated primarily with the development of oil and gas fields.

Zaytuna Tychinskikh, Ph.D., Chairman of the Union of local historians of the Tyumen region.

According to the 2010 census, there are more than 5 million Tatars in Russia. The Kazan Tatars have their own national autonomy within the Russian Federation - the Republic of Tatarstan. Siberian Tatars do not have national autonomy. But among them there are those who want to call themselves Siberian Tatars. About 200 thousand people during the census declared this. And there is a basis for this position. One of the main questions: should the Tatars be considered a single people or a union of close ethnolinguistic groups? Among the Tatar sub-ethnic groups, in addition to the Kazan and Siberian Tatars, there are also Tatars-Mishars, Astrakhan, Polish-Lithuanian and others.

Often even the common name - "Tatars" - is not accepted by many representatives of these groups. Kazan Tatars for a long time called themselves Kazanians, Siberian - Muslims. In Russian sources of the 16th century, the Siberian Tatars were called "Busormans", "Tatars", "Siberian people". The common name for the Kazan and Siberian Tatars appeared through the efforts of the Russian administration at the end of the 19th century. In Russian and Western European practice, for a long time even representatives of peoples who did not belong to them were called Tatars.

Now many Siberian Tatars have accepted the official point of view that their language is the eastern dialect of literary Tatar, which is spoken by the Volga Tatars. However, there are opponents of this opinion. According to them, Siberian-Tatar is an independent language belonging to the northwestern (Kypchak) group of languages, it has its own dialects, which are divided into dialects. For example, the Tobol-Irtysh dialect includes Tyumen, Tar, Tevriz and other dialects. Not all Siberian Tatars understand literary Tatar. However, it is on it that teaching is conducted in schools and it is studied at universities. At the same time, Siberian Tatars prefer to speak their own language at home.

Origin

There are several theories of the origin of the Tatars: Bulgaro-Tatar, Turko-Tatar and Tatar-Mongolian. Supporters of the fact that the Volga and Siberian Tatars are two different peoples adhere mainly to the Bulgaro-Tatar version. According to her, the Kazan Tatars are the descendants of the Bulgars, Turkic-speaking tribes who lived on the territory of the Bulgar state.

The ethnonym "Tatars" came to this territory with the Mongol-Tatars. In the XIII century, under the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars, the Volga Bulgaria became part of the Golden Horde. After its collapse, independent khanates began to form, the largest of which was Kazan.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the historian Gainetdin Akhmetov wrote: “Although it is traditionally believed that the Bulgars and Kazan are two states that have replaced one another, but with careful historical comparison and study, it is easy to find out their direct heredity and, to some extent, even identity: in Kazan Khanate lived the same Turkic-Bulgarian people.

Siberian Tatars are defined as an ethnic group formed from a complex combination of Mongolian, Samoyedic, Turkic, Ugric components. First, the ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi came to Siberia, followed by the Turks, among whom were the Kypchaks. It was from the environment of the latter that the core of the Siberian Tatars was formed. According to some researchers, some of the Kipchaks migrated further to the territory of the Volga region and also mixed with the Bulgars.

In the XIII century, the Mongols-Tatars came to Western Siberia. In the XIV century, the first state formation of the Siberian Tatars arose - the Tyumen Khanate. At the beginning of the 16th century, it became part of the Siberian Khanate. Over the course of several centuries, there was also a mixture with the peoples living in Central Asia.

The ethnic groups of the Kazan and Siberian Tatars formed at about the same time - around the 15th century.

Appearance

A significant part of the Kazan Tatars (up to 60%) outwardly look like Europeans. There are especially many fair-haired and light-eyed people among the Kryashens - a group of baptized Tatars who also live on the territory of Tatarstan. It is sometimes noted that the appearance of the Volga Tatars was formed as a result of contacts with the Finno-Ugric peoples. Siberian Tatars are more like the Mongols - they are dark-eyed, dark-haired, with high cheekbones.

Siberian and Kazan Tatars are mostly Sunni Muslims. However, they also retained elements of pre-Islamic beliefs. From the Siberian Turks, for example, the Siberian Tatars inherited the veneration of ravens for a long time. Although the same rite of "crow porridge", which was cooked before the start of sowing, is now almost forgotten.

