Analysis of test tasks for the Russian exam. Unified State Examination in the Russian language: a detailed analysis of tasks with specialists. the subordinate clause ends, a new one begins
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ANALYSIS OF TASKS 1-6, 8-10,14 USE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (INFORMATION PROCESSING OF TEXTS, SPELLING, LEXICAL STANDARDS, SPELLING) Prepared by: teacher of the Russian language and literature of the Kharlamovskaya secondary school Khamatova Fairuza Rifatovna
DEMO VERSION-2015
POINTS FOR COMPLETION OF ASSIGNMENTS For tasks 1-6,8-14,16-23, 1 point each For task 7, up to 5 points For task 15, up to 2 points For task 24, up to 4 points Total for tasks 1-24-32 points. Essay (task 25) maximum 23 points The maximum primary score for the work is 55.
TASK 1. INFORMATION PROCESSING OF WRITTEN TEXTS Text for tasks 1-3 (1) If you look at the map, make sure that Siberia is more than half of the territory Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all of Asia and one fifteenth of the entire land mass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>in the plans economic development Much attention is paid to Russia and Siberia. Which of the following sentences is correct HOME information contained in the text? 1) Siberia, which occupies two-fifths of Asia, is given great attention in Russia's economic development plans. 2) Siberia surprises us not only with its size and uniqueness, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of minerals. 3) In the plans for the economic development of Russia, much attention is paid to Siberia, since huge natural resources are concentrated in this region. 4) Siberia occupies a special place in the development of the world economy, since this region occupies one fifteenth of the entire land area of the Earth and huge natural resources are concentrated here. 5) Siberia, which has enormous natural wealth, is given great attention in Russia's economic development plans. Answer: 3553
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Task 1 does not require special knowledge, but the ability to read the text thoughtfully will come in handy. This task tests your ability to work with information. The texts are different: some, in addition to basic information, contain additional information, some contain both explicit and hidden information. To understand the text means to grasp the logic of its construction, to understand the connections between the parts, to comprehensively analyze the content. Please note: the sentences from which you need to choose the correct answer may contradict the content of the text, include information that is not in the text, convey only part of the information, convey in detail additional information that is secondary to understanding the main idea, quote any part of the text verbatim, containing the transfer of details and small details. Such proposals are not suitable for the answer. Most often, the correct answer will be sentences that briefly convey all the main components of the content, clearly formulate the dominant thought. This means that in order to check the correctness of your choice, and in difficult cases to make it right, you need to determine for yourself what information is the main one in the text. To do this, you need to cut off secondary information: details, examples, comments, explanations, descriptions. Ask yourself simple questions: What is this text or piece of text about? What does it say? What is the main information? If cause-and-effect relationships are expressed in the text, then, of course, you need to figure out what is the cause and what is the effect. If the information concerns the purpose, conditions and other possible content components, then it is important to understand whether these components are dominant in the text.
TASK 2. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION OF SENTENCES IN THE TEXT Text for tasks 1-3 (1) If you look at the map, make sure that Siberia is more than half the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, it is almost a quarter of all of Asia and one fifteenth all over the earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>Great attention is paid to Siberia in Russia's economic development plans. 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word. however therefore it is because though Answer: therefore
REFERENCE INFORMATION In task 2, you work with text in which a word (or words) is allowed to be skipped. One of the proposed answers helps you choose the very nature of the text, its property such as integrity. Integrity is achieved due to the semantic completeness of its content. Most often, by carefully reading the text, you can intuitively make right choice. Let's say the words met there: on the one hand or in the first place. This means that a continuation will almost certainly follow: on the other (on the other side) or secondly ... If the text contains a reasoning, and the omission is made at the end, when presenting the conclusion, then it is likely that : so, therefore, thus. If you doubt the correctness of the answer, use the substitution method: consistently substitute the proposed answers in the sentence with a gap. And watch for changes in meaning. In four cases, the semantic integrity of the text will be violated. Only the right answer will save it. Tip: Read the text at least three times. The first time - for general acquaintance, the second - after familiarization with the answer options. The third time, testing, to make sure that the text with the selected answer is perceived holistically. Usually, unions and allied words or introductory words and combinations that act as means of connecting sentences in the text are omitted in task 2. Let's remember what it is.
Unions Recall that the function (role) of unions is the expression of syntactic links: coordinating and subordinating. A coordinative connection is a connection that expresses equal relations of elements. A subordinate relationship is a relationship of unequal components, in which one of the components depends on the other. This is how parts of complex sentences are connected. Conjunctions can also serve as a means of connecting sentences in the text. Here are the main types of semantic relations that are expressed in this case in the text. The semantic relations expressed coordinating conjunctions: Connecting: and, yes (= and), and ... and ..., not only ... but also, like ... and, also, also Separating: or, either, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or, either ... or Opposite: a, but, yes (= but), however, but Gradation: not only, but also, not so much ... how much, not that ... but Explanatory: that is, namely, Attachment: also, too , and, and, moreover, at the beginning of the sentence, unions are not used: also, yes and, that is, namely. Semantic relations expressed by subordinating conjunctions: Temporary: when, yet, barely, only, while, only, slightly, slightly Causal: because, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact what, because (obsolete), due to the fact that Conditional: if (what if, if, if - obsolete), if, once, how soon Target: so that, in order to (obsolete), with that in order to, so that, then to Consequences: so Concessions: although, despite the fact that Comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than, as if, like, rather than (obsolete) Explanatory: what, how , to!!! At the beginning of the sentence, unions are not used: so, than, than, as well as explanatory unions: what, how, in order to
INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND COMBINATIONS Recall the topic: “ Introductory words and combinations. It is no coincidence that they are divided into groups by value. Here are the main ones: Emotions, feelings, assessment ↓ Degree of reliability, possibility, confidence ↓ Message source ↓ Sequence of presentation, coherence of speech (words from this group are often used as means of connecting sentences in a test) ↓ Formulation techniques, ways of expressing thoughts (words from this group is often used as a means of connecting sentences in a test) ↓ Activating the attention of the interlocutor, including for the purpose of establishing confidence ↓ The measure of what is being said ↓ The usual, typical of what is being said ↓
TASK 3. LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD Text for tasks 1-3 (1) If you look at the map, then make sure that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, it is almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of all land Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>Great attention is paid to Siberia in Russia's economic development plans. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word PLAN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry. PLAN, -a, husband. 1) A drawing depicting on a plane some kind of terrain, structure. P. city. P. building (its image in a horizontal section). 2) A pre-planned system of activities, providing for the order, sequence and timing of the work. Production item. Work according to the plan. strategic plan. Calendar plan. 3) Mutual arrangement parts, a brief program of some presentation. P. report. 4) The location of an object in perspective. Front, back p. To put forward something not the first p. (also figuratively: to give something important, essential value). 5) The scale of the image of someone or something. Give faces close-up (in the frame of a movie or television movie: in the foreground, bringing it closer to the viewer). 6) The area of manifestation of something or a way of considering something, a point of view (bookish). The action in the play develops in two plans. AT theoretically. Answer: 2
BACKGROUND INFORMATION To complete task 3, you need to be aware of several points. 1. The vocabulary of the Russian language has about half a million words, therefore, when preparing for this task, it is fundamentally impossible to learn anything from a list. And you don't need to. All information will be provided to you. 2. Words are different: some express only a single lexical meaning, others - several lexical meanings. If a word expresses one lexical meaning, it is called unambiguous: affectionately, interfluve, cockatoo, huge, gadfly and others. If a word expresses several lexical meanings, it is called polysemantic: root, head, golden, justify, knee, pour, and others. Do not be surprised, there are significantly more polysemantic words than single-valued ones. Task 3 uses ambiguous words. Tip: Please read this sentence carefully. Often it already contains a hint. What if there is no prompt? Try the substitution method: alternately substitute the synonyms or interpretations presented in the answers for the word under discussion. You will see that in most cases the meaning of the sentence will be broken as a result of the substitution. Loss of meaning is an indicator that the answer is wrong. Preservation of the meaning of the sentence is evidence that the correct answer has been found.
