Koltsov Director of the Institute of Experimental Biology. Institute of Developmental Biology. Some Current Issues in the Biology of Behavior Development
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| Institute of Developmental Biology N. K. Koltsova RAS (IBR RAS) |
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Institute experimental biology; Institute of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, USSR Academy of Sciences |
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At present, the main directions of the scientific activity of the Institute are: the study of molecular and genetic mechanisms of regulation of embryonic development and cell differentiation; mechanisms of regulation of physiological functions in ontogeny; ecological and evolutionary problems of ontogeny. Works on genetics and ontogenesis of plants also continue. Cooperation with the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University and other scientific institutions continues. Write a review on the article "N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS"Literature
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An excerpt characterizing the N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences“Ready, Your Excellency,” said the adjutant.Rostopchin again went to the balcony door. - What do they want? he asked the police chief. - Your Excellency, they say that they were going to go to the French on your orders, they were shouting something about treason. But a wild crowd, Your Excellency. I forcibly left. Your Excellency, I dare to suggest... “If you please go, I know what to do without you,” Rostopchin shouted angrily. He stood at the balcony door, looking out at the crowd. “This is what they did to Russia! That's what they did to me!" thought Rostopchin, feeling uncontrollable anger rising in his soul against someone to whom one could attribute the cause of everything that had happened. As is often the case with hot people, anger already possessed him, but he was still looking for an object for him. “La voila la populace, la lie du peuple,” he thought, looking at the crowd, “la plebe qu” ils ont soulevee par leur sottise. whom they raised by their stupidity! They need a sacrifice."] - it occurred to him, looking at the tall fellow waving his hand. And for that very reason it occurred to him that he himself needed this victim, this object for his anger. Is the crew ready? he asked again. “Ready, Your Excellency. What do you want about Vereshchagin? He is waiting at the porch, answered the adjutant. - BUT! cried Rostopchin, as if struck by some unexpected memory. And, quickly opening the door, he stepped out with resolute steps onto the balcony. The conversation suddenly ceased, hats and caps were removed, and all eyes went up to the count who came out. - Hello guys! said the count quickly and loudly. - Thank you for coming. I'll come out to you now, but first of all we need to deal with the villain. We need to punish the villain who killed Moscow. Wait for me! - And the count just as quickly returned to the chambers, slamming the door hard. A murmur of approval ran through the crowd. “He, then, will control the useh of the villains! And you say a Frenchman ... he will untie the whole distance for you! people said, as if reproaching each other for their lack of faith. A few minutes later an officer hurried out of the front door, ordered something, and the dragoons stretched out. The crowd moved greedily from the balcony to the porch. Coming out on the porch with angry quick steps, Rostopchin hastily looked around him, as if looking for someone. - Where is he? - said the count, and at the same moment as he said this, he saw from around the corner of the house coming out between two dragoons a young man with a long thin neck, with his head half-shaven and overgrown. This young man was dressed in what used to be a dapper, blue-clothed, shabby fox sheepskin coat and in dirty, linen prisoner's trousers, stuffed into unclean, worn-out thin boots. Shackles hung heavily on thin, weak legs, making it difficult for the young man's hesitant gait. - BUT! - said Rostopchin, hastily turning his eyes away from the young man in the fox coat and pointing to the bottom step of the porch. - Put it here! - The young man, shackling his shackles, stepped heavily onto the indicated step, holding the pressing collar of the sheepskin coat with his finger, turned his long neck twice and, sighing, folded his thin, non-working hands in front of his stomach with a submissive gesture. There was silence for a few seconds as the young man settled himself on the step. Only in the back rows of people squeezing to one place, groaning, groans, jolts and the clatter of rearranged legs were heard. Rostopchin, waiting for him to stop at the indicated place, frowningly rubbed his face with his hand. - Guys! - said Rostopchin in a metallic voice, - this man, Vereshchagin, is the same scoundrel from whom Moscow died. | ||
Developmental biology is life!