The Kazan Tatars had rituals, largely adopted from the Finno-Ugric tribes, for example, wedding ones. Ancient funeral rituals, now completely supplanted by Muslim traditions, originated in the rituals of the Bulgars.

To a large extent, the customs and traditions of the Siberian and Kazan Tatars have already mixed and unified. This happened after many residents of the Kazan Khanate conquered by Ivan the Terrible migrated to Siberia, as well as under the influence of globalization.

Siberian Tatars appeared in the Russian Federation quite a long time ago. They occupied part of the territory of Siberia even before the arrival of the Slavic tribes and were divided into groups that are now called Tomsk, Tobol-Irtysh and Baraba.

History

Historians disagree about when the Siberian Tatars appeared and who are the progenitors. A number of scientists believe that ancient Turks or Kypchaks can be such. To this day, evidence of the 9th century has survived, which indicates that the Kimak people lived on the territory of the Tomsk region, whose descendants were the Kypchaks. Then there was a rather complex formation of different ethnic groups, among which were the Bashkirs, Mishars, Bukhara-Uzbeks, Turkmens and others.
The Siberian Tatars managed to create a khanate, the center of which was Chingi-Tura. It was located on the territory of the Tyumen region. Presumably, the formation of the khanate took place in the 14th century. Before him, Batu Khan ruled here. By the beginning of the 16th century, the Siberian Khanate was formed, and the result was the formation of the Siberian Tatars in the 16th century. The formation took place in conditions of disunity, the constant threat of war with neighbors, in difficult climatic conditions, which affected the way of life of the people.

Character

Siberian Tatars believe that the Tatar ethnic group is one. Mosaic only decorates the culture and makes it more diverse. Note that the word "Siberia" appeared in the 5th century AD. With this word, the Tatars denoted a blizzard. A noteworthy fact is the use of the name purely in relation to the ethnic group. Only after the 13th century they began to call the territory of residence. Surprisingly, the Iranians were among the first to use the word "Siberia".
Russians arrived here as conquerors sent by Ivan the Third. By the end of the 16th century, the Cossacks were here. All this, together with the formation of places for regular exile, forms the Russian-Siberian gene pool. However, according to the marks of the Siberian Tatars themselves, history not only did not change, but only strengthened their character. They remain persistent, patient, enduring.
The most important feature of the Siberian Tatars, as well as Siberians in general, is independence. From childhood, they are taught to run a household, men from a young age master the craft, including hunting. The Siberian Tatar should be sincere, tolerant, complacent. Negative attitude towards stinginess, infantilism and laziness. If the Siberian Tatar has done all the work, but the evening has not yet come, then it's time to help neighbors and friends.
From here, another quality is formed - the desire to come to the rescue.
Siberian Tatars are considered more hospitable than Russian Siberians, who are not often ready to receive guests. Tatars as an ethnic group are characterized by commitment to the family. Divorces are rare, people are friends with families and often spend time together. By nature, the Siberian Tatars consider themselves excellent merchants.
Their disposition is quite peaceful, but even if such a person gets angry, he will still think about what he wants to say before he starts talking.

culture

The culture of the Siberian Tatars was influenced by Islam and the beliefs of the Siberian Turks. Therefore, the people borrowed many names and material culture from outside. Siberian-Tatar villages are named after rivers and founders.

Funeral rites are of particular importance for the Tatars. The best dresses are prepared for the dead, and coffins are made from a log. Be sure to put tobacco, favorite things of a person during his lifetime and wine in the grave. The coffin cannot be carried, it is prescribed to put it on a sled and tie it tightly, then you need to take the deceased to the place of burial. The preparation of the grave begins only after the coffin is in the cemetery itself. At the end of the funeral, a funeral ceremony is held.

