Likhachev, a person should have favorite works. From "Letters about the Good and the Beautiful" by Dmitry Likhachev. Reflections on the eternal and advice to the young. Have you noticed what a great impression those works of literature that are read in a calm,
Letter Eleven
About careerism
"Letters about the good and the beautiful"
A person develops from the first day of his birth. He is looking to the future. He learns, learns to set new tasks for himself, without even realizing it. And how quickly he masters his position in life. He already knows how to hold a spoon and pronounce the first words.
Then he also studies as a boy and a young man.
And the time has come to apply your knowledge, to achieve what you aspired to. Maturity. We have to live in reality...
But the acceleration persists, and now, instead of teaching, the time comes for many to master the position in life. The movement goes by inertia. A person is constantly striving towards the future, and the future is no longer in real knowledge, not in mastering the skill, but in arranging oneself in an advantageous position. The content, the original content, is lost. The present time does not come, there is still an empty aspiration to the future. This is careerism. Inner restlessness that makes a person unhappy personally and unbearable for others.
Letter 12
The person must be intelligent
A person must be intelligent! And if his profession does not require intelligence? And if he could not get an education: so there were circumstances? What if the environment doesn't allow it? And if intelligence makes him a "black sheep" among his colleagues, friends, relatives, will it simply interfere with his rapprochement with other people?
No, no and NO! Intelligence is needed under all circumstances. It is necessary both for others and for the person himself.
This is very, very important, and above all, in order to live happily and for a long time - yes, for a long time! For intelligence is equal to moral health, and health is necessary in order to live long - not only physically, but also mentally. In one old book it says: "Honor your father and your mother, and you will live long on earth." This applies to the whole nation, and to individual person. This is wise.
But first of all, let's define what intelligence is, and then why it is connected with the commandment of longevity.
Many people think: an intelligent person is one who has read a lot, received a good education(and even predominantly humanitarian), traveled a lot, knows several languages.
Meanwhile, you can have all this and be unintelligent, and you can not possess any of this to a large extent, but still be an internally intelligent person.
Education should not be confused with intelligence. Education lives on the old content, intelligence lives on the creation of the new and the awareness of the old as new.
More than that ... Deprive a truly intelligent person of all his knowledge, education, deprive him of his very memory. Let him forget everything in the world, he will not know the classics of literature, he will not remember the greatest works of art, he will forget the most important historical events, but if with all this he retains a susceptibility to intellectual values, a love of acquiring knowledge, an interest in history, an aesthetic flair, he can distinguish a real work of art from a crude "thing" made only to surprise, if he can admire the beauty of nature, understand the character and individuality of another person, enter into his position, and having understood another person, help him, he will not show rudeness, indifference, gloating, envy, but will appreciate the other at its true worth if he shows respect for the culture of the past, the skills of an educated person, responsibility in deciding moral questions, the richness and accuracy of his language - spoken and written - this is what an intelligent person will be.
Intelligence is not only in knowledge, but in the ability to understand another. It manifests itself in a thousand and a thousand little things: in the ability to argue respectfully, to behave modestly at the table, in the ability to imperceptibly (precisely imperceptibly) help another, to protect nature, not to litter around oneself - not to litter with cigarette butts or swearing, bad ideas (this is also garbage, and what else!)
The Likhachev family, Dmitry - in the center, 1929. © D. Baltermants
I knew peasants in the Russian North who were truly intelligent. They observed amazing cleanliness in their homes, knew how to appreciate good songs, knew how to tell “by-life” (that is, what happened to them or others), lived an orderly life, were hospitable and friendly, treated with understanding both other people’s grief and someone else's joy.
Intelligence is the ability to understand, to perceive, it is a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people.
Intelligence must be developed in oneself, trained - mental strength is trained, as physical ones are also trained. And training is possible and necessary in any conditions.
That the training of physical strength contributes to longevity - this is understandable. Much less people understand that for longevity, the training of spiritual and spiritual forces is also necessary.
The fact is that a vicious and evil reaction to the environment, rudeness and misunderstanding of others is a sign of mental and spiritual weakness, human inability to live ... Pushing in a crowded bus - a weak and nervous person, exhausted, reacting incorrectly to everything. Quarrels with neighbors - also a person who does not know how to live, deaf mentally. Aesthetically unreceptive is also an unhappy person. He who does not know how to understand another person, attributing only evil intentions to him, always taking offense at others - this is also a person who impoverishes his life and interferes with the lives of others. Mental weakness leads to physical weakness. I am not a doctor, but I am convinced of this. Years of experience convinced me of this.
Friendliness and kindness make a person not only physically healthy, but also beautiful. Yes, it's beautiful.
The face of a person, distorted by anger, becomes ugly, and the movements of an evil person are devoid of grace - not deliberate grace, but natural, which is much more expensive.
