A message on the theme of the image of the war of 1812. The image of the war in the novel “War and Peace. I. Organizational moment

The basis of the novel "War and Peace" constitute historical military events, artistically translated by the writer. In the 3rd and 4th volumes, Tolstoy draws the eventsPatriotic War 1812.This war for Russia was just, national liberation. The entire people came out to fight the invaders, closely rallied around their army.

Tolstoy, while writing "War and Peace", uses both an artistic plot and real facts snatched from living reality, and theoretical thoughts follow one after another or appear in a complex unity. The presence of an objectively reliable historical narrative built on real facts, there is one of essential features historicism "War and Peace".Tolstoy draws the events of the Patriotic War: the passage of the French army across the river. Neman, the retreat of the Russians into the interior of the country, the surrender of Smolensk, the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, battle of Borodino, council in Fili, leaving Moscow, Kutuzov's flank march, Tarutinsky battle, the victorious end of a war.

The true culmination of the epic novel is the Battle of Borodino, in which the character of the whole people is fully revealed - the main arbiter of historical destinies, according to Tolstoy. Preparation for the description of the Battle of Borodino demanded a lot of effort from the writer. On September 25-27, 1867, Tolstoy made a trip to the Borodino field, taking with him Styopa Bers, the younger brother of Sofya Andreevna. On the ground, he made the necessary notes. Subsequently, S. A. Bers recalled: “For two days, Lev Nikolayevich walked and traveled around that area ... He took his notes and drew a battle plan ...”

The Battle of Borodino was the central event of the Patriotic War. The courageous resistance of the Russian troops, their invincibility surprise the self-confident Napoleon, who did not know defeat in Europe.

Tolstoy, when depicting the battle itself, reveals good spirits, a manifestation of the stamina, endurance of soldiers both in soldier's humor, and in a sense of camaraderie, and in the consciousness of a common cause. The soldiers and officers of the Raevsky battery do their duty, they are busy all the time: they bring shells, load guns. In Raevsky's battery "one could feel the same and common to all revival." The writer is far from idealizing soldiers. The soldiers are firm and calm to the end.

The battle for the Rayevsky battery. Engraving by A. Adam.

L. N. Tolstoy showed a significant part of the events of the Battle of Borodino in the perception of Pierre Bezukhov. Pierre, who does not understand anything in military affairs, perceives the war from a psychological point of view. The hero understood here that history is created by the most powerful force in the world - the people. No effort by the French could break the will of the Russians to fight to the death.

A visit to the Borodino field at the time of the famous battle was an important step in the search for the hero. Bezukhov approvingly perceives the words of the unknown soldier: "They want to pile on all the people, one word - Moscow." “To be a soldier, just a soldier!” - such a desire took possession of Pierre after the Battle of Borodino.

Prototypes of the main characters.

Prototypes Andrei Bolkonsky there were several: for example, N.A. Tuchkova; in some circumstances, the fate of the adjutant wing

F. Tisenhausen, one can find closeness with the description of the feat of A.B. in battle of austerlitz, his tragic death was

"written off"Leo Tolstoy from the biography of the real princeGolitsyn. For the novel "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy took the prototype of the main

the hero Andrei Bolkonsky at once several representatives of the princes Volkonsky. All of them were heroes of the wars with Napoleon, and the military

Career has long been a hallmark of this ancient noble family.

Prince Dmitry Nikolaevich Golitsyn was born in 1786 into the family of the aristocrat Nikolai Alekseevich Golitsyn, who

spent his life at court and forborder, for 7 years he was ambassador to Sweden, had the title of senator and the rank of privy councillor. Him

belonged to the Arkhangelsk estate near Moscow, where they tookeven the highest persons.

Prince Dmitry was signed up for service in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice, where he was only registered for the acquisition of "experience".

Soon Emperor Alexander Igranted him to the chamber junkers, and then to the actual chamberlains, which was equivalent to

general rank.

In 1805, Prince Golitsyn entered the military service and together with the army went through the campaigns of 1805-1807. In 1812 he filed again

a report asking him to be enrolled inarmy, became the Akhtyrsky hussar, Denis Davydov also served in the same regiment. Golitsyn participated in

Border battles as part of the 2nd Russian Army GeneralBagration, fought on the Shevardinsky redoubt, and then ended up on

the left flank of the Russian orders on the Borodino field.

Defending the Semenov flushes, the Akhtyrs went on the attack several times, suffering considerable losses. In one of the skirmishes, Major Golitsyn was

badly wounded by shrapnelenemy grenade. His brother-soldiers carried him from the battlefield. After the operation in the field infirmary, he was sent

to Moscow in the parental home. But they were already preparing evacuation.

It was decided to take the wounded man, whose condition inspired great fears to the doctors, further east to the safety of Nizhny Novgorod,

Where did the Moscowrefugees. The prince's condition was not stable, the roads then were even worse than they are now. in Vladimir

We made a stop, then we were going to move to Kovrov.

Not far away, General Bagration stopped at the estate of Prince Boris Golitsin. Major Golitsyn was placed in one of the merchant

houses on a steep hillKlyazma in the parish of the Ascension Church. September 22, almost a month after the Battle of Borodino,

Dmitry Golitsyn died in Vladimir, where he and buried.

Captain Tushin- captain of the artillery corps, distinguished himself during the battle of Shengraben. It served as a prototype

Artillery staff captain Ya. I.Sudakov.

Count Kirill Vladimirovich Bezukhov is the father of Pierre Bezukhov. Probable prototype - Chancellor Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko.

Fedor Dolokhov- at the beginning of the novel - an infantry officer of the Semyonovsky Guards Regiment - started revelry, later one of

partisan leaders.

Its prototypes were Fyodor Tolstoy, nicknamed the American and Figner.

Vasily Dmitrievich Denisov- a friend of Nikolai Rostov. The prototype of Denisov was Denis Davydov.

Maria Dmitrievna Akhrosimova- a friend of the Rostov family. The prototype of Akhrosimova was the widow of Major General Ofrosimov

Nastasya Dmitrievna. A.S.Griboedov almost portrayed her in his comedy Woe from Wit.

Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky - old prince, according to the plot - a prominent figure of the Catherine era. Grandfather is the prototype

L. N. Tolstoy by mother,representative of the ancient Volkonsky family.

Tatyana Bers, younger sister of Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya, was the prototype Natasha Rostova.

“The feeling of revenge that lay in the soul of every person and the entire Russian people gave rise to a guerrilla war ...” “Partisans destroyed great army in parts. There were small, prefabricated, foot and horse parties, there were peasant and landowner parties, unknown to anyone. He was the head of the party, a deacon who took several hundred prisoners a month. There was an elder, Vasilisa, who beat a hundred Frenchmen. (The prototype was Vasilisa Kozhina, a peasant woman in the Sychevsky district of the Smolensk province). “The cudgel of the people's war has risen with all its formidable and majestic strength ...” L. N. Tolstoy.