100 years of the Institute of Developmental Biology named after N.K. Koltsov RAS
The Institute of Developmental Biology was founded in 1917 as the Institute of Experimental Biology. The idea of the Institute was to create a multidisciplinary center that experimentally studies the phenomena of life. This idea is associated with the name of the outstanding Russian biologist N.K. Koltsov, the founder of a number of scientific areas of experimental biology in the first half of the 20th century. He also headed the Institute for more than 20 years. The Institute immediately brought together specialists from various fields of biology - genetics, cytology, developmental mechanics and physiology.
History knows and impressive scientific achievements Institute, and dramatic turns in its fate - reorganization, renaming, merger, separation. In 1967, the tasks of the then reorganized Institute were defined as: “the knowledge of causal relationships and patterns of individual development of the animal organism at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organismal levels, the development of methods for controlling the processes of reproduction, growth and shaping.” Scientists were engaged in research on the stages of realization of genetic information, analysis of the molecular mechanisms of ontogeny and mechanisms of genetic control of development processes, searched for new approaches to the problems of cell biology and to the analysis physiological processes. Many discoveries have been made along the way!
Today, the Institute has 20 laboratories in several areas: embryological, cytological, molecular biological, genetic and physiological. Research is carried out on insects, molluscs, amphibians, using methods of electrophysiology, cytochemistry and molecular biology. A Center for Cellular Technologies was created, which studies, among other things, the biology of stem cells, and an Educational and Scientific Center for Developmental Biology was organized jointly with the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. Schools of Developmental Biology are held regularly.
Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Vasiliev, Director of the Institute
Tell me, Andrei Valentinovich, a century is the work of several generations of researchers. Do the current team remember them?
For a hundred years, the Institute has made a very large contribution to the development of biological science. Let us name just a few names from a large number of the most worthy researchers of the Institute. For example, the brilliant scientist Academician I.B. Zbarsky is the son of the biochemist B.I. Zbarsky, who embalmed the body of Lenin, then, by the way, he himself worked in the laboratory at the Mausoleum. Biologist, geneticist N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky, about whom Daniil Granin wrote the book "Zubr". The prominent geneticist, one of the founders of the Institute, Academician B.L. Astaurov. Or, for example, Heroes of Socialist Labor - geneticist, corresponding member I.A. Rapoport, geneticist and breeder Academician V.A. Strunnikov... A school of geneticists and cytologists has developed at the Institute and has become world famous. These are people of a very large caliber, not every Institute can boast of such an "iconostasis". Of course, life shows that academic titles and high state awards are, after all, a kind of luck, and there were also worthy scientists who simply served science, were known and authoritative in a professional environment - they may not have been awarded high award-winning, but honestly and creatively developed their fields.
I will name a few more names - after all, this is the history and glory of the Institute. The famous neurobiologist, geneticist corresponding member L.I. Korochkin is an extraordinary, bright person. Of course, those generations are remembered. In connection with the anniversary of the Institute, we decided to organize a series of lectures dedicated to the names of scientists “Persons of our Institute”. They were all interesting, original personalities! For example, one of the directors of the Institute, who is also one of the pillars of cytology and cell biology, Academician N.G. Khrushchev. By the way, he was the nephew of D.D. Shostakovich and generally belonged to the ancient boyar family - a man of deep intellect and the highest moral qualities. Recently, unfortunately, Corresponding Member A.V. Yablokov is a well-known ecologist, public and political figure, an extraordinary person - even when he was already seriously ill, he continued to work, and in 2016 he published five serious fundamental publications. In a word, we remember these people, each lecture is dedicated to a specific scientist, either a student or a person close to him gives a lecture.
Tell me, maybe the glorious predecessors have already discovered everything? Did the contemporaries still have an interesting front of research work?