• At the birth of children, it is customary to shoot into the air, which promises the baby to become an excellent shooter. The name can be given differently, for example, associated with any objects or animals;
• Due to their adherence to Islam, the Siberian Tatars use mosques for worship. They are built from a wooden frame. The traditional building for commercial and residential purposes is the hut. Interestingly, the Siberian Tatars have always held in high esteem wooden construction;
• Log fences were even erected around the graves, and directly at the burial place, a pillar with a crescent moon was placed on the male grave, and two pillars on the female grave;
• Until the beginning of the influence of the Islamic faith, houses were richly decorated with ornaments depicting birds and animals. The interior decoration was not rich;
• People slept on bunks, covering them with feather beds, which are called carcasses. This is a rather warm type of feather bed, which is made from bird feathers. It is comfortable to sleep under them in winter and summer;
• The Siberian Tatars have always had a chest where you can store utensils and belongings;
• Cabinets, chairs, and other furniture could only be owned by the rich. Ordinary people allowed themselves bunks and small tables. Now the material culture has undergone many changes due to the possibility of acquiring the benefits of modern civilization and well-established transport links, so more and more furniture began to appear in the homes of the Tatars.

And the Siberian Tatars themselves can live in apartment buildings thanks to construction in the region. In traditional houses, Meietz stoves have been preserved, which are used for cooking and heating the room. There is also a cellar that allows you to store meat, as the temperature in this part of the room is always negative.
Despite the influence of civilization, the Siberian Tatars still strive to build wooden structures, but the ethnic flavor is gradually becoming a thing of the past.

A life

Siberian Tatars are mainly engaged in cattle breeding. Since ancient times, they have raised horses, various types of cattle, and in rare cases raised camels. Sheep were bred a lot, which made it possible to obtain a large amount of wool for their own needs and sale. Fishing and hunting are developed, as is haymaking. From fish, carp is mainly mined, and elk and roe deer are shot during hunting.
Siberian Tatars sewed sheepskin coats by hand and made shoes from the wool of livestock. Pillows and feather beds were made from fluff and feathers. Goat down has always been valued, which served as the basis for the manufacture of shawls. People are engaged in the processing of flax, from which they sew nets intended for catching fish. Boats, sledges, skis, and various types of dishes are made from willow.

Traditions

The traditions of the Siberian Tatars have changed a lot due to the influence of Islam. However, some festivals are still celebrated.

1. For example, the Eastern New Year Amal, which came from the Turks, is still celebrated during the spring equinox. It is partly related to Islam, but not directly related to it. During the holiday, people eat as a group, give gifts and play games.
2. The Karga Butka holiday is no longer celebrated, although it was previously considered sacred. He was associated with ravens and rooks, which were considered sacred birds. Upon the arrival of the rooks, people collected cereals and began to cook porridge, which they then ate with the whole village.
3. If the summer is dry, the Siberian Tatars resort to praying for rain. This rite is similar to many associated with prayers for the sending of the harvest.
4. Among the traditions of the Siberian Tatars, the veneration of Sufi sheikhs has been preserved. It is believed that it was they who brought Islam to the people. Sheikhs are buried in special graves, which are called "astana". A guardian is assigned to each such grave to guard it and monitor its proper condition. Passing by Astana is obliged to stop and read prayers, then hand over the award. The reward is shared not only with the dead, but also with the relatives of the Sheikh.
5. A very important role for the Tatars was played by the tugum, which is a community with several families, which was like a clan, because for the formation of a tugum there must be one ancestor. Tugum regulated household relations, supervised the observance of rituals, and occupied an important position in religious life. Also, earlier there were communities-volosts, communities-villages, dealing with relevant matters regarding the use of the economy and fiscal policy.

The ethnos of the Siberian Tatars requires close study. So far, scientists do not exactly know the detailed history of the origin. Therefore, there is little information on this subject. However, we know for sure that the Siberian Tatars have signs of a mature people, including literature, language, a special way of life and adherence to traditions.

A number of non-Muslim peoples of Siberia (Khakas, Shors, Teleuts) to this day use the term "Tadar" as a self-name, although they are not considered as part of the Tatar nation and do not recognize themselves as such.

• Tobol-Irtysh (includes Zabolotny (Yaskolba), Tobol-Babasan, Kurdak-Sargat, Tara, Tobolsk and Tyumen-Turin Yaskolba Tatars);
• Baraba (includes Baraba-Turazh, Lubey-Tunus and Tereninsky-Choi Tatars);
• Tomskaya (includes Kalmaks, Chats and Eushtins).