“Before the guerrilla war was officially accepted by our government, already thousands of people of the enemy army - backward marauders, foragers - were exterminated by Cossacks and peasants ...” (T. 4, ch. 3; 12.13). The writer attributes the emergence of guerrilla warfare to the period when the enemy entered Smolensk. Tolstoy devotes a number of vivid pictures to the actions of the partisans. The writer created wonderful images of the commanders of partisan detachments. The prototype of Tolstoy's Dolokhov was the famous commander of the detachment, Captain Figner, who accomplished numerous feats. And the prototype of Denisov was Denis Vasilyevich Davydov. There is nothing contrived and exaggerated in the depiction of their daring adventures. A number of documents confirm the authenticity of Tolstoy's narrative.

At the center of the story guerrilla war there is an image of Tikhon Shcherbaty, in which the best national features of the warring peasant people are embodied. Even before joining the Denisov detachment, he fought on his own against the French. Tikhon became "the most needed person in the detachment" of Denisov. Tolstoy shows strength and dexterity in the hero, adaptability to any conditions of life and ingenuity, humor and diligence, at the same time the author emphasizes spontaneity and intuitiveness in Tikhon. Guerrilla warfare, in the understanding of Shcherbaty, is retribution for ruin and death. Tikhon "did not take prisoners", thereby conflicting with the tactical plans of Denisov, who needed a "language". However, even Denisov, angry with him, recognizes the justice of the hero to act exactly as he wants.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is shown in the novel as a person who embodied the spirit of the people. Kutuzov is the leader of the liberation war. “Kutuzov, with his whole Russian being, knew and felt what every Russian soldier felt,” wrote Tolstoy. Together with the army, with the people, Kutuzov defends the freedom and national independence of Russia. The writer draws Kutuzov simple and modest. Depicting the appearance of the commander, Tolstoy, true to his creative manner, does not write out the entire portrait, but highlights the most typical details. The author notes obesity, weight, senile weakness, and even "a leaky white eye on a swollen face." But it is these details that make his appearance ordinary, humane. The attractive force of the Russian commander does not become weaker.

Kutuzov is attentive to the needs of the soldiers, takes care of them as a senior comrade.

It is known that Tolstoy denied the role of the individual in history, so the writer makes Kutuzov the spokesman for his own views on the art of war. That is why his hero in the matter of victory recognizes one moral factor, "called the spirit of the army." This theory of Tolstoy is wrong.

Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy denied the war, argued heatedly with those who found in it the beauty of horror. When describing the war of 1805, Tolstoy acts as a pacifist writer, but when depicting the war of 1812, the author switches to positions of patriotism.

The war of 1812 appears in the image of Tolstoy as a people's war. The author creates many images of peasants, soldiers, whose judgments together make up the people's worldview. The merchant Ferapontov is convinced that the French will not be allowed into Moscow, “they shouldn’t”, but, having learned about the surrender of Moscow, he understands that “Raseya has decided!” And if Russia is perishing, then there is nothing to save your good. He shouts to the soldiers to take away his goods, so that the "devils" do not get anything. The men Karp and Vlas refused to sell hay to the French, took up arms and joined the partisans. In a period of severe trials for the Fatherland, the “people’s business”, the defense of the Motherland becomes universal. All the heroes of the novel are tested from this point of view: whether they are animated by a popular feeling, whether they are ready for a feat, for a high sacrifice and self-sacrifice.

In love for the Motherland, in patriotic feeling, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky and the soldiers of his regiment are equal. But Prince Andrei is not only animated by a universal feeling, but also knows how to talk about it, analyze it, understands the general course of affairs. It is he who is able to assess and determine the mood of the entire army before the Battle of Borodino. The numerous participants in the majestic event themselves act according to the same feeling, and not even unconsciously, they are simply very laconic.

“The soldiers in my battalion, believe me, did not drink vodka: it’s not such a day, they say,” that’s all that Prince Andrei hears about the soldiers from the battalion commander Timokhin. Pierre Bezukhov fully understands the meaning of "obscure" and also too short words soldier: “They want to pile on all the people, one word - Moscow. They want to make one end." Soldiers express confidence in victory, readiness to die for the Motherland.

In "War and Peace" two ideological centers are created, as it were: Kutuzov and Napoleon. The idea of ​​debunking Napoleon occurred to Tolstoy in connection with the final clarification of the nature of the war of 1812 as a just war on the part of the Russians. The image of Napoleon is revealed by Tolstoy from the POSITION of "people's thought". S.P. Bychkov wrote: “In the war with Russia, Napoleon acted as an invader who sought to enslave the Russian people, he was an indirect killer of many people, this gloomy activity did not give him, according to the writer, the right to greatness.” "Round belly", "fat thighs of short legs", "white plump neck", "fat short figure" with wide, "thick shoulders" - that's character traits appearance of Napoleon. When describing Napoleon's morning dress on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Tolstoy reinforces the revealing nature of the original portrait characteristics of the emperor of France: "Fat back", "overgrown fat chest", "groomed body", "swollen and yellow" face, "thick shoulders" - all these details are drawn a man far from working life, overweight, deeply alien to the foundations of folk life.

Napoleon was a selfishly narcissistic man who presumptuously believed that the entire universe obeyed his will. People were of no interest to him. The writer with subtle irony, sometimes turning into sarcasm, exposes Napoleon's claims to world domination, his constant posing for history, his acting. Napoleon played all the time, there was nothing simple and natural in his behavior and words. This is expressive, shown by Tolstoy in the scene of Napoleon admiring the portrait of his son on the Borodino field.

Of course, it was pure acting. Here he did not express sincere feelings of "fatherly tenderness", namely, he posed for history, acted. This scene clearly reveals the arrogance of Napoleon, who believed that with the occupation of Moscow, Russia would be conquered and his plans for gaining world domination would be realized.

As a player and actor, the writer portrays Napoleon in a number of subsequent episodes. On the eve of Borodin, Napoleon says: "Chess is set, the game will begin tomorrow." On the day of the battle, after the first cannon shots, the writer remarks: "The game has begun." Further, Tolstoy proves that this "game" cost the lives of tens of thousands of people. Thus, the bloody nature of the wars of Napoleon, who sought to enslave the whole world, was revealed.

“War is not a “game”, but a cruel necessity,” Prince Andrei thinks. And this was a fundamentally different approach to the war, expressed the point of view of a peaceful people, forced to take up arms under exceptional circumstances, when the threat of enslavement hung over their homeland.

Unity with the people, unity with ordinary people makes Kutuzov for the writer the ideal of a historical figure and the ideal of a person. He is always humble and simple. A winning pose, acting is alien to him. On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Kutuzov read the sentimental French novel by Madame Genlis The Knights of the Swan. He didn't want to seem like a great man - he was. Kutuzov's behavior is natural, the author constantly emphasizes his senile weakness. Kutuzov in the novel is an exponent of folk wisdom. His strength lies in the fact that he understands and knows well what worries the people, and acts in accordance with this. The correctness of Kutuzov in his dispute with Bennigsen at the council in Fili is, as it were, reinforced by the fact that the sympathy of the peasant girl Malasha is on the side of the "grandfather" Kutuzov.

“The source of the extraordinary power of insight into the meaning of occurring phenomena,” says Tolstoy about Kutuzov, “lay in that popular feeling that he carried in himself in all its purity and strength. Only the recognition of this feeling in him made the people, in such strange ways, choose him, an old man in disfavor, against the will of the tsar, as a representative of the people's war.

