Who is Cicero? Cicero Mark Tullius. Biography. Life story. Cicero political activity

Mark Tullius Cicero is an outstanding ancient Roman orator, politician, philosopher, and writer. His family belonged to the class of horsemen. Born in 106 BC. e., January 3, in the town of Arpinum. So that his sons could get a decent education, their father moved them to Rome when Cicero was 15. The natural talent for eloquence and diligent studies were not in vain: Cicero's oratorical skills did not go unnoticed.

His first public performance took place in 81 or 80 BC. e. and was dedicated to one of the favorites of the dictator Sulla. This could be followed by persecution, so Cicero moved to Athens, where he paid special attention to the study of rhetoric and philosophy. When Sulla died, Cicero returned to Rome, began to act as a defender at trials. In 75 BC. e. he was elected quaestor and sent to Sicily. Being an honest and fair official, he won great prestige among the local population, but this practically did not affect his reputation in Rome.

Cicero became a famous person in 70 BC. e. after participating in a high-profile trial, the so-called. Verres case. Despite all the tricks of his opponents, Cicero brilliantly coped with his mission, and thanks to his speeches, Verres, accused of extortion, had to leave the city. In 69 BC. e. Cicero was elected aedile, after another 3 years - praetor. The first speech of a purely political content belongs to this period. In it, he supported the law of one of the people's tribunes, who wanted Pompey to receive emergency powers in the war with Mithridates.

Another milestone in the political biography of Cicero was his election in 63 BC. e. consul. His opponent in the elections was Catiline, who was set up for revolutionary changes and, in many respects, therefore, lost. While in this position, Cicero opposed a bill that proposed distributing land to the poorest citizens and creating a special commission for this purpose. To win the election of 62 BC. Catiline conceived a plot that was successfully uncovered by Cicero. His four speeches in the Senate against a rival are considered a model of the art of eloquence. Catiline fled, and the other conspirators were executed. The influence of Cicero, his fame at that time reached its climax, he was called the father of the fatherland, but at the same time, according to Plutarch, his penchant for self-praise, the constant recall of merits in revealing the Catiline conspiracy aroused in many citizens hostility towards him and even hatred.

During the so-called. the first triumvirate, Cicero did not succumb to the temptation to take the side of the allies and remained faithful to the republican ideals. One of his opponents, the tribune Clodius, achieved that in 58 BC. e., in April, Cicero went into voluntary exile, his house was burned, and his property was confiscated. At this time, he repeatedly had thoughts of suicide, but soon Pompey ensured that Cicero was returned from exile.

Returning home, Cicero did not actively participate in political life, preferring literature and law practice. In 55 BC. e. his dialogue “On the Speaker” appears, a year later he begins to work on the work “On the State”. During the civil war, the orator tried to act as a conciliator between Caesar and Pompey, but he considered the coming of either of them to power to be a deplorable outcome for the state. Having taken the side of Pompey, after the battle of Forsal (48 BC), he did not command his army and moved to Brundisium, where he met with Caesar. Despite the fact that he forgave him, Cicero, not being ready to accept the dictatorship, delved into writings and translations, and in his creative biography this time was the busiest.

In 44 BC. e., after Caesar was killed, Cicero made an attempt to return to big politics, believing that the state still had a chance to return the republic. In the confrontation between Mark Antony and Caesar's heir Octavian, Cicero took the side of the second, seeing him as an easier object for influence. The 14 speeches delivered against Anthony went down in history as the Philippics. After Octavian came to power, Antony managed to include Cicero in the lists of enemies of the people, and on December 7, 43 BC. e. he was killed near Caieta.

The creative legacy of the orator has survived to this day in the form of 58 speeches of judicial and political content, 19 treatises on politics and rhetoric, philosophy, as well as more than 800 letters. All his writings are a valuable source of information about several dramatic pages in the history of Rome.

Cicero was born in the ancient city of Arpinum, located on a hill 100 km from Rome. His father belonged to the class of horsemen and had good connections in Rome. Little is known about his mother, Helvia.

According to the Greek historian Plutarch, the outstanding abilities of the young Cicero lead him, along with other students - Servius Sulpicius Rufus and Titus Pomponius - to study law under the guidance of Quintus Mucis Scaevola.