Territory of residence and population

Siberian Tatars historically lived on the vast plains east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River in the steppe, forest-steppe and forest zones. The original villages of the Siberian Tatars are located interspersed with the villages of other ethnic groups mainly in Aromashevsky, Zavodoukovsky, Vagaysky, Isetsky, Nizhnetavdinsky, Tobolsky, Tyumensky, Uvatsky, Yalutorovsky, Yarkovsky districts of the Tyumen region; Bolsherechensky, Znamensky, Kolosovsky, Muromtsevsky, Tarsky, Tevrizsky, Ust-Ishimsky districts of the Omsk region; Chanovsky district (villages Tebiss, Koshkul, Maly Tebiss, Tarmakul, Belekhta), Kyshtovsky, Vengerovsky, Kuibyshevsky Kolyvansky district of the Novosibirsk region, Tomsk district of the Tomsk region, there are several villages in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Kemerovo regions. There is a significant Siberian Tatar population in the cities of these regions, and outside the Russian Federation there are communities of Siberian Tatars in Central Asia and Turkey (the village of Bogrudelik in the province of Konya).

According to the ambassadors of the Siberian Khan Yediger, who arrived in Moscow in 1555, the number of "black people" without nobility in the Khanate was 30,700 people. In the letter of Ivan the Terrible on imposing tribute on them, the figure is 40,000 people: According to the results of the First All-Russian census in the Tobolsk province in 1897, there were 56,957 Siberian Tatars. This is the latest news about the true number of Siberian Tatars, since further censuses took into account the number of Tatar migrants from other regions of Russia. It is impossible not to mention the fact that many Siberian Tatars evaded the census in every possible way, believing that this was another attempt by the tsarist government to force them to pay yasak (tax). Nevertheless, in 1926 there were 70,000 Tatars in the territory of the present Tyumen region, in 1959 - 72,306, in 1970 - 102,859, in 1979 - 136,749, in 1989 - 227,423 , in 2002 - 242,325 (125,000 of them were born in the Tyumen region). In total, according to the results of the All-Russian Population Census, in 2002 in the above regions (their territory corresponds to the main territory of the historical Siberian Khanate), 358,949 Tatars lived, of which 9,289 identified themselves as Siberian Tatars. The largest number of respondents identified themselves as Siberian Tatars in the Tyumen and Kurgan regions - 7890 and 1081 people, respectively. In total, according to the 2002 census, 9611 Siberian Tatars lived in Russia. At the same time, in a number of publications, the number of indigenous Siberian Tatars is estimated from 190 to 210 thousand people. Such a significant discrepancy in the data can be explained by the fact that the issue of self-identification is a subject of discussion among Siberian Tatars. Some of them share the official point of view that they are part of a single Tatar nation and consider their native language an eastern dialect of the literary Tatar, others consider themselves representatives of a separate people with a distinctive language and culture.

Ethnogenesis and ethnic history

Part of the Siberian Tatars came out of the medieval Kypchaks who took part in the formation of many Turkic peoples. In the course of their long and complex ethnic development, the Siberian Tatars came into contact with groups of Ugric origin, the Samoyeds, the Kets, the peoples of the Sayano-Altai, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan.

The closest ethnogenetically to the Siberian Tatars are the Kazakhs and Bashkirs, the Turks of the Sayano-Altai. This is due to the close ethnogenetic contacts of these ethnic groups in the foreseeable past.

Relatively reliable data on ethnogenesis, as is considered in science, can be obtained from the Neolithic era (6-4 thousand years BC), when tribes begin to form. This era is characterized by the habitation in the territory of Western Siberia of the tribes of Ugric-Ural origin, who were in contact with the tribes of the Caspian Central Asia. In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. Iranian-speaking tribes penetrate Siberia. The turn and the beginning of a new era are characterized by the formation of the ancient Turkic ethnos in Siberia. The Turkic tribes of the Xiongnu lived in Western Siberia as early as the 3rd century. n. e. B - cc. the West Siberian forest-steppe is inhabited by significant masses of Turks who came from the regions of Altai and Central Kazakhstan. In the XIII century. Kipchaks appear in the Irtysh region, forced out of the southern steppes by the troops of Genghis Khan. During this period, the active departure of the Ugric population to the north begins, part of which remains and joins the Turkic population. All this time, contacts of the local Siberian-Turkic population with the ethnic groups of Central Asia have not been interrupted, since the borders of the possessions of the Central Asian state associations reached the territory of the Irtysh region. So by the -XVI centuries. the ethnic core of the Siberian Tatars is formed. In the XIII century. the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars was part of the Golden Horde. In the XIV century. the Tyumen Khanate arises with the capital Chimgi-Tura (modern Tyumen), at the end of the 16th centuries. - Siberian Khanate with its capital in Isker (near modern Tobolsk).