Tolstoy creates a vivid image of the indefatigable partisan, the peasant Tikhon Shcherbaty, who has stuck with Denisov's detachment. Tikhon was distinguished by good health, great physical strength and endurance. In the fight against the French, he shows dexterity, courage and fearlessness. Characteristic is the story of Tikhon about how four Frenchmen “with skewers” ​​attacked him, and he went at them with an ax. This echoes the image of a French swordsman and a Russian wielding a club. Tikhon is the artistic concretization of the "club of the people's war." Lydia Dmitrievna Opulskaya wrote: “Tikhon is a completely clear image. He, as it were, personifies that "club of the people's war", which rose up and nailed the French with terrible force until the entire invasion died. Platon Karataev is the embodiment of “everything Russian, kind and round”, patriarchy, humility, non-resistance, religiosity - all those qualities that Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy so valued among the Russian peasantry.

Tolstoy contrasts popular patriotism with the false patriotism of the secular nobility, whose main goal is to catch "crosses, rubles, ranks." The patriotism of the Moscow aristocrats consisted in the fact that instead of French dishes they ate Russian cabbage soup, and they were fined for French words. The appearance of Alexander I in Tolstoy's image is unsightly. The features of duplicity and hypocrisy that were inherent in the "high society" are also manifested in the character of the king. They are especially clearly visible in the scene of the arrival of the sovereign in the army after defeating the enemy. Alexander embraces Kutuzov, muttering: "Old comedian." S.P. Bychkov wrote: “No, it was not Alexander I who was the“ savior of the fatherland ”, as official patriots tried to portray, and it was not among the tsar’s close associates that it was necessary to look for true organizers of the fight against the enemy. On the contrary, at the court, in the immediate circle of the king, there was a group of outright defeatists, headed by the Grand Duke and Chancellor Rumyantsev, who feared Napoleon and stood for making peace with him.

“To be a soldier, just a soldier,” Pierre thinks with delight. It is characteristic that the soldiers, although not immediately, but willingly accepted Pierre into their midst and nicknamed "our master", like Andrei "our prince". Pierre cannot become "just a soldier", a drop that merges with the entire surface of the ball. The consciousness of his personal responsibility for the life of the entire globe is indestructible in him. He passionately thinks that people should come to their senses, understand all the crime, all the impossibility of war. This idea is preached by L. N. Tolstoy, putting it into the mouth of one of his favorite heroes. So do we, readers, living in the twenty-first century.

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Lesson . Depiction of the War of 1812 in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". (lesson 1)

Grade: 10 B

Note: in the summary, answers to some questions are given schematically, approximately.

During the classes.

Hello dear students and dear guests!

Today is a lesson-thinking, a lesson-research.

We will work in groups and individually.

I wish you Have a good mood and great work.

In the lesson we continue to work on the novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace"

slide 1.Video clip

Student. On June 12, the forces of Western Europe crossed the borders of Russia, and the war began, that is, the opposite happened human mind and all human nature an event. Millions of people have committed against each other such countless atrocities, deceptions, betrayals, thefts, forgeries and the issuance of false banknotes, robberies, arson and murders, which for centuries will not be collected by the chronicle of all the courts of the world and which, in this period of time, people those who committed them were not looked upon as crimes.

slide 2 .

Lesson topic - The image of the war of 1812 in the novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" (lesson 1 of 3)

The purpose of the lesson is to show the war of 1812 from the point of view of the writer, set forth in the epic novel.

Describing his work on documentary sources,

L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “Wherever historical figures speak and act in my novel, I did not invent, but used materials.”

Slide 3. Let's talk about the events that preceded this war. This is about how the war of 1805-1807 was portrayed in this work.

Recall the events of the Shengraben and Austerlitz battles based on the novel "War and Peace" . Group 3

AT The war is taking place in Austria. The main rivals are France and England. Russia, together with Great Britain, Sweden and Austria (they were afraid of French domination) against France. In the novel, Emperor Alexander 1, Emperor Franz of Austria, Napoleon, as well as army commanders Kutuzov, Mack, Weyrother, officers, soldiers and others act in the wars of 1805-1807. Kutuzov wanted to withdraw the Russian army from the Austrian borders and get out of an unnecessary war

The battle of Shengraben (vol. 1, part 2) was undertaken on the initiative of Kutuzov, because the Russian army needed to unite. Timokhin's company and Tushin's battery from the Bagration detachment showed heroism in this battle. Victory was determined, according to Tolstoy, by some kind of “inner fire”, passion, patriotism

The plan of Alexander 1 before the battle of Austerlitz: attack Napoleon and defeat him in battle. Kutuzov wanted to retreat and wait for reinforcements from Russia. Almost immediately during the battle, confusion arose, firstly, because of the fog, and secondly, because of the inept management of the actions of the detachments (part 3, chapter 14), and thirdly, the lack of incentive and clear goals. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, going to this war, dreamed of exploits and universal recognition, as well as getting away from secular society, which he was tired of. He admired Napoleon and his activities. At the battle of Austerlitz he was wounded. On the battlefield, looking at the sky, he realized that he was dreaming of happiness and a long life, he became disillusioned with Napoleon.

Slide 5. Let us turn to the Patriotic War of 1812 and how Leo Tolstoy portrays it. Chapter 21 of this work describes the Battle of Borodino.

slide 6. What are the reasons for this war calls writer? ( group 1)

Sheet 1. You on the desks is a text taken from part 1, ch. 1, volume 3. Do you remember what reasons Tolstoy calls for this war?

Group 1 . Tolstoy thinks philosophically. He says that fatalism in history is inevitable.

The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose word it seemed that an event took place or not took place, were just as little arbitrary,

The coincidence of innumerable circumstances was necessary, without one of which the event could not have taken place.

A person consciously lives for himself, but serves as an unconscious tool for achieving historical, universal goals. A perfect deed is irrevocable, and its action, coinciding in time with millions of actions of other people, receives historical meaning

And according to the law of the coincidence of causes, thousands of petty reasons for this movement and for the war coincided with this event: reproaches for non-observance of the continental system, and the Duke of Oldenburg, and the movement of troops to Prussia, undertaken (as it seemed to Napoleon) only to to achieve an armed peace, and the love and habit of the French emperor for war, which coincided with the disposition of his people, the fascination with the grandiosity of preparations, and the costs of preparation, and the need to acquire such benefits that would pay for these costs, and stupefied the honors at Dresden, and diplomatic negotiations, which, in the opinion of contemporaries, were conducted with a sincere desire to achieve peace and which only hurt the vanity of one side and the other, and millions and millions of other reasons

Slide 7. On June 12, 1812, Napoleon stood on the steep left bank of the Ne mana and watched as his army crossed this river on three bridges. France violated the Russian border.

Sheet 2.

You have on your desks an episode taken from chapter 2 of the first part of the 3rd volume- Crossing the French and the allied army through the Neman. Review the text, remember its content and answer the questions after it, complete the answers of the present group

How is Napoleon's army and its spirit shown in this episode?

What is the attitude of the soldiers towards Napoleon (on the example of the Polish uhlans)

How does Napoleon react to this attitude of his subordinates?

How does the writer reveal his attitude to Bonapartism in this scene?

What does Napoleon's army want?

Responsible Group 2...