Future life

In 90-88. BC, during the Allied War, Cicero serves with the Roman generals Gnaeus Pompey Strabo and Lucius Cornelius Sulla, although he does not like military life at all. In 80 BC he takes on his first court case, the successful defense of Sextus Roscius, accused of parricide - a very bold act, given that the crime was serious, and those accused of murder by Cicero enjoyed the special disposition of the dictator Sulla.

In 79 BC, probably fearing the wrath of Sulla, Cicero leaves Rome and travels through Greece, Asia Minor and the island of Rhodes. In Athens, he meets Atticus, by that time already an honorary citizen, who introduces him to a number of influential Athenians.

Cicero is constantly looking for less exhausting ways of delivering speeches, and therefore turns to the rhetorician Apollonius Molon of Rhodes for help, who taught him a less intense form of oratory.

In 75 BC Cicero is elected quaestor of western Sicily, where he shows himself to be a truthful and honest person in relation to the local population. He successfully pursues the case against Gaius Verres, the corrupt ruler of Sicily.

His speeches "in Verrem" ("against Verres"), delivered in 70 BC, attracted the attention of the ancient world to him.

Cicero successfully overcomes the Roman "cursus honorum", "the path of honor" - the successive series of services that a successful politician had to go through - being alternately quaestor, aedile, praetor, and, finally, at the age of 43, being elected consul.

He becomes consul in 63 BC. - at the very time when he uncovers a plot aimed at killing himself, as well as overthrowing the Republic with the help of a foreign army led by Lucius Sergius Catiline.

Cicero obtains the Senatus Consultum Ultimum, the declaration of martial law, and banishes Catiline from the city with four impassioned speeches (the "Catilinaria"), which to this day are the best examples of his rhetorical style.

Catiline fled and began calling for a coup d'état, but Cicero forces him and his supporters to publicly confess their guilt to the Senate. The conspirators were executed without any trial, and this will torment Cicero for many years.

In 60 BC, Cicero rejects Julius Caesar's offer to join the First Triumvirate, which at that time included Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, since the orator was firmly convinced that the Triumvirate would undermine the foundations of the Republic.

In 58 BC Publius Clodius Pulcher, tribune of the people, issues a law that threatens to banish anyone who kills a Roman citizen without trial. That is why Cicero is exiled to the Greek Tressalonica.

Thanks to the intervention of the newly elected tribune Titus Annius Milo, Cicero is returned from exile. In 57 BC he returns to Italy, landing on the shores of Brundisia to the joyful cries of the crowd.

Cicero is no longer allowed to engage in political activities, and therefore he is taken for philosophy. Between 55 and 51 years. BC. he writes treatises On Oratory, On the State, and On Laws.

After the death of Crassus, the Triumvirate fell, and in 49 BC. Caesar with his army crosses the Rubicon River, invades Italy. This is where it starts Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. Cicero, though reluctantly, supports Pompey. Unfortunately, in 48 BC. Caesar's army is victorious, and he becomes the first Roman emperor. He grants pardon to Cicero, but he does not let him get close to political life. On the Ides of March 44 BC, as a result of a conspiracy by a group of senators, Caesar was killed. And the struggle for power broke out again, the key figures in which were Mark Antony, Mark Lepidus and Octavian. Cicero delivers speeches, "Philippi", which got their name from the Greek orator Demosthenes, calling on the inhabitants of Athens to revolt against Philip of Macedon and prompting the Senate to support Octavian in his struggle to forgive Mark Antony.

However, Mark Antony, Lepidius and Octavian come to an agreement to share power among themselves, from which it follows that each of them will give out the names of their likely enemies. Cicero tries to flee to Italy - but, alas, too late. The speaker was caught and killed.

Major writings

The Treatise on Oratory, completed by Cicero in 55 BC, is a long-winded work written in the form of a dialogue in which the author puts rhetoric above law and philosophy. The author disputes the fact that the ideal speaker must have knowledge of these sciences, as well as be eloquent.

Personal life and legacy

In 79 BC, at about the age of 27, Cicero joins his destiny with Terentia. A marriage concluded for the sake of profit will last in peace and harmony for 30 years, but will end in divorce.

In 46 BC, Cicero takes his young client Publilia as his wife. However, seeing the indifference shown by Publilia to the death of his daughter, Tullia, for whom she was very jealous of her husband, Cicero breaks off the marriage.

Cicero was killed in 43 BC, on the orders of Mark Antony, while trying to escape to Italy.