We are proud of our rich history, but, of course, we are not the Institute for the HISTORY of Developmental Biology. We are also interested in our time, and, I believe, the best monument to outstanding predecessors is today's biological science. And it's just a revolution! It is developmental biology that will lead to grandiose changes in social sphere and in people's lives. By the way, several Nobel Prizes in the field of physiology and medicine were just in the field of developmental biology. For example, the award to Robert Edwards for the development of in vitro fertilization - this approach is used today in medicine to help couples make themselves happy with a child. This is a grandiose impetus to the development of science - it became possible to work in vitro with embryonic material, to observe early development outside the body. The Nobel Prize for S. Yamanaka for induced pluripotency and the Nobel Prize for Sir Girden for nuclear transplantation are awards in general for fantastic discoveries that make it possible to obtain cells outside the body that can differentiate into all cell types and reproduce cell development in any direction up to an adult organism. Dream! We have received amazing research material that cannot be obtained in any other way.
Today there is a lot of work, research goes further. The next step is genome editing. The combination of all these works - induced pluripotency, cell research with genome editing - opens up extraordinary opportunities, but, alas, extraordinary risks. These discoveries make it possible to impart any properties to an organism and change the genome by no longer natural mechanisms, i.e. the activity of the genome does not change as a result of the development of the organism's program itself. Alas, let's remember what kind of society we live in - is it aimed at achieving some kind of harmony? Or is it aimed at achieving success, profit, benefit? Unfortunately, we are facing an ethical problem, where harmony and compliance with some principles are simply discarded like a husk.
In general, there are many complaints about the Academy of Sciences that there is a demographic "hole" - a failure in the average age of scientists (because many left in the 90s). And you?
The Institute is now in a unique situation - despite the terrible material and technical support, we still have no personnel problems and the team is full of interesting ideas. By the way, there is no generation gap either. There are veterans, people 60-70-80 years old, for example, Professor Vsevolod Yakovlevich Brodsky is about 90 years old, but he works every day at the institute and does a great job, he is included, by the way, in the Top-1000 citation list - a brilliant scientist, he continues to generate products and ideas.
We have wonderful 40-50-year-olds, defending doctorates and doing brilliant work - they make up a portrait of the Institute worthy of history. For example, Irina Yuryevna Baklushinskaya - she is engaged in the regulation of sex in mammals and makes significant discoveries there. Or, for example, Olga Borisovna Simonova, who recently defended her doctorate - not a passing qualifying work, but this defense was a phenomenon! Let me tell you about some neurobiologists - for example, Doctor of Sciences Elena Evgenievna Voronezhskaya, she studies the mother-fetus interaction and the regulator of serotonin: it turns out that this serotonin determines the behavior of the fetus after the appearance of the individual, i.e. maternal supply of fetal serotonin in the womb determines the behavioral development of the individual after birth.
Doctor of Biological Sciences Varvara Evgenievna Dyakonova shifts her research from neuro to neuro-cognition, i.e. in cognitive research and deals with the mechanisms of memory formation, the mechanisms of behavior formation. Fantastic stuff! Deputy Director of the Institute Alexei Mikhailovich Kulikov works on Drosophila, widely using bioinformatics methods, while now he is shifting to the field of bioinformatics, analyzing the contribution of certain genes to the subsequent development of the whole organism, to the configuration of the organism. Those. not just the expression of a "gene-protein", but how this gene affects the formation of the whole organism, morphogenesis is being studied.
The cellular direction is strongly represented at the Institute (induced pluripotency, cells for the treatment of diseases, etc.). Ekaterina Andreevna Voroteliak, who recently became a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, studies cellular processes in morphogenesis, such as the formation of tissues and organs, the formation of the whole organism, and also studies transplantation. (Recall: the founder of the Institute, Nikolai Konstantinovich Koltsov, was engaged in organ transplantation on animals, transplanted the sex glands - and wasn’t “Heart of a Dog” written from him?).
- What about scientific youth?
There are also young people at the Institute - 30-40-year-olds - they work wonderfully! For example, an employee (with a bright surname) Andrey Yuryevich Kulibin is developing a new hierarchy of spermatogenesis.
