Presentation of the world through the eyes of an astronomer planets of the solar system. Important information to report

It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky, because drawings of the Sun, the Moon, and the starry sky were found on the walls of the caves (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Rock drawing "Two Suns" ()

Of course, observations with the naked eye were not enough to answer many questions that people had. Therefore, a special device was created for observing cosmic bodies - telescope(Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Telescope ()

Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei(Fig. 4) made the first telescope.

Rice. 4. Galileo Galilei ()

It was a very imperfect instrument, nevertheless, with its help, Galileo Galilei made many discoveries: he saw craters on the Moon (Fig. 6), spots on the Sun (Fig. 7), observed the phases of Venus (Fig. 8) and discovered that around Jupiter has four satellites (Fig. 9