This Roman orator owns the words: "The life allotted to us by nature is short, but the memory of a life well lived is eternal."

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Cicero, Mark Tullius - famous Roman statesman and orator, born January 3, 106 BC in Arpin in the family of a horseman, died December 7, 43 in an estate near Formia.

After receiving his initial education in Rome, the young Cicero devoted himself to the study of rhetoric and philosophy. He acted as an orator first in civil trials; the earliest of his surviving speeches is for P. Quinctius (81). The beginning of Cicero's fame was put by a speech delivered in one criminal trial in favor of S. Roscius from Amerius (Amerian), with which he spoke out against one protégé of Sulla. To improve his health and continue his philosophical and rhetorical education, Cicero undertook in 79 a two-year trip to Greece and Asia. Returning to Rome, he was in 75 a quaestor in Lilybaeum in Sicily, and gained more and more fame in Rome, thanks to his oratorical talent. Since the trial against the former praetor in Sicily, Verres (70), he has been considered the first orator. In 69, Cicero held the post of curule aedile, and in 66, in the position of praetor, he contributed to his first political speech (in favor of the law of Manilius) in handing over the main authorities to Pompey in the third war against Mithridates.

Mark Tullius Cicero

From his wife Terentia, whom he divorced after a 38-year marriage in 46, Cicero had two children: a daughter, Tullia, who, to the greatest grief father, died in 45 in the third unhappy marriage, and son Mark. This Mark at first participated in the civil war against the second triumvirate, but then went over to the side of Octavian and received from him the post of consul.

Mark Tullius Cicero (born January 3, 106 BC - death December 7, 43 BC) was an ancient Roman politician, orator, philosopher, consul.

Childhood and youth

Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3 at an estate near Arpina. His family belonged to the class of horsemen. Cicero received a good upbringing under the guidance of his parents. Then his father brought him and his younger brother Quintus to Rome, where he had his own house, and sent him to study at a public school with the best Greek teachers. At that time, the Greek poet Archius lived in Rome, who was engaged in explaining the works of Greek poetry to the rich Romans.

Cicero's father was not afraid of costs in order to entrust his son who promised a lot to this mentor, and the 15-year-old boy became so addicted to poetry that he tried his hand at it, not without success. His youthful poems were experiments that led Cicero to his real vocation - eloquence, in which he later distinguished himself with such extraordinary art.

At the age of 16, Cicero, according to Roman custom, was publicly removed from his children's dress, and he was dressed in a man's toga. During this celebration, he was accompanied by all the friends and clients of the family to the forum, and from there to the Capitol, where he received a solemn initiation. From that time on, Cicero began to take care of acquiring the knowledge that is necessary for holding public office.

Education

Such sciences included eloquence and comprehensive knowledge state structure and Roman law. Cicero studied Roman law under the guidance of remarkable connoisseurs, both Scaevolus, the augur and the priest, listening to their conversations with great attention. At the same time, he was engaged in rhetorical exercises with great zeal. Every day Cicero read, wrote or translated something, and if he got acquainted with some wonderful work, then every time he repeated aloud the entire content and order of development of the main idea of ​​the book either in front of himself, and even more often in front of a meeting of his friends; this he did to a very old age.

This kind of intensified occupation was interrupted only for a very short time, when Cicero in 89 participated in the campaign during the allied war. At the end of the campaign, Cicero immediately resumed his studies and paid special attention to philosophy. Philosophy was first taught to Cicero by the Epicurean Phaedrus, then by the academician Philo, and finally by the Stoic Diodotus. Cicero studied the works of the great Greek philosophers and tried to assimilate their views on the gods and the world, on the purpose of man, on the essence of the soul, on truth and justice, on virtues and vices, on laws, mores and customs, on government agencies and upbringing.

He compared their teachings with each other, entered into conversations about the subjects studied with experienced people and listened to their explanations of many difficult places in the works of other writers. Thanks to this method, Cicero soon acquired the art of speaking gracefully and coherently for hours on end, without preparing his speeches in advance. He did not interrupt his writing and thus at the same time was able to achieve a remarkable skill in both written and oral presentation of his thoughts.

In order to practically prepare for eloquence, Cicero came every day to court sessions, where he could listen to accusatory and defensive speeches. He chose the famous lawyer Hortensius as a model in judicial eloquence. After such preparation, Marcus Tullius Cicero finally decided to act publicly as an advocate himself.