Despite many common cultural similarities between the Siberian, Volga-Ural and Astrakhan Tatars, anthropologists still distinguish the Siberian type as a separate ethnic group. Since Tatarstan became the center and focus of Tatar culture, the influence of the Volga Tatars on all other groups of Tatars has led to the fact that the process of cultural consolidation of all subgroups of Tatars has intensified. Books, films, newspapers published in Tatarstan and available throughout Russia, concerts of creative teams from Tatarstan in the Tatar diaspora, inevitably led to the leveling of local differences. Nevertheless, among the Siberian Tatars, there is a strong sense of closeness with the Kazakhs and difference from the (Astrakhan and Volga) Tatars. They, however, have mostly friendly relations with other Tatars.

Language and writing

Siberian Tatar literature

Religion

spiritual culture

The value orientations of the Siberian Tatars are based on religious (Islamic) canons, non-religious ideas and their manifestations in customs and rituals. Religious rites include the following (carried out with the participation of the mullah) - the rite of naming (pala atatyu), marriage (nege), funeral (kumeu), funeral rite (katym), vow (teleu) - performed on significant life events with the slaughter of a sacrificial animal , Islamic calendar holidays - the post of Ramadan (uras), kurban (kormannyk), etc. All religious rites are carried out in almost the same scenario - the only difference is in the reading of various prayers by the mullah. A table is laid with a traditional set of dishes (noodles, pies, flat cakes, baursaks, apricots, raisins, tea), respected people, relatives gather, the mullah reads the necessary prayers, alms (keyer) and a meal are distributed to everyone.

Folk holidays and customs include elements of pre-Islamic beliefs of the Siberian Turks. Amal (eastern new year on the day of the spring equinox) belongs to the national holidays. A collective meal is held in the village, gifts are distributed (items are scattered from a high building), participants play games. Today, the ancient holiday karga putka ("crow's (rook's) porridge") is almost forgotten. Among the Siberian Tatars in the pre-Islamic period, the crow was considered a sacred bird. It was held during the arrival of the rooks, that is, before the start of sowing. The villagers collected cereals and other products from the courtyards, cooked porridge in a large cauldron for all participants, had fun, and left the remnants of the meal in the field.

Also traditionally, Siberian Tatars in a dry summer conduct the Muslim rite "Prayer for sending down rain", where the villagers, led by the Muslim clergy, perform this rite of slaughtering a sacrificial animal in dry weather with a request to the Almighty for rain, or, conversely, in rainy weather for the cessation of precipitation for the possibility of continuing agricultural work (mainly hay harvesting).

In view of the fact that Islam came to the Siberian Tatars through the Bukhara Sufi sheikhs, among the Siberian Tatars a respectful attitude towards these sheikhs has been preserved. The so-called "Astana" - the burial places of sheikhs, are revered by the Siberian Tatars, and moreover, each "Astana" has its own "keeper" who monitors the state of "Astana", and the local population, passing next to "Astana", will always stop at the grave of the sheikh and read prayers conveys the reward from the read to the prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), his family, companions, awliya (friends of Allah), all sheikhs, Muslims and himself.

Folklore belongs to the spiritual heritage of the Siberian Tatars. In terms of genre, it is diverse. Of the lyrical-epic works, dastans (folk poems) (“Idegey”) are known, prose - fairy tales (yomak), proverbs (lagap), sayings (atem). Music (except for dance music) is based on the pentatonic scale, so Siberian Tatars sing songs (yyr) that are common with Tatar and Bashkir ones. Music is accompanied by such genres of folklore as baits (payet) - poems dedicated to the tragic events of life, munajats (monachat) - religious chants, ditties (takmak). Folk dances are distinguished by loud beating of feet (as in Spanish flamenco). Of the traditional musical instruments known are kurai (more precisely kourai) (kind of flute), kubyz (more precisely komyz) (reed musical instrument), tumra (kind of dombra), tum (drum).

material culture

In terms of cut and coloring, ancient Siberian outerwear is akin to Central Asian and Sayano-Altai (with a Uighur-Chinese lapel), women's dresses are Bashkir (with several rows of frills along the hem), costumes from the beginning of the 20th century and later are subject to Tatar influence.