TASK 4. ORPHEPIC NORMS (STRESSING) In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel was highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word. call´m tore´ the citizenship of a long time´shorn away´ Answer: citizenship
REFERENCE INFORMATION What you need to know about Russian stress? Stress in Russian is varied and mobile. This means that in Russian words the stress can be on any syllable: it is not assigned to any syllables: 1st, 2nd, last, etc., or to certain parts of words (morphemes). When words change, for example, during declension or conjugation, for many words the place of stress can move from one syllable to another. Often people do not know how to pronounce a word correctly, for example: heretic or heretic, citizenship or citizenship. Another difficulty has to do with inflection. For example, you can’t go wrong in the form of a scarf, but how to say: sha´rfa, sha´rfu, sha´rf or scarf´, scarf´, scarf´m? Norm is a historical concept. The norms are formed, exist as the right options, opposed to the wrong ones, they are loosened, they change. This is a long process. It concerns only certain words or groups of words. For example, thirty years ago, the norm prescribed to speak: on Wednesdays, along the rivers, along the walls, Wednesdays, rivers, walls. Now this norm has been shaken and both options are recognized as correct: on Wednesdays and on Wednesdays, on rivers and on rivers, and so on. Perhaps, after some time, one of the options will win and become the normative pronunciation. Words that allow for variations in pronunciation KIMS Unified State Examination are not included. Norms are fixed by dictionaries. Stress norms are presented in stress dictionaries and orthoepic dictionaries. Since language is in constant change, the same word can be interpreted differently in different dictionaries. FIPI announced that the materials for A1 in 2013 were tested according to the new orthoepic dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences: "The Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by L. Kasatkin, M., "AST", 2012. As a result, a transition was made to a new accentological minimum in the preparation of KIMs, which was published in 2013 as part of the official package of documents of the KIM USE in the Russian language on the official website of FIPI. An updated list of words was published in 2014.
TASK 5. LEXICAL STANDARDS (USE OF THE WORD ACCORDING TO THE LEXICAL MEANING AND THE REQUIREMENT OF LEXICAL COMPATIBILITY) In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. In the obscure, diffused light of the night, the MAJESTIC and beautiful prospects of St. Petersburg opened before us: the Neva, the embankment, the canals, the palaces. Chromium and manganese are COLOR substances, components of many paints based on these minerals. Diplomatic relations between Russia and the United States were established in 1807. The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which the spiritual life and health of a person depend. Success foreign policy state largely depends on the experience and talent of DIPLOMATS. Answer: coloring
Recall that paronyms are words of the same root that are similar in sound and meaning, but have differences: in sound, in meaning, in compatibility with other words, that is, in lexical compatibility. Examples of trusting - trusting breath - annual sigh - one-year-old - annual Examples of misuse of paronyms Trusting tone of conversation, soft manners bribed. (Correct: Confident tone of conversation, soft manners won over.) A breath of relief. (Correct: A sigh of relief.) We already have a year of experience. (Correct: We already have a year of experience.) Some authors advise trying to find synonyms or definitions for paronymic words. But the fact of the matter is that without knowing the exact meanings of the words, you will not be able to use such a recommendation.
TASK 8. SPELLING OF THE ROOTS Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter. in ... the rhove ornam ... nt selects ... takes to ... woke up ... melting Answer: upper reaches
REFERENCE INFORMATION Unstressed vowels in the roots of words can be different: checked, unchecked, alternating. Their writing is subject to different patterns. Read the rules, look at the examples. To correctly complete the task, you need to be able to determine which of these three cases the examples in your version of KIM refer to. The task involves knowing how words are spelled. For the correct answer, you need to be able to accurately identify the spelling. This action is similar to going through passport control at the border: the border guard looked at you, looked at the photo in your passport, and the path is clear. There are 5 words in front of you, find out words with alternating vowels in the root and exclude lines with such words from the sphere of attention. This is practically the end of the task. It remains only to check the correctness of the choice by matching the words in the remaining lines with test words. Checked unstressed vowels in the root: In the unstressed position, the same vowel is written in the root of the word as under stress. How to check? Choose the same word, but in a different form or a related word, that is, a word with the same root.
A LIST OF 20 ROOTS WITH ALTERNATED VOWERS SHOULD BE LEARNED. 1-9: -ber-//-bir-, -per-//-fir-, -mer-//-peace-, -zheg-//-zhig-, -ter-//-tir-, - der-//-dir-, -even-//-chit-, -glitter-//-blist-, -steel-//-steel- 10: -cas-//-kos- 11: -mok-/ /-poppy- 12: -equal-//-equal- 13-15: -gor-//-gar- , -creator-//-creature- , -clone-//-clan- 16: -zor-/ /-zar- 17: -plov-//-float- 18-20: -dew-//-growth-//-growth-, -lag-//-loose-, -skak-//-skoch-
Alternating Vowels in the Root The alternation of vowels in the roots of Russian words is a systemic phenomenon. There are not very many roots with alternating vowels, only 20. You need to remember them and know the whole list firmly. This will help you avoid many annoying mistakes. And easily complete task A13. 1. The alternation of vowels in the roots ber//bir, per//pir, mer//mir, zheg//zhig, ter//tir, der//dir, h et//chit, shine//blist, stel// style: erase-erase If in a word with roots: -ber-//-bir-, -per-//-pir-, -zheg-//-zhig-, -mer-//-world-, -ter- //-dir-, -der-//-dir-, -even-//-chit-, - shine-//-blist-, -steel-//-style- there is a suffix a, write in the root and: clean, shine, no suffix a, write e: takes, shine. 2. Vowel alternation in the roots kos//cas: touch - touch If the word has a suffix a, write in the root a: touch, touch, no suffix a, write o: touch, touch 3. Vowel alternation in the roots mok//mak : soaked - dunk If in words with roots -mok- // -mak- meaning: “pass liquid, absorb liquid”, then write o: soaked in the rain, “immerse in liquid”, write a: dunk. 4. The alternation of vowels in the roots is equal / / equal: equalize - equalize If in words with roots - equal / / equal - the meaning is: “smooth, smooth”, write about: to level the road, level the holes, “equality”, write a : equalize rights, equilateral.
5. The alternation of vowels in the roots of mountains//gar, creation//creature, clone//clan: pancake burnt´l -clone- without stress, write about: burn, cloned, create, under stress, write as you hear: tan, bow, creativity, creature. Exception: burn 6. The alternation of vowels in the roots zor//zar: dawn´ If the roots -zar-//-zor- are unstressed, write a: dawn´, zarni´tsy under stress, write as you hear: zo´ ri. Exception: zoreva´t 7. The alternation of vowels in the roots plov//plav: float´k– swimmers´ (excl.) If the roots -plav-//-plov- without stress, write a: float´k, write under stress, as you hear: swim, swim, swim. Exception: swimmers´, swimmer´ts, swimmer´ha, quicksand´ 8. The alternation of vowels in the roots dew//growth//grove, lag//lodge, jump//skoch: the plant has grown, the term - addition, jump - upstart If root consonants: s, write o: grew, st or u, then a: grow, grown, w, write o: sentence, r, then a: term, h, write o: upstart, k, then a: jump rope. Exception: sprout, usurer, Rostov, Rostislav
TASK 9. SPELLING OF PREFACES Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter. pr...stand up, pr...cute pick up...take, r...send ra...throw, and...scare pr...dismal, pr...tear about...quit, on ... writing Answer: scatter scare scare scatter
REFERENCE INFORMATION Which prefixes are always spelled the same? Which prefixes are spelled differently? There are many prefixes in Russian. Some are always written the same way, making mistakes in writing them is especially offensive. Some prefixes are written strictly according to the rule: understand how to act, and you will not be mistaken. And there are those that require constant attention, for example prefixes pre- and pre-. Previously, tasks for spelling prefixes also included words with other spellings: - And and Ы in the root after prefixes to a consonant - b and b. But now the wording of the task has been changed. In task 9 there will be only words in which letters in prefixes are missing.
WHAT PREFACES ARE ALWAYS SPELLED THE SAME? 1. Prefixes in-, about-, from-, over-, under-, y-, o-, you-, on-, for-, to-, on-, re-: enter - bring in - run in - stand up No problems! Write them the same way! A list of examples will help you remember these prefixes: Inscription, signature and evasion, ending, screwdriver, exit, entrance and attack, and income, and gluttony, as well as entry, hike and underpass. In Russian words, there are also borrowed foreign prefixes: dez-, counter-, trans-, post-, sub-, super-, pan-. Write them the same way. 2. Prefix s-: Surrender There is only the prefix s-. The misspellings of this little prefix are so common that a special rule had to be distinguished. The point is also that many people confuse the prefix s- with prefixes ending in the letters s or z. They will be discussed below. Write the prefix s- always in the same way: both before vowels and before any consonants: surrender, make, wash off. Before paired voiced consonants, the prefix s- is pronounced like [h]: to do, to hand over. Do not confuse: In the words here, building, health, (not visible) no zgi and other similar letters, the letter z refers to the root.
WHAT PREFACES ARE SPELLED DIFFERENTLY? 1. Prefixes ending in the letters z and s: helpless - homeless Attention to the border of the prefix and the root! Prefixes: once-// race-, from-//is-, without-// bes-, air-// sun-, air-// sun-, down-// down-, through-// through- , through-// through- if the root of the word begins with a vowel or voiced consonant, write with the letter z: homeless, if the root begins with a deaf consonant, - with the letter c: helpless. 2. Prefixes great-//pro: great-grandson - truant Think about the meaning: If the meanings are expressed: “prescription, history, antiquity, remoteness of times, phenomena, relationships, persons”, write great-: great-grandfather, Proto-Slavic language, any others - write prefix pro-: stand (for a long time), view (quickly, fluently), prescribe (prescribe treatment), pro-Russian policy, etc.
3. Prefixes raz- (ras-) / / ro´z- (ro´s): paint - ro´spis Attention to stress: In prefixes raz-, ras-//roz-, ros- without stress, write a: story ´з, under stress - about: narration. 4. Prefixes pre-//at-: nice, barrier - come, tie, cover, roadside Think about the meaning: Write pre-, if the meanings are transmitted: “very” - nice, elderly, “over” - an obstacle. Write when - if the meanings are transmitted: “approach” - come, arrive, “attachment” - sew, tie, “slightly” - cover, slightly open, “near, close” - coastal, roadside Attention: Many words are not included in the listed groups: get used to, be present, listen and others. Try to remember their spelling.
TASK 10. SPELLING OF SUFFIXES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH (EXCEPT FOR SUFFIXES WITH H AND NN) Write out a word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap. ..waltz Answer: Nickel
REFERENCE INFORMATION Task 10 does not include spelling with n - nn (a separate task is devoted to this topic). But even without them, the volume of material is large, because Russian is a language with a developed suffix system: there are many suffixes. A literate person needs to know the spelling of the suffixes of nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs. However, not all suffixes are found in KIMs. The wording of the tasks involves the search for words either with the letter e or with the letter i. This allows you to significantly narrow the circle of "necessary" suffixes. Moreover, the vast majority training options prepared by FIPI, the tasks actually contain mostly verbs in an indefinite form, participles, gerunds, adjectives. Can there be questions about the spelling of noun suffixes? Yes, because, firstly, this is provided for by the “General Plan examination work USE in the Russian language” and, secondly, noun suffixes with a diminutive meaning are found in assignments.
SUFFIXES OF VERBS 1. Suffixes ova, eva, yva, willow: draw, grieve - be late, evaluate Tip: Check yourself, for this, determine the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future tense. If in the form of the 1st person singular of the present or future tense there are combinations uy, yu, then write the suffixes ova, eva: advise - I advise, command - I command yav, iva, then write the suffixes yva, iva: late - late, consider - I'm considering Note: eva and iva are phonetic variants of the suffixes ova and eva, which occur after soft consonants. 2. Distinguishing suffixes e + va and yva, willow: overcome, get sick - justify, reassure Tip: Attention to stress. The suffix wa is always under stress: overcome, get sick. Before the suffix va, write the suffix e. The suffixes yva, willow are unstressed: write down, glue, aim. Do not confuse: In words like pour, sing the letters and and e at the root. 3. Suffixes in the indefinite form of the verb: see, paint Suffixes for verbs of the 1st conjugation are different. The suffix of the verbal stem of the 2nd conjugation and. Attention: Exception verbs for this task are of no interest: after all, you need to find out the letter not in the ending, but in the suffix. Therefore, if you define a letter in the suffix of the indefinite form of the verb, feel free to write e in the exception verbs on e with an unstressed letter in the suffix: offend, see, hate, depend on and derivatives from them: see, envy, be offended and others like that. In other exception words, the suffix is in stressed position. 4. Suffixes in participles and participles. In task 10, no one checks whether you know the suffixes of participles and participles. In participles and gerunds, vowel stems are missing, from which the data in the form assignments are formed. Examples from assignments: gluing ... plucking ... wailing, aiming ... aiming, hoping ... cherishing ... squealing ... wailing
SUFFIXES OF ADJECTIVES Here only the suffixes of denominative adjectives are considered, since it is this material that relates to the topic (verbal adjectives are words in the suffixes of which the spelling n-nn occurs). The list of adjective suffixes formed from nouns does not come down to the two rules below, but in the practice of the Unified State Examination, words for these rules are used. 1. Suffixes willow, ev, liv, chiv: beautiful - fighting, happy, trusting Tip: Attention to stress. In adjectives formed from nouns: - under stress, write the suffix willow: beautiful - without stress - suffix ev: combat. Write suffixes, chiv and under stress: happy, and without stress: trustful. 2. Suffixes ov, ovat, ovit - ev, evat, evit: business, grayish, poisonous - speech, bluish, militant Tip: Attention to the last consonant of the root. After solid consonants, write the suffixes ov, ovate, ovit: business, grayish, poisonous. After soft consonants, hissing, h and c, write the suffixes ev, evat, evit: speech, bluish, militant.
SUFFIXES WITH A DIMINIBLE MEANING. 1) Suffixes ik, ek: ball - handkerchief. Watch for the fluent vowel e when you change the word. If, when changing the word, the vowel sound [and] is preserved in it, write the suffix ik: ball - balls, the vowel disappears, write the suffix ek: handkerchief - handkerchief 2) Suffixes ets, itz: brother - smart girl, coat - dress In masculine nouns, write the suffix ets: brother, feminine finger - itz: beautiful, clever neuter can be both ets and itz: in the pre-stressed syllable (before stress) write ez: paltetso´, letter´ in the stressed syllable (after stress ) write it: dress, cross 3) Suffixes echk, ichk: daughter, place, Vanechka - onion For feminine words, define a derivative word. In nouns, write the suffix echk: insect, daughter, place, time, Vanechka, Sashechka 4) Suffixes onk and enk: apple tree - daughter Determine what sound is in front of the suffix. In nouns after hard consonants, write the suffix onk: kitchenette, kitty, little vowels, hissing and soft consonants - suffix enk: Zoenka, darling, daughter, grandmother If in feminine nouns with the suffix k the deriving stem ends with in, write the suffixes in and k: mid+ka←mid on n, write the combination of letters enk: cherry+ka←cherry.
TASK 11. SPELLING OF PERSONAL ENDINGS OF VERBS AND SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.
REFERENCE INFORMATION In order to get around the "pitfalls", prepare for task 11 step by step. Just three steps will guarantee you from mistakes. Step 1. Choice of vowels in unstressed verb endings. Personal endings of verbs In the personal endings of present and future tense verbs in the endings of the 1st conjugation, write the vowels e, y (u): you have, has, we have, have, have in the endings of the 2nd conjugation verbs - and, a (i) : look, look, look, look, look So, for the correct spelling of vowels in unstressed endings, you need to be able to accurately determine the conjugation of the verb! Remember: The 2nd conjugation includes verbs: with a suffix -and based on an indefinite form: love Exception: Shave, lay - verbs of the 1st conjugation: shave, shave, lay, lay and their derivatives: lay, lay, re-lay and others . 7 exception verbs with the suffix -e at the base of the indefinite form. Remember them: endure, twirl, offend, depend, hate, and see, and look and their derivatives, for example: look, look, look out, watch, see enough, stare and others. 4 verbs with the suffix - a. Remember them: drive, hold, hear, breathe and their derivatives: drive away, catch up, drive out, drive out and others. The 1st conjugation includes other verbs with unstressed endings: play, draw, pull, throw, and others. Note: The verbs want, run and honor are special. They and all their derivatives, for example: run, run, run across, run away, run, etc., are classified as conjugated verbs.
Step 2. Choice of vowels in present participle suffixes. Present participle suffixes Participles can be different: active and passive, present and past tense. The realization that the present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb, and the past participles from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb, will help to avoid mistakes in their spelling. Therefore, when choosing suffixes for present participles, determine the conjugation of the verb. This will help you choose the right suffix. And for the unmistakable writing of past participles, it is important to know the suffix at the base of the indefinite form of the verb. 1. Suffixes -usch (-yushch), - ashch (-yashch) in the real participles of the present tense: knowing, loving Determine the conjugation of the verb. In participles formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -usch (-yushch): knowing, reading. from verbs of the 2nd conjugation - - ashch (-yashch): loving, seeing , love it, love yat - 2nd conjugation, base love + suffix -box → loving. 2. Suffixes - em (-om), - im in the passive participles of the present tense: we raise it, we see it Determine the conjugation of the verb. In participles formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -em -om: lifted, led, 2nd conjugation - -im: beloved, visible , raise yut - 1st conjugation, base lift + suffix -em → lifted, love it, love yat - 2nd conjugation, base love + suffix - -im → favorite.
Step 3. Choice of vowels in past participle suffixes. Past participle suffixes 1. The vowels before the suffixes -wsh, -sh in the real past participles: who saw, heard, walked Determine the final vowel at the base of the indefinite form of the verb. In the real participles of the past tense, before the suffixes -vsh, -sh, write the same vowel that is written at the base of the indefinite form of the verb: saw e who ← see, hear and hear ← hear and be. 2. Distinguishing the vowels of the suffix of the verb stem -а (я) before the suffix -н and the suffix -enn in the passive past participles: lost, seen Identify the final vowel in the base of the indefinite form of the verb. If passive participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of verbs with the suffix -а- -я-, before the participle suffix -nn- write the letters a (я): lost ← to lose, with suffixes -i- or -е-, in the suffix -enn- write the letter e: filled ← fill.
TASK 14. SPELLING -N- AND -NN- IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH Indicate all the numbers in place of which HH is written. The originality of the artistic (1) world of the ra (2) of their stories by N. V. Gogol is connected (3) with the use of folklore irradiations: in folk tales, semi-pagan legends and traditions, the writer found themes and plots for his works. Answer: 124
REFERENCE MATERIALS Н-НН IN ADVERBS, ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES, FULL AND SHORT 1. With one letter n are written: 1. Adjectives with a non-derivative stem: red, young, blue. There is no suffix in these adjectives. The letter n is part of the root. 2. Derivative adjectives with the suffix -n: winter (from: winter), summer (from: summer). 3. Denominated adjectives with suffixes -an, -yan: sandy, silver (adj. with the meaning "name of material, substance"), i-ying: mouse, sparrow (adj. with the meaning "belongings"). Exception: wooden, tin, glass write with two letters nn. 4. Verbal adjectives, if there is no prefix and explanatory word: fried meat. Exception: Write with two letters nn words from the list: given, conceited, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, cutesy, captive, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, chased, cursed, unheard, unseen, unintentional, unguessed Do not confuse : The list of exceptions does not include the words uninvited, uninvited, named, which are consonant with the data above. Write them according to the rule: unsolicited advice, uninvited guest named brother. 5. Short adjectives in the masculine singular form: advice is valuable - (m.r.), as well as short adjectives in all other forms, if they are formed from full adjectives with one letter n: red girl (from the full form with one letter n: red), the sun is red, the girls are red. 6. Adverbs na-o and -e, formed from adjectives with one letter n: windy, neat.
2. WITH TWO LETTERS HH THEY ARE WRITTEN: 1. Denominated adjectives with the suffix -n, if the root of the noun ends in the letter n: autumn, spring, sleepy. 2. Derivative adjectives with suffixes -enn, -onn: literal, portioned. Exception: windy person, windmill, chickenpox, but windless day, leeward side. 3. Verbal adjectives with the suffix -nn: uprooted area, defective thing. Figure out how the word is formed: defective ← reject + nn. Write the suffix -nn in verbal adjectives formed from the generative stem with suffixes: -eva//-ova, -eva: uprooted←uproot, formed←form. It's easier to remember like this: adjectives in yeva + nn + yy, ova + nn + yy, eva + nn + yy. 4. Adjectives-exceptions from paragraphs: 1.3. Exception: wooden, tin, glass write with two letters - nn. 1.4. Exception: given, swaggered, abandoned, desired, bought, seen, made, coy, captive, deprived, sacred, read, desperate, chased, cursed, unheard of, unseen, unintentional, unguessed. 5. Passive past participles, if there are prefixes or explanatory words: a written essay, mittens knitted (by whom?) by grandmother, as well as participles and verbal adjectives formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: bought, abandoned, given (the latter are included in the list words to remember in paragraph 5 along with other examples). 6. Short adjectives formed from the full form with two letters nn (except for the m.r. singular form, in which there is always one letter n): the night is moonless, advice is valuable. 7. Adverbs in -o and -e, formed from adjectives with two letters nn: sincerely, deliberately, calmly.
Preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language from scratch and passing it for 100 points on your own is not such a difficult task. However, this requires systematic preparation, ideally - the daily implementation of one option in full or the most difficult parts. But the main thing is to know the enemy in person, to understand what needs to be done in each task in order to get the coveted points.
There are few general recommendations for future hundred-pointers: know the theory from (ideally) or at least part of the theory (and what knowledge you need, you will understand by doing many different tasks), take the trouble to download a dictionary of paronyms from the FIPI website and orthoepic dictionary(located with other information about the Unified State Examination in Russian), carefully read the assessment criteria, the rules and procedure for the exam and the score table (all this information is contained in this one).
You should not be afraid of some tasks, but you should not consider some of them unimportant and not requiring elaboration. Any one point can help a lot (or vice versa), in the future. Remember that quantity turns into quality. To speed up this transition, the Wise Litrecon has prepared for you an analysis of each task, which will facilitate your independent preparation. Examples of tasks for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language are taken from the demo version 2019.
The tasks of this group are tied to a small text. They are quite simple and require only a careful reading of the given few sentences. All questions are worth 1 point.
In task 1, this is the definition of the truth of three statements about the text. How to prepare? To be able to determine the essence of the text, you must learn to reflect on what you read. This skill comes with practice, so try to formulate the main ideas of abundant posts in your favorite public, journalistic and blogging materials. This helps to feel confident in working with information and accurately navigate it.
In number 2, you need to make a choice of the missing particle according to the meaning. To carry out this operation automatically, read more. Comments under memes are unlikely to fit, but here information materials about the area you are interested in - completely. There are many useful and competent blogs about beauty, health, literature, technology, computer games etc.
In question 3, you need to choose the appropriate variant of the meaning of the word in the text (namely, in the text, we must not forget about this fact). An active reader does not consider this item to be a task at all. If you feel your native language, there will be no problems with performance. How to learn it? Discover the world of reading and you will see that the understanding of the meaning of the word will come by itself. Well, regular work with similar tasks will also do its job.
4-7
These tasks are not related to each other, but in each of them you need to choose an erroneous option. All questions are worth 1 point.
Number 4 tests knowledge of stresses (if this causes difficulties, the orthoepic dictionary will help). We must not forget that it is necessary to write out the wrong variant in the form in which it is presented in the phrase.
Task 5 checks the knowledge of paronyms (the corresponding dictionary will help for this). Please note: here you need to replace the wrong paronym with the correct one (unbearable).
Number 6 is also aimed at knowledge of vocabulary, here it is required to exclude an extra word. To do this, you need to carefully read the sentence, think about the meaning of each word. Somewhere the meanings of neighboring words may coincide, that is, one of them is superfluous.
Task 7 tests the ability to decline and form plural forms. The most important thing to repeat for this question is the declension of numerals, pronouns and nouns in the plural (especially in the genitive case).
In all cases, the gradual development of this type of tasks and the contents of dictionaries will help. Make it a rule to work out 20-30 words a day. Just write them down and place the stresses correctly, or (in the case of a paronym) select the correct pair by writing out the meanings of the paronyms. The same can be done with compound numbers and plural pronouns. A simple exercise will help to remember all this amount of information: you need to compose sentences and phrases with words that you want to remember, and use them in correspondence, conversation, in a word, in Everyday life. Preparing for assignments is not only “training” on demos, but also acquiring real knowledge that will significantly enrich your cultural and educational baggage.
8
The task is estimated at 5 points, it requires you to do what most people love so much - to find other people's mistakes. Here you should pay attention to the compatibility of words within a sentence. Most often, you need to know that the participial turnover must be combined with the word being defined by number and case, the participle must refer to the verb, the names in quotation marks (they are called inconsistent applications) can only be declined without the word defining them (that is, you need to say "in the picture" Rooks "A. K. Savrasov" and "on the "Rooks" by A. K. Savrasov").
The most difficult places for yourself can be identified and worked out by solving many tasks of this type. Regular reading will also help to notice the problem, because the correctness of the adverbial turnover can be determined by someone who does not know the rules at all, but feels his native language and thinks logically. Agree, because it is obvious that there is a mistake here: "Taking off his cap, his head was exposed." It turns out that the head took off the cap, and this is absurd. So, to find a flaw, ask yourself who did the extra action, what the participle is referring to, etc.
9-15
Here it is checked whether the graduates remember the various spelling rules. These questions are worth 1 point.
Task 9 evaluates the ability to correctly write unstressed and alternating vowels. The easiest way to do this task is by elimination, starting with the last ones. There are much fewer alternations in Russian than dictionary words. By placing letters in all alternations, you will make sure that some options will disappear, and dictionary words in this room are simple, so you will definitely manage.
Number 10 checks the knowledge of the spelling of prefixes. What will definitely happen here is the prefixes “pre” and “at”, as well as prefixes in a word whose root begins with “and”. The safest thing is to repeat this simple rule and exceptions, there are not so many of them.
Task 11 - spelling of suffixes. Particular attention should be paid to "o", "e" and "e" after hissing, as well as to the suffixes of adverbs.
Question 12 tests the ability to conjugate verbs and put the right ending depending on the conjugation. It is also worth repeating the exceptions to the rules (shave, lay as verbs of I conjugation; look, hear, see, depend, hate, twirl, hold, breathe, endure, offend, drive like verbs of II conjugation).
Number 13 is one of my least favorite assignments, because there is a problem with writing “not” at any age, even many years after school. You can also use the elimination method here. After reading in the task the exact wording of which particular word should be highlighted (jointly or separately written), find among the proposed options those that are written exactly together (not used without “not”) or exactly separately (verbs and adverbs). This will narrow down your search considerably.
Task 14 checks whether the dealer distinguishes between a prefix and a preposition (most often this concerns writing adverbs). It may help that two words are given. If you are not sure about writing one, check the second, maybe based on it you can discard this answer option. It can help in execution that when writing separately between words, you can put one more word or omit the second.
Question 15 is also often not liked by many, since choosing one or two “n” is an ordeal. And here the same elimination method works: first choose the simplest cases for yourself and exclude them (or vice versa, write them down as one of the answers), so consider each word.
In order to quickly and efficiently prepare for these tasks, you need to repeat all the rules and exceptions that are asked in the exam. There are not many of them here, so everything will fit in a small cheat sheet, which will help you quickly cope with tasks in the preparation process. It’s better not to take it to the exam (out of harm’s way), because a person pretty soon remembers what he encounters regularly, and you will definitely remember the rules if you turn to a cheat sheet written by your own hand from time to time.
16
The task is worth 2 points. Here you need to find 2 sentences in which there is only one comma. The repetition of punctuation rules and the method of elimination are the key to completing the task. To make it easier, draw a simplified sentence diagram: mark the subject and predicate, so you will see both homogeneous members and simple sentences in a complex one.
To get the coveted points, the Wise Litrecon advises you to learn how to draw sentence diagrams, if you have not already done so. Science is not so difficult, but the result is worth it.
17-21
All these numbers test knowledge of punctuation. Here you have to learn certain rules and constantly train. It is necessary to repeat the setting of commas in simple and complex sentences, and dashes, and colons. To remember all this, you can draw sentence schemes with a pencil in your favorite books, and also explain to yourself why this or that comma is in the text. Such classes are not so difficult and boring, but more effective than regular cramming.
Question 17 tests knowledge of the rules for highlighting participial and participial phrases in writing. The main advice: gerunds are always distinguished, and in participles you need to look for the location of the word being defined.
Task 18 - writing appeals. They are always separated by commas, but they may include not one word, but several at once, you need not put commas inside the appeal.
Number 19 - punctuation marks in a complex sentence (most often, with the word "which"). The complexity of the task is that the union “which” is not used here in its initial form, so many do not see the need for a comma. This will help drawing a diagram that will show the boundaries simple sentences within the complex.
Task 20 tests the ability to put commas in complex sentences, there is always a combination of unions here. To correctly highlight the boundaries of sentences, one should start with two rules: 1. The drawn diagram will help to visualize everything; 2. If a comma is needed between unions, then there will be no union “then” on the border of this sentence.
21 questions will require you to have theoretical knowledge of punctuation. You need to choose options that obey one rule, for this you will have to know all the options for punctuation marks.
22-26
These tasks are related to the text, which will also be used for composing, so it should be read carefully right away. Moreover, these tasks are more related to the content. They are worth 1 point, except for number 26, for which you can immediately get 4.
Question 22 tests the attentiveness of graduates. You need to choose options that reflect the content of the text. Again, regular and conscious reading will help you with this. You don't have to take the classics or newspapers if you don't like them, but there are a lot of media now, and everyone can choose their own. When reading articles, determine their essence, discuss opinions with like-minded people or tutors. Such training in the game version will definitely bear fruit.
Number 23 tests knowledge of speech types (description - an image of something, narration - actions, reasoning - thoughts about something that are not related to actions), and here you need to look for logical connections within the text. It is very easy to identify texts, pay attention to how the author expresses the idea. If this is typical fiction with fictional characters and plot, then we have a narrative. If this is a series of observations about an object or phenomenon, then a description. Classic magazine article - reasoning.
Task 24 tests the knowledge of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, phraseological units, direct and figurative meanings of words. This theory is simple, easy to remember, and with a lot of practice, it is easily fixed in memory. Some people have problems understanding phraseological units. This is a stable combination of incompatible words (often obsolete), which can be replaced by one modern word. For simplicity, make yourself a plate with examples denoting a particular term.
Question 25 is aimed at finding connections between sentences. Here you need to find a union, a pronoun with which sentences are connected to each other. This also comes with the experience of interacting with literature.
Number 26 checks the knowledge of means of expression, expressed both grammatically (homogeneous members, exclamatory and interrogative sentences, citation), and lexically (epithets, metaphors, personifications, synonyms, antonyms). To remember all this, a table with examples will also help you quickly navigate. Boring and incomprehensible definitions of terms can sometimes even confuse, so do not try to cram, it is important to achieve understanding.
27
Writing on the text gives a significant part of the points (24 out of 58), so they should be written in large numbers. All USE tasks require practice and the most elementary knowledge. Even writing does not require special creative abilities. Just following the plan and following the criteria. Here, the Wise Litrecon described in detail how to write an essay on the exam
Unified State Exams scare schoolchildren from the first grade. However, the analysis of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language showed that it is not worth being afraid of this unpleasant, but surmountable situation. Practice is the key to success in the exam. Even if you have a technical mindset, then remember the main rule: the quality of knowledge increases in direct proportion to the number of tasks completed. Good luck!
The authors of the articles are professional tutors I.M. Khrapova, T.V. Vorontsova and O.V. Gushchina
How to prepare for the exam in the Russian language? So you open a collection of typical test tasks for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language and understand that you managed to forget something, but you didn’t hear about something at all. Then you pick up a voluminous manual and understand that you don’t know on which page, in which section to look for information. How to combine theory and practice?
We offer you a short and effective path to success. We have analyzed for you separately each task of the exam in the Russian language. In each article you will find theoretical material that contains only what is necessary and sufficient to complete the USE assignments in Russian. we give you an algorithm for completing exam tasks. We will tell you what traps you can expect in a particular task. The material to be learned by heart is presented in the form of hint tables.
Take the test questions in order, from 1 to 26. You will notice that in subsequent tasks you build on the knowledge gained earlier. Consider our materials as a guide-instruction, constantly refer to them when you decide USE tests In Russian.
What is the Unified State Examination in the Russian Unified State Examination. What are the requirements and criteria. What is KIM?
December essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language 2019-2020
How to prepare for the December essay - 2018?
Video course on Russian language and literature "December composition 2014".
This course describes the most winning topics of the December essay and reveals the technology of writing it. You will learn how to guarantee and with minimal time to get high results in the essay.
The author of the video course is the leading teacher of the Russian language and literature of the EGE-Studio company, candidate of philological sciences Tatyana Vladimirovna Vorontsova.
Although the main emphasis in final exams is on the ability to apply the skills learned in school in practice, for successful passing the exam knowledge of the theory will also be required in the Russian language. It is necessary not only to memorize all the rules, but also to be able to use them.
What will be required when passing the exam?
To complete tasks in the Russian language, you need to use the entire amount of knowledge gained over the years of schooling. You need to know the following theory:
- Spelling of individual parts of the word (roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings).
- Arrangement of punctuation marks in simple and complex sentences, to highlight words, in other cases.
- Grammatical, morphological, syntactic, orthoepic norms.
- Synonyms, homonyms and antonyms.
- Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words.
- Spelling "not" and "neither".
- Lexical meaning of words.
- Information processing and creation of texts of various styles.
- Text analysis.
How to prepare for the exam
Self-preparation for the exam includes the study of the rules of the Russian language and their application when performing exercises. It is not enough to learn definitions, rules and exceptions: it is important to apply them correctly. At the same time, one cannot do without completely studying the theory of the Russian language: attempts to guess the correct spelling of words or punctuation do not lead to the desired result and do not help to acquire knowledge.
Always start with theory. Each training task is designed to test knowledge of a certain section of the theory. It is necessary to repeat it, paying especially close attention to exceptions, and then put it into practice when performing exercises.
- Do not be afraid of a large number of rules. Almost all of them are well known to graduates, the skill of their application has been brought to automaticity. In many cases, the study of theory is necessary only to refresh and structure knowledge.
- In the process self-study for the exam, typical errors can be found. This indicates certain gaps in knowledge. A thoughtful study of theory in preparation for the exam allows you to fill in these gaps, so you should not neglect reading the rules.
- There is no need to memorize all the wording verbatim, it is much more important to understand the essence. This understanding is the basis of literate writing and literate speech. Study examples, pay attention to patterns.
- Be sure to apply the knowledge gained in practice! Endless exercises quickly get boring, but it is these trainings that help bring skills to automatism, learn how to apply knowledge without even thinking about it.
We wish you successful passing of the exam in the Russian language!
(1) Metaphysical worldview as a system of human views on the world formed since ancient times. (2) It is based on the idea of the constancy and initial expediency of living nature. (3) People's idea of the original expediency of living nature is based on the conviction that each type of organism was created with a specific purpose: to live in certain conditions,<...>to perform certain functions.
1) A metaphysical worldview is a conviction in the original expediency of living nature, the driving force of which is the variability of organisms.
2) The ancient worldview was based on the belief that wildlife is characterized by constancy and a person has no right to violate this constancy.
3) At the heart of the metaphysical worldview, which has been formed since ancient times, is the idea of the constancy and initial expediency of living nature, in accordance with this idea, each type of organism is created to perform certain functions under certain conditions.
4) Initial expediency - this is the idea that each species of organisms was created for a specific purpose, to perform certain functions on the basis of gradual adaptation to the environment.
5) Since ancient times, a metaphysical worldview has been formed, which is based on the idea that living nature is distinguished by constancy and initial expediency: each type of organism was created with a specific purpose.
Statements 1 and 2 contain information that is not in the text. Therefore, they cannot be true.
Answer: 35
Task 2 #6475
(1) Dialectology is closely connected with such sciences as the history of language, ethnography. (2) Language historians have always turned to the data of modern dialects, since, due to uneven development, archaic elements of the phonetic and grammatical structure are often preserved in them, which can be used to explain the history of sounds. (3)<...>ethnographers and historians of folk culture are primarily interested in dialect vocabulary, since folk ideas about the world are expressed in the main thematic groups of dialect vocabulary.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The close connection of dialectology with the history of the language and ethnography is due to the fact that the remaining archaic elements help historians of the language to explain the origin of certain sounds, and dialect vocabulary, which reveals folk ideas about the world, is of interest to ethnographers and historians of folk culture.
2) Dialectology is closely connected with such sciences as the history of language and ethnography, because the modern boundaries of dialects make it possible, with a greater or lesser degree of probability, to restore the boundaries that separated the ancient tribes, and then various feudal regions.
3) Historians of the language have always turned to the data of modern dialects, since they retain archaic lexical elements that can be used to explain the history of sounds.
4) Ethnographers and historians of folk culture are primarily interested in dialect vocabulary, since, due to uneven development, archaic elements of the phonetic and grammatical structure are often preserved in it.
5) In modern dialects, archaic elements are preserved that can be used to explain the history of sounds, and dialect vocabulary helps to understand folk ideas about the world, which explains the closest connection between dialectology and the history of language and ethnography.
In doing this task, it is important to understand why some of the statements are not appropriate as an answer.
Statement 2 contains information that is not in the text. Therefore, it cannot be true.
Statement 3 contradicts the text, since it contains “mixed” information from the second (2) and third (3) sentences of the text.
Statement 4 reflects one of the thoughts considered in the text. But this idea is not the main one. It only helps to reveal the main idea.
Statements 1 and 5 retell the entire text, choosing the most important from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no difference.
Answer: 15
Task 3 #6476
(1) If you look at a map, you will see that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, it is almost a quarter of all of Asia and one fifteenth of the entire land mass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>Great attention is paid to Siberia in Russia's economic development plans.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Siberia, which occupies two-fifths of Asia, is given great attention in Russia's economic development plans.
2) Siberia surprises us not only with its size and uniqueness, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of minerals.
3) In the plans for the economic development of Russia, Siberia is given great attention, since huge natural resources are concentrated in this region.
4) Siberia occupies a special place in the development of the world economy, since this region occupies one fifteenth of the entire land area of the Earth and huge natural resources are concentrated here.
5) Siberia, which has enormous natural wealth, is given great attention in Russia's economic development plans.
In doing this task, it is important to understand why some of the statements are not appropriate as an answer.
Statement 4 contains information that is not in the text. Therefore, it cannot be true. The text does not say anything about the world economy, but the statement has these words.
Statement 1 directly contradicts the content of the text. In the statement: information that Siberia occupies two-fifths of the space of Asia. In the text: Siberia is almost a quarter of Asia.
Statement 2 reflects several thoughts discussed in the text. But this statement does not reflect very much important information contained in the third (3) sentence of the text.
Statements 3 and 5 retell the entire text, choosing the most important from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no difference.
Answer: 35
Task 4 #6477
(1) The consequence of the ongoing struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection, a process that eliminates less adapted organisms and favors more adapted organisms. (2) In this competitive struggle, the advantage is given to those representatives of the species that are the most viable, that is, adapted to specific habitat conditions. (3)<...>they are more likely to leave behind full-fledged offspring.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Foundation natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selecting factor is human activity.
2) In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.
3) Animals that are better adapted to specific habitat conditions are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.
4) In the process of the ongoing struggle for existence, the offspring of animals from generation to generation gradually accumulate signs that are useful to humans.
5) Due to the incessant struggle for existence, only those animals survive and leave offspring whose hereditary traits are useful to humans.
In doing this task, it is important to understand why some of the statements are not appropriate as an answer.
Statements 1, 4 and 5 contain information that is not in the text. Therefore, they cannot be true. The text does not mention either the person or his activities.
Statements 2 and 3 retell the entire text, choosing the most important from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no difference.
Answer: 23
Task 5 #6478
(1) The idea of biogenesis comes from ancient Hindu and Persian religious ideas about the absence of beginning and end of natural phenomena and is one of the hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. (2)<...>This version of life exists in the universe forever. (3) The simplest organisms or their spores (“seeds of life”) could be brought from space to Earth, where they found favorable conditions, multiplied and gave rise to evolution from simple forms to more complex ones.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The idea of biogenesis, based on the ancient Eastern religions, is a hypothesis of the cosmic origin of life on Earth, according to which life exists in the Universe forever.
2) The cosmic origin of life on Earth, as the idea of biogenesis says, is evidenced by rock carvings of “seeds of life” - objects similar to aircraft.
3) According to Persian religious beliefs the “seeds of life” that appeared on Earth multiplied and gave rise to evolution in the Universe.
4) In accordance with the idea of biogenesis, based on the ancient Eastern religions, life in the Universe exists forever, and on Earth it appeared due to the simplest organisms brought from space or their spores.
5) The biogenesis hypothesis says that life on Earth from space could be brought with the help of spaceships sent by extraterrestrial civilizations.
In doing this task, it is important to understand why some of the statements are not appropriate as an answer.
Statement 2 contains information that is not in the text. Therefore, it cannot be true. The text says nothing about rock carvings.
Statements 3 and 5 directly contradict the content of the text. In statement 5: the idea of biogenesis says that life is brought to earth with the help of spaceships. In the text: the idea of biogenesis suggests that life came to earth with the help of spores brought from space. In statement 3: “seeds of life” appeared on Earth and gave rise to evolution in the Universe. In the text: “seeds of life” appeared in space, and from there they got to Earth.
Statements 1 and 4 retell the entire text, choosing the most important from it.
Answer: 14
Task 6 #6479
(1)B Ancient Greece Agriculture was the main source of human existence. (2)<...>city dwellers often had a household outside the city and used what it gave. (3) At the same time, the relief of Greece was not conducive to agriculture: about three-quarters of the territory was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Approximately three-quarters of the territory of ancient Greece was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.
2) Agriculture, despite the fact that the relief did not contribute to the development of agriculture, was the main source of human existence in Ancient Greece.
3) In ancient Greece, city dwellers often enjoyed the fruits of agricultural activities.
4) The main source of human existence in ancient Greece was agriculture, despite the fact that the relief was unfavorable for agriculture.
5) Agriculture was the main source of livelihood for urban dwellers in ancient Greece.
In doing this task, it is important to understand why some of the statements are not appropriate as an answer.
Statements 1 and 3 reflect the information contained in the text. But this information is not the main one. It only helps to reveal the main idea.
Statement 5 directly contradicts the content of the text. In the text: city dwellers "often had a household outside the city and used what it gave." In the statement: agriculture is the main source of livelihood for city dwellers. These are different thoughts.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Scientists have found that children who receive basic information from the Web change their perception, and teachers were the first to talk about changes in the ability to concentrate and remember.
2) Researchers have found an obvious increase in the ability to concentrate and remember information in a person for whom the Internet becomes the only source of information.
3) Based on the analysis of experimental data, scientists have concluded that a person whose main source of information is the Internet develops a syndrome of “acquired attention deficit”.
4) In people whose main source of information is the Internet, scientists have identified obvious changes in the “nature” of reading texts, in the ability to concentrate and remember information, a significant change in perception.
5) Scientists have found that a person who receives information mainly from the Internet has a changing perception: the ability to concentrate attention, memorize information decreases, the “nature” of reading changes.
In doing this task, it is important to understand why some of the statements are not appropriate as an answer.
Statements 1 and 3 contain information that is not in the text. Therefore, they cannot be true. The text does not talk about teachers (statement 1) and about the syndrome of “acquired attention deficit” (statement 3).
Statement 2 directly contradicts the content of the text. In the text: the ability to concentrate attention and remember information in a person is reduced. In the affirmation: this ability is increased.
Statements 4 and 5 retell the entire text, choosing the most important from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no difference.