He acted as a lawyer for a certain Roscius from Ameria. He was accused of parricide, and everyone knew that Chrysogonus, a favorite of Sulla, was hiding behind the accusers, who bought the property of the murdered man for a pittance. Cicero in his speech was not afraid to brand the omnipotent Chrysogonus, and the young man was acquitted. Fearing persecution by Sulla, the young orator went with his brother to Greece and Asia Minor. Here he visited the sights of famous cities, visited the most famous orators and philosophers, spent six months in Athens and practiced daily with the most skillful and experienced Greek teachers in philosophical conversations and ordinary conversations; at the same time, he learned to speak Greek so well that they hardly noticed a stranger in him.

In the same place, Cicero made a lifelong friendship with the Roman horseman Titus Pomponius, who for many years was engaged in science in Athens and had the nickname Attica. On the way back, Cicero visited the island of Rhodes. There he received the greatest praise for his art. In those days, one of the famous teachers of eloquence, Molon, lived in Rhodes.

Cicero began attending his school. When he arrived, the teacher gave him a topic for a speech without prior preparation. Cicero immediately began to speak, and in the exposition and development of the theme expressed such an abundance of thoughts, such a rare grace of expression and such a noble smoothness and euphony of speech, that when he finished, the hall resounded with loud applause. Only Molon remained silent in his chair, and this disturbed the young orator. But when one of the students asked Molon about the reason for his silence, he replied: “You have greatly upset me, Cicero; your ancestors took away our freedom, property and power, but left us the glory of art and mind. You take with you across the sea and this glory.

The beginning of a political career

Meanwhile, Sulla died. Cicero returned to Rome and began to practice as a lawyer until he reached the coveted age of 31, the age at which he, under Roman law, was entitled to seek the title of quaestor, the lowest public office. In order for the people to get acquainted with the candidates, these candidates walked among the people for some time, greeted each citizen by his name (at the same time they used the services of slaves who knew all the citizens by sight) and with a friendly shake of hands asked to vote for them on election day. They wore a white toga, which was called "toga candida", hence the name "candidate", which has survived to this day.

Cicero, long loved for his speeches, was chosen by a huge majority for one of the 20 quaestorships that were handed out each year. Each proconsul and each praetor received such a quaestor in his province, and Sicily fell by lot to Cicero (in 76 BC). By his disinterestedness, justice and courteous treatment, Cicero earned such a general favor there that, when leaving the city of Sicily, they chose him as their patron (patron) in Rome.

Only upon reaching the age of 36 it was possible to receive the next public office- the title of aedile. Until that time, Cicero was engaged in conducting court cases. Of these, the case against Verres was the most famous. This Verres, as a praetor, plundered Sicily for 3 years like a robber: he took out statues from temples, expensive paintings and carpets from the houses of private individuals, took bribes at every opportunity. The inhabitants of Sicily turned to Cicero, as their patron, with a complaint against Verres. Cicero delivered a fiery and convincing speech in court, and Verres, despite the fact that Hortensius himself was his lawyer, was forced to retire into exile.

In 69, Cicero was elected aedile. Those who were in this position were obliged to observe buildings, streets, markets, public games. Overseeing the games was a rather costly duty. In addition to public expenses for performances, the aediles had to spend their own funds. The aediles used this circumstance to gain popularity for themselves. The people took this into account, and subsequently the aediles were rewarded either by appointment to the highest positions, or by the provision of wealthy governorships in management. With these expenses, Cicero kept the middle between extravagance and stinginess, and during the year of correction of the aedile position he was able to earn the love and respect of his fellow citizens.

Marcus Tullius Cicero Speech in the Senate

Then Cicero had to wait again for another 2 years before gaining the right to seek the next post - praetor. At that time there were 8 praetors, they were the presidents of the courts and, according to their rank, ranked first after the consuls. In this judicial office, Cicero had the opportunity to show in the best light both his justice and his knowledge of the laws. The general approval he deserved in this position increased his fame and facilitated his path to the consulate. He devoted all his free hours to defending his friends when they were accused in the courts of other praetors, to daily exercises in eloquence, to conducting extensive correspondence and listening to famous Greek orators who periodically visited Rome and gave their lectures here.