The cuisine of the Siberian Tatars is varied and is based on flour, fish, meat and dairy dishes. They ate the meat of all domestic animals and birds, except for pork, from wild animals - hare and elk. Sausages (kazy) were made from horse meat, including smoked ones. In addition, dried meat. Favorite first courses - soups and broths: meat soup - ash, meat broth - shurba, ear - palyk shurba, different types of noodles - onash, salma, soups with dumplings - umats and yore, millet - taryk ure, pearl barley - kutse ure, rice - Korets ure. As second courses, pishparmak is used - meat stewed in the oven with broth, potatoes, onions and pieces of thinly rolled dough, as well as various dough products: a large closed meat pie - pelets (from various types of meat), a large closed fish pie - ertnek. A large number of pastries are known: unleavened cakes - kabartma, peter and yoga, wheat and rye bread, a large closed or open pie with a sweet filling of viburnum (palan pelets), cranberries and lingonberries (tsey pelets), pies with various fillings - kapshyrma, samsa , peremets, many types of paursaks - pieces of dough cooked in boiling oil or fat (sur paursak, sansu, etc.), dishes like pancakes - koimok, halva - aluva, brushwood (koshtel). They used porridge, talkan - a dish of ground grains of barley and oats, diluted in water or milk.

Since the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars is marshy, lake places, one of the most popular types of raw materials for cooking is fish (except for scaleless species and pike, which are prohibited by Islam). The fish is boiled in the form of fish soup, baked in the oven, fried in a pan both separately in oil and in broth with potatoes, and also dried, dried, and salted. In addition, waterfowl meat is popular. A large amount of onion is used as a seasoning in all types of meat and fish dishes. In addition to meat dishes, as one of the main types of livestock products, dairy products are popular: mai - butter, (eremtsek, etsegey) - cottage cheese, katyk - a special type of curdled milk (kefir), kaymak - sour cream, cream, kurt - cheese. The most common drinks were tea, some types of sherbet, the use of koumiss and ayran is known.

Marshmallow was prepared from wild berries for sweets (how)

From the second half of the twentieth century. vegetables began to appear in the diet of Siberian Tatars.

Traditional economy, crafts

It is known about the occupation of the Siberian Tatars by hoe agriculture even before the entry of Siberia into Russia. Traditional crops - barley, oats, millet, later - wheat, rye, buckwheat, flax (yeten) was grown, horticulture was not typical until the beginning of the 20th century. Vegetables were bought.

Cattle breeding is the main occupation of the Siberian Tatars in the past, in the countryside and now. Horses, large and small cattle were raised on the farm, camels were bred on rare farms for trade in southern countries. After the spring field work, the herds of horses were released for free grazing. The sheep were sheared twice a year. Hay is harvested in the summer at individual and community mowing. Fishing and hunting are still popular. The main fish is crucian carp (taban), and waterfowl, elk, roe deer, and fur-bearing animals are shot back. It is known about catching medicinal leeches.

Trade had and still has a certain importance, and in the past, transportation - the transportation of merchant goods on their horses, seasonal trades (work for hire in agriculture, at state-owned forest dachas, sawmills and other factories). Livestock and agricultural products were processed both for domestic consumption and for trade. Grain was ground into flour and groats in windmills (yel tirmen), as well as with the help of hand tools (kul tirmen). Butter was churned in a special churn - kobo. It is known about squeezing hemp oil.

Handicrafts were mainly connected with domestic consumption. The skins of livestock and game were dressed by hand. Sheepskin coats and shoes were sewn from the skins. Pillows and feather beds were stuffed from bird feathers. They spun goat down and sheep wool, knitted shawls from down for themselves and for sale, and mostly socks from wool. Linen was processed for tailoring. Masters (osta) knitted nets (au), nets (yylym) and produced other devices for catching fish, as well as traps for animals. There are data on the manufacture of ropes from linden bast, weaving of boxes from wicker rods, the manufacture of birch bark and wooden utensils, boats, carts, sledges, and skis. In the northern regions, cedar cones were collected.

Modern Siberian Tatars living in cities work in all areas of production, service and education, while in the countryside traditional occupations such as animal husbandry (with the production of dairy products for domestic consumption and for sale, processing of fluff and wool), hunting, fishing, collecting wild plants (berries, mushrooms, cedar cones for sale).

social organization

During the period of the Siberian Khanate and earlier, the Siberian Tatars had tribal relations with elements of the territorial community. In the XVIII - early XX centuries. Siberian Tatars had 2 forms of community: community-volost and community-village. The functions of the community-volost were reduced mainly to fiscal and represented an ethnic and class community. The village community was a land unit with its inherent regulation of land use, economic functions, and management functions. Management was carried out by democratic gatherings. A manifestation of the communal tradition is the custom of mutual assistance.

The role of the tugum was important for the Siberian Tatars. Tugum is a group of related families originating from one ancestor. The role of the tugum was to regulate family, household relations, and perform religious and folk rituals. The role of the religious community was also important, regulating certain relations in the community as a whole.

Notable Siberian Tatars

see also

Notes

1. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php Census 2010
2. Official website of the 2002 All-Russian Population Census - National composition of the population
3. Official website of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002 - List of options for self-determination of nationality with the number
4. Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982.
5. Siberian Tatars Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan 2002, 2002
6. D.M. Iskhakov. Tatars. A Brief Ethnic History of Kazan: Magarif, 2002.
7. Tomilov N.A. Modern ethnic processes among the Siberian Tatars. Tomsk, 1978; Peoples of Siberia, M.-L., 1956 (bibl. on p. 1002);
8. Boyarshinova Z. Ya., The population of Western Siberia before the beginning of Russian colonization, Tomsk, 1960.
9. Bagashev AI Taxonomic position of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars in the system of racial types of Western Siberia // Problems of Anthropology and Historical Ethnography of Western Siberia. Omsk, 1991.
10. Khit G.L., Tomilov N.A. Formation of the Tatars of Siberia according to anthropology and ethnography//Methodological aspects of archaeological research in Western Siberia. Tomsk, 1981
11. Valeev F. T. Siberian Tatars. Kazan, 1993.
12. National composition of the population by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
13. SIBERIAN TATARS Historical background
14. http://www.islam.ru/pressclub/vslux/narodedin/
15. Writers of Siberian Tatars decided to become a separate ethnic group | In Russia and the CIS | News | Islam and Muslims in Russia and in the world
16. Iskhakova, Valeev - Problems of the revival of the national language of the Siberian Tatars
17. Sagidullin M.A. Turkic ethnotoponymy of the territory of residence of the Siberian Tatars. M., 2006.
18. Tumasheva D. G. Dialects of the Siberian Tatars: Experience of Comparative Research. Kazan, 1977.
19. Akhatov G. Kh. Dialects of the Western Siberian Tatars. Abstract dis. for the competition scientist doctorate degrees. philologist. Sciences. Tashkent, 1965.
20. Tomilov N. A. Ethnic history of the Turkic-speaking population of the West Siberian Plain in the late 16th - early 20th centuries. Novosibirsk, 1992.
21. Creativity of the peoples of the Tyumen region. M., 1999.
22. Bakieva G. T. Rural community of the Tobol-Irtysh Tatars (XVIII - early XX century). Tyumen-Moscow, 2003.

Literature

• Akhatov G. Kh. Some questions of the methodology of teaching the native language in the conditions of the eastern dialect of the Tatar language. - Tobolsk, 1958.
• Akhatov G. Kh. The language of the Siberian Tatars. Phonetics. - Ufa, 1960.
• Akhatov G. Kh. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. - Ufa, 1963.
• Akhatov G. Kh. Dialects of the Western Siberian Tatars. Abstract dis. for the competition scientist doctorate degrees. philologist. Sciences. Tashkent, 1965.
• Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. - Ufa, 1977.
• Akhatov G. Kh. Tatar dialectology (textbook for students of higher educational institutions). - Kazan, 1984.
• Bakieva G. T. Features of the development of the judicial system among the Siberian Tatars in the 18th - early 20th centuries // Bulletin of Archeology, Anthropology and Ethnography (IPOS SB RAS edition), 2009, No. 9. - P. 130-140.
• Bakieva G. T.