In the Russian Empire and the RSFSR. Formed on October 19 (30), 1764 from the Irkutsk province of the Siberian province. Center - Irkutsk. When founded, it was divided into counties: Irkutsk, Nerchinsky, Selenginsky, Ilimsky. In 1766 it was divided into 6 provinces - Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Selenga, Ilimsk, Okhotsk and Yakutsk. By decree of Empress Catherine II dated January 31 (February 11), 1775, 3 provinces were formed as part of the Irkutsk province - Irkutsk, Udinsk, Yakutsk. The area is 801 thousand km 2 (1895), 726 thousand km 2 (1905). The population is 544 thousand people (1905).

6 (17) 3/1783 Irkutsk province was transformed into the Irkutsk governorate, which was divided into regions: Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Okhotsk and Yakutsk. By decree of Emperor Paul I dated 12 (23) 12/1796, the governorship was renamed into a province, at the same time a part of the abolished Kolyvan province became part of the Irkutsk province.

On 11 (23) 8/1803, the Kamchatka region was formed from part of the territory of the Irkutsk province, and on 22.4 (4.5). 1805 - the Yakut region. By decree of Emperor Alexander I dated July 22 (August 3), 1822, the entire territory of the Irkutsk province became part of the East Siberian Governor General formed at the same time (since 1887, the Irkutsk Governor General). Irkutsk province was divided into districts (counties since 1898): Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsky, Verkhneudinsky, Nerchinsky, Kirensky. In 1822, the territories of the abolished regions were annexed to the Irkutsk province: Kamchatka (the Kamchatka coastal administration was formed here) and Okhotsk (Okhotsk coastal administration), the Troitskosava border administration was also formed.

On December 2(14), 1849, the Kamchatka Region was again separated from the Irkutsk Governorate, and on July 11(23), 1851, the Trans-Baikal Region was formed from the Verkhneudinsk and Nerchinsk Districts of the Irkutsk Governorate. On October 31 (November 12), 1856, the Primorsky Region was formed from the eastern parts of the Irkutsk province, at the same time, Verkholensky and Balagansky districts were formed from parts of the Irkutsk district.

On the territory of the Irkutsk province, according to the All-Russian census of 1897, lived: Russians (73%), Buryats (21.5%), Tungus (0.43%) and others. equestrian since 1851) Cossack regiment (in 1871 the regiment was transformed into a hundred, some of the Cossacks were converted to the peasant class; in 1872 the Cossack population of the Irkutsk province numbered 2322 people, in 1917 - about 7500 people).

In the 18th century, the main occupations of the population of the Irkutsk province were agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing in the basins of the Angara and Lena rivers, Lake Baikal. In the 19th century, seasonal trades, maintenance of gold mines (discovered in the 1840s along the Lena River and its tributaries in the northeastern part of the Irkutsk province), and shipping were developed.

From the end of the 18th century, the Irkutsk province became a place of exile and hard labor. In 1792-96 A. N. Radishchev lived in Ilimsk. The Decembrists exiled to the Irkutsk province (for example, N. M. Muravyov, S. G. Volkonsky, M. S. Lunin, N. A. Panov, S. P. Trubetskoy) had a great influence on the development of science and culture in the region. Participants of the Polish uprisings of 1830-31 and 1863-64, the Petrashevites N. A. Speshnev and others, were also exiled here, at the beginning of the 20th century - I. V. Stalin.

In 1898-99, the Olekminsk gold-mining district of the Yakutsk region became part of the Irkutsk province. The sections Tulun - Zima - Irkutsk (1898) of the Central Siberian Railway and Irkutsk - Baikal (1900) of the Transbaikal Railway, which were parts of the Trans-Siberian Railway, passed through the territory of the Irkutsk province. In the gold mines in the Irkutsk province, the Lena execution of 1912 took place. In 1916, Cheremkhovsky uyezd was formed from a part of the Balagansky uyezd of the Irkutsk province (on July 27, 1922, it was renamed Ziminsky uyezd).

At the end of 1917, Soviet power was established in the Irkutsk province under the leadership of Central Siberia. In July - August 1918, the cities of the Irkutsk province were occupied by units of the White Siberian Army, and the power of the Provisional Siberian Government was established here. Since March 1919, in the Nizhneudinsky district of the Irkutsk province, a movement of red partisans has unfolded, committing sabotage on the railways (May 8, 1919, the partisans defeated Taishet station). On 11/18/1919, the government evacuated from Omsk arrived in Irkutsk under the leadership of A. V. Kolchak. It was overthrown as a result of an armed rebellion of the Socialist-Revolutionaries in December 1919, and the Politcenter government was formed in Irkutsk. On January 21, 1920, the Political Center transferred power to the Provisional Revolutionary Committee (chairman - Bolshevik A. A. Shiryamov), and Bolshevik power was again established on the territory of the Irkutsk province.

On January 9, 1922, aimags (administrative self-government units of the Buryats, created in 1918-20 from parts of the Balagansky, Selenginsky, Irkutsk and Kirensky counties of the Irkutsk province) were merged into the Mongolian-Buryat Autonomous Okrug with the administrative center in Irkutsk; according to the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 30, 1923, they entered the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR formed at the same time with a center in Verkhneudinsk, separated from the Irkutsk province on June 27, 1922, part of the Kirensky district of the Irkutsk province was annexed to the Yakut ASSR. On July 26, 1922, Nizhneudinsk uyezd was renamed Tulun uyezd. On March 6, 1924, the Balagansky and Selenginsky (Kabansky) counties were abolished, their territories were included in the Ziminsky and Irkutsk counties, respectively, at the same time part of the Ziminsky county was included in the Irkutsk county. On August 15, 1924, the Irkutsk province was divided into districts (Irkutsk, Tulunsky, Kirensky) and industrial districts (Bodaibo and Cheremkhovsky).

On June 28, 1926, the Irkutsk province was abolished, its territory became part of the Irkutsk, Kirensky and Tulunsky districts of the Siberian Territory.

Lit.: Land of Irkutsk. 1995-2005. No. 1-28; Naumova O. E. Irkutsk diocese. XVIII - first half of the XIX century. Irkutsk, 1996; Asiatic Russia: people and structures of the empire. Omsk, 2005; Novikov P. A. Civil war in Eastern Siberia. M., 2005.

Considering the settlement of Siberia, its provinces and districts, they can be divided into three periods:

First period: from the beginning of the 17th century to 1725. During this period, the territory of Eastern Siberia was annexed to Russia, and the first Russian settlements began to appear there. The advance of the Russians to Siberia took place along a system of communication routes, consisting of a number of rivers connected by short land portages. All more or less significant settlements were located on the rivers. At the beginning of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there was a time when it was easier to take what was easier to take - furs. Agriculture was of purely regional importance. In the early 50s of the 17th century, the lands of all Eastern Siberia were finally occupied by the Russians. The construction of the forts of Bratsk (1631), Verkholensky (1641), Verkhneangarsky (1647), Udinsky (1647), Irkutsk (1652), Balagansky (1654), Tunkinsky (1674) ensured the possibility of spreading Russian influence in Angarsko - Lensky districts. Here, settlements of Cossacks, free citizens, arable peasants, as well as exiles begin to grow rapidly. The main aim of the Russian government during the construction of settlements was the collection of yasak, the subjugation of the population and defense against hostile attacks, which was reflected both in the location of the settlements and in the composition of their population. New settlements arose where there were more fur-bearing animals, the yasak population was concentrated, Russian industrialists settled, and there were waterways.

In 1708 the Siberian province was established with the center in the city of Tobolsk. It included all of Siberia and even the Ural part of European Russia. Its first governor was Prince MP Gagarin. He had the right to appoint governors, who became known as commandants. In 1719 The Siberian province was divided into 5 provinces: Vyatka, Solikamsk, Tobolsk, Yenisei and Irkutsk. Eastern Siberia was part of the Irkutsk province, headed by a vice-governor who was subordinate to the Siberian governor-general. (In the 50-60s of the 17th century, new lands developed in Siberia were controlled by clerks, and then until 1731 by military governors). Throughout this period (17th century - early 18th century), settlements arose near the forts, because. people were afraid of raids by local residents.

Jails, as a rule, were built in places convenient for arable farming and haymaking, therefore, at some distance from the prisons, only zaimkas arose, which over time grew and turned into settlements (settlements). And the Cossacks themselves gradually turned from wandering warriors into settled villagers. Zaimkas were also built by industrial people who came here for mineral resources and fur-bearing animals. Zaimki arose both at the initiative of the authorities, and at the initiative of free and "walking" people. The authorities settled in them both peasants and exiles, and free people settled as they considered convenient. Siberian service people received a certain monetary, bread and salt salary. Land ownership was not obligatory for them, and if they owned land, it was as a grain salary, or with the obligation to pay “frilled bread” to the treasury.

The composition of the Russian population in the settlements being created was divided into two large groups: service and non-service (residential) people. Servicemen were concentrated in larger settlements and prisons for the defense of the region and the further strengthening of Russian power in new territories, as well as their management. Their core was made up of Cossacks (mounted and on foot), less often archers (on foot). Servicemen could have from the state: an apartment (room, corner) with a table (cereals, cabbage, kvass, salt), heating, lighting for Altyn per week or 1 ruble 69 kopecks. in year. From the "walking" people, who were so called because they did not have certain occupations, settlements were also formed. All of them worked for an annual cash, grain and salt salary. They were ruled by foremen, Pentecostals, who sometimes received the title of "boyar children" for certain merits. They were entrusted with more important tasks, responsible affairs, representation of the management of Cossack detachments, prisons, etc. Service people, in addition to governors, writing heads and "children of the boyars" included clerks of clerk's huts, "ruzhniki" (clergy), a customs head, kissers (people who kissed a cross upon taking office) and others. On the state salary there were sometimes masters (Armored, spinners, including "shoulder cases" (executioners). Service people sent from the Tobolsk and Ural cities also settled for "eternal life".

The second group of the population of prisons and settlements were townspeople who were engaged in crafts, trade, crafts, cattle breeding and agriculture, and for this they paid quitrent to the treasury. Dues were collected from shops, smithies, baths, inns. The average quitrent was about 1 ruble 40 kopecks. in year. Posad people also paid money "for saddle and bridle work." There were also so-called "taxes" for "areal" or "posad" petition letters (collection of duties from petitions and various business papers), "taxes" (from holes in the rivers), wine, beer and kvass farms. Posad people were mainly representatives of "free" and "walking" people from among the locals, and sometimes sent from Russia. For many "posad" people, these "extortions" were impossible, in connection with which they ran away from their places of registration. There were also townsman uprisings. Another group of "non-serving" population were plowed peasants. "Parable building" was a matter of state power.

The government needed rich furs, and service people and miners of "soft gold" needed bread. Initially, bread was delivered to our region from the Yenisei prison. In order to provide bread in the localities, the government planted exiled and "walking" people on arable land, and transferred here "plowmen" from Russia. They were called "translators". These peasants were under the jurisdiction of local governors, who inspected arable land, built settlements, and called up peasants. General supervision, appointment of rural authorities (clerks), change and supervision over them. Since the governors could not do everything themselves, the direct management of state arable land belonged to a special person - the clerk appointed by the governor. Their duty was: the organization of construction, the inspection of the tithe arable land and the reprisals against the peasants. Sometimes the plowed sovereign peasants were workers who received payment in kind (bread), or in the form of a “sobina” (a piece of land with the right to plow for themselves). In the early years of settlement, they enjoyed benefits and even allowances. Assistance to the peasants was sometimes provided for the purchase of a horse and village accessories. Peasants who had their own arable land paid quitrent to the treasury in the form of "separate" or "dump" bread - the fifth or tenth sheaf. Compliance with these orders was monitored by: allocators, patrolmen, receivers, payers, kissers, hammerers, etc.

In those years, in Eastern Siberia it was possible to buy: for 5 kopecks - a good log, for 6 rubles - to hire carpenters to build a large and rich mansion, for 2-4 rubles - a good horse, for 1-3 rubles - a cow, for 2 rub. - a barrel of omul, for 15-20 kopecks - a pood of wheat, for 35 kopecks. hay cart, for 25 kopecks. - an ax, etc. With all this, the prices for bread were high and this was one of the reasons for the low standard of living, especially among the "pokruchnikov" - people enslaved at work by the owners, who paid taxes for them, fed during fishing and were given a small reward. There was an even greater approach to the local population. Merchants sold gunpowder, lead, tea, salt, vodka, alcohol and manufactory to hunters at inflated prices. Merchants profited even more from debtors. The goods were sold to the natives at higher prices, the methods of drinking wine and their ignorance were used, sometimes for a glass of vodka - the best sable.

There were industrial and trading people in Siberia, from which a prosperous class was formed. For example, Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov came to Siberia as a "walking" man from Veliky Ustyug, later received the title of Ilimsky boyar son and ended his life as an orderly man over a number of Lena volosts. The well-known "Russian Columbus" G. I. Shelekhov in 1787. founded a trading and fishing company called American, which extended its influence not only to the Irkutsk province. He came from Rylsk and acted as a clerk to the merchant I. L. Golikov. After the organization of the company, Shelekhov leaves for Okhotsk, builds ships there and organizes the fishing of sea animals. They annexed a number of islands and Alaska to Russia. Empress Catherine 2 awarded Shelekhov and Golikov with gold medals, swords and letters of commendation.

The first settlers in the territory of the Irkutsk province were immigrants from the North of the European part of Russia and the Great Russian provinces: Arkhangelsk and Vologda and a number of cities. All settlers brought with them to Siberia their skills, habits, legends, songs, dialect and culture. They built forts here, rural settlements and cities.

The second stage of the emergence of Russian settlements on the territory of Eastern Siberia took place in the period 1725 - 1892, when trade and the development of industrial production began to come to the fore. Already by the end of the 17th century (1680) Siberia annually gave the state treasury 12% of the revenue part of the budget.

During this period, the military danger completely ceases, the erected fortresses lose their military significance, the collection of yasak recedes into the background, but Russian-Chinese trade and the gold industry develop rapidly, and the trade, transport and administrative functions of the state increase. In 1764 The Irkutsk province became an independent province. In 1782 - 1783. in Siberia, three governorships were established: Tobolsk, Kolyvan and Irkutsk. The Irkutsk governorship consisted of: Irkutsk, Nerchinsk, Yakutsk and Okhotsk regions. By 1796 Siberia was divided into two provinces: Tobolsk and Irkutsk. Each region, which is part of the province, was divided into discrites (districts). In 1803 in Irkutsk there were two rulers - the governor-general and the governor. Until 1822 The Irkutsk governor-general ruled all of Siberia, and the governor ruled the province. Under his command were: the treasury chamber (with financial and economic functions) “for house-building affairs and the management of state revenues”, the provincial land surveyor, the chambers of civil and criminal courts and the Supreme Zemstvo Court.

The management of the districts was concentrated in the Nizhny Zemsky Court, headed by the district police officer, appointed by the governor. A treasurer, a sworn surveyor, a doctor, a doctor and two assistant doctors were also appointed to the county. The Lower Zemstvo Court had administrative and police functions. Judicial affairs were in charge of the county court and the lower reprisals. Such a system of government made it possible to create arbitrariness in the territory under their jurisdiction, which was used by officials. Neither the governors of Siberia and the Irkutsk province, but also the governors of districts, police officers, and also petty officials did not disdain this. Governors M. P. Gagarin, Pestel, Treskin, Nizhneudinsky and Verkhneudinsky police officers Loskutov and Yanovsky served as an example of this. In 1819 M. M. Speransky was appointed governor-general of Siberia. He carried out a reform of the zoning of the space of Siberia.

In 1783 Irkutsk province was divided into four regions and 17 districts. Then in 1797 -1798. within the province, the regions were liquidated, but the counties were preserved. However, in 1805 this division was changed, the number of counties was reduced to 7. They became Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsky, Verkhneudinsky, Kirensky, Nerchinsky, Yakutsky and Kamchatsky. The rest were abolished or merged. The population in the county centers began to increase. So, if in 1800. in Nizhneudisk the population was only 100 people, then 1823. Already 412, in 1835. - 800, in 1851 - 2089, in 1865 - No. 003 and in 1897. 5725 people. The city had 546 houses, 47 shops, 1 shop, 3 churches, 6 chapels, one hospital and one Jewish school. The class composition of the population also changed in the county: there were more officials, clergy, merchants and exiled settlers.

In 1822 The county was renamed into a county. In the district there were: philistines - 5797, clergy -1063, officials - 285, settlers - 6319, peasants and soldiers - 2925, various - 2302 people.

Eastern Siberia entered the 18th century only in the name of river routes. Land roads were laid in short sections connecting river systems. If in the 17th century river routes met the needs of the state and trade, then in the next century they no longer corresponded to economic and vital needs. The speed of movement of goods along the rivers of Siberia ceased to suit both merchants and suppliers of goods. Land routes made it possible to speed up the transportation of goods several times. The waterway lasted from May to October, and in the summer there were practically no land roads. All this did not suit the merchants. And then in Siberia, especially in its southern part, intensive construction of land roads began, which were connected into a single transport network.

On the construction of this road, which became known as the Moscow Trakt, 10,000 exiles worked, who cut wood, swamped swamps, mined stone, arranged a roadbed, and dug ditches. By 1760 the tract route from Tomsk through Krasnoyarsk was brought to Irkutsk. As the Moscow tract was built, new settlements began to appear at an accelerated pace along it. This work was put at the level of state policy and took various forms. Settlements in Siberia were subdivided into types: “by decree”, “by instrument”, “freely” and “in exile”. At first, these settlements were called winter huts: Taishet, Chuna, Alzamai, UK, Mara, Khingui, Khudoelanskoye, Tulun, Kuytun and others. These settlements arose on the territory of the Nizhneudinsky district. Passing goods carriers and Cossacks stopped in them, collecting yasak and watching the obyasachenny peoples.

By the middle of the 18th century, an overland road in Eastern Siberia was laid, and began to pull both passengers and cargo from the water. The road went through Tomsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Nizhneudinsk and Irkutsk. By 1722 the tract was finally determined and settlements arose on it, which later turned into large settlements and cities. By the end of the century, almost all cargo went along the highway, and they stopped using the waterway. The formation of a network of land roads caused the development of a geographical division of labor and the emergence of specialized regions in the Irkutsk province. Heavy traffic began on land roads. 50 thousand horses were employed in the transportation of goods. Most of the inhabitants of roadside settlements were engaged in carting, this is approximately 29% of the working population. The whole life of the settlements near the tract was connected with the maintenance of traffic along the tract.

The position of those settlements that adjoined the tract to waterways or were at the intersection of several roads was especially advantageous. Agriculture and trade began to develop at an accelerated pace. However, the density of the population and their numbers in the settlements varied. The average distance between settlements was more than 27 miles. Instead of separate settlement points in the south of Eastern Siberia in the 19th century, there were the villages of Tulun and Kimiltei. In Kimiltei there were 559 farms, in which there were 2488 people, and in Tulun in 552 farms 2482 people.

In Nizhneudinsky district, there were 171 settlements in the volosts, 12 in the departments, and a total of 183 settlements. The area of ​​the Nizhneudinsky district was 106,798 square meters. miles, including 106741 villages and 57 in the city. The rural population was 49 thousand people, urban 3770 people. In total, 52779 people lived. The Nizhneudinsk district included six volosts: Alzamaiskaya, More - Mamyrskaya, Bratskaya, Kimilteiskaya, Kuytunskaya and Tulunovskaya, as well as the department - Nizhneudinskaya zemlyitsa. At the end of the 19th century, in the valley of the Uda River, downstream from the city of Nizhneudinsk, penal soldiers converted to Cossacks from the European part of Russia were settled, evicting the indigenous people (Buryats) who lived there. Cossack villages were formed here: Ukarskaya, Shipitsynskaya, Badaranovskaya and Zentsovskaya. In total, 569 men and 249 women were settled here. According to the national composition, they were: Poles and Lithuanians - 41 people, Germans and Finns - 12 people, Tatars - 3 people, Jews 4 people, Greeks and Gypsies - 5 people, and the rest Russians. In 1868, 209 farms had houses, 107 horses, 72 farms plowing (land) at 2.5 acres per farm.

June 24, 1870 the river Uda overflowed its banks and flooded the entire populated valley. During the flood, 99 houses, two mills and a chapel were demolished and destroyed, 2 people died, 161 heads of cattle and 240 small cattle, 12 horses and 107 acres of arable land were washed away by water, half of which was sown. By 1887 519 Cossacks turned out to be: transferred to other villages or estates - 12, 49 people. 17 people left for Russia, 17 people were exiled to hard labor, 32 people fled from the settlement, 149 people died of natural causes, 5 people died by accident, 9 people were killed, 105 people live on the side, 76 people are in an unknown absence. and only 65 remained in stock.

A large number of exiles settled in the district. Especially a lot came here at the beginning and end of the 19th century. From 1823 to 1888, 784,901 people were exiled to Siberia.

There was little industry on the territory of the Nizhneudinsk district. The Nikolaevsky Ironworks and the Luchikhinsky Iron-Smelting Plants operated, salt deposits were developed in the lower reaches of the Tumashet River, and gold prospectors mined gold in the upper reaches of the Biryusa River. Mica was mined in the same area. There was also the Marninskoye copper deposit in the upper reaches of the Uda River, at the confluence of the Marne River with the Uda. In the city of Nizhneudinsk, the businessman Galyan built in 1902. a brewery with 15 employees. The city also had a small number of small household workshops. But Nizhneudinsk in 1897. was not a well-developed industrial city and belonged to the second type of cities, i.e. was considered a trade and transport center of the second order. Trade in the city was conducted by merchants who had up to 60 small trading establishments. The largest was the shop of merchants of the first guild Shchelkunov and Mitelev. These merchants had their shops in many places throughout Siberia. Medium and small traders were: Gurdus, Varshavsky, Katkov, Vasiliev and a number of others. Non-patent trade in the city was conducted by small shopkeepers and shinkari.

There were schools, churches and various state institutions in the Nizhneudinsk district. In 1887-1888. in the district there were 8 schools of the Ministry of Public Education and 6 schools of the spiritual department. In addition, in Nizhneudinsk there were: a women's gymnasium, a city two-year school and a church-parish school. In total, 10,346 rubles were allocated for the maintenance of schools. Libraries were: in Kimiltei - 1032 books, in Zima - 515, in Bratsk - 450, in Kuitun - 303, in Alzamai - 207, in Tulun -122. In 1888 There were only 2160 literate people in the district. There were three churches in Nizhneudinsk: in the old part of the city, the part beyond the river, in Sloboda, and the third one next to the locomotive depot. There was also a Jewish synagogue.

The third period of the settlement of Siberia and its industrial development 1892 - 1917. was the time of the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the resettlement of a large number of workers from the European part of Russia. 1981 at the same time from both ends - from Chelyabinsk and Vladivostok, the construction of the railway began. The reasons for its construction were the need to move goods and industrial goods, agricultural products to and from Siberia. Another reason is the strengthening of the interests of the government's foreign policy in the Far East and the desire to gain a foothold there economically and politically, the desire to capture markets and expand its influence there. The construction of the railway lasted 13 years.

At first, the road was laid in one track and put into operation in separate sections. In 1896 the West Siberian Railway from Chelyabinsk to the Ob River. In 1899 Central Siberian from the Ob River to Irkutsk. In 1900 traffic was opened along the Transbaikal railway from Irkutsk to Baikal and from Mysovaya to Sretensk. Communication through Baikal was supported by two ferries - the icebreakers "Baikal" and "Angara". Crossing the lake lasted about 2.5 hours. In 1897 the road from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk was completed, and in 1903. The Chinese-Eastern Railway, which connected Transbaikalia with Vladivostok through the territory of Manchuria. Only in 1905. The Circum-Baikal Road was completed, which created a continuous rail track. As a result of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904 - 1905. Russia's dominant position in Manchuria was lost, and the tsarist government decided to connect the Far East with Transbaikalia by a railway that ran entirely through Russian territory.

Construction of the Amur railway from the station. Kuenga to Khabarovsk began in 1908. and ended during the First World War. During the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, there were widespread facts of abuse and theft. More than 20 million gold rubles were found to be overspending during construction. During the construction of the railway from Nizhneudinsk further to the East, railway stations arose on the railway line: Uda 2, Khingui, Kaduy, Khudoelanskaya, Sheberta, Budagovo, Utai, Kotik, Tulun, Nyura, Shuba, Sheragul, Tulyushka, Mingatui, Kuytun, Kimiltey, Transportation, Winter. Of interest is the origin of some of the station names.

The head of the construction section of the Tulun station, lodged in Tulun with one mistress with his wife, whose name was Anna. When they moved on to continue the construction of a section of the track, and this was already in late autumn, the caring hostess said: “Nyura, take a fur coat with you so that you don’t freeze later,“ winter will soon come. It was then that the names of the stations “Nyura” and “Shuba” appeared on the territory of the Tulun Volost, and then the station “Winter”. According to the technical conditions, at a distance every 120-150 km, larger stations with a depot for equipping and repairing steam locomotives and wagons were to be arranged. In this regard, such workshops were built in Taishet, Nizhneudinsk, Tulun and Zima. The Siberian tract has witnessed many historical events. In 1891 the tsar's heir, Tsarevich Nikolai, was passing through Nizhneudinsk, making a trip from St. Petersburg to Japan. In honor of his journey, the Triumphal Arch was built in Nizhneudinsk. The Nizhneudinsk transit prison saw Decembrists and revolutionaries within its walls.

At the very end of the 19th century, in connection with the completion of the construction of the railway, the elimination of the isolation of Eastern Siberia from the center of the country was completed. The railroad drew it into all-round ties with other regions of the country. Cargoes from the Siberian tract were transferred to the rails, the tract population switched from carting and yamshchina to agriculture. The resettlement movement intensified, in which the Stolypin reform played a significant role. For the needs of the railway, there was a need for coal, the construction of workshops and depots, in which it was necessary to repair steam locomotives and wagons, and for this, specialists and skilled workers were needed, which were practically absent in the field.

I had to relocate them from the European part of Russia. According to the registration points, 697.2 thousand people proceeded to Eastern Siberia. Due to this, the population in the city of Nizhneudinsk also increased, if in 1898. the population of the city was 5.7 thousand people, then by 1917. there were already 8.9 thousand people. The railroad, which basically coincided with the direction of the Moscow tract, increased the concentration of the population in the lane immediately adjacent to it. But since the sphere of activity of the population has changed radically, having lost their earnings due to the destruction of the carriage, they had to look for other sources of livelihood. The railroad with its contingent of workers, as well as requests from the North, increased the demand for agricultural products. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1905 - 1907. The Siberian railway was single-track. The insufficient capacity of the road, among other reasons, contributed to Russia's defeat in this war. In 1907 The government decided to proceed with the construction of the second track. By the beginning of the First World War, work on the Omsk-Karymskaya section was completed and the road could already pass up to 18 pairs of trains per day. This required the involvement of even more workers. They, as before, arrived here from the western regions of the country.

Irkutsk province
Irkutsk province

- in Eastern Siberia, between 51 ° and 62 ° 30 "N and 96 ° and 107 ° E (from Grinich) exceeds France or Germany in space: according to Strelbitsky's measurement, it has 653290 sq. E., in including under part of the waters of Lake Baikal 15042 sq. in. and under the island of Olkhon 550 sq. in. The greatest length of I. Gubernia from the southwest to the northeast reaches 1300 in. with a width of 650 in. The boundaries of the province : in the north and partly in the north - Yakutsk, in the east and south-east the Trans-Baikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province. It is a flat elevation with an inclination from south to north, belted in the southwest, south, and east by mountain ranges, among which, in the southeastern outskirts of the province, there is an extensive deep-water basin, Lake Baikal. the most ancient strike-slip that separated most of the area it occupied from the high Trans-Baikal plateau lying in the southeast, and in the northwest from the lower terrace located in the middle part of the Yenisei Gubernia. area I. lips. consists of: a mountainous alpine country with chains of mountains diverging from it, flat hills and riverine valleys - the two main water arteries - the Angara and the Lena and their tributaries. The mountains that fill I. provinces belong to two main ranges - the Sayan and the Baikal mountains; of these, the first, filling the south of the lips with its spurs, has an alpine character and, entering the limits of I. lips., in the southwest. its part, near the upper reaches of the Biryusa and Uda rivers, is sent from the N.Z. to Yu.V. - either in one chain, from 15 to 20 in. wide, then in several parallel chains, separated by deep and narrow gorges of mountain rivers, and the width of the ridge reaches 50 in. The average height of the main peaks of the Sayan is 7500 feet. above the surface of the monastery, with its individual peaks from 8 to 8500 feet, and its highest loach lying on the border with Mongolia - Mungu-Sardyk, that is, a silver mountain, forever covered with snow on top, reaches up to 11500 feet. On the sowing The slope of this char descends from its top during the 4th c. double glacier, pushing its terminal moraines to the lake. Ehoy. The general disorder in the location of the Sayan Mountains, scattered by deep valleys and wild gorges, with fast water flows, conical, stone peaks of bald mountains, devoid of any vegetation, constitute the characteristic features of the main chain of the ridge, on the tops of which snow disappears for a period from June to August. In deep mountain hollows facing north, in some years snow lies throughout the summer. Starting from the central axis of the Sayan Range, to the north. there is a gradual decrease in its spurs - to the valley of the river. Angara, which, however, at the mouth of the river. White lies still at 1200 feet. above ocean level. The lowering of the Sayan mountains goes, as it were, in ledges: the highest row of bald mountains is followed by their second row with a softer outline of the tops of the mountains, already covered with forest, then follows - the third row, of even lower height, etc., all these mountains run parallel to each other to each other, then mutually intersecting. Within I. lips. Sayan separates many branches from itself, which can be considered independent ridges: in the southwest. corner of the province, on its border, at the head of the river. Biryusy, part of the Sayan Range is called the Biryusinsk Mountains, reaching up to 6200 feet. abs. height. Further going to the southeast. direction, the main part of the Sayan, Ergik-Targak-Taiga, has a rather complex relief. From the mountain node Taraskhan-Daban, in the upper reaches of the river. Ii, two ridges begin, going to the north: Kuytun-Khardyn and another ridge that does not have a name. At the Junbuluk node, where the extinct crater Khukushka (Cups) lies with lava flows over a distance of 20 versts, a high, rocky ridge rises up to 7200 ft., going between pp. Hoyt-Okoy and Okoy. Then from the Nuku Daban node rising to 7500 ft. and component sowing. spur of Mungu-Sardyk, diverge like a fan: a) Ida Mountains, between pp. Okoy and Belaya; b) Kitoi Alps, between channels pp. Belaya and Kitoy; c) Tunkinsky squirrels accompanying the S. valley of the river. Irkut; The chain of mountains running parallel to them, bounding the Irkut valley from the south, is called Gurbi-Daban and, preserving the complex relief of the Sayan, branches into many mountain ranges that differ in geological and faunal respects from the Sayan. Finally, to the southeast. part of the province is the Urguldey knot, which lies at the head of the river. - Zon-Murina, a tributary of the river. Irkut and Dzhida, which flows into the river. Selenga; from this node, a high chain of mountains (7500 feet abs. height) is directed to the East, bearing the name of Khamar-Daban, which is one of the highest heights lying in the southwest. corner of Baikal and the Baikal Mountains in general. Of the mountain passes in the Sayan, the most famous and convenient are: a) the mountain pass - Obo-Sarym, lying at an altitude of 6100 feet, in the upper reaches of the river. Khangi, a tributary of the river. Irkut. Further to S.Z. lie: b) Naryn-Khoroysky pass, c) Uryuk-Daban, d) Tengiz-Daban, e) Taurus-Daban and f) Mustag-Arsha; of these, the first and third are used for a significant drive of cattle from Mongolia to the city of Irkutsk and for the delivery of manufactured goods from the latter to Mongolia (up to 80,000 rubles). 2nd group of mountains I. lips. make up - Baikal, rising at the head of pp. Lena and Kirenga to the highest altitude of 6000 ft. and consisting of chains: Primorsky and Onotsky (see). The flat hill on which the mountainous alpine country of the Sayan rests occupies the entire north and northwest. I. lips., having for the most part a height of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The lower ledge of this plateau, representing the least elevated part (up to 800 feet of absolute height) of the provinces, is located in the north-west. its parts, downstream pp. Lower Tunguska and Lena, near the borders of the Yakutsk region. The considerable irregularities of the soil encountered on this plateau are the consequences of erosion and the formation of river valleys; of these low watershed ranges are known in the provinces: Berezovy (see), Ilimsky, Tungussky, etc. The most extensive plain is located along the river. Angara, having a boundary line running approximately from the city of Irkutsk to the river. Kitoy, from here to the river. Belaya to the mouth of the river. Zalary, then crosses the middle course of the river. Kady and goes to S.V. on the river Angara, where, having crossed to its right bank, it ends; but even this plain is hilly in many places. In addition to this plain, in I. lips. there are two more: one between pp. Okoy and Udoy, another, more elevated and treeless, bearing the name of the "Brotherly Steppe", stretches along the Yakut tract to the Kachugskaya pier on the river. Lena. The geognostic composition of the soil of I. lips. due to its diversity deserves special attention. Sedimentary rocks belonging to the latest modern deposits consist of lacustrine-river pebble and sandy-argillaceous sediments, are found everywhere in river valleys and often border the shores of lakes in the form of a rampart; alluvium is often found on the slopes and even on the tops of mountains; loose sands are located in different places of the province, but in small areas. From the more ancient Tertiary deposits we find in the southwest. parts of Baikal, in some places in the Sayans and in the entire Tunkinskaya hollow - loess. In the river valley Hangars were found from post-Pliocene layers: pebble deposits, loess-like layered loam and forest; then tertiary deposits are also found: along the river. Kamenka and in the west. parts of the province - downstream pp. Oki, Kimilteiki, Udy, etc. In the east. parts of I. province, in the upper reaches of the river. Lena and its tributaries, as well as downstream pp. Angi and Buguldeyki are sediments - clay-sand or gravel; in addition, uniform red-colored deposits and loess are strongly developed in the Lena Valley. The remains of thick-skinned animals that once lived in this area were found in the Tertiary sediments: a primitive bull, aurochs, various deer and antelopes. The rocks of the tertiary system are insignificantly distributed in I. lips. Of the sediments of the Mesozoic (secondary) era, only the Jurassic formation was found in the south. part of the province, stretching a strip of about 100 ver. in width from Lake Baikal to the city of Nizhne-Udinsk; its sediments (on Devonian red sandstones or on Upper Silurian limestone) consist of shaly clays and marls, sandstones with interlayers of brown coal and, in places, limestone and silicic shale. Of the sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic (primary) era, the most common in the province are the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian systems, which, from the outburst of the Angara from Lake Baikal, run in a wide strip along the Angara almost to sowing. borders of the Balagansky district; are also found in the watershed pp. The Angara and Lena, and in the valley of the last rocks of the Devonian system, are more widespread relative to others and consist of red sandstones, marls and clays. The rocks of the Devonian system are located: in the Tunkinsky Alps, on the right bank of the river. Angara, a little higher than the city of Balagansk, throughout the valley of the river. Wasps, then, moving to the left bank of the Angara, drag along the pp. Ungi, Ii and Oka and at the confluence of the latter into the Angara - on both banks of the latter. They accompany the upper reaches of the river. Lena to the city of Kirensk, followed by the red sandstones of the Silurian system along the right bank of the Lena to the Darinskaya station, and on the left bank there is Upper Silurian limestone. Older sedimentary deposits—of the Cambrian-Silurian system—characterized by a considerable thickness of their layers (up to 2,500 feet) are widely distributed in the mountainous parts of I. Guba. slope of the Onot Range, in many places on the Lena, on the river. Angara (near Usolye), from the mouth of the river. Belaya to the city of Balagansk, and so on. Irkut, Oka, Butogol, Dzhanbulak, and others, then in the Onot Range and partly in the Primorsky-Baikal Mountains and other places. Crystalline rocks belonging to the Archean (Laurentian) system make up all the ridges of the main ranges - the Sayan, the Tunka Alps, the Baikal Mountains. These rocks form two tiers: the upper one consists of alternating layers of dolomite or crystalline limestone with feldspar rocks, and the lower tier is mostly gneiss, granite, granite-syenite and chlorites. shale. The layers are bent into a series of folds, often overturned and pressed against each other. Stretching of folds in the southern part of the province in the Sayan Mountains and the Tunka Alps in the WNW - ESE direction, in the Eastern Sayan from WSW to NW, and in the Baikal Mountains from WSW to ENE; moreover, in the latter there are anticlinal inflections of the layers. Crystalline rocks are also common in other mountainous parts of the I. province, for example, in the valley of the river. Angara below the confluence of the river. Oki granites form all significant Angara rapids. Less than other crystalline rocks are widespread in the province - diorites and serpentines; diabases are found mainly in app. and northwest. parts of the lips. and in the river valley Tunguska. Basalts have a more significant distribution, they are found: on the slope of Mungu-Sardyk, at the Khanginsky guard and at Tunka - along the Irkut, southwest. parts of Lake Baikal, between pp. Slyudyanka and Tala, in the lower reaches of the Ilim, along the river. Angara, while along its tributaries volcanic tuffs are more common, as well as obsidian and pumice; finally, in the Tunkinskaya basin there are lava hills, and in the Elovsky spur there is a friend. in places - lava flows: all this indicates that the local area was once the center of strong volcanic activity, which is now manifested in fairly frequent earthquakes in Irkutsk. The Irkutsk province is rich in minerals, but it is poorer in gold than neighboring provinces; its richest gold-bearing placers are located in its southwestern part, along the system of the Biryusa River, in the Nizhneudinsk district, where in 1892 23 pounds of gold was washed at 21 mines. 22 lb. 20 gold, with an average gold content of 100 pd. - 25.25 shares. Three mines were developed in the Kirensky district, according to pp. Kheppe and Jalogun, where gold was panned 2 pd. 30 fn. (1890). Placers poor in content, now not being developed, are located along the rivers flowing into Baikal, and along the upper tributaries of the river. Lena, in the Verkholensky district. (cm.). Graphite of high value is found in the Botugolsky bald lake (its development has been abandoned; see) and on the island of Olkhon. Brown coal has been found in many places: near the city of Irkutsk in the coastal cliffs of the Angara, along pp. Irkut, Kude, Ushakovka, in several places of the Balagan region, the most noteworthy deposits of coal along the river. Oka; but it is not found anywhere. Iron ore is found in many places in the province, but is developed only at the confluence of the river. Oki in the Angara, at the Nikolaev ironworking plant. Iron vitriol is located near the village. Ziminsky, on the right bank of the river. Oki and in Zheltuni-Tong mountain. There are salt springs: in the 68th c. from the city of Irkutsk, on the river. Angara, along the river. Ilim and four versts from the bank of the river. Lena, on the river. Kuta. In these places, on four varnits, table salt was mined in 1892 in the amount of 170,929 rubles. In addition, salt springs are also known: on the river. Taganka, which flows into the river. Oka, in the upper reaches of the river. Ungi, a tributary of the river. Angara, in the valley pp. Kuda and Belaya, near the village of Uzkiy Luch and on the island of the river. Angara, lying above the city of Balagansk. Glauber's salt (Gudjir) is located in small lakes near the north-west. shores of Baikal, between the river. Angoy and Olkhon Island. Saltpeter mud lie along the river. Taloy, near the village. Tunks. Of the mineral springs, the most famous are: Turan - near the Nile Desert, on the river. Uhe-Ugun, in the 250th c. from Irkutsk, have a temperature of up to 36.6 ° R. Arshan-Su is a carbon dioxide source, in the 40th century. from the Turan guard. Okinsky - on the river. Ok, in 500 c. from Irkutsk. Barnaul - soda, near the village. More-Mamyrsky, in the Nizhneudinsk district. and others. Gypsum is located: in the upper reaches of the river. Wasps, along the river. Angara, above Balagansk, on the right bank of the river. Ungi and its tributary the Hive; lime burning is carried out in many places of the province. Kaolin and white clay are mined in the upper reaches of the river. Oyoka. Refractory clay is located along the river. White, near vil. Badai, and brick - in many places of the province. Refractory stone found along the river. Ange, adj. Baikal, and in the 10th c. from the village of Bratsky Ostrog. Feldspar and quartz for glass plants. mined in the Baikal mountains, near the Ulan-Nur cape and pp. Malaya Buguldeyka and Elantsa. Millstone - along the river. Asya 2nd and on the right bank of the river. Angara, near the village. Yanda. Grindstone - between the stations of Olzonovskaya and Baendaevskaya of the Yakut tract. White fine-grained marble - along the river. Slyudyanka, which flows into Baikal. Colored stones are found most in the southeast. parts of I. lips., so: lapis lazuli - along the river. Slyudyanka; venisa - along the river. Malaya Fast; Amazonian stone, sphene and crimson feldspar - along the river. Big Fast. Mica, serpentine, talc, chondrodite, laurel - are located along the river. Thaw; blue calcareous spar, rose quartz, salite, baikalite, tremolite, black schorl, etc. - along the river. Slyudyanka. Black mica, green apatite - in the valley of Uluntui; jade in the upper reaches of the river. Belaya, in the Kitoy Alps. And. the province is plentifully irrigated with waters; the first place in terms of the vastness of the reservoir belongs to the lake. Baikal, which constitutes the natural border of the province on Yu.V. (cm.). Apart from it, there are no large lakes in the province. Almost all the rivers of I. lips. belong mainly to two river basins - Yenisei and Lensky. 3 Tunguskas belong to the Yenisei system: Upper, or Angara, Podkamennaya and Lower, with their tributaries. Angara and Lena are the two main water arteries that are of great importance in the economic life of the region; of these, the Angara forms the waterway to the west and serves to float grain for the trade of the Yenisei Gubernia. and other goods, and Lena plays an even greater role in the delivery of bread and manufactured goods to the Yakutsk Territory. The Angara-Lena watershed, passing 70-100 versts from each of these rivers, determines the insignificance of the right tributaries of the Angara and the left tributaries of the Lena. The largest tributaries of the Angara flow into it from the left, carrying their waters from the more remote alpine places of the Sayan; more significant tributaries of the Lena flow into it on the right, collecting their waters - in the Baikal, Ikat, Severo-Muisky and other remote mountain ranges. Angara, leaving Baikal, crosses I. lips. in the north-north-west. direction for about 1000 century, and its depth along the fairway from Baikal to Irkutsk is from 3 to 5 s. In the Angara from Baikal to Irkutsk, due to the rapid flow of water, the freezing of the river occurs not earlier than the onset of 30-degree frosts - at the end of December, and the formation of ice occurs at the bottom of the river. In general, the course of the Angara is very fast, and the rapids on it make navigation along it very difficult. Starting from the confluence of the river. Oka, the Angara changes its name (to the Upper Tunguska) and over the course of the 70th century, one after the other, within the I. provinces, 7 rapids appear on it, of which the most important are: Hangover - stretching for 1 century, with a fall water up to 3 1/2 sazhens, Pyanovsky - 1 1/2 in. long, water drop 4 1/2 sazhens, and Padun - with the same length having a water drop up to 7 1/2 sazhens, and in all these rapids, a granite ridge of reefs runs throughout the entire width of the river. Of the left tributaries of the Angara, the most remarkable are pp. Irkut (see), Kitoy, Belaya (see), Oka - one of the most significant rivers of the province - and Uda. Of the right tributaries of the Angara, the most famous are: Ushakovka (60th century), Kuda (170th century), Yanda (140th century), Ilim (380th century) and Kata (200th century). Podkamennaya Tunguska, flowing to the right into the river. Yenisei (see), belongs to I. lips. only by its sources, and the Lower Tunguska irrigates the province for 650 years, taking a fairly significant tributary of the river. Nenu (150 century; see). Lena, originating about 20 versts from Lake Baikal, from the north-west. slopes of the Baikal mountains, irrigates the province during the 1600th century; its course is rather quiet, it becomes a raftable river from the village. Kachug, lying about 200 versts from its source; here it has 30 fathoms. lat. and up to 6 ft. depths; at Ust-Kuta, the width of the river. Lena up to 1/2 century, and Vitim up to 1 century. Along the river The Lena grouped the settled population of the Verkholensky and Kirensky districts. Of the largest right tributaries of the Lena are known: Kirenga (500th century), Chaya (240th century), Chuya (320th century) and Vitim (see). Of the left tributaries of the Lena, the largest are the Kulenga (120th century), the Ilga (200th century), the Kuta (280th century), the Peleduy (300th century), and the Nyuya (370th century). The climate of I. province, which lies far from the seas, high above the surface of the ocean, covered with primeval forests, is continental, with a significant annual amplitude and prolonged cold. Average long-term temperature in I. Gubernia:

	Latitude	Height above sea level	Of the year	Winters	Springs	Summer	Autumn	January	July
Gor. Irkutsk	52°17" -	454 m	-0,9	-19,4	0,2	16,2	0,7	-21,7	18,1
Kultuk village	51°43" -	500 m	-1,5	-17,6	-2,1	12,5	1,1	-19,9	13,8
Shimki village	51°47" -	799 m	-4,2	-25,3	-4,0	14,6	-3,5	-27,1	17,4
Cheremkhovo village	53°13" -	336 m	-0,5	-18,9	0,4	17,4	-0,9	-20,5	19,8
Gor. Verkholensk	54°8" -	515 m	-4,7	-26,5	-2,6	15,3	-4,9	-29,8	16,9
Banshchikovo village	58°3" -	?	-4,3	-26,7	-2,8	16,9	-4,6	-29,2	19,5

The warmest are the places lying near Irkutsk, and the places located near the lake. Baikal, due to the cooling effect of the waters of its basin, have a less warm climate. The absolute lowest temperature in January drops to -45.6°, and the maximum reaches 34°.6 in June, a difference of 80.2. The first frosts and snow occur in other years at the end of August, and frost - at the end of July. The average annual rainfall in the valleys of I. lips. reaches up to 380 stm., and even more in the mountains; the driest seasons are winter and spring, and of the months - March, with a moisture loss of 10 mm. The most moisture falls in summer - in July, with an average of 72 mm; but in other years, the amount of precipitation in July reaches 180 mm, causing strong river floods and an increase in the water level in Baikal. A small amount of precipitation in winter is due to weak cloudiness with a constant almost calm due to the predominance of the anticyclone. The prevailing wind direction in winter in the southern parts of the province is south-east, and in summer - north-west; number of sowing winds everywhere increases from winter to summer, and in sowing. parts of the province winds are more often in the cold season, and east. - warm. The vegetation is diverse, especially highly developed - forest: the entire space of the province, with the exception of the highest peaks (bald mountains) of the Sayan, Tunkinsky proteins, is covered for the most part by primeval forest (taiga), consisting mainly of coniferous tree species: larch, cedar, spruce, fir , and from deciduous: birch, aspen, various types of willows, in some places balsam poplar (Populus suaveolens), bird cherry, hawthorn, and in the south - apple trees. Woody vegetation in the northwest. part of the province, on the Sayan Range, appears in the form of stunted cedar and larch trees, at an altitude of 6200 feet, and in the central part, more southern, at an altitude of 6600 feet. above ur. seas: downstream along the rivers, with a decrease in the height of the mountains, coniferous forests become denser, larger, deciduous species join, and the forest covers all the slopes of the mountains and river valleys. In the forests, trees are covered with a mass of lichens and mosses hanging in cosmos on their branches, and not only in low places, but also on the foothills in dense forests, on damp soil, everywhere they are very common - sporosphytes, lichens, mosses, fungi, ferns, horsetails and club mosses. Of the plants, we should mention the bush found in the Sayan Mountains - camel's tail (Caragana jubata) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). In addition to forests, vegetation is developed in the province: alpine, calcareous rocks and cliffs, solonetzes and steppe, and in the Baikal places there are already plants belonging to the flora of the Far East. In the animal kingdom, there is a great variety, especially forest ones. From predatory badger, wolverine, brown bear, sable, ermine, otter, wolf, fox, lynx; from rodents: flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, evrashki, hare, etc.; from multi-hoofed - wild boar; from ruminants: musk deer, roe deer, red deer, elk and reindeer. In Baikal there is a special genus of seal - the seal (Rhosa b a icalensis). Of the insects, we note only a special harmful genus of the grasshopper (Gomphocerus sibirica), which reproduces strongly in dry years, destroying crops and meadow grasses.

Administratively, I. lips. since 1857 it has been divided into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district. The population density is negligible; a huge space (up to 90% of the provinces) is not fenced and does not belong to anyone. In the most populated Balagansky district, per 1 sq. ver. the rural population accounts for 3.3 days, in the least populated, Kirensky - 0.11 days, in the entire province - 0.62 people. In the more populated three districts, one farm accounts for 5.6 d.v. etc., and workers - 1.3. For 100 mzh. accounts for 97.7 women. Settled and nomadic Buryats - 117811, Tungus - 1654, Karagas - 431; the rest of the population is dominated by the Russian element; among the exiles there are many Poles, Jews, Tatars. The population of the province, consisting of a mixture of foreigners, settlers and exiles from different areas of Russia, formed a special local type - the Siberian, with a special local dialect. The largest part of the population of average height, namely 71%; high - 12%, low - 17%. Goiter with its companions - cretinism and deaf-mutism is quite common. In 1892, 4736 marriages were concluded in I. province, 20895 were born (10722 males and 10173 females), 16710 died (9093 males, 7617 females). According to the average conclusion over the past 30 years, the percentage of births: in the Orthodox population - 4.9%, and in the pagan - 3.6%; the mortality rate among the Orthodox is 3.9%, among the pagans - 3.2%. Natural population growth - 1.07%, actual - 1.33%; the difference falls on immigration. In 1890, there were 4441 hereditary and personal nobles, White Orthodox clergy -1880, monastic -87, Catholic - 2, Lutheran - 1, Jewish -1, Lamaic - 10, Mohammedan - 9; honorary citizens of hereditary and personal - 1368, merchants - 1623, philistines - 27111, workshops - 2983, peasants of all denominations - 223812, regular troops - 2546, retired lower ranks, soldiers' wives and children - 18039, Cossacks - 5230, settled aliens - 14178, nomads - 103633, vagrants - 2085, foreign nationals - 68, exiled settlers and settled workers - 29218, political exiles - 619, settlers from exiled convicts - 5441, persons not belonging to the indicated categories - 482. In 1892, there were 372456 Orthodox, schismatics of various sects - 382 (most of all Subbotniks in the village of Zima, Balagansky district), Catholics - 3485, Armenian-Gregorians - 86, Protestants - 569, Mohammedans - 2843, Jews - 6315, Lamaites - 14210, shamans - 64945. In the period from 1872 to 81, he adopted Orthodoxy in I. lips. 16704 people (mostly Buryats). In the province, not counting the cities, there were 223 churches, 2 ministries, 216 chapels, 2 mosques, 2 datsans and 5 prayer houses. In 1892, for all salaries 1112098 rubles were subject to collection, of which 450149 rubles remained in arrears, including:

	Subject to collection	%	Remaining arrears	%
From the state peasants and foreigners	539236 r.	48,5	85212 r.	18,9
From the peasants from the exiles	61352 r.	5,5	46725 r.	10,3
From exiled settlers	273625 r.	24,6	257773 r.	57,2
From the philistines, shop and friend.	27619 r.	2,5	16833 p.	3,8
From foreigners	108088 r.	9,7	20218 r.	4,5

So, mainly the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least power to pay. Unpaid 561,977 rubles remained in the arrears, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only up to 94,143 rubles, including among peasants - 87,506 rubles, among foreigners - 6,637 rubles. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the state revenues in 1892, the most gave: excise tax - 1910794 rubles. and customs - 7263884 rubles. public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, students - 11112, including 8056 males, or 72.5%, and 3056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parochial schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parochial - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, in the villages there are many home schools with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with the number of students up to 1020. In the province there are 13 hospitals (for 664 beds), 3 stage infirmaries, 15 emergency rooms (72 kr.), 4 infirmaries at plants and factories (26 kr.), 5 pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were cared for; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms. The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which only the Olkhon Buryats and the Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas, do not deal with. The entire north of the province, i.e., most of the Kirensky district. and north-east. part of Nizhneudinsky, as well as the entire rocky west. the shore of Lake Baikal with Olkhon Island should be included in the non-grain zone; then less than other parts of the province grain-growing app. and southwest, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. Center and south some are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilizer; but in the south only the Irkut valley is inhabited. The most common in I. lips. the soils are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white, the first ones lie in higher places and along the slopes of the mountains, and the forest loam, which occurs in higher places, is considered better for processing than the steppe. This kind of soil at a depth of 3-4 vrsh. are difficult to process, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter. Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used. A total of 348,400 dessiatins of land under sowing in 1892 was shown. ; of this number accounted for the Balagan okrug. 39.8%, I. - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. In recent years, the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagan and Irkutsk regions. Of the winter crops, they are sown more in Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky, and spring - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1. Potatoes and hemp are grown everywhere; crops of buckwheat, peas and millet are less common. The degree of harvest, in addition to the quality of the soil, is affected by the height of the field, since in lower places the grain often suffers from frost and frost; further, the degree of protection from the winds, the direction of the slope of the field - to the north or south, the presence of mountain grasses - sow thistle. Bread is sold mainly in the city of Irkutsk and on the Nizhneslobodskaya pier on the river. Ilge, in the Verkholensky district, from where it is rafted to the Olekminsko-Vitimsky gold mines. Horticulture has an industrial character only in the villages lying near the city of Irkutsk, and at a few other points of greater demand. In the village of Alexandrovsky, vegetables are considered the best in the province; the village of Galumet produces an excellent bow; all L. Belsky developed hop-growing with annual sales of up to 40,000 pd. hops. Tobacco is bred in gardens, mainly in the Irkutsk district, where in 1892 it was collected from 154.5 dess. up to 21595 pd. Hemp for the sale of seeds is bred in the villages closest to the province. city. Foreigners almost do not engage in gardening. After agriculture, the most developed cattle breeding, what is favored by vast steppe places in the central part of the province, where the Buryats are engaged in cattle breeding as a trade; but for the most part it serves only as an aid to agriculture. Most of the livestock is bred in the Balagansky district and in the Tunkinskaya basin of the Irkutsk district; but cattle breeding does not meet the needs of the population, and therefore part of the cattle is brought in annually - for the city of Irkutsk and the gold mines - from Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and even from Tomsk. Local cattle are small, cows give little milk; horses are distinguished by rare endurance. Total livestock was registered in the province (in 1892), with the exception of cities: horses - 292111, cattle - 380336, sheep - 356408, goats - 51112, pigs - 88572, deer - 3930, camels - 210. - Animal industry constitutes the exclusive occupation of the Tungus and Karagas; from the Russian population, the inhabitants of villages lying in the remote taiga, or in mountainous areas, or in the valleys of Tungusok, Ilim, Kirenga, and others are engaged in obtaining the beast. rec. They hunt mainly squirrels, and partly other fur-bearing animals, getting them with a gun, dies, pits, etc. Bears and wolves are beaten only by chance, when hunting other animals. Of the birds, hazel grouse, black grouse and water birds are the subject of fishing. Of the products of the animal industry, the skins of fur-bearing animals, musk musk, antlers (young deer horns) are sold for 100-200 rubles. individually or by weight from 6 to 12 rubles. per pound. In 1888, in 3 districts (I., Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky), 4822 persons were engaged in the fur industry, who got the beast in the amount of 122246 rubles. fishing due to the proximity of the villages to the river. Angara and Lena, and mainly to the lake. Baikal, where up to 1500 people are engaged in fishing annually. On Baikal, the subject of fishing is omul, Baikal hairyuz, and in the rivers whitefish, lenok, taimen, Angarsky hairyuz, occasionally sturgeon and friend are caught. On Baikal in 1892, 707 barrels of omul were caught in summer fishing, each from 800 to 1000 pieces, and in autumn - 785 barrels; caviar 57 barrels, fat 201 pd., in total for the amount of 66,000 rubles. 1171 workers (1020 men and 151 women) were hired for fishing, on 9 vessels, with 50 seines. In addition, the Olkhon Buryats near the Small Sea industrialized 905 barrels. fish, 173 pd. fish and 591 pd. seal fat. Handicraft production poorly developed in the province and serves mainly as a help in the household, such as cooperage, the manufacture of carts, wheels and other handicrafts made of wood, the weaving of nets and nets, the weaving of ropes, the preparation of coarse cloths (tare), rugs, knitting from wool and hair woolen stockings and mittens for mittens, dressing of furs and skins, extraction of resin or sulfur - for chewing (local custom). This also includes charcoal burning, tar smoking, tar planting, and the collection of pine nuts. Blacksmithing, pottery

Article about the word Irkutsk province"in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron was read 1274 times

The area of ​​the province was 653,290 sq. miles, including the water mirror of Lake Baikal - 15,042 sq. miles and Olkhon island - 550 sq. verst. The greatest length of the Irkutsk province from the southwest to the northeast was 1300 versts with a width of 650 versts. The borders of the province: in the north and partly in the northeast - the Yakutsk region, in the east and southeast - the Trans-Baikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province.

Relief

In general, the surface of the Irkutsk province was a flat hill with a slope from south to north, belted from the southwest, south and east by mountain ranges, among which in the southeastern outskirts of the province lies a vast deep-water depression - Lake Baikal. The terrace-like depression of this flat upland is due to an ancient shift that separated most of the area occupied by it from the high Trans-Baikal plateau lying in the southeast, and in the northwest from a lower terrace located in the middle part of the Yenisei province. In particular, the area of ​​the Irkutsk province consisted of: a mountainous alpine country with chains of mountains diverging from it, flat hills and river valleys - the two main water arteries - the Angara and the Lena and their tributaries. The mountains that fill the Irkutsk province belong to two main ranges - the Sayan and the Baikal mountains; of these, the first one, filling the south of the province with its spurs, has an alpine character and, entering the borders of the Irkutsk province, in its southwestern part, near the upper reaches of the Biryusa and Uda rivers, it goes from northwest to southeast - then in one chain, wide from 15 to 20 versts, then by several parallel chains separated by deep and narrow gorges of mountain rivers, and the width of the ridge reaches 50 versts. The average height of the main peaks of the Sayan is 7500 feet above the sea surface, with its individual peaks from 8 to 8500 feet, and its highest loach lying on the border with Mongolia - Mungu-Sardyk, that is, a silver mountain, forever covered with snow at the top, reaches up to 11500 ft. On the northern slope of this char, a double glacier descends from its top for 4 versts, pushing its terminal moraines to Lake Ekhoi. The general disorder in the location of the Sayan Mountains, scattered by deep valleys and wild gorges, with fast water flows, conical, stone peaks of bald mountains, devoid of any vegetation, constitute the characteristic features of the main chain of the ridge, on the tops of which snow disappears for a period from June to August. In deep mountain hollows facing north, in some years snow lies throughout the summer. Starting from the central axis of the Sayan Range, to the north. there is a gradual decrease in its spurs - to the valley of the river. Angara, which, however, at the mouth of the river. White lies still at an altitude of 1200 feet above sea level. The lowering of the Sayan Mountains proceeds, as it were, in ledges: the highest row of loaches is followed by their second row with a softer outline of the mountain peaks, already covered with forest, followed by the third row, of even lower height, etc. etc., all these mountains run either parallel to each other, or mutually intersecting. Within the Irkutsk province, Sayan separates from itself many branches that can be considered independent ridges: at the southwestern corner of the province, on its border, at the head of the river. Biryusy, part of the Sayan Range is called the Biryusinsky Mountains, reaching up to 6200 feet of absolute height. Further, the main part of the Sayan, Ergik-Targak-Taiga, going in a southeasterly direction, has a rather complex relief. From the mountain node Taraskhan-Daban, in the upper reaches of the river. Ii, two ridges begin, going to the north: Kuytun-Khardyn and another ridge that does not have a name. At the Junbuluk node, where the extinct crater Khukushka (Cup) lies with lava flows over 20 versts, a high, rocky ridge up to 7200 feet rises, going between pp. Hoyt-Okoy and Okoy. Then from the node of Nuku-Daban, rising to 7500 feet and making sowing. spur of Mungu-Sardyk, diverge like a fan: a) Ida Mountains, between pp. Okoy and Belaya; b) Kitoi Alps, between the channels of the Belaya and Kitoi rivers; c) Tunkinsky squirrels accompanying the valley of the river from the north. Irkut; parallel to them, the chain of mountains running, limiting the Irkut valley from the south, is called Gurbi-Daban and, preserving the complex relief of the Sayan, branches into many mountain ranges that differ in geological and faunal respects from the Sayan. Finally, in the southeastern part of the province there is the Urguldeysky knot, which lies at the head of the river. - Zon-Murin, a tributary of the Irkut and Dzhida rivers, which flows into the Selenga River; From this node, a high chain of mountains (7500 feet of absolute height) is directed to the East, bearing the name of Khamar-Daban, which is one of the highest heights lying at the southwestern corner of Baikal and the Baikal Mountains in general. Of the mountain passes in the Sayan were the most famous and convenient:

• mountain pass - Obo-Sarym, lying at an altitude of 6100 feet, in the upper reaches of the Khanga River, a tributary of the Irkut River.

• pass Naryn-Khoroisky,
• Uryuk-Daban,
• Tengiz-Daban,
• Toros-Daban and
• Mustag-Arsha;

of these, the first and third served for a significant drive of cattle from Mongolia to the city of Irkutsk and for the delivery of manufactured goods from the latter to Mongolia (up to 80,000 rubles). The second group of mountains of the Irkutsk province were the Baikal ones, rising at the sources of the Lena and Kirenga rivers to a maximum height of 6,000 feet and consisting of chains: Primorsky and Onotsky. The flat upland, on which the mountainous alpine country of the Sayan rests, occupies the entire north and north-west of the Irkutsk province, having for the most part a height of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. The lower ledge of this plateau, representing the least elevated part (up to 800 feet of absolute height) of the province, is located in the northwest of its part, along the course of pp. Lower Tunguska and Lena, near the borders of the Yakutsk region. The considerable irregularities of the soil encountered on this plateau are the consequences of erosion and the formation of river valleys; of these low watershed ranges are known in the province: Berezovy, Ilimsky, Tungussky and others. The most extensive plain is located along the course of the Angara River, having a boundary line running approximately from Irkutsk to the Kitoy River, from here to the Belaya River to the mouth of the Zalara River, then crosses the middle course of the Kada River and heads northeast to the Angara River, where, passing to its right bank ends; but even this plain is hilly in many places. In addition to this plain, there were two more in the Irkutsk province: one between the Oka and Uda rivers, the other, more elevated and treeless, bearing the name of the “Brotherly Steppe”, stretches along the Yakutsk tract to the Kachugskaya pier on the Lena River.

Geology

The geognostic composition of the soil of the Irkutsk province deserves special attention due to its diversity. Sedimentary rocks belonging to the latest modern deposits consist of lacustrine-river pebble and sandy-argillaceous sediments, are found everywhere in river valleys and often border the shores of lakes in the form of a rampart; alluvium is often found on the slopes and even on the tops of mountains; loose sands are located in different places of the province, but in small areas. From the older Tertiary deposits in the southwestern part of Baikal, in some places in the Sayan Mountains and in the entire Tunkinskaya basin, loess deposits were found. In the valley of the Angara River, the following were found from the post-Pliocene layers: pebble deposits, loess-like layered loam and forest; then tertiary deposits are also found: along the Kamenka River and in the western part of the province - along the course of the Oka, Kimilteika, Uda and other rivers. In the eastern part of the Irkutsk province, in the upper reaches of the Lena River and its tributaries, as well as along the course of pp. Angi and Buguldeyki are sediments - clay-sand or gravel; in addition, uniform red-colored deposits and loess are strongly developed in the Lena Valley. The remains of thick-skinned animals that once lived in this area were found in the Tertiary sediments: a primitive bull, aurochs, various deer and antelopes. The rocks of the tertiary system have a slight distribution in the Irkutsk province. From the sediments of the Mesozoic era at that time, only the Jurassic formation was found in the southern part of the province, stretching a strip of about 100 miles wide from Lake Baikal to the city of Nizhne-Udinsk; its sediments (on the Devonian red sandstones or on the Upper Silurian limestone) consist of shaly clays and marls, sandstones with interlayers of brown coal and, in places, limestone and chert. Of the sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic (primary) era, the most common in the province are the Carboniferous, Devonian and Silurian systems, which from the outburst of the Angara from Lake Baikal run in a wide strip along the Angara almost to the northern border of the Balagansky District; are also found in the watershed of the Angara and Lena rivers, and in the valley of the last rocks of the Devonian system they are more widespread relative to others and consist of red sandstones, marls and clays. The rocks of the Devonian system are located: in the Tunkinsky Alps, on the right bank of the Angara River, a little higher than the city (now an urban-type settlement) Balagansk, along the entire valley of the Osa River, then, moving to the left bank of the Angara, they stretch along the Unga, Ii and Oka rivers and at the confluence of the latter into the Angara - on both banks of the latter. They accompany the upper reaches of the river. Lena to the city of Kirensk, followed by the red sandstones of the Silurian system along the right bank of the Lena to the Darinskaya station, and on the left bank there is Upper Silurian limestone. Older sedimentary deposits - the Cambrian-Silurian system - which are distinguished by a significant thickness of their layers (up to 2500 feet), are very common in the mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, and the upper tier is made up exclusively of limestones located in the northwestern slope of the Onotsky ridge, in many places on Lena, on the river. Angara (near Usolye), from the mouth of the Belaya River to Balagansk, etc. The lower tier of the Cambrian-Silurian system consists of clay and gray slates and sandstones, mainly located in the Sayan - in the upper reaches of the rivers Irkut, Oka, Butogol, Dzhanbulak and others, then in the Onot Range and partly in the Primorsky - Baikal Mountains and other places. Crystalline rocks belonging to the Archean (Laurentian) system make up all the ridges of the main ranges - the Sayan, the Tunka Alps, the Baikal Mountains. These rocks form two tiers: the upper layer consists of alternating layers of dolomite or crystalline limestone with feldspar rocks, and the lower tier is most often gneiss, granite, granite-syenite, and chlorite schists. The layers are bent into a series of folds, often overturned and pressed against each other. The spread of folds in the southern part of the province in the Sayan Mountains and the Tunka Alps in the direction west-southwest - east-northeast, in the Eastern Sayan from west-southwest to northwest, and in the Baikal Mountains from west-southwest to east-northeast; moreover, in the latter there are anticlinal inflections of the layers. Crystalline rocks are also common in other mountainous parts of the Irkutsk province, for example, in the valley of the river. Angara below the confluence of the river. Oki granites form all significant Angara rapids. Less than other crystalline rocks are widespread in the province - diorites and serpentines; diabases are located mainly in the western and northwestern parts of the province and in the valley of the river. Tunguska. Basalts have a more significant distribution, they are found: on the slope of Mungu-Sardyk, at the Khanginsky guard and at Tunka - along the Irkut, southwest. parts of Lake Baikal, between pp. Slyudyanka and Tala, in the lower reaches of the Ilim, along the river. Angara, while along its tributaries, volcanic tuffs are more common, as well as obsidian and pumice; finally, there are lava hills in the Tunka basin, and lava flows in the Elovsky spur and other places: all this indicates that the local area was once the center of strong volcanic activity, which is now manifested in fairly frequent earthquakes in Irkutsk.

Minerals

The Irkutsk province was rich in minerals, but poorer in gold than neighboring provinces; its richest gold-bearing placers are located in its southwestern part, along the Biryusa river system, in the Nizhneudinsk district, where in 1892, 23 poods of gold 22 pounds 20 spools were washed at 21 mines, with an average gold grade of 100 poods - 25.25 shares. Three mines were developed back in the Kirensky district, along the Nerpa and Dzhalogun rivers, where in 1890 gold was panned 2 pounds 30 pounds. Placers poor in content, now not being developed, are located along the rivers flowing into Baikal, and along the upper tributaries of the Lena River, in the Verkholensky District. Graphite of high dignity was available in Botugolsky bald (by the beginning of the 20th century, its development was abandoned) and on the island of Olkhon. Brown coal was found in many places: near the city of Irkutsk in the coastal cliffs of the Angara, along the Irkut, Kuda, Ushakovka rivers, in several places in the Balagansky district, coal deposits along the Oka rivers are most noteworthy; but it was not found anywhere. Iron ore was found in many places in the province, but was developed only at the confluence of the Oka River with the Angara, at the Nikolaev ironworks. Iron vitriol was located near the village of Ziminsky, on the right bank of the Oka River and in Zheltuni-Tong Mountain.

There were salt springs: 68 miles from the city of Irkutsk, on the Angara River, along the Ilim River and four miles from the banks of the Lena River, on the Kuta River. In these places, in 1892, table salt was mined in four varnits in the amount of 170,929 rubles. In addition, salt springs were known: on the Taganka River, which flows into the Oka River, in the upper reaches of the Unga River, a tributary of the river. Angara, in the valley of the Kuda and Belaya rivers, near the village of Uzkiy Luch and on the island of the Angara River, lying above Balagansk. Glauber's salt (gujir) was located in small lakes off the northwestern shores of Lake Baikal, between the Anga and Olkhon islands. Saltpeter mud - along the Talaya River, near the village of Tunki. Of the mineral springs, the most famous were: Turan - near the Nile Desert, on the Ukhe-Ugun River, 250 miles from Irkutsk, had a temperature of up to 36.6 ° R (degrees Reaumur). Arshan-Su is a carbonic source, 40 miles from the Turan Guard. Okinsky - on the Oka River, 500 miles from Irkutsk. Barnaul - sonar, near the village of Bolshe-Mamyrsky, in the Nizhneudinsky district and others.

Hydrography

Irkutsk province was abundantly irrigated with water; the first place in terms of the vastness of the reservoir belongs to Lake Baikal, which constituted the natural border of the province in the southeast. Besides him, there were no large lakes in the province. Almost all the rivers of the Irkutsk province belonged mainly to two river basins - the Yenisei and the Lena. 3 Tunguskas belonged to the Yenisei system: Upper, or Angara, Podkamennaya and Lower, with their tributaries.

Of the plants, we should mention the bushes found in the Sayan Mountains - camel's tail (Caragana jubata) and sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides).

In addition to forests, alpine vegetation, calcareous rocks and cliffs, solonetz and steppe vegetation is developed in the province, and in the Baikal places there are already plants belonging to the flora of the Far East.

Fauna

In the animal kingdom, there is a great variety, especially forest ones. From predatory badger, wolverine, brown bear, sable, ermine, otter, wolf, fox, lynx; from rodents: flying squirrel, squirrel, chipmunk, evrashki, hare, etc.; from artiodactyls - wild boar; from ruminants: musk deer, roe deer, red deer, moose (moose) and reindeer. In Baikal there is a special kind of seal - seal ( Phoca baicalensis). Of the insects, we note only a special harmful genus of filly ( Gomphocerus sibirica), which breeds strongly in dry years, destroying crops and meadow grasses.

Administrative division

In administrative terms, the Irkutsk province is divided from the city into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district.

county	Russians	Buryats	Jews	Tatars	Yakuts	Evenki	Poles
Province as a whole	73,1 %	21,2 %	1,4 %	1,4 %	…	…	…
Balagansky	60,8 %	35,6 %	…	1,2 %	…	…	…
Verkholensky	59,8 %	35,6 %	1,0 %	1,2 %	…	…	…
Irkutsk	75,5 %	18,9 %	2,3 %	1,2 %	…	…	…
Kirensky	88,7 %	…	1,7 %	…	4,9 %	2,3 %	…
Nizhneudinsky	91,3 %	1,9 %	…	2,4 %	…	…	1,1 %

Taxes and fees

In 1892, 1,112,098 rubles were due for collection of all salaries, of which 450,149 rubles remained in arrears. Most of the arrears remain with the exiled settlers, who have the least payment power. Unsettled collections remained in the arrears of 561,977 rubles, in the payment of which only 43,153 rubles were received. Treasury payments, worldly expenses and natural service of the three districts, Irkutsk, Balagansky and Nizhneudinsky, together amounted to 1,294,723 rubles. (1887), of which 914,721 rubles fall to the share of peasants, and 380,002 rubles to foreigners. One worker accounts for from 24 to 30 rubles, and for a cash soul - from 10 to 13 rubles. Worldly incomes extended only to 94,143 rubles, including 87,506 rubles for peasants and 6,637 rubles for foreigners. Of natural duties, the cost of the road is up to 560,000 rubles, underwater - up to 300,000 rubles. Of the state revenues in 1892, the most gave: excise tax - 1910794 rubles. and customs - 7263884 rubles.

Education, medicine, charity

Public education, with the exception of the provincial city, is poorly developed: in 1892 there were 427 educational institutions, students - 11112, including 8056 males, or 72.5%, and 3056 females, or 27.5%. Of the entire population of the province, students accounted for 2.1%, of the population of cities - 7.7%, districts - 1.2%; to children of school age in cities - 46.3%, in districts - 7.2%, in the entire province - 12.2%. There were 366 rural schools, including literacy schools - 223, parish schools - 74, schools of the Ministry of Public Education: parochial - 63 and two-class - 6. In addition, there are many home schools in the villages with settler teachers; in three districts there are 107 such schools, with the number of students up to 1020. In the province there are 13 hospitals (for 664 beds), 3 stage infirmaries, 15 emergency rooms (72 kr.), 4 infirmaries at plants and factories (26 kr.), 5 pharmacies (of which two are rural), 37 doctors, 4 female doctors, 66 paramedics, 21 midwives. Charity, with the exception of Irkutsk, is poorly developed; in the villages there are only 8 almshouses, in which 66 people were nursing; in addition, there are 4 private almshouses and up to 9 houses in which the decrepit and crippled find only shelter, earning food by alms.

Economy

Agriculture

The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, which is not practiced only by the Olkhon Buryats and the Alaguev clans of the Kapsal department, as well as the Tungus and Karagas. The entire north of the province, that is, most of the Kirensky district and the northeastern part of the Nizhneudinsky district, as well as the entire rocky western coast of Lake Baikal with Olkhon Island, should be included in the non-grain zone; then, less than other parts of the province, the western and southwestern ones are grain-growing, starting from the river. Udy to zap. province borders. The center and the southern part are very fertile: the soil here is very fat and does not require fertilization; but in the south only the Irkut valley is populated. The most common soils in the Irkutsk province are loamy, mostly reddish, then gray and, as an exception, white; This kind of soil, at a depth of 3-4 inches, is difficult to cultivate, but wheat will be born well on them. The second place belongs to - black lands, divided into strong and light; the latter are subdivided into steppe and so-called pukhuns or buzuns (bukhovina). This soil lies below the red loams, mostly at the bottom of the pads (intermountain valleys), richer in humus; its depth is from several inches to an arshin. In the steppes, black (light) soils contain less humus than bukhovina, soon lose their productivity and require a long rest, so that after the removal of 3 or 5 loaves, they are left in fallows for up to 15 years and are unsuitable for winter. Bukhovina, lying in low places where there were swamps, is considered the worst soil, tundra soils located near swamps and caltus approach it. Finally, sandy soils and sandy loams of various qualities are widely distributed in the province, with which silty soils are sometimes found side by side. These soils are of little use for crops; even less suitable for arable farming are silty soils that occur with sandy loam and solonets, requiring fertilizer, which, with the exception of the Kirensky district. and some large villages, is not used anywhere, and depleted arable land is usually thrown under fallow land for decades. Although local conditions include all the data for the development of a three-field crop rotation, but most of the cultivated area - 8/9 - is exploited through a two-field system together with a fallow one, and the field is sown for several years in a row, until it is completely exhausted (up to 15 years), or completely abandoned , being replaced by a new one, for which the undercut is used. Land under crops in 1892 shows only 348,400 acres; of this number, Balagansky district accounted for 39.8%, Irkutsk province - 22%, Verkholensky - 16.1%, Nizhneudinsky - 14.6%, Kirensky - 7.5%. AT last years the number of plowlands has increased, especially in the Balagansky and Irkutsk districts. Of the winter crops, more are sown in the Verkholensky and Nizhneudinsky districts, and spring crops - in the Balagansky district. The average grain yield for a seven-year period (1880-1887): for winter rye itself-5.9, spring 3.4, wheat (spring) 3.2, oats 3.1.

The settlement of the region was hampered by temporary measures against voluntary resettlement, for example, decrees and years. The settlement of the Irkutsk province was mainly carried out by exiles.

A significant part of the settlers (exiles), however, is constantly outside the province: either in the gold mines, or in an unknown absence. A considerable contingent of migrants was made up of penal soldiers, prisoners of war, and especially Polish insurgents - and the years: in 1866 there were up to 18,000 exiled Poles in Siberia.

The settlement of the region by the exiled element continues to this day: for example, in 1890, 4019 exiles of various categories entered the Irkutsk province; in addition, 1088 people were settled in the province, including 261 members of their families. The landmark buildings in the Irkutsk province were

1805-1806 Treskin Nikolai Ivanovich Acting State Councilor 1806-1819 Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich real state councilor, vice-governor, and. d. governor 1819-1821 Zeidler Ivan Bogdanovich Acting State Councilor 25.06.1821-29.06.1835 Evseviev Alexander Nikolaevich Acting State Councilor 29.06.1835-11.03.1838 Levshin Alexey Iraklievich 28.02.1911-1913 Yugan Alexander Nikolaevich Acting State Councilor 1913-1917

Lieutenant Governors

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Position replacement time
Sumarokov Philip Alexandrovich	court adviser, 1st comrade of the governor	1764-1766
Vetlitsky Vasily Vasilievich	Major, 2nd Comrade Governor	1764-1771
Pantusov Denis Ivanovich		1766-1771
Solovyov Ivan Osipovich	baron, colonel, 1st comrade of the governor	1771-1772
Sobolev Dmitry Konstantinovich	Court Counsellor, 2nd Companion to the Governor	1771-1775
Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich	Collegiate Counsellor, 1st Comrade Governor	1773-1775
Yuniy Alexander Alexandrovich	Colonel, 1st Comrade Governor	1775-1782
Bestuzhev Vasily Semyonovich	Collegiate Counsellor, 2nd Comrade Governor	1775-1778
Palibin Matvey Trofimovich	Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd Comrade Governor	1778-1782
Tseddelman Alexander Yurievich	major general	1778-1784
Chulkov Vasily Vasilievich	foreman	1784-1785
Burtsov Evtifei Evtifeevich	collegiate adviser	1785-1789
Mikhailov Andrey Sidorovich	collegiate adviser	1789-1793
Pokhvisnev Fedor Ivanovich	Colonel, State Councilor	1793-1797
Kramarenkov	Acting State Councilor	15.12.1798-18.01.1799
Goloshchepov Semyon Kondratievich	Acting State Councilor	01.02.1799-1804
Shishkov Arseny Antonovich	State Councillor	1804-1806
Semivskiy Nikolay Vasilievich	collegiate adviser	1806-1809
Levitsky Karp Ivanovich	State Councillor	1809-1814
Zerkaleev Ivan Semyonovich	collegiate adviser (state councilor)	1814-1822

Chairmen of the provincial government

FULL NAME.	State Councillor	17.03.1839-10.04.1845
Karpinsky Alexey Mikhailovich	State Councillor	08.11.1846-18.02.1853
Struve Bernhard Vasilievich	State Councillor	18.02.1853-20.12.1855
Izvolsky Peter Alexandrovich	State Councillor	01.01.1858-18.12.1859
Shelekhov Alexey Dmitrievich	collegiate adviser	05.02.1860-05.02.1865
Ern Nikolai Kasperovich	Acting State Councilor	08.02.1865-27.02.1875
Izmailov Alexey Petrovich	Acting State Councilor	04.06.1875-19.09.1879
Garf Eduard Egorovich	State Councillor	28.03.1880-15.03.1884
Petrov Vasily Vasilievich	State Councillor	10.05.1884-13.11.1886
Davydov Dmitry Nikandrovich	State Councillor	08.01.1887-24.01.1891
Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	24.01.1891-12.10.1895

Lieutenant Governors

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Position replacement time
Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	12.10.1895-12.07.1897
Tsekhanovsky Boleslav Pavlovich	State Councillor	12.07.1897-21.09.1901
Bulatov Viktor Nikolaevich	Acting State Councilor	11.12.1901-12.12.1903 the rest, see Mezhov, Siberian Bibliography (St. Petersburg, 1892) Maps of the Irkutsk province title example download Story In 1708, the Siberian order was liquidated and the Siberian province was formed (from Vyatka to Kamchatka). The Siberian province in 1764 was renamed into the Siberian kingdom, which was subdivided into the Tobolsk and Irkutsk general governments. In 1805, the Yakutsk region was separated from the Irkutsk province. After February Revolution In 1917, the Irkutsk Governor-General that existed before, which included the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, the Trans-Baikal and Yakutsk regions, ceased to exist. On August 15, 1924, the territory of the Irkutsk province was divided into 3 districts - Irkutsk, Tulunsky, Kirensky and 2 industrial regions - Cheremkhovsky and Bodaibinsky. On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Irkutsk province became part of it. On June 28, 1926, by a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Irkutsk province was abolished, and 3 districts were created on its territory - Irkutsk, Tulunsky and Kirensky. Geographical position The Irkutsk province is located in Eastern Siberia, between 51 ° and 62 ° 30 "N and 96 ° and 107 ° E (from Greenwich) exceeds France or Germany in space: according to Strelbitsky's measurement, it has 653290 sq. versts, including under part of the waters of Lake Baikal 15042 sq. versts and under the island of Olkhon 550 sq. versts.The greatest length of the Irkutsk province from the southwest to the northeast reaches 1300 versts with a width of 650 versts.Borders of the province: in the north and partly in the northeast - Yakutsk, in the east and southeast - the Trans-Baikal region, in the south - the Chinese Empire (Mongolia), in the west - the Yenisei province. Administrative division of the Irkutsk province In administrative terms, the Irkutsk province has been divided since 1857 into 5 districts: Irkutsk, Balagansky, Nizhneudinsky, Verkholensky and Kirensky, in which there are 18 sections (stans), 45 volosts, 40 foreign departments and one separate rural society. The entire population of the province, with 4 district cities, 1 provincial and 1 provincial, in 1892 extended to 465,428 villages, including 249,151 men. and 216277 women. Most of the peasant settlements were grouped along the banks of pp. Angara, Lena and some of their tributaries, as well as along the Moscow tract. There are few large villages, and they are located along the postal route; with more than 500 households, there are only seven. Loan life is developed only in the Balagansky district. At the end of the 19th century, the province included 5 districts: No. Okrug Center Area, verst² Population, people. 1 Balagansky Balagansk (1,026 people) 38,379,122,918 (1889) 2 Verkholensky Verkholensk (1,043 people) 76,952 59,567 (1889) 3 Irkutsk Irkutsk (50,280 people) 72,401,108,028 (1892) 4 Kirensky Kirensk (1,211 people) 343,000 55,168 (1892) 5 Nizhneudinsk Nizhneudinsk (6,016 people) 108,143 65,067 (1896) All materials presented for download on the site are obtained from the Internet, therefore the author is not responsible for errors or inaccuracies that may be found in the published materials. If you are the copyright holder of any submitted material and do not want a link to it to be in our catalog, please contact us and we will immediately remove it. Similar articles Our Galaxy presentation for a lesson in astronomy (Grade 11) on the topic Download presentation on the topic of light of galaxies Alcohols () Are there intermolecular interactions in gases The structure of substances in different states of aggregation Are there intermolecular interactions in gases × close Story Biology Geography Chemistry Physics Informatics A culture of speech