Finally, Mark Tullius Cicero reached the age of 43, before which no one could be a consul. Already a year before, Cicero, in a white toga, began to tirelessly rotate among the citizens, tried to ingratiate himself with the most influential of them, and mainly managed to win over to his side Crassus, Pompey and Caesar, these three powerful persons of that era.

On the day of the election, fortune favored Cicero, and he was chosen at the first vote, which was 63 BC.

“At the same time, he uncovered a plot to assassinate himself, as well as to overthrow the Republic with the help of a foreign force led by Lucius Sergius Catiline. Cicero achieves - the announcement of the introduction of martial law, and drove Catiline out of the city with four impassioned speeches, which are still the best examples of his rhetorical style.

Catiline fled and began calling for a coup d'état, but Cicero was able to force him and his supporters to publicly confess their guilt before the Senate. The conspirators were executed without any trial, and this would torment Cicero for many years.

End of Cicero's political career

60 BC - Cicero rejected the offer to join the First Triumvirate, which at that time included Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus, because the speaker was sure that the Triumvirate would undermine the foundations of the Republic.

58 BC - Publius Clodius Pulcher, tribune of the people, issued a law that threatened with expulsion anyone who killed a Roman citizen without trial. That is why Cicero is exiled to the Greek Tressalonika. Thanks to the intervention of the newly elected tribune Titus Annius Milo, Cicero is returned from exile.

57 BC The speaker returned to Italy. Cicero is no longer allowed to engage in political activities, so he took up philosophy.

Between 55 and 51 years. BC. he wrote treatises "On Oratory", "On the State" and "On Laws".

After the death of Crassus, the Triumvirate fell apart, and in 49 BC. Caesar with his army crossed the Rubicon River, invaded Italy. Here begins the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. Cicero, though reluctantly, supported. Unfortunately, in 48 BC. Caesar's troops were victorious, and he became the first Roman emperor. He granted Cicero a pardon, but he did not allow even close to political life.

Death of Cicero

44 BC - on the Ides of March, as a result of a conspiracy of a group of senators,. And the struggle for power began again, the key figures in which were Mark Antony, Mark Lepidus and Octavian.

Cicero delivers speeches, "Philippi", named after the Greek orator Demosthenes, who called on the inhabitants of Athens to revolt against Philip of Macedon and urged the Senate to support Octavian in his struggle to pardon Mark Antony. But Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian came to an agreement to share power among themselves, from which it follows that each of them will give out the names of their likely opponents.

Cicero tried to flee to Italy - but, unfortunately, too late.

Marcus Tullius Cicero was assassinated on December 7, 43 BC. e. by order of Mark Antony, while trying to escape to Italy.

Marcus Cicero was born into a privileged family in Arpino. He dreamed of becoming a judicial orator and received, by that standards, an excellent education, necessary for this position. Mark also traveled to Greece, where he developed his talent as an orator, studying law and philosophy. Having barely begun his career, the Roman had already begun to argue on political topics. So, in his speech in defense of a certain Sextus Roscius, the speaker alluded to the overly despotic dictatorship of Sulla, which caused him many problems. In addition, even in the early stages, the rhetor was surrounded by many enemies and opponents. Cicero won this case, outplaying his opponents in all positions, thanks to which he was talked about among the people. Of course, this could not but please the ill-wishers, who considered him "an upstart from the provinces." Therefore, Cicero was deliberately sent as an envoy to Sicily, where he would have to fight the Sicilian mafia.

Cicero dreamed of becoming a court orator and received an excellent education

Rapid takeoff

Cicero accepted the formidable challenge of his rivals. Then the arbitrariness of the governor Gaius Verres reigned in Sicily, who, moreover, was closely associated with the Sicilian mafia. Soon, Mark was faced with a difficult dilemma: either risk everything, including his life, and engage in polemics with Guy and the mafia, or calmly let them get away with everything. And the young speaker chose the first. There seemed to be no chance, because Verres had powerful allies, but the accuser did not. But to everyone's surprise, three speeches were enough for Cicero to outplay his opponent Gaius Verres. The arguments that Mark Tullius was guided by were so indisputable that no one dared to defend the accused - Quintus Hortensius himself, one of the outstanding orators of ancient Rome, abandoned this idea.