We have no problems with filling postgraduate studies, despite the many problems. The infrastructure is worn out, a graduate student receives less than he has to pay for a bed in a dormitory, and a senior laboratory assistant and junior research assistant receives so much that it is impossible to even talk about this money. Nevertheless, the guys go - for the prospect. A few years ago, we could say for sure that we were working for the West, because many guys left after completing their postgraduate studies. Not because they want to live and work there, no - because of hopelessness, because here they “bury themselves” and cannot do anything. Today, too, someone is leaving, but many remain and find themselves here. We have many reasons to complain, but every year they receive subsidized apartments - it is clear that this is also not sugar, a mortgage is also needed, it is also necessary to earn money somewhere, but, nevertheless, young people work here, they are interested . I can name a number of names, for example, Erdem Dashinimaev, a young talented guy, is engaged in genome editing systems, simulating the development of the disease on model animals, transgenic animals, knockout animals.
We lack a lot of things - money, equipment, premises, model animals. But the most important thing is missing - ideas and people, our guys, figuratively speaking, "burn" at work. I myself have worked all my life since 1992 at the Institute and once introduced for myself the "index of luminous windows". I remember when I was still a very young man - in 1986-87 - I left the Institute at eight in the evening and most of the windows of the building were lit up! I was proud of my Institute, behind these windows are my friends, they are working. Today, let's say, I come to the Institute in the summer on Sunday evening - I see luminous windows! People are working! The Luminous Windows Index is alive, which means that Russian science is alive.
Strange, you almost do not complain, and yet at the Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences today they are literally shouting out loud about underfunding ...
I am ready to add my position to the serious discussion about the underfunding of science. It is also very important how the money is distributed. And they are distributed crookedly in the country, without an objective examination. After all, even those crumbs that are allocated for science should be distributed clearly, transparently, and expediently. Why did Germany raise science and technology after the war - because they managed to establish independent expertise with little money. In our country, the distribution of money is accompanied by the withdrawal of assets from the institutions of the Academy. Let me explain: for example, we turn to the Skolkovo Foundation, but this foundation does not finance institutes, it finances only firms. This means that our employees must leave the Institute, organize a firm, and only this firm will receive funding. But if everyone leaves for firms, who will remain at the Institute?
Is it so well thought out? After all, this is actually the withdrawal of an intellectual asset from the Institute! Many structures do the same: if you want to get funding, create a company. But not every scientist should make a firm, and not every scientist can! It is good in itself - it is necessary to give money for good science! This is very important, because if our scientific youth sees and understands that money, even small ones, is distributed fairly, they develop a sense of trust and, conversely, there are fewer arguments for leaving. After all, they go abroad and win grants there! But here it often turns out differently. Just recently, one of our wonderful employees received brilliant peer reviews three times, but did not receive financial support. Expert activities should be transparent and a fair distribution of funds should be carried out in accordance with the priorities of scientific significance.
- Earlier you touched upon an important topic - that in the progress of biological knowledge there are also threats...
Biology today can do fantastic things, but there is not only inspiration in this, but also a problem. Technologies, figuratively speaking, are ahead of society, ahead of its legal, moral, ethical and ideological justification. The scientists themselves - for the most part - are moral people, their beliefs are built on the basis of social justice. But, alas, a scientist who generates new knowledge, new approaches, by no means always himself can determine the path of development of his invention, its use. Already other people, proceeding from completely different considerations, pick up the invention and use it in their own momentary interests.
Take, for example, editing the human embryo genome. We have either already crossed the line that should not be crossed, or we are approaching it. I would impose a moratorium on these works. But no mechanisms of control and inhibition have been invented on planet Earth - it is enough to recall how the declared nuclear deterrence was steadily destroyed. Yes, in national territories the law often announces prohibitions, but there are neutral waters and there the vessel-laboratory is outlawed, where mediocre scientists do not know in what interests and purposes they use advanced scientific development to achieve technological superiority.
With new biological advances, we seem to have woken up in a different world and must realize the danger of disrupting the balance of biodiversity, even the danger of stopping the development of man as a species. Ready to substantiate. Let me remind you that in connection with the search for life on Mars by space science, which was organized by a group of advanced countries, it was necessary (in order to understand what exactly to look for on other planets) to precisely formulate what life is. And formulated: it chemical system capable of evolution. That is, the ability to evolve is a prerequisite for life. No evolution - no development, no life.
Developmental biology, reflected in the name of our Institute, is life itself. Suppose a person leaves the evolution, which involves selection according to such and such criteria, and natural selection replaced by artificial (instrumental) selection. - What do we get? Evolution stops, and evolutionary impasse is death. Biologists are well aware of these laws of nature: the survival of a population does not depend on the strength of its leader, but on the diversity of the population; under changing conditions, the latter can become the first and provide the basis for the development of this population in some other direction. But if we start to form the leaders of the population according to some kind of our own template, we will artificially limit biodiversity, which means we will artificially multiply the risks. And then - do not survive the onset of changing situations. The danger is great! And I don't understand why no one is talking about this.
We will return to Andrey Valentinovich, but for now, in order to feel the "volume" in his story about the Institute, let's turn to specific researchers - to a very young biologist, chairman of the Council of Young Scientists of the Institute, and, conversely, to the famous master of science, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Denis Alexandrovich Nikishin- a very intelligent young man, Ph.D., researcher at the Laboratory of Regeneration Problems.
- Tell me, what do you do?
The problem of the development of signaling in early development. Substances called neurotransmitters in the brain are responsible for transmitting a signal from one nerve cell to another. In Russian - neurotransmitters. The fact is that an electrical signal can only be transmitted through one cell, and in order to transmit a signal to another cell, you need to use a chemical signal.
On this issue, a scientific school was formed at the Institute in the past and it was found that in an early embryo, in which there is still no nervous system and no nerve cells, but there is just a “bunch” of identical blastomere cells, nevertheless, these blastomeres “know” that they form a single embryo. How? It turns out that at this stage, when there is no nervous system yet, these neurotransmitter substances are already in the embryo and they perform their signaling function. Those. cells can “communicate” with each other with the help of these chemical molecules and in this way “understand” that they are part of the same embryo, and then they have to develop and form single system. If at an early stage this chemical signal is disturbed, then a separate organism can form from each blastomere and twins will occur - for example, this happens on sea urchins, this has been shown in our laboratory.
Now in their scientific research I left early development to the previous stage - when the egg is formed. Because it is during the formation of the egg that the foundation for early development is laid - immediately after fertilization, the embryo develops for a certain period of time completely autonomously and automatically - according to the program that was laid during the maturation of the egg. These transmitter substances, in particular, the famous serotonin, accumulate in the eggs and in some way can also participate in shaping this program, which will be implemented further in later development.
In the Laboratory, the school of Gennady Alekseevich Buznikov continues, at our Institute it was he who was the first to study neurotransmitters in early embryonic development - at that time it was a first in biology. Now this signaling system is already a well-known fact, but at that time it was a priority. Today, in this narrow area of the world, there are several teams that are interested in this topic, but it is impossible to say that we are lagging behind someone, it is not so.
I want to call on the state to support science in our country more, there is a need for this, we need to change the situation with funding.
And now let's look at Laboratory of nervous and neuroendocrine regulation, this area of developmental biology is one of the key - it is here that ideas are born about the integrative mechanisms of brain formation. The head of the laboratory is Academician Mikhail Veniaminovich Ugryumov, a neurophysiologist and neuroendocrinologist.
Academician V.M. Ugryumov.
The laboratory was created half a century ago by Professor M.S. Mitskevich at the moment when the Institute separated from the A.N. Severtsov, it was then called the Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation. This is one of the three most important directions in the formation of developmental biology: the genetic direction, the embryonic and physiological direction of integrative physiology. The Laboratory studied - when the endocrine system is formed in ontogeny, i.e. organs that secrete physiologically active substances that control the development of the body: cells, organs, the whole organism. They are called morphogenetic or transcription factors, because through the management of the genome they influence the genetic program of the organism. How does this system work? - Professor M.S. Mickiewicz studied this well. The main thing is proved: these hormonal factors control the development of the organism. But later it turned out that this system is much more complex and it has a “conductor” - this is the brain, and especially the hypothalamus, i.e. part of the brain that controls the work of the endocrine glands.
Further, for many years it was studied how the brain and hypothalamus do this and how it affects the development of the body. And it is shown: if this system does not work adequately, some kind of failure occurs in its work, then congenital diseases develop, i.e. this system is key. Congenital diseases occur in people in the embryonic period, shortly after birth - due to a deficiency of these physiologically active substances - and then they are not corrected in any way, i.e. it is almost impossible to treat them.
What are we talking about? - I'll explain. One of the most common congenital brain diseases is autism, which affects many people, and their percentage is increasing. Or, for example, a violation of the reproductive (sexual) function, as a result of which people cannot have children. As congenital, diseases associated with disruption of the cardiovascular system (underdevelopment of the heart) can also develop. The same diseases are neurodegenerative: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. They are considered to be diseases of the elderly, although they can be launched in the very initial period of development of the body. One of the mechanisms for the appearance of such diseases is in the pathology of pregnancy during gestation: hypoxia may develop in the mother, i.e. violation of oxygen metabolism and, accordingly, the supply of oxygen to the fetus. And as a result, the fetus will form a much smaller number of neurons than it needs to control memory, motor function, etc.
But the body does not feel: for decades, the phenomenon can be compensated by other brain neurons. However, at the age of 50-60 years, the pathology begins to manifest itself - and this leads to memory impairment (Alzheimer's disease) or to a violation of motor function (Parkinson's disease). Previously, it was believed that this entire neuroendocrine system, as a single one, is formed for a very long time during individual development - before birth, after birth - and begins to work after the child's brain is fully formed - somewhere in the 5-10th year of his life. life.
But in our Laboratory, this concept was completely changed: we showed that the brain begins to work and participate in the regulation of the development of the body at the very beginning of the brain, i.e. in the middle of the prenatal, germinal, embryonic period. At a gestational age of 39-40 weeks, the fetal brain begins to work independently and manage the development of the body at 8-10 weeks, i.e. very, very early, when the fetus is still not visible at all. This discovery, made in our laboratory, was never seen by anyone, could not be assumed, and therefore was not taken into account.
It turns out that we must completely reconsider the causes and mechanisms of development of all congenital diseases. Accordingly, we will improve diagnostic methods and treatment methods. In other words, the fundamental leap that we have made in understanding how the brain works will lead to the emergence of new technologies for modifying old age. That is why we cannot say - this is where fundamental research ends and applied research begins. No, this is a single chain, and it seems to me that scientists cannot limit themselves to studying fundamental mechanisms or only applied technologies, they must control the entire chain, which is what we do in our Laboratory.
In the second direction, we are also original at the Institute - no one but us does this. Neurodegenerative diseases, as I said, are associated with ontogenesis, with development - i.e. the causes may already lie at the level of newborns, and at the level of the fetus, although the manifestation of these diseases occurs at 60-50 years of age. The brain has a special property of neuroplasticity. These are unique compensatory mechanisms that allow the brain to work even in conditions when some entire groups of neurons die, i.e. other neurons take over the function of dead neurons. We know a lot, for example, what happens with strokes - with a hemorrhage, some part of the brain dies and a person's speech or movement is disturbed. But we also know that in some patients this can then be restored - just due to just such a switching of functions from one neuron to another. This is brain plasticity. However, when motor functions are impaired in Parkinson's disease, then it turns out that it is too late to treat. Because the brain's own regulatory system is almost completely destroyed and those compensatory mechanisms of neuroplasticity are also exhausted. And the symptoms of the disease only appear at this moment. Therefore, not a single patient with these diseases has been cured in any country so far. Although huge money is being invested, new and new pharmacological preparations are being developed, etc.