Crossing the Neman is the beginning of the war. Napoleon “unexpectedly for everyone and contrary to both strategic and diplomatic considerations, orders an offensive.

The Polish army treats Napoleon with blind admiration: “On all the faces of these people there was one common expression of joy at the beginning of the long-awaited campaign and delight and devotion to the man in the gray frock coat standing on the mountain. "With him, the military associate their dreams with the conquest of the world:" If they make me the governor of India, I will make you the minister of Kashmir ..

Happy page, on whose back lay a spyglass through which Napoleon looked

The Polish colonel asks permission to cross the river without looking for a ford. The desire to curry favor with Napoleon is stronger than concern for his own life and the lives of his subordinates.They tried to swim forward to the other side and, despite the fact that there was a crossing half a verst away, they were proud that they were swimming and drowning in this river under the gaze of a man sitting on a log and not even looking at what they were doing. … glancing with displeasure at the drowning lancers, which entertained his attention.

For him, the conviction was not new that his presence at all ends of the world, from Africa to the steppes of Muscovy, equally strikes and plunges people into the madness of self-forgetfulness.

about the reckoning of a Polish colonel who threw himself needlessly into the river to the cohort of honor (Légion d "honneur), of which Napoleon was the head.

slide 8. Tell us about the reaction of Alexander 1. (thoughts, actions) to the actions of Napoleon, who crossed the border of Russia.Group 1

When Napoleon crossed the border, Alexander 1 was at a ball in his honor.

, “The Russian emperor ... has already lived in Vilna for more than a month, making reviews and maneuvers. Nothing was ready for the war that everyone expected and to prepare for which the emperor came from St. Petersburg ... All the aspirations of the people surrounding the sovereign seemed to be aimed only at making the sovereign, while having a good time, forget about the upcoming war.

“Without declaring war, enter Russia. I will make peace only when not a single armed enemy remains on my land, ”said Alexander Balashev and insisted that these words be passed on to Napoleon without fail. but Balashev did not hand them over. After all, Alexander himself did not write these words in a letter sent with Balashev, because he still hoped to make peace and prevent the war.

Alexander took over the leadership of the army, but in chapter 7, part 1, v3. Napoleon says:And why did Emperor Alexander take command of the troops? What is it for? War is my trade, and his business is to reign, not to command troops. Why did he take on such responsibility?

Slide 9. Tell us about the mood of the population of Russia at the time when Napoleon "walked" to Moscow on the example of the Bolkonsky family, the Rostovs (Natasha, Petya), Pierre and othersGroup 3

slide 10. Leaving Smolensk. T3, Ch 2, Ch 4Group 4

What are the main characters in this episode?

How does the mood of the characters change during a fire?

The scene of leaving Smolensk reflects the reaction of the people to the events taking place: "In government offices, in shops, at the post office, everyone was talking about the war .."..

Alpatych and other heroes are confused and excited. It also shows that war brings ruin and death. (Shards injure civilians, for example, a cook from Ferapontov's house), (ruin of merchants, for example, Filapontov). We observe the whole scene through the eyes of Alpatych, a simple Russian man: we see how the soldiers steal bags of flour, how they disobey their commander. With the help of this technique, Tolstoy tries to convey the mood of the masses, ordinary people who were taken by surprise by the war. Confusion and panic are gradually replaced by other feelings: the merchant Ferapontov, seeing how the soldiers steal his flour, first grabbed his hair (horror!), And then he himself offers the soldiers to take the flour from him, which he had recently been going to profitably sell: "Get it all guys! Don't get the devils!"

Ferapontov: “I have decided! Rasey!..."

Slide 11.

slide 12. Tell us what picture Pierre saw from the Tatarinov Kurgan on August 25, 1812? What did the officer tell him?Ptushko Yu

Pierre : An indefinite number of our and enemy troops

Everywhere there was not a battlefield that he expected to see, but fields, clearings, troops, forests, smoke from fires, villages, mounds, streams ..

the officer about the SHEVARDINSKY REDOUT: “yesterday it was ours, and today it is theirs”

Center in Borodino

The right flank is where the Moscow River is in the gorge

The left flank.. it's hard to explain, yesterday he was in Shevardino, and today it's Semyonovskoye (Raevsky's mound) But it's unlikely that there will be a battle here.

Actually: from a historical point of view, the disposition of the troops was not like that. Tolstoy complicates the position of the Russian troops. It is important for him to show that wherever there was a battle, the Russians would still manage. The battle of Borodino, according to the author, took place in an uncomfortable and disadvantageous position for the Russians.

Slide 13. Group 2

Here Pierre saw a church procession. Name the purpose of it and tell about the behavior of people during it. How the highest ranks, ordinary officers and ordinary people behave, preparing for battle.

• • • A huge crowd with open heads of officers, soldiers, militias surrounded the icon

One bald general with George around his neck stood right behind the priest and, without crossing himself (obviously a German), patiently waited for the end of the prayer service, which he considered necessary to listen to,

all Pierre's attention was absorbed by the serious expression on the faces of this crowd of soldiers and militias, monotonously greedily looking at the icons

Kutuzov entered the circle with his diving, swaying gait and stopped behind the priest. He crossed himself with his usual gesture, reached the ground with his hand and, sighing heavily, lowered his gray head. Behind Kutuzov was Benigsen and his retinue.Despite the presence of the commander in chief, who attracted the attention of all the highest ranks , militiamen and soldiers, without looking at him, continued to pray.

slide 14. What did Prince Andrei Bolkonsky think about life and the French invasion on the eve of the battle. What scared him?

“He looked at the strip of birches with their motionless yellowness, greenery and white bark, shining in the sun. "To die, so that they would kill me tomorrow, so that I would not be ... so that all this would be, but I would not be." He vividly imagined the absence of himself in this life. And these birch trees with their light and shadow, and these curly clouds, and this smoke of bonfires - everything around was transformed for him and seemed to be something terrible and menacing. Frost ran down his back. Quickly getting up, he went out of the barn and began to walk.

slide 15.

How do Andrei Bolkonsky characterize his words about the French and the war on the eve of the battle? What is the author's point of view behind these words? "The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, and have insulted and insult me ​​every second. They are my enemies, they are all criminals, according to my concepts. And Timokhin and the whole army think the same way. They must be executed.»

Andrei Bolkonsky once condemned the horrors of war, and now, on the eve of the same battle, he expresses the main idea for understanding the war. After all, the French came to his homeland, ruined his estate, because of them his father died.

“War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life,” says Bolkonsky.

Tolstoy recognizes and justifies the defensive and liberation war and puts his thoughts into the mouth of this hero.

slide 16 . Why, in your opinion, during the battle of Borodino did the writer show Pierre in the center of the battle, Andrei Bolkonsky in reserve? Tell us a little about the battle through the eyes of Pierre Bezukhov.

Mound Raevsky

slide 17. Compare the behavior of Kutuzov and Napoleon during the battle?

Before the start of the battle, Napoleon says:"The chess is set, the game will start tomorrow." His actions are feigned.

Kutuzov prays before the battle. His actions are simple, natural.

During the battle, Napoleon gives a lot of orders, seemingly very reasonable, but those that could not be executed, since the situation is changing very quickly, the Troops come from the battlefield in upset crowds. Nobody follows his orders. Kutuzov, on the other hand, follows the spirit of the troops more, he gives only those orders that can support or strengthen the stamina of the soldiers, for example, orders to notify the army that Murat (Marshal of France) has been captured or to inform about tomorrow's offensive, etc.

Slide 18 .

Despite the news of the capture of the flushes, Napoleon saw that it was not the same, not at all what had been in all his previous battles.

Video. Watch the story and think about the questions: What worried Napoleon at the end of the battle of Borodino? What were its results?

slide 19.

He saw that the same feeling that he experienced was experienced by all the people around him, experienced in the matter of battles. All faces were sad, all eyes avoided each other. He knew that it was almost a lost battle and that the slightest chance could now - on that tense point of hesitation on which the battle stood - destroy him and his troops.

When he went over in his imagination all this strange Russian campaign, in which not a single battle was won, in which neither banners, nor cannons, nor corps of troops were taken in two months, when he looked at the secretly sad faces of those around him and listened to reports about that the Russians are still standing, - a terrible feeling, similar to the feeling experienced in dreams, seized him, and all the unfortunate accidents that could destroy him occurred to him. The news that the Russians were attacking the left flank of the French army aroused this horror in Napoleon.

One of the generals who approached Napoleon allowed himself to suggest that he bring the old guard into action. Napoleon lowered his head and was silent for a long time.

“For 3200 miles from France, I cannot let my guards be defeated”

Several tens of thousands of people lay dead in different positions and uniforms in the fields and meadows that belonged to the Davydovs and state peasants, in those fields and meadows in which for hundreds of years the peasants of the villages of Borodino, Gorok, Shevardin and Semenovsky had simultaneously harvested and grazed cattle. At the dressing stations for the tithe, the grass and earth were saturated with blood.

The moral strength of the French army was exhausted. ..

The French invasion, like an angry beast that received a mortal wound in its run, felt its death; but it could not stop, just as the weakest Russian army could not but deviate.

slide 20.

In the next lesson, we will continue to work on this topic. Make a lesson plan.

Students response:

1. Council in Fili

2. Leaving Moscow

3. Pierre's wandering, captivity

4. French retreat

All groups. Partisan movement

Slide 21.

And now I propose to evaluate your work in the lesson, and also to note in the reflection sheets how much you have learned the material.

Reflection . You have to put marks in the form of a small dot in the sectors according to the assessment of the result: the closer to the center of the target, the closer to ten, on the edges of the target, the score is closer to zero.

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The image of the war of 1812 in the novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace" (lesson 1)

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T 3, part 2, ch. 19, 21 Tell us what picture Pierre saw from the Tatarinov barrow on August 25, 1812? What did the officer tell him?

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“The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, and they insulted and insult me ​​every second. They are my enemies, they are all criminals, according to my concepts. And Timokhin and the whole army think the same way. They should be executed."

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Why, in your opinion, during the battle of Borodino did the writer show Pierre in the center of the battle, Andrei Bolkonsky in reserve? T3, Ch2, 31-36

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Homework: 1. Council in Fili 2. Leaving Moscow 3. Wandering of Pierre, captivity 4. Retreat of the French All groups. Partisan movement

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Sheet 1. Causes of the Patriotic War according to Leo Tolstoy. T 3. Ch1. Chapter 1

The actions of Napoleon and Alexander, on whose word it seemed that the event took place or not took place, were as little arbitrary as the action of every soldier who went on a campaign by lot or by recruitment. It could not be otherwise, because in order for the will of Napoleon and Alexander (those people on whom the event seemed to depend) to be fulfilled, the coincidence of innumerable circumstances was necessary, without one of which the event could not have taken place. It was necessary that millions of people, in whose hands there was real power, soldiers who fired, carried provisions and guns, it was necessary that they agreed to fulfill this will of individual and weak people and have been brought to this by innumerable complex, varied causes.

Fatalism in history is inevitable for explaining unreasonable phenomena (that is, those whose rationality we do not understand). The more we try to rationally explain these phenomena in history, the more unreasonable and incomprehensible they become for us.

Each person lives for himself, enjoys freedom to achieve his personal goals and feels with his whole being that he can now do or not do such and such an action; but as soon as he does it, so this action, committed at a certain moment in time, becomes irrevocable and becomes the property of history, in which it has not a free, but a predetermined significance.

There are two aspects of life in every person: personal life, which is all the more free, the more abstract its interests, and spontaneous, swarm life, where a person inevitably fulfills the laws prescribed to him.

A person consciously lives for himself, but serves as an unconscious tool for achieving historical, universal goals. A perfect deed is irrevocable, and its action, coinciding in time with millions of actions of other people, acquires historical significance. The higher a person stands on the social ladder, the more he is connected with great people, the more power he has over other people, the more obvious the predestination and inevitability of his every act.

"The heart of the king is in the hand of God."

The king is the slave of history.

History, that is, the unconscious, general, swarming life of mankind, uses every minute of the life of kings as a tool for its own purposes.

Napoleon, despite the fact that more than ever, now, in 1812, it seemed to him that verser or not verser le sang de ses peuples depended on him. (as Alexander wrote to him in his last letter), never more than now was subject to those inevitable laws that forced him (acting in relation to himself, as it seemed to him, according to his own arbitrariness) to do for the common cause, for history, what had to be done .

The people of the West moved to the East in order to kill each other. And according to the law of the coincidence of causes, thousands of petty reasons for this movement and for the war coincided with this event: reproaches for non-observance of the continental system, and the Duke of Oldenburg, and the movement of troops to Prussia, undertaken (as it seemed to Napoleon) only to to achieve an armed peace, and the love and habit of the French emperor for war, which coincided with the disposition of his people, the fascination with the grandiosity of preparations, and the costs of preparation, and the need to acquire such benefits that would pay for these costs, and stupefied the honors at Dresden, and diplomatic negotiations, which, in the opinion of contemporaries, were led with a sincere desire to achieve peace and which only hurt the pride of one side and the other, and millions and millions of other reasons that were faked as an event that was about to happen, coincided with it.

When an apple is ripe and falls, why does it fall? Is it because it gravitates towards the earth, because the rod dries up, because it dries up in the sun, because it becomes heavier, because the wind shakes it, because the boy standing below wants to eat it?

Nothing is the reason. All this is only a coincidence of the conditions under which every vital, organic, spontaneous event takes place. And the botanist who finds that the apple falls down because the cellulose decomposes and the like will be just as right and just as wrong as that child standing below who says that the apple fell down because he wanted to eat. him and that he prayed for it. Just as right and wrong will be the one who says that Napoleon went to Moscow because he wanted it, and because he died because Alexander wanted him to die: how right and wrong will he who says that he collapsed into a million pounds the dug-out mountain fell because the last worker struck under it for the last time with a pick. AT historical events the so-called great people are labels that give names to an event, which, like labels, have the least connection with the event itself.

Each of their actions, which seem to them arbitrary for themselves, is in the historical sense involuntary, but is in connection with the entire course of history and is determined eternally.

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volume 3, part 1, chapter 2. Crossing the Neman

On May 29, Napoleon left Dresden, where he stayed for three weeks, surrounded by a court made up of princes, dukes, kings, and even one emperor. Before leaving, Napoleon treated the princes, kings and emperor who deserved it, scolded the kings and princes with whom he was not completely satisfied, presented his own, that is, pearls and diamonds taken from other kings, to the Empress of Austria and, tenderly embracing the Empress Marie-Louise , as his historian says, left her grieved by separation, which she - this Marie-Louise, who was considered his wife, despite the fact that another wife remained in Paris - seemed unable to endure. Despite the fact that diplomats still firmly believed in the possibility of peace and worked diligently towards this goal, despite the fact that Emperor Napoleon himself wrote a letter to Emperor Alexander, calling him Monsieur mon frère and sincerely assuring that he did not want war and that he would always love and respect him, he rode to the army and gave new orders at each station, aimed at hastening the movement of the army from west to east. He rode in a road carriage drawn by a six, surrounded by pages, adjutants and an escort, along the road to Posen, Thorn, Danzig and Koenigsberg. In each of these cities, thousands of people greeted him with awe and delight.

The army moved from west to east, and variable gears carried him there. On June 10, he caught up with the army and spent the night in the Vilkovis forest, in an apartment prepared for him, on the estate of a Polish count.

The next day, Napoleon, having overtaken the army, drove up to the Neman in a carriage and, in order to inspect the area of ​​​​the crossing, changed into a Polish uniform and drove ashore.

Seeing on the other side the Cossacks (les Cosaques) and the spreading steppes (les Steppes), in the middle of which was Moscou la ville sainte, the capital of that, similar to the Scythian, state, where Alexander the Great went, Napoleon, unexpectedly for everyone and contrary to both strategic and diplomatic considerations, ordered an offensive, and the next day his troops began to cross the Neman.

On the 12th, early in the morning, he left the tent that had been pitched that day on the steep left bank of the Neman, and looked through the telescope at the streams of his troops emerging from the Vilkovis forest, spilling over three bridges built on the Neman. The troops knew about the presence of the emperor, looked for him with their eyes, and when they found a figure in a frock coat and hat separated from the retinue on the mountain in front of the tent, they threw their hats up and shouted: "Vive l" Empereur! - and one after the other, without exhaustion, flowed out, all flowed out of the huge forest that had hidden them hitherto, and, upset, crossed over three bridges to the other side.

On fera du chemin cette fois-ci. Oh! quand il s "en mêle lui-même ça chauffe... Nom de Dieu... Le voilà!.. Vive l" Empereur! Les voilà donc les Steppes de l "Asie! Vilain pays tout de même. Au revoir, Beauché; je te réserve le plus beau palais de Moscou. Au revoir! Bonne chance... L" as tu vu, l "Empereur? Vive l "Empereur! .. preur! Si on me fait gouverneur aux Indes, Gérard, je te fais ministre du Cachemire, c "est arrêté. Vive l" Empereur! Vive! vive! vive! Les gredins de Cosaques, comme ils filent. Vive l "Empereur! Le voilà! Le vois tu? Je l" ai vu deux fois comme jete vois. Le petit caporal... Je l "ai vu donner la croix à l" un des vieux... Vive l "Empereur!.. - said the voices of old and young people, of the most diverse characters and positions in society. On all the faces of these people there was one general expression of joy at the beginning of the long-awaited campaign and delight and devotion to the man in the gray frock coat standing on the mountain.

On June 13, Napoleon was given a small thoroughbred Arabian horse, and he sat down and galloped to one of the bridges across the Neman, constantly deafened by enthusiastic cries, which he obviously endured only because it was impossible to forbid them to express their love for him with these cries. ; but these cries, accompanying him everywhere, weighed him down and distracted him from the military care that had seized him from the time he joined the army. He crossed one of the bridges that swayed on boats to the other side, turned sharply to the left and galloped towards Kovno, preceded by the enthusiastic guards chasseurs, who were dying with happiness, clearing the way for the troops galloping ahead of him. Having approached the wide river Viliya, he stopped near the Polish uhlan regiment, which stood on the shore.

Vivat! - the Poles shouted with enthusiasm, upsetting the front and crushing each other in order to see him. Napoleon examined the river, got off his horse and sat down on a log lying on the bank. At a wordless sign, they gave him a trumpet, he put it on the back of a happy page that ran up and began to look at the other side. Then he went deeper into examining the sheet of the map spread out between the logs. Without raising his head, he said something, and two of his adjutants galloped towards the Polish lancers.

What? What did he say? - was heard in the ranks of the Polish lancers, when one adjutant galloped up to them.

It was ordered, having found a ford, to go to the other side. Polish lancer colonel, handsome an old man, flushed and confused in words from excitement, he asked the adjutant if he would be allowed to swim across the river with his lancers without looking for a ford. He, with obvious fear of rejection, like a boy who asks permission to mount a horse, asked to be allowed to swim across the river in the eyes of the emperor. The adjutant said that, probably, the emperor would not be dissatisfied with this excessive zeal.

As soon as the adjutant said this, an old mustachioed officer with a happy face and sparkling eyes, raising his saber up, shouted: “Vivat!” And, commanding the lancers to follow him, he spurred his horse and galloped to the river. He angrily pushed the horse that hesitated under him and "thumped into the water, heading deeper into the rapids of the current. Hundreds of lancers galloped after him. It was cold and eerie in the middle and at the rapid of the current. The lancers clung to each other, fell off their horses, some horses drowned, people drowned, the rest tried to swim on they tried to swim forward to the other side and, despite the fact that there was a crossing half a verst away, they were proud that they were swimming and drowning in this river under the gaze of a man sitting on a log and not even looking at it. When the adjutant, who returned, having chosen a convenient moment, allowed himself to draw the Emperor's attention to the devotion of the Poles to his person, a small man in a gray frock coat stood up and, having called Berthier to him, began to walk to walk with him back and forth along the shore, giving him orders and occasionally glancing displeasedly at the drowning lancers who entertained his attention.

For him, the conviction was not new that his presence at all ends of the world, from Africa to the steppes of Muscovy, equally amazes and plunges people into the madness of self-forgetfulness. He ordered a horse to be brought to him and rode to his camp.

About forty lancers drowned in the river, despite the boats sent to help. Most washed back to this shore. The colonel and several men swam across the river and with difficulty climbed to the other side. But as soon as they got out in a wet dress slapped on them, flowing in streams, they shouted: “Vivat!”, Enthusiastically looking at the place where Napoleon stood, but where he was no longer there, and at that moment considered themselves happy.

In the evening, Napoleon, between two orders - one to deliver as soon as possible the counterfeit Russian banknotes prepared for import to Russia, and the other to shoot a Saxon in whose intercepted letter information was found about orders for the French army - made a third an order to classify the Polish colonel, who threw himself needlessly into the river, into the cohort of honor (Légion d "honneur), of which Napoleon was the head.left flank of the position and that Kutuzov himself, in his report, written in the heat of the moment after the battle, calls the Shevardinsky redoubtleftist flank of the position. Much later, when reports about the battle of Borodino were being written in the vastness, it was (probably to justify the mistakes of the commander in chief, who had to be infallible) that unfair and strange testimony was invented that Shevardinsky redoubt servedadvanced post (whereas it was only a fortified point on the left flank) and as if the battle of Borodino was accepted by us in a fortified and pre-selected position, while it took place in a completely unexpected and almost unfortified place.

The case, obviously, was like this: the position was chosen along the Kolocha River, which crossed the main road not at a straight line, but at an acute angle, so that the left flank was in Shevardin, the right near the village of Novy and the center in Borodino, at the confluence of the Kolocha and Vabout yn. This position, under the cover of the Kolocha River, for the army, whose goal is to stop the enemy moving along the Smolensk road to Moscow, is obvious to anyone who looks at the Borodino field, forgetting how the battle took place.

Napoleon, leaving on the 24th to Valuev, did not see (as the stories say) the position of the Russians from Utitsa to Borodin (he could not see this position, because it was not there) and did not see the forward post of the Russian army, but stumbled in the pursuit of the Russian rearguard on the left flank of the Russian position, on the Shevardinsky redoubt, and unexpectedly for the Russians transferred troops across Kolocha. And the Russians, not having time to enter into a general battle, retreated with their left wing from the position they intended to take, and took up a new position, which was not foreseen and not fortified. Having crossed to the left side of Kolocha, to the left of the road, Napoleon moved the entire future battle from right to left (from the side of the Russians) and transferred it to the field between Utitsa, Semenovsky and Borodino (in this field, which has nothing more advantageous for the position than any another field in Russia), and on this field the whole battle took place on the 26th. In rough form, the plan for the proposed battle and the battle that took place will be as follows:

If Napoleon had not left on the evening of the 24th for Kolocha and had not ordered to attack the redoubt immediately in the evening, but had begun the attack the next day in the morning, then no one would have doubted that the Shevardinsky redoubt was the left flank of our position; and the battle would have taken place as we expected it to. In that case, we would probably have defended the Shevardino redoubt, our left flank, even more stubbornly; they would attack Napoleon in the center or on the right, and on the 24th there would be a general battle in the position that was fortified and foreseen. But since the attack on our left flank took place in the evening, following the retreat of our rearguard, that is, immediately after the battle of Gridneva, and since the Russian military leaders did not want or did not have time to start a general battle on the 24th evening, the first and main action The battle of Borodino was lost on the 24th and, obviously, led to the loss of the one that was given on the 26th.

After the loss of the Shevardinsky redoubt, by the morning of the 25th we found ourselves without a position on the left flank and were forced to bend back our left wing and hastily fortify it anywhere.

Chapter 21

Pierre got out of the carriage and, past the working militias, ascended the mound from which, as the doctor told him, the battlefield was visible.

It was eleven o'clock in the morning. The sun stood somewhat to the left and behind Pierre and brightly illuminated through the clean, rare air the huge panorama that opened before him like an amphitheater along the rising terrain.

Up and to the left along this amphitheater, cutting through it, the big Smolenskaya road wound, going through a village with a white church, lying five hundred paces in front of the mound and below it (this was Borodino). The road crossed under the village across the bridge and through the descents and ascents wound higher and higher to the village of Valuev, which could be seen six miles away (Napoleon was now standing in it). Behind Valuev, the road was hidden in a yellowed forest on the horizon. In this forest, birch and spruce, to the right of the direction of the road, a distant cross and the bell tower of the Kolotsky Monastery glittered in the sun. Throughout this blue distance, to the right and left of the forest and the road, in different places one could see smoking fires and indefinite masses of our and enemy troops. To the right, along the course of the Kolocha and Moskva rivers, the area was ravine and mountainous. Between their gorges, the villages of Bezzubovo and Zakharyino could be seen in the distance. To the left, the terrain was more even, there were fields with grain, and one could see one smoking, burned village - Semenovskaya.

Everything that Pierre saw to the right and to the left was so indefinite that neither the left nor the right side of the field fully satisfied his idea. Everywhere there was not a share of the battle that he expected to see, but fields, clearings, troops, forests, smoke from fires, villages, mounds, streams; and no matter how much Pierre disassembled, he could not find positions in this living area and could not even distinguish your troops from the enemy.

"We must ask someone who knows," he thought, and turned to the officer, who was looking with curiosity at his unmilitary huge figure.

Allow me to ask, - Pierre turned to the officer, - which village is ahead?

Burdino or what? said the officer, addressing his comrade with a question.

Borodino, - correcting, answered the other.

The officer, apparently pleased with the opportunity to talk, moved towards Pierre.

Are ours there? asked Pierre.

Where? where? asked Pierre.

It is visible to the naked eye. Yes, here, here! The officer pointed with his hand at the smoke visible to the left across the river, and on his face appeared that stern and serious expression that Pierre had seen on many faces he met.

Ah, it's French! And there? .. - Pierre pointed to the left at the mound, near which troops were visible.

These are ours.

Ah, ours! And there? .. - Pierre pointed to another distant mound with a large tree, near the village, visible in the gorge, near which fires were also smoking and something was black.

It's over againis he, - the officer said. (It was the Shevardinsky redoubt.) - Yesterday was ours, and nowhis.

So what is our position?

Position? said the officer with a smile of pleasure. “I can tell you this clearly, because I built almost all of our fortifications. Here, you see, our center is in Borodino, right here. He pointed to a village with a white church in front. - There is a crossing over the Kolocha. Here, you see, where rows of cut hay lie in the lowlands, here is the bridge. This is our center. Our right flank is where (he pointed steeply to the right, far into the gorge), there is the Moskva River, and there we built three very strong redoubts. The left flank ... - and then the officer stopped. - You see, it's hard to explain to you... Yesterday our left flank was over there, in Shevardin, over there, you see where the oak is; and now we have taken back the left wing, now out, out - see the village and the smoke? - this is Semenovskoye, but right here, - he pointed to the mound of Raevsky. “But it’s unlikely that there will be a battle here. What

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In the entire history of the existence of mankind, only three hundred years were peaceful, and the rest of the time wars broke out in different parts of the earth. War is a natural, albeit a very terrible phenomenon.
The War of 1812 is called the Patriotic War. In this war, the patriotic spirit of the Russian people was most fully and vividly manifested. This war was won not by high society, but by the people. Of course, there were people of duty and courage in high society, but there were few such people. JI.H. Tolstoy in his work appears as a great connoisseur of history and a great psychologist. It shows not only our victories, but also our defeats and reveals the main reasons for these defeats, as well as the psyche and inner state of every military person.
There are many reasons for this disastrous and destructive war, but the main reason is Napoleon. He imagined himself the ruler of the world and paid for it. Napoleon came from a simple family, but he built an empire on other people's bones and became its head. He was smart and cunning like a fox. After the war of 1805-1807, he concludes peace with Russia. This was done in order to restore their strength and move against her. Russia was the only state that did not submit to him. Russia was not ready for war. Our victory over the Napoleonic army lies not in strength, but in cunning calculation and duty to the Motherland. Kutuzov became the savior of Russia. He was the only person who understood that Napoleon could only be defeated by cunning.
When Napoleon entered the territory of Russia, our troops met him at the border, but did not give battles and retreated all the time. It seems to me that this is precisely the cold calculation of Kutuzov. He knew that he would not succeed in defeating the Napoleonic army, and he dragged Napoleon into the depths of Russia, stretching out the line of his offensive. And when a direct threat to Moscow arose, Kutuzov was forced to give a general battle.
Before the battle of Borodino, our forces were approximately in relation to the French, as five to six, and after the battle, as one to two. And at the same time, the smart and experienced Kutuzov accepted the battle. He knew that Napoleon, who gave this battle, stretched his line even more. The Battle of Borodino took place on the 26th. But history incorrectly describes the Battle of Borodino. The fact is that on the 24th we lost the Shevardinsky redoubt, and our left flank was weakened. The French attack fell on this flank. Only thanks to the courage and bravery of our soldiers, the battle of Borodino was morally won. Inspired by the victory, Kutuzov wanted to give the order to attack, but, having learned about the losses of our army, he canceled his decision. The Russian troops at Borodino won that spiritual victory which convinces the enemy of the enemy's moral superiority and his own impotence. It was a decisive blow that inflicted a mortal wound on the French troops. But our troops retreated anyway, and the French entered Moscow. Many residents who left Moscow set fire to their houses, others left them with all their belongings. And this also played a role, because the French soldiers began to rob houses, take away all the most valuable things and run away from the army. Thus, the entire French army was decaying from within. Napoleon with the remnants of the army fled from Moscow.
Delighted by this victory, Tsar Alexander ordered our army to move to the West, and soon all of Europe was liberated. Napoleon was exiled to the island.
Russia was the only country that did not submit to Napoleon. This is indeed a great Patriotic War, in which the character of the Russian people was revealed. And Tolstoy is the only writer who has revealed this war to the full extent.

At the center of the novel "War and Peace" is the Patriotic War of 1812, which stirred up the entire Russian people and showed its power and strength to the whole world, put forward simple Russian heroes and a brilliant commander. Depicting the war, Tolstoy does not show galloping warriors with unfolded banners and their commanders, not a parade and the brilliance of victories, but military everyday life and the daily hard work of ordinary soldiers. The realist author portrays the war as hard work, with blood, suffering and death. The writer reveals inner world an ordinary person who has a unique personality and attracts with his spiritual beauty. Great historical upheavals have revealed the true essence of each individual person.

Timokhin is a hero whom no one considers a hero, and he himself does not think about it. Kutuzov remembered Timokhin and during the review called him "Izmailovsky comrade." Probably not the first time a modest officer committed a real heroic deed.

Tushin with his gunners, on their own initiative, without knowing it, decided the outcome of the battle. During the battle, Tushin and the soldiers behaved excitedly, cheerfully and unusually active. Under the command of Staff Captain Tushin, "four unprotected cannons fired boldly." A significant number of soldiers were killed, an officer was killed, two cannons were broken, artillerymen, forgetting about fear, beat the French and set fire to the village they occupied. The feelings of the soldiers were the same: they "... all, like children in a difficult situation, looked at their commander," who treated them not as a boss, but as a good friend.

Tushin calls his beloved soldier "uncle", admires his every movement, treats sergeant major Zakharchenko with great respect, with whom he sometimes consults. Unusual simplicity and kindness sound in every word of Tushin: “... Dear soul! goodbye, my dear, ”he says to Prince Andrei. In the image of Tushin there is very little military and militant. Saluting his superiors, Tushin does it “not at all like the salute of the military”: with weak, timid and awkward movements, unlike Zherkov, who salutes “briskly, without taking his hands off his cap.” But in battle, Zherkov got cold feet, and Tushin showed himself to be a real warrior: under the influence of an extreme strain of mental strength, “he himself imagined himself of enormous stature, a powerful man who throws cannonballs at the French with both hands.” After a heroic battle with the enemy, the soldiers returned to military everyday life, not at all thinking that they had accomplished a feat. But in the hut where the generals gathered, everyone ascribes feats to themselves, emphasizing their role in the battle, and in the eyes of these smug people, the figure of Tushin, the real hero of the day, looks modest and pitiful. In the thoughts and actions of the participants in the battle of Shengraben, heroism and cowardice, simplicity and vanity were contradictory intertwined, but the decisive force of the battle was the unity and inspiration of thousands of ordinary soldiers who did not think about glory and awards. Tolstoy leads the reader to the idea that in war, as in the history of mankind in general, the course of events determines the activities of people bound by the unity of feelings and aspirations. The writer contrasts people's Russia with the "vast, brilliant and restless world" of court nobles, military intriguers and careerists who do not care about the fate of their homeland. Even the Battle of Borodino for the great military leaders is "only such a minute in which you can dig under the enemy and get an extra cross or ribbon."

Tolstoy considered the war of 1812 a people's war, because it was the people who defeated the previously invincible army of Napoleon. Andrei Bolkonsky, recalling the war of 1805-1807, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, tells Pierre: "We went to fight in Austria and Prussia, without knowing why." About the war of 1812, he says this: “The French have ruined my house and are going to ruin Moscow, insulted and insult me ​​every second. They are my enemies, they are all criminals, according to my concepts. And Timokhin and the whole army think the same way. They must be executed."

War brings people severe suffering and death. Started with aggressive goals, it is hateful and disgusting to Tolstoy, while a just war can only be caused by absolute necessity. The battle of Shengraben was necessary to save the Russian army, which had fallen into a difficult situation, the Patriotic War of 1812 was fair on the part of the Russians. The enemy entered the territory of Russia and moved towards its heart - Moscow. The goal of the Patriotic War is clear to every ordinary soldier: “They want to attack with all the people; one word - Moscow. They want to make one end."

The battle of Borodino is really a "people's battle". The victory of the Russians was determined by the “hidden warmth of patriotism” that flared up in the soul of every soldier, and the general “spirit of the army”. And the young officer, and Pierre, and the simple soldier on the Raevsky battery were seized by a common feeling, although no one directly expressed it. In the battle of Borodino, the real beauty of the Russian person is revealed, according to Tolstoy, the Russian people won "a moral victory, one that convinces the enemy of the moral superiority of his enemy and of his impotence." "The hand of the strongest enemy in spirit" was imposed on Napoleonic France. We see the greatness of the feat of the struggling people and at the same time the hardships, disasters, torments that war brings. The peasants are devastated, cities and villages are perishing in the fire of fires; it is painful to look at the “broken, knocked out, like hail, rye”, at the road laid by artillery across the arable land. The Russian army and Russian peasants endured heavy hardships on their shoulders. Tolstoy depicts people "with faces disfigured by suffering", "frightened or distraught soldiers", "disasters of the people and troops" - all this, according to the author, is "a terrible necessity". About those who honorably endured severe trials in the name of the liberation of their homeland, Tolstoy speaks with love, pride and delight: "wonderful, incomparable people".

The Patriotic War of 1812 rallied the diverse forces of Russia into a single whole. Not only the army, but the entire people of the country rose to defend their homeland. Tolstoy pointed out that on the eve of the occupation of the capital by aliens, "the entire population, as one person, leaving their property, flowed out of Moscow, showing by this negative action the full strength of their national feeling." The inhabitants of other Russian lands were unanimous in this: “Starting from Smolensk, in all the cities and villages of the Russian land ... the same thing happened that happened in Moscow.” This brutal war was truly popular.

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“War and Peace” is a Russian national epic, in which the character of a great people was reflected at the moment when its historical destinies. Tolstoy, trying to cover everything that he knew and felt at that time, gave in the novel a set of everyday life, morals, ...

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