Cicero became Consul of Ancient Rome in 63 BC

As a result, Guy Verres went into exile, and Cicero returned in triumph to Rome, where new adventures awaited. In the eternal city, the orator took an active part in the Roman Senate and had every chance of becoming a consul. Then, in order to assume the powers of the head of state, it was required to win elections. And he finally succeeded in 63 BC. Immediately after taking office, Mark actively engaged in reforms. But one of the losers in the elections, and this loser was called Lucius Sergius Catiline, was already beginning to weave conspiracies and intrigues behind Cicero's back.

Fighting Catiline

And weapons in order to seize power in Rome and then kill Cicero. In some cities, uprisings had already begun, plans to kill the consul were constantly frustrated: Mark was already aware of the plans in advance. Finally, when Cicero was holding one of the meetings in the circle of Roman senators, Catiline entered the hall and sat down directly in front of his opponent. The orator, seeing the enemy, discarded the summary of his speech and delivered his first accusatory speech. The "first speech against Catiline" did not contain concrete and indisputable evidence. The main argument, according to Cicero, was that Catiline had a criminal and immoral character. “Otempora, omores!” exclaimed Cicero, which translates as “O times, o morals!”. Few people know that this aphorism takes its roots precisely from the first speech against Catiline. And when Mark Tullius angrily crushed Catiline, many senators sat back from the exposed conspirator.

"O times, o manners!" - aphorism from the first speech of Cicero against Catiline

And here Cicero was able to defeat Catiline. After delivering the first speech, he was forced to leave Rome. But in his residence, Mark's opponent continued to create intrigues, sending letters and instructions to his allies and proclaiming himself consul. Then Cicero delivered several more speeches, demanding the immediate execution of the escaped Catiline and his associates. Surprisingly, the request was fulfilled without doubt and judicial investigation. This precedent is unique because the letter of the law was very strong in ancient Rome. Roman law did not allow a person to be executed immediately without any trial. And it turns out that Cicero neglected the laws of Rome. However, he managed to get rid of the enemy. It would seem that everything should have ended there, but everything was just beginning.

Exile and return of the orator

Many were very unhappy with the way Cicero dealt with Catiline. Soon a law was passed that condemned an official to death if it allowed the execution of a Roman citizen without trial or investigation. Accordingly, Mark was in danger of falling under this law and had to leave the eternal City for a long time. Soon, thanks to the authority and help of his friends, Cicero returned, but he distanced himself from political activity and began working on philosophical and literary works combining his passion with advocacy. Mark Tullius also had a chance to visit governors in Cilicia, in the province of southern Turkey, where he successfully performed his duties. But soon a civil war broke out: in the battle for power, the forces of Caesar and Pompey clashed. Both wanted to see Mark in their camp, but in the end he joined the latter. Then he went over to, who later became the dictator of the Roman state. It contradicted political view speaker: Cicero strongly defended the republican form of government.

Cicero strongly defended the republican form of government

Fight with Mark Antony

In 44 BC, Mark Tullius Cicero delighted. From that moment on, he tried to restore the republican structure of Rome. But another Mark, this time Antony, sincerely hated the orator and came into conflict with the senate. The cycle of speeches "Philippis against Mark Antony" reminded of the power of Cicero.

He called his speeches in imitation of another ancient Greek orator, Demosthenes, who, in turn, denounced the Macedonian king Philip. Cicero, using all his eloquence, presented Mark Antony with many accusations, predicted him the same sad fate that overtook Julius Caesar. According to Cicero, Antony was much more dangerous to the Roman state than Catiline. In total, the orator read fourteen speeches against the sworn enemy. But Mark did not appreciate the talent of a political opponent and ordered to kill him.

Doom

Cicero decided to flee to Greece in order to escape from the sent assassins. But he didn't have time to escape. His slaves carried the speaker on a palanquin. And as soon as Mark Tullius leaned out of this palanquin, his head immediately flew off his shoulders from the centurion's sword. The severed upper limbs and head of Antony, as a sign of intimidation and a demonstration of his strength, were placed on the podium of the senate.

Anyone who watches one of the most popular series "Game of Thrones", which claims to be just the best collection of political intrigues and conspiracies on television, would surely call Cicero a very skilled player of thrones. Cicero is remembered as one of the geniuses and examples of oratory. He outmaneuvered all, with the exception of Mark Antony, who was later defeated by Octavian Augustus, his enemies, who wished him dead. And many of his accusatory and defensive speeches have survived to this day.