The social duty of a person is to be intelligent. This is a duty to yourself as well. This is the guarantee of his personal happiness and the "aura of goodwill" around him and towards him (that is, addressed to him).
Everything I talk about with young readers in this book is a call to intelligence, to physical and moral health, to the beauty of health. Let us be long-lived, as people and as a people! And the veneration of the father and mother should be understood broadly - as the veneration of all our best in the past, in the past, which is the father and mother of our modernity, the great modernity, to belong to which is great happiness.
Dmitry Likhachev, 1989, © D. Baltermants
letter twenty two
Love to read!
Each person is obliged (I emphasize - is obliged) to take care of his own intellectual development. This is his duty to the society in which he lives and to himself.
The main (but, of course, not the only) way of one's intellectual development is reading.
Reading should not be random. This is a huge waste of time, and time is the greatest value that cannot be wasted on trifles. You should read according to the program, of course, not strictly following it, moving away from it where there are additional interests for the reader. However, with all the deviations from the original program, it is necessary to draw up a new one for yourself, taking into account the new interests that have appeared.
Reading, in order to be effective, must interest the reader. Interest in reading in general or in certain branches of culture must be developed in oneself. Interest can be largely the result of self-education.
It is not so easy to make reading programs for yourself, and this must be done in consultation with knowledgeable people, with existing reference manuals of various types.
The danger of reading is the development (conscious or unconscious) in oneself of a tendency to "diagonal" viewing of texts or to various types of high-speed reading methods.
Speed reading creates the appearance of knowledge. It can be allowed only in certain types of professions, being careful not to create in oneself the habit of speed reading, it leads to a disease of attention.
Have you noticed what a great impression those works of literature that are read in a calm, unhurried and unhurried environment, for example, on vacation or in case of some not very complicated and not distracting illness, make?
“Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. It is necessary to choose forms of recreation and entertainment that are smart, able to teach something.
"Disinterested", but interesting reading - that's what makes you love literature and what broadens a person's horizons.
Why is TV now partially replacing the book? Yes, because the TV makes you slowly watch some kind of program, sit back comfortably so that nothing bothers you, it distracts you from worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and interesting than many programs. I'm not saying stop watching TV. But I say: look with a choice. Spend your time on something that is worthy of this waste. Read more and read with the greatest choice. Decide for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that your chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. This means that there is something significant in it. Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you?
A classic is one that has stood the test of time. You won't waste your time with it. But the classics cannot answer all the questions of today. Therefore, it is necessary to read modern literature. Don't just jump on every trendy book. Don't be fussy. Vanity causes a person to recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital that he possesses - his time.
letter twenty-six
Learn to learn!
We are entering an age in which education, knowledge, professional skills will play a decisive role in the fate of a person. Without knowledge, by the way, which is becoming more and more complicated, it will simply be impossible to work, to be useful. For physical labor will be taken over by machines, robots. Even calculations will be done by computers, as well as drawings, calculations, reports, planning, etc. Man will bring in new ideas, think about things that a machine cannot think of. And for this, the general intelligence of a person, his ability to create something new and, of course, moral responsibility, which a machine cannot bear in any way, will be needed more and more. Ethics, simple in previous ages, will become infinitely more complex in the age of science. It is clear. This means that a person will face the hardest and most difficult task of being not just a person, but a man of science, a person morally responsible for everything that happens in the age of machines and robots. General education can create a man of the future, a creative man, the creator of everything new and morally responsible for everything that will be created.
Teaching is what a young person needs now from a very young age. You must always learn. Until the end of his life, not only taught, but also studied all the major scientists. If you stop learning, you won't be able to teach. For knowledge is growing and becoming more complex. At the same time, it must be remembered that the most favorable time for learning is youth. It is in youth, in childhood, in adolescence, in youth, that the human mind is most receptive. Receptive to the study of languages (which is extremely important), to mathematics, to the assimilation of simple knowledge and aesthetic development, standing next to moral development and partly stimulating it.
Know how not to waste time on trifles, on "rest", which sometimes tires more than the hardest work, do not fill your bright mind with muddy streams of stupid and aimless "information". Take care of yourself for learning, for acquiring knowledge and skills that you will master easily and quickly only in your youth.
And here I hear the heavy sigh of a young man: what a boring life you offer our youth! Only study. And where is the rest, entertainment? What are we not to rejoice at?
No. The acquisition of skills and knowledge is the same sport. Teaching is difficult when we do not know how to find joy in it. We must love to study and choose smart forms of recreation and entertainment that can also teach something, develop in us some abilities that will be needed in life.
What if you don't like studying? That cannot be. This means that you simply did not discover the joy that the acquisition of knowledge and skills brings to a child, a young man, a girl.
Look at a small child - with what pleasure he begins to learn to walk, talk, delve into various mechanisms(in boys), babysit dolls (in girls). Try to continue this joy of learning new things. This largely depends on you. Don't promise: I don't like to study! And you try to love all the subjects that you study at school. If other people liked them, then why might you not like them! Read real books, not just reading. Study history and literature. An intelligent person should know both well. They give a person a moral and aesthetic outlook, make the world around us big, interesting, radiating experience and joy. If you don’t like something in any subject, strain and try to find in it a source of joy - the joy of acquiring a new one.
Learn to love learning!
Text essay:
The displacement of books by television and cinema. It is this problem that the Soviet and Russian philologist, art critic, screenwriter, academician discusses. Russian Academy Sciences - Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.
Before us is D.S. Likhachev’s reasoning about why the TV is now partially replacing the book. The author gives various arguments and comes to the conclusion that this is due to the fact that we watch TV without being distracted, with interest.
Thus, the author's position is as follows: TV replaces the book, because it distracts a person from worries and does not require any physical costs from him: it is enough to sit comfortably so that nothing interferes, and watch what you like.
Well, I am very familiar with this situation, and I believe that Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev is absolutely right. After all, the main thing is not just to read, you need to read with interest, and making sure that nothing distracts you, you can safely immerse yourself in another world. The heroine of Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" Tatyana Larina loved to read on the balcony, without being distracted by minor problems. And so she enjoyed reading.
Based on the statistics on the Internet, we can notice that the number of people visiting the Internet is increasing daily.
Based on my own reasoning and the reasoning of the author, I came to the conclusion: if a person wants the activity to give him pleasure, then it is necessary to create conditions so that nothing distracts from the work.
Text by D. S. Likhachev:
Text from the exam
(10) "Disinterested" reading was taught to me at school by my literature teacher. (11) I studied in the years when teachers were often forced to be absent from classes - either they dug trenches near Leningrad, or they had to help some factory, or they just got sick. (12) Leonid Vladimirovich (that was the name of my literature teacher) often came to class when the other teacher was absent, sat down at the teacher's table at ease and, taking books out of his portfolio, offered us something to read. (13) We already knew how he knew how to read, how he knew how to explain what he read, to laugh with us, to admire something, to be surprised at the art of the writer and to rejoice in the future. (14) So we listened to many places from "War and Peace", " captain's daughter”, several stories by Maupassant, an epic about Nightingale Budimirovich, another epic about Dobryn Nikitich, a story about Grief-Misfortune, Krylov’s fables, Derzhavin’s odes and much, much more. (15) I still love what I listened to when I was a child. (16) And at home, father and mother loved to read in the evenings. (17) We read for ourselves, and read some of the places we liked for us. (18) I remember how they read Leskov, Mamin-Sibiryak, historical novels- everything that they liked and gradually began to like us. (19) "Disinterested" but interesting reading is what makes one love literature and broadens one's horizons.
(20) Be able to read not only for school answers and not only because everyone is reading this or that thing now - it is fashionable. (21) Know how to read with interest and slowly. (22) Why is the TV now partially replacing the book? (23) Yes, because the TV makes you slowly watch some kind of program, sit back comfortably so that nothing bothers you, it distracts you from worries, it dictates to you how to watch and what to watch. (24) But try to choose a book to your liking, take a break from everything in the world for a while, sit comfortably with a book, and you will understand that there are many books that you cannot live without, which are more important and interesting than many programs. (25) I'm not saying: stop watching TV. (26) But I say: look with a choice. (27) Spend your time on something that is worthy of this waste. (28) Read more and read with the greatest selection. (29) Determine for yourself your choice, in accordance with the role that the book you have chosen has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic. (30) This means that there is something significant in it. (31) Or maybe this essential for the culture of mankind will be essential for you? (32) A classic is one that has stood the test of time. (33) With him you will not lose your time. (34) But the classics cannot answer all the questions of today. (35) Therefore, it is necessary to read modern literature. (36) Just don't jump on every trendy book. (37) Don't be vain. (38) After all, vanity makes a person recklessly spend the largest and most precious capital that he possesses - his time.
(According to D.S. Likhachev)
Introduction
Reading is a source of knowledge. With the help of reading, we can get information from the distant past, feel the inner state of a poet or writer who creates highly artistic works.
Recently, the book has been greatly supplanted by the latest technology - more and more people can be seen with tablets and phones. But the feeling when you completely immerse yourself in the written, inhale the smell of paper, experience all their sorrows and joys together with the characters is incomparable to anything.
Problem
D.S. Likhachev states the problem of attitudes towards reading, which is becoming less and less important for modern people. It's about It's about reading fiction.
A comment
The author says that there is nothing more beautiful than the leisurely reading of literary works. Literature absorbs the incredible experience of people in various situations. It helps to understand people, understand the motivations of others, the human soul, it makes us wiser.
To realize the full benefit of the process is possible only with careful reading, which makes it possible to look at the details. If you didn’t get to read the book correctly, then you should re-read it several times.
In the life of every person there should be a work to which he will turn during periods of difficulties and doubts, which he will quote, being in noisy companies for general amusement or to relieve the atmosphere.
Reading should be chosen only according to your own taste, not relying on fashion, so as not to lose valuable time.
The author recalls his teacher of literature, who taught his students the sacrament of reading, gave the joy of communicating with the book. This was a particularly valuable experience, since his training took place during the war years, and the teacher was often forced to be absent from classes due to the construction of trenches or work in a factory. The works read at the lessons of Leonid Vladimirovich became the author's favorite for life.
A significant role in shaping the love of reading is played by parents, who, by their example, should show the child their attitude to the book, reread interesting moments together, and discuss.
For those who absolutely do not know what to read, the author recommends turning to the classics, which have stood the test of time and cannot be useless. To understand modern reality, it is worth reading modern authors.
Author's position
D.S. Likhachev urges to be attentive when reading, not to waste on the opinion of the crowd, not to chase after fashion. The main thing is that reading should cause pleasant sensations, so it is important to take a comfortable position, choose a time when no one will disturb you and you will have nowhere to rush. Only then can you get true knowledge and emotions.
own position
Argument #1
In the novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" the main character Tatyana is passionate about reading. She reads novels that her mother loved, is fond of sentimental works. She is no less interested in philosophical works. After meeting Eugene Onegin, Tatyana begins to be attracted to the more serious works of Rousseau and Byron.
Spending long winter evenings unhurriedly reading, the girl gets as many emotions and impressions as we probably don’t get after watching the most exciting movie.
Argument #2
Another heroine of Russian literature is Sonya Marmeladova from the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" also puts reading at the head of his life. Her favorite book is the Bible. She turns to her in moments of doubt and emotional distress.
When she reads the legend of the resurrection of Lazarus for Raskolnikov, she is so absorbed in reading that trembling permeates her entire flesh. After reading it, Raskolnikov begins to think about many things.
Conclusion
Reading cannot be replaced. Neither watching movies, nor listening to audio books, nor even retelling the work, can fully give an idea of the contents of the book.
Hello, Lyubov Mikhailovna. Please check my essay for criteria.
My composition.
Why is it necessary to read thoughtfully, with interest, delving into all the little things? - the main problem that is in the center of attention of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.
Reflecting on this problem, the author draws our attention, firstly, to the fact that a person is obliged to take care of his intellectual development and the main way of such development is reading. Secondly, "only those works of literature make a strong impression on a person that are read in a calm, unhurried and unfussy environment." Thirdly, "it is necessary to read more and read with the greatest choice, in accordance with the role that the chosen book has acquired in the history of human culture in order to become a classic."
The author's position is that literature gives the most extensive experience and makes a person wise only when the works are read with an understanding of all the little things, because the main thing lies precisely in the little things.
I agree with the position of the author: literature contributes to the development of personality, develops understanding and love for life in it.
Often, thanks to books, a person develops in himself life attitudes, principles, strives to be like his favorite heroes. So, in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", the main character Tatyana Larina was fond of French love stories, which she read at night before going to bed. She wanted to be like her favorite characters, she wanted to meet true love.
Each person has a favorite book, which he rereads with interest over and over again. So, in the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons", the main character Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov's favorite book was "Eugene Onegin". He constantly reread it.
Thus, we can conclude that literature plays a huge role in human life. Thanks to her, people develop life priorities. And you want to read your favorite books again and again.
Show full text
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev in the text I read makes me think about such an urgent problem in our world as reading. This topic worries many, because in our age of developed information technologies modern man allocates less and less time to a paper book. Now, as the author correctly notes, people read more "for show": what needs to be read "(whether according to the school curriculum or at the behest of fashion and vanity)", and not for their own pleasure.
According to the author, read literary works it is necessary "in a calm, unhurried and unhurried atmosphere" in order to reveal the most important thing: what the writer wanted to convey to the heart, to the soul of the reader who took the book. "Uninterested", but interesting reading - that's what makes you love literature and what broadens your horizons man," says Likhachev. Literature, according to Dmitry Sergeevich, with "full immersion" can do amazing things with a person: make him intelligent, develop "not only a sense of beauty, but also an understanding of life, all its complexities" and much, much more.
The position of the author is that you need to read more and read "with the greatest choice." Likhachev urges us not to waste the biggest and most precious capital that we have - our time on "vanity",
Criteria
- 1 of 1 K1 Statement of source text problems
- 3 of 3 K2
