Message on the rational use of natural resources. Abstract rational use of natural resources. Rational and irrational nature management

Rational use natural resources- major problem modern society. The rational use of natural resources is the result of their reasonable study, which prevents the possibility of harmful consequences of human activities, increases and maintains the productivity of natural complexes and objects of nature.

The rational use of natural resources of a renewable type should be based on reasonable spending, renewal, providing for their reproduction, since reserves are usually restored faster than they are used. The rational use of natural resources of a non-renewable type should be based on their economical and integrated extraction and use, as well as on the disposal of all kinds of waste. Natural resources can also be divided into:

-potential;
-real.

Potential resources are involved in economic turnover, while real ones are actively used. Due to the depletion of natural resources, their further development becomes more economical and environmentally inappropriate. With uncontrolled use, some types of resources may disappear, and the process of their self-renewal will stop. The recovery period of some of them is several hundred or even thousands of years.

Of particular relevance is the integrated use of natural resources, which involves the use of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the reuse of secondary resources. At the same time, raw materials are saved and environmental pollution is prevented by products manufactured by P.V. Savchenko. National Economy: Textbook / Ed. P.V. - M.: Economist, 2008. - 83 p.. The only way to solve the problem of rational use of mineral resources is to create a model of the biospheric circulation of substances in industry. Useful elements contained in raw materials must be reused. In this case, production and consumption waste is no longer waste, but secondary material resources.

For rational use water resources it is necessary to build drainage systems and structures, which consist of a set of equipment, networks and structures designed to receive and remove domestic industrial and atmospheric wastewater through pipelines, as well as to clean and neutralize them before being discharged into a reservoir or disposed of.

The amount of industrial wastewater is determined by aggregated indicators of water consumption and water disposal for various industries. The water consumption rate is the reasonable amount of water required for the production process and established on the basis of a scientifically based calculation or best practice. The consumption rates of industrial wastewater are used in the design of newly built and reconstruction of existing wastewater systems of industrial enterprises as an assessment of the rationality of water use in any organization.

Unmanaged impact on the climate, together with irrational agriculture, can lead to a significant decrease in soil fertility and large fluctuations in crop yields.

Deforestation has become one of the global environmental issues, the cause of which remains, to a greater extent, the need for fuel. Due to deforestation, almost 3 billion people have already faced an acute shortage of wood fuel, the prices for which are rising (almost 40% of the family budget is spent on buying firewood). In turn, the high demand for firewood is spurring further deforestation.

One of the most important ways to solve the problem of natural resource conservation is to increase the efficiency of the use of resource-intensive products. Thus, it was studied that the repair of goods is not only economically profitable, but also creates new jobs Zubko NM Fundamentals of economic theory. - Minsk: high school, 2013. - 427 p.

For example, in Germany, the government is allowed to arrange quarterly dumps of bulky things near the house. Things are taken by those who hope to repair them. To collect clothes for homeowners, special bags are placed in mailboxes the day before, where they are packed, and what else can be worn is taken away by charitable organizations. It happens that there is nothing to take out.

Thus, it becomes necessary to preserve and reproduce the country's natural resources. To do this, the following conditions must be met:

-carefully and rationally natural resources (especially irreplaceable ones);
- take effective measures to replenish natural resources (carry out forest plantations, reproduce the reserves of reservoirs, restore and increase the natural fertility of the land);
- Maintain environmentally friendly production and environmental management.
-Maximize the use of production waste.

The depletion of renewable resources is associated with the deforestation of the planet and the impoverishment of fish stocks. In Russia, this is facilitated by flourishing poaching.

The main resource problem of the 21st century associated with non-renewable resources is the depletion of oil and natural gas reserves.

The ecological classification of natural resources divides them into practically inexhaustible and exhaustible. There are few inexhaustible resources on the planet, and humanity is still using them extremely poorly.

2. Exhaustible resources are divided into non-renewable and renewable. With regard to non-renewable resources, there is a strict rule: the more they are mined, the less is left for the next generations.

Questions for self-examination

1. What are resources?

2. What groups are the resources of the Earth divided into?

3. What resources are inexhaustible?

4. What are non-renewable resources?

5. What kind of resources are oil and natural gas?

6. What is the main resource problem of the 21st century?

7. What types of resources are renewable?

8. What is waste?

9. What are the main problems associated with the exploitation of renewable resources?

10. What is nature management?

11. Who are nature users?

12. What is the meaning of greening the economy?

13. How is wind energy currently being used?

14. Why is it inappropriate to use solar panels in Russia?

15. Which region is the largest oil producer in the world?

16. Where are the largest deposits of oil and natural gas located in Russia?

17. What is the main problem with multiple tillage?

18. According to the ecological classification, what resources are water and air?

19. Why was sturgeon fishing recently banned in the Caspian Sea?

20. What is the main problem in the use of forests?

21. Why did the shortage of fresh water begin to be felt on Earth at the end of the 20th century?

Literature on the topic

1. Akimova T.A., Khaskin V.V. Fundamentals of eco-development. M., 1999.

2. Bobylev S.N., Khodzhaev A.Sh. Environmental economics. M., 1997.

3. Razumova E.R. Ecology. M.: MIEMP, 2006.

4. Reimers N.F. Protection of nature and the human environment. Dictionary reference. M., 2001.

5. Shilov I. A. Ecology. M., 2001.

6.1.Basic environmental principles environmental management All of the above leads to an unambiguous conclusion: both non-renewable and renewable resources of the planet are not infinite, and the more intensively they are used, the less of these resources remain for the next generations. Therefore, decisive measures are required everywhere for the rational use of natural resources. The era of reckless exploitation of nature by man is over, the biosphere is in dire need of protection, and natural resources should be protected and used sparingly.

The basic principles of such an attitude to natural resources are set out in the international document "The concept of sustainable economic development”, adopted at the second UN World Conference on Environment Protection in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (see also topic 7).

With regard to inexhaustible resources, the "Concept of sustainable economic development" of development urgently requires a return to their widespread use and, where possible, the replacement of non-renewable resources with inexhaustible ones. First of all, this concerns the energy industry.

We've talked about solar panels before. So far, their efficiency is not very high, but this is a purely technical problem, and in the future it will undoubtedly be successfully solved.

A promising source of energy, as already mentioned, is the wind, and in the flat open coastal areas, the use of modern "windmills" is very appropriate.

With the help of hot natural springs, you can not only treat many diseases, but also heat your home. As a rule, all the difficulties in the use of inexhaustible resources lie not in the fundamental possibilities of their use, but in the technological problems that have to be solved.

With regard to non-renewable resources, the "Concept of Sustainable Economic Development" states that their extraction should be made normative, i.e. reduce the rate of extraction of minerals from the bowels. The world community will have to abandon the race for leadership in the extraction of this or that natural resource, the main thing is not the volume of the extracted resource, but the efficiency of its use. This means a completely new approach to the problem of mining: it is necessary to extract not as much as each country can, but as much as is necessary for the sustainable development of the world economy. Of course, the world community will not come to such an approach immediately; it will take decades to implement it.

For modern Russia mineral resources form the basis of its economy. Of course, first of all, it is oil and natural gas. Russia produces more than 17% of world oil, up to 25% of natural gas, 15% of coal. The main problem in their production is incomplete extraction from the subsoil: oil is pumped out of the well by 70% at best, coal - by no more than 80%. These are production losses, followed by equally large losses during processing.

It is necessary to create and introduce new technologies to increase the share of extracted oil, coal, and metal ores. Naturally, this requires a lot of money. In our country, the number of “unpromising” flooded mines is multiplying, which, with skillful operation, could well still produce products of oil wells and drilling rigs abandoned in the tundra (it’s cheaper to drill new ones in order to quickly recoup the costs and pump, pump, so that subsoil more than 30% of fossils).

The task of a more complete extraction from the bowels is adjacent to another one - the integrated use of mineral raw materials. Generally, no metal occurs alone in nature. Analysis of some ores of the Urals showed that in addition to the main metal mined (for example, copper), they contain a large number of rare and trace elements, and their cost often exceeds the cost of the main material. However, this valuable raw material very often remains in dumps due to the lack of technology for its extraction.

The next environmental problem of the mining complex is that it has become one of the largest sources of pollution and environmental damage. In places where minerals are mined, as a rule, forests, grass cover, and soil suffer. If mining is carried out in the tundra (and most of our underground wealth is in high-latitude regions), then nature is forced to heal the wounds received from people for decades. So, environmental protection principles require from the user of natural resources when carrying out mining operations:

1. the most complete extraction of minerals from the bowels and their rational use;

2. complex extraction of not one, but all components contained in the ores;

3. ensuring the preservation of the natural environment in the areas of mining operations;

4. safe work for people;

5. prevention of subsoil pollution during underground storage of oil, gas and other materials.

With regard to renewable resources, the "Concept of sustainable economic development" requires that they be exploited at least within the framework of simple reproduction, and their total amount does not decrease over time. In the language of ecologists, this means: how much you have taken from nature of a renewable resource (for example, forests), return so much (in the form of forest plantations). In Russia, over the past 15 years, felling volumes have increased many times over (timber is one of the revenue items of the budget), and afforestation during this period was not carried out at all. At the same time, for the restoration of forests after felling, two or three forest plantations in terms of area are required: forests grow slowly, for the full reproduction of overmature, i.e. forest suitable for industrial use takes 35-40 years.

Land resources also require careful treatment and protection. More than half of Russia's land fund is located in the permafrost zone; agricultural land in the Russian Federation occupies only about 13% of the area, and annually these areas are reduced as a result of erosion (destruction of the fertile layer), misuse (for example, for the construction of cottages), swamping, mining (industrial deserts appear on the site of agricultural land ). To protect against erosion, use:

1. windbreaks;

2. plowing without turning over the layer;

3. in hilly areas - plowing across the slopes and tinning the land;

4. regulation of livestock grazing.

Disturbed, polluted lands can be restored, this process is called reclamation. Such restored lands can be used in four directions: for agricultural use, for forest plantations, for artificial reservoirs and for housing or capital construction. Reclamation consists of two stages: mining (preparation of territories) and biological (planting trees and low-demanding crops, such as perennial grasses, industrial legumes).

One of the most important environmental problems of our time is the protection of water resources. It has already been said earlier that in terms of volume, freshwater sources (including glaciers) make up only 3% of the hydrosphere, and 97% are in the World Ocean. It is difficult to overestimate the role of the ocean in the life of the biosphere, which carries out the process of self-purification of water in nature with the help of the plankton living in it; stabilizing the planet's climate, being in constant dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere; producing huge biomass. But for life and economic activity man needs fresh water. The rapid growth of the world's population and the rapid development of the world economy have led to a shortage of fresh water not only in traditionally dry countries, but also in those that were recently considered quite water-rich. Almost all sectors of the economy, except for maritime transport and fishing, require fresh water. Why is she missing? During the creation of reservoirs, the flow of rivers was greatly reduced and evaporation and depletion of water bodies increased. Large volumes of water required for irrigation Agriculture, while evaporation also increases; huge quantities are spent in industry; The six billionth humankind also uses fresh water for life support. Finally, one of the most important problems of our time is pollution - both of the World Ocean and freshwater sources. Currently, wastewater pollutes more than a third of the world's river flow. There is only one conclusion from all that has been said: strict economy of fresh water and prevention of its pollution are necessary.

Saving fresh water should be carried out in everyday life: in many countries, residential buildings are equipped with water meters, this is a very disciplined population. Pollution of water bodies is detrimental not only for humanity in need of drinking water. It contributes to a catastrophic reduction in fish stocks both at the global and Russian levels. It has already been said before how fish suffer from hydraulic structures (dams) and from poaching. In polluted waters, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases and fish die. It is obvious that tough environmental measures are needed to prevent pollution of water bodies and to combat poaching.

6.1.Basic environmental principles of rational nature management All of the above leads to an unambiguous conclusion: both non-renewable and renewable resources of the planet are not infinite, and the more intensively they are used, the less of these resources remain for the next generations. Therefore, decisive measures are required everywhere for the rational use of natural resources. The era of reckless exploitation of nature by man is over, the biosphere is in dire need of protection, and natural resources should be protected and used sparingly.

The basic principles of such an attitude to natural resources are set out in the international document "The concept of sustainable economic development", adopted at the second UN World Conference on Environmental Protection in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (see also topic 7).

We've talked about solar panels before. So far, their efficiency is not very high, but this is a purely technical problem, and in the future it will undoubtedly be successfully solved.

A promising source of energy, as already mentioned, is the wind, and in the flat open coastal areas, the use of modern "windmills" is very appropriate.

For modern Russia, mineral resources form the basis of its economy. Of course, first of all, it is oil and natural gas. Russia produces more than 17% of world oil, up to 25% of natural gas, 15% of coal. The main problem in their production is incomplete extraction from the subsoil: oil is pumped out of the well by 70% at best, coal - by no more than 80%. These are production losses, followed by equally large losses during processing.

the most complete extraction of minerals from the bowels and their rational use;

complex extraction of not one, but all components contained in the ores;

ensuring the preservation of the natural environment in the areas of mining operations;

safe work for people;

prevention of subsoil pollution during underground storage of oil, gas and other materials.

windbreaks;

plowing without turning over the layer;

in hilly areas - plowing across the slopes and tinning the land;

regulation of livestock grazing.

One of the most important environmental problems of our time is the protection of water resources. It has already been said earlier that in terms of volume, freshwater sources (including glaciers) make up only 3% of the hydrosphere, and 97% are in the World Ocean. It is difficult to overestimate the role of the ocean in the life of the biosphere, which carries out the process of self-purification of water in nature with the help of the plankton living in it; stabilizing the planet's climate, being in constant dynamic equilibrium with the atmosphere; producing huge biomass. But for life and economic activity, a person needs fresh water. The rapid growth of the world's population and the rapid development of the world economy have led to a shortage of fresh water not only in traditionally dry countries, but also in those that were recently considered quite water-rich. Almost all sectors of the economy, except for maritime transport and fishing, require fresh water. Why is she missing? During the creation of reservoirs, the flow of rivers was greatly reduced and evaporation and depletion of water bodies increased. Agriculture requires large volumes of water for irrigation, while evaporation also increases; huge quantities are spent in industry; The six billionth humankind also uses fresh water for life support. Finally, one of the most important problems of our time is pollution - both of the World Ocean and freshwater sources. Currently, wastewater pollutes more than a third of the world's river flow. There is only one conclusion from all that has been said: strict economy of fresh water and prevention of its pollution are necessary.

nature management- this is the activity of human society, aimed at using.

Distinguish rational and irrational nature management.

Irrational nature management

Irrational nature management - it is a system of nature management in which readily available natural resources are used in large quantities and not completely, which leads to the rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.

Irrational environmental management is typical for an economy that develops through new construction, the development of new lands, the use of natural resources, and an increase in the number of employees. Such an economy at first brings good results with a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.

Rational nature management

- this is a system of nature management, in which extracted natural resources are used to a sufficient extent, restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production wastes are fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.

Rational nature management is typical for an intensive economy, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational nature management there can be waste-free production, in which waste is fully used, as a result of which the consumption of raw materials is reduced and environmental pollution is minimized.

One of the types of non-waste production is the multiple use of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. in the technological process. The used water is purified and re-used in the production process.

The system of measures aimed at maintaining the interaction between human activity and the natural environment is called nature conservation. Environmental protection is a complex of various measures aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems. Rational nature management implies ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and the conditions for the existence of mankind.

The system of specially protected natural areas includes nature reserves, National parks, reserves, natural monuments. The tool for monitoring the state of the biosphere is environmental monitoring, a system of continuous observations of the state of the natural environment in connection with human economic activity.

Nature protection and rational use of natural resources

In the process of the formation of the science of ecology, there was a confusion of concepts about what determines the essence of this science in general and the structure of the ecological cycle of sciences in particular. Ecology began to be interpreted as the science of the protection and rational use of nature. Automatically, everything related to the natural environment began to be called ecology, including the protection of nature and the protection of the human environment.

At the same time, the last two concepts were artificially mixed and are currently considered in combination. Based on the ultimate goals, nature conservation and environmental protection are close to each other, but still not identical.

Protection of Nature is aimed primarily at maintaining a rational interaction between human activities and the environment in order to preserve and restore natural resources and prevent the harmful effects of the results of economic activities on nature and human health.

environmental protection focuses primarily on the needs of the individual. This is a complex of various measures (administrative, economic, technological, legal, public, etc.) aimed at ensuring the functioning of natural systems necessary to preserve human health and well-being.

Nature management is aimed at meeting human needs through the rational use of natural resources and natural conditions.

nature management is the totality of human impacts on the geographic envelope of the Earth, considered in a complex, the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources. The tasks of nature management are reduced to the development of general principles for the implementation of any human activity associated either with the direct use of nature and its resources, or with impacts on it.

Principles of rational nature management

The practical application of environmental knowledge can be seen primarily in the solution of environmental issues. Only ecology as a science is able to create a scientific basis for the exploitation of natural resources. The attention of ecology is directed primarily to the laws underlying natural processes.

Rational nature management involves ensuring the economical exploitation of natural resources and conditions, taking into account the interests of future generations of people. It is aimed at ensuring the conditions for the existence of mankind and obtaining material benefits, at the maximum use of each natural territorial complex, at preventing or significantly reducing the possible harmful consequences of production processes or other types of human activity, at maintaining and increasing the productivity of nature, maintaining its aesthetic function, ensuring and regulation of the economical development of its resources, taking into account the preservation of people's health.

As opposed to rational irrational nature management affects the quality reduction, waste and exhaustion of natural resources, undermining the restorative forces of nature, environmental pollution, reducing its health and aesthetic merits. It leads to the deterioration of the natural environment and does not ensure the conservation of the natural resource potential.

Nature management includes:

extraction and processing of natural resources, their protection, renewal or reproduction;
use and protection of the natural conditions of the human environment;
preservation, restoration and rational change of the ecological balance of natural systems;
regulation of human reproduction and the number of people.

Protection of Nature, rational use and the reproduction of natural resources is a universal task, in the solution of which everyone living on the planet should participate.

Conservation activities are focused mainly on the preservation of the diversity of life forms on Earth. The totality of species of living organisms on our planet creates a special fund of life, which is called gene pool. This concept is wider than just the totality of living beings. It includes not only manifested, but also potential hereditary inclinations of each species. We still do not know everything about the prospects for using one or another type. The existence of some organism, which now seems unnecessary, in the future may turn out to be not only useful, but, perhaps, saving for humanity.

The main task of nature conservation is not to protect a certain number of plant or animal species from the threat of extinction, but to combine a high level of productivity with the preservation of a wide network of centers in the biosphere. genetic diversity. The biological diversity of fauna and flora ensures the normal circulation of substances, the sustainable functioning of ecosystems. If humanity can solve this important environmental problem, in the future we can count on the production of new food products, medicines, and raw materials for industry.

The problem of preserving the biological diversity of living organisms on the planet is currently the most acute and significant for mankind. How this problem will be solved depends on the possibility of preserving life on Earth and humanity itself as part of the biosphere.

Being a part of nature, for many centuries man has used its gifts for the development of technology and for the benefit of human civilization, while causing colossal and irreparable harm to the surrounding space. The modern facts of scientists indicate that it is time to think about the rational use of nature, because the thoughtless waste of earth's resources can lead to an irreversible environmental disaster.

In contact with

nature management system

The modern system of nature management is an integral structure covering all areas of human activity on present stage including public consumption of natural resources.

Science considers nature management as a set of measures for the rational use of natural resources, aimed not only at processing, but also at restoration, using improved methods and technologies. In addition, it is a discipline that provides theoretical knowledge and practical skills to preserve and increase the natural diversity and wealth of the entire world space.

Classification of natural resources

By origin, natural resources are divided into:

According to production use, there are:

World Land Fund.
The forest fund is part of the land resources on which trees, shrubs, and grasses grow.
Hydro resources are the energy and fossils of lakes, rivers, seas, oceans.

According to the degree of exhaustion:

Rational and irrational nature management

Rational nature management is the continuous impact of a person on the environment, where he knows how to manage relationships with nature on the basis of its conservation and protection from undesirable consequences in the course of his activities.

Signs of rational nature management:

Restoration and reproduction of natural resources.
Preservation of land, water, animals and flora.
Gentle extraction of minerals and harmless processing.
Preservation of the natural environment for human, animal and plant life.
Maintaining the ecological balance of the natural system.
Regulation of birth rate and population.

Rational nature management implies the interaction of the entire natural system based on the maintenance of the laws of ecology, rationalization in the use, conservation and enhancement of available resources. The essence of nature management is based on the primary laws of mutual synthesis of various natural systems. Thus, rational nature management is understood as the analysis of a biosystem, its careful exploitation, protection and reproduction, taking into account not only the current, but also the future interests of the development of economic sectors and the preservation of human health.

Examples of rational nature management are:

The current state of nature management shows an irrational approach, which leads to the destruction of the ecological balance and a very difficult recovery from human impact. In addition, extensive exploitation based on old technologies has led to a situation in which the environment is in a polluted and oppressed state.

Signs of irrational nature management:

There are quite a large number of examples of irrational nature management, which, unfortunately, prevails in economic activity and is typical for intensive production.

Examples of irrational nature management:

Slash-and-burn agriculture, plowing of slopes on highlands, which leads to the formation of ravines, soil erosion and the destruction of the fertile layer of the earth (humus).
Change in the hydrological regime.
Deforestation, destruction of protected areas, overgrazing.
Discharge of waste and sewage into rivers, lakes, seas.
Atmospheric pollution with chemicals.
Extermination of valuable species of plants, animals and fish.
Open pit mining.

Principles of rational nature management

Human activity, in the search for ways to rationally use natural resources and improve environmental safety methods, is based on the following principles:

Ways to implement the principles

At the present stage, many countries are implementing political programs and projects in the field of applying rational methods of using natural resources, which relate to:

In addition, within the framework of a separate state, work is underway aimed at the development and implementation of regional plans and environmental measures, and state and public organizations should also manage and control activities in this area. These measures will:

provide the population with environmentally safe work in production;
create a healthy environment for residents of cities and villages;
reduce the dangerous impact from natural disasters and catastrophes;
preserve the ecosystem in disadvantaged regions;
implement modern technologies to ensure environmental standards;
regulate acts of environmental legislation.

The problem of rational use of natural resources is much broader and more complex than it might seem at first glance. It must be remembered that everything in nature is closely interconnected and none of its components can exist in isolation from each other.

The damage caused in the course of centuries of economic activity can be corrected only if society takes a conscious approach to solving problems in the global environmental situation. And this is everyday work for an individual, a state and the world community.

In addition, before saving any biological subject, it is necessary to thoroughly study the entire agrobiological system, acquire knowledge and understand the essence of its existence. And only by knowing nature and its laws, a person will be able to rationally use all its benefits and resources, as well as increase and save for the future generation of people.