What to do? Are we dealing with an absolutely fatal disease? Or can you find a way out? There is only one conclusion, which has already been reached for a number of diseases: it is necessary to make a diagnosis as early as possible, long before this clinical disease appeared - and immediately begin to treat. In cardiovascular diseases, in pulmonology and in endocrinology, this methodology works very well, using provocative tests. But this approach has never been used in neurology and psychology to diagnose chronic brain diseases.
In our Laboratory - for the first time in the world! - have developed such tests for diagnosing chronic brain diseases. I was amazed - why hasn't anyone done this before? And the explanation is simple: therapists who have become cardiologists, pulmonologists and endocrinologists practically do not intersect with either neurologists or psychiatrists - i.e. with those who deal with the brain. There was simply no exchange of information! Therefore, based on our fundamental research, we came to the development of a completely new and unique specific technology for diagnosing these diseases at an early stage of development. We recently received a very large grant to conduct preclinical animal studies and then move on to clinical trials already in patients. And this is again an example of how fundamental research are continuously moving into applied ones and, ultimately, are aimed at improving the quality of human life.
Again we turn to Andrei Valentinovich Vasiliev.
It is necessary to literally sing the hymn to science to the political circles of our country. They monitor the Dow Jones index, oil prices, changes in the political situation there every day - and I think you need to follow the news from biological laboratories! They will change today's reality! Science was and is primary, it forms the intellectual, technological, economic, educational potential of the country. The Russian Academy of Sciences and our Institute, in particular, are, first of all, fundamental research, their significance is global, without them the spring of applied science will dry up.
These statements have a special meaning precisely in Russia, which needs to keep the huge wealth and territories that it has. And this means advancing development, and not even military or political, no matter how important they are, but cultural development - with the understanding that science is the main part of culture. I think the duty of the state in Russia is the development of education and science, these are two basic pillars, and defense programs, in fact, are something derivative.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Institute of Developmental Biology N. K. Koltsova RAS- research institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Full name - Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Developmental Biology. N. K. Koltsova Russian Academy Sciences.
The scientific activity of the institute began in 1917, when the Institute of Experimental Biology was organized. The Russian biologist N. K. Koltsov initiated the creation of the institute. He was the director of the institute for 22 years, from 1917 to 1939. Already in the 1930s, the Institute developed its own school of cytologists and geneticists, which gained worldwide fame. In 1938, the institute passed into the structure of the USSR Academy of Sciences and was renamed the Institute of Cytology, Histology and Embryology.
In 1939, the director N. Koltsov was persecuted at the institute, who at the party meeting was accused of far-fetched sins by all the speakers. Komsomol organizer Joseph Abramovich Rapoport stood up in defense, who said that the charges were far-fetched, and the institute should be named after N. Koltsov. For this speech, the next day, the district committee removed the Komsomol organizer I. Rapoport from his post, and N. Koltsov was nevertheless removed from the post of director. (Only half a century later, they followed the idea of I. Rapoport.)
At present, the main directions of the scientific activity of the Institute are: the study of molecular and genetic mechanisms of regulation of embryonic development and cell differentiation; mechanisms of regulation of physiological functions in ontogeny; ecological and evolutionary problems of ontogeny. Works on genetics and ontogenesis of plants also continue. Cooperation with the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University and other scientific institutions continues.
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Literature
- Detlaf T. A. Institute of Experimental Biology (Russian) // Ontogenesis. - 1988. - V. 19, No. 1. - S. 94-112.
- Babkov V.V. Moscow School of Evolutionary Genetics. - Moscow: Nauka, 1985. - 216 p.
Notes
Links
- Biological Institutes // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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An excerpt characterizing the N. K. Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
– After the cruel death of Radomir, Magdalena decided to return to where her real Home was, where she was born a long time ago. Probably, all of us have an inherent craving for our “roots”, especially when, for one reason or another, it becomes bad ... So she, killed by her deep grief, wounded and lonely, decided to finally return HOME ... This place was located in mysterious Occitania (today's France, Languedoc) and it was called the Valley of the Magicians (or also the Valley of the Gods), famous for its harsh, mystical majesty and beauty. And there was no person who, once having been there, would not fall in love with the Valley of Magicians for the rest of his life...“Forgive me, Sever, for interrupting you, but the name of Magdalene… didn’t it come from the Valley of Magicians?…” I exclaimed, unable to resist the discovery that shocked me.
“You are absolutely right, Isidora. Sever smiled. - You see - you think! .. The real Magdalene was born about five hundred years ago in the Occitan Valley of Magicians, and therefore they called her Mary - the Magician of the Valley (Mag-Valley).
- What kind of valley is this - the Valley of Mages, the North? .. And why have I never heard of such a thing? Father never mentioned such a name, and none of my teachers talked about it?
– Oh, this is a very ancient and very powerful place, Isidora! The land there once gave extraordinary power... It was called the "Land of the Sun" or "Pure Land". It was created by hand, many thousands of years ago... And there once lived two of those whom people called Gods. They took care of this Pure Land from the "black forces", as it kept in itself the Gates of the Interworld, which no longer exist today. But once, a very long time ago, it was a place of arrival of otherworldly people and otherworldly news. It was one of the seven "bridges" of the Earth... Destroyed, unfortunately, by a stupid mistake of Man. Later, many centuries later, gifted children began to be born in this valley. And for them, strong, but unintelligent, we created a new "meteora" there ... Which we called - Raveda (R-know). It was, as it were, the younger sister of our Meteora, in whom they also taught Knowledge, only much simpler than we taught it, since Raveda was open without exception to all the gifted. Secret Knowledge was not given there, but only something that could help them live with their burden, that could teach them to know and control their amazing Gift. Gradually, various, beautifully gifted people from the farthest corners of the Earth began to flock to Raveda, eager to learn. And because Raveda was open just for everyone, sometimes “gray” gifted people also came there, who were also taught Knowledge, hoping that one fine day their lost Light Soul would definitely return to them.
So they called this Valley over time - the Valley of the Magicians, as if warning the uninitiated about the possibility of meeting unexpected and amazing miracles there ... born by the thought and heart of the gifted ... friends there, settled in their unusual castles-fortresses, standing on living "points of power", giving those living in them natural power and protection.
Magdalena, for a while, retired with her young daughter to the caves, wanting to be away from any fuss, looking for peace with her sore soul...
The mourning Magdalene in the caves...
- Show me her, Sever! .. - I asked, unable to stand it. – Show me, please, Magdalene...
To my great surprise, instead of harsh stone caves, I saw a gentle, blue sea, on the sandy shore of which a woman was standing. I immediately recognized her - she was Mary Magdalene... Radomir's only love, his wife, the mother of his wonderful children... and his widow.
She stood straight and proud, unbending and strong... And only on her clean, thin face lived a burning hidden pain... She still looked very much like that wondrous, bright girl that Sever had once shown me... only now her funny, sweet face was already overshadowed by real, “adult” sadness ... Magdalena was beautiful with that warm and gentle feminine beauty that equally struck both young and old, forcing her to honor her, stay with her, serve her, and love her , how can you love only a dream, suddenly embodied in a person .... She stood very calmly, peering intently into the distance, as if waiting for something. And next to her, tightly hugging her knees, huddled a tiny girl - the second little Magdalene! .. She was stunningly similar to her mother - the same long golden hair ... the same radiant blue eyes ... and the same funny, cheerful dimples on tender smiling cheeks. The girl was amazingly good and funny. But the mother seemed so sad that the baby did not dare to disturb her, but only stood quietly, clinging tightly, as if waiting for this strange, incomprehensible mother’s sadness to pass ... The gentle breeze played lazily in the golden locks of Magdalena’s long hair, at times running along her tender cheeks, carefully touching them with a warm sea breeze... She stood frozen, like a statue, and only in her sad eyes one could clearly read intense expectation... Suddenly a white, fluffy dot appeared very far on the horizon, slowly turning into distant sail. Magdalene immediately changed and came to life, tightly hugging her daughter, and said as cheerfully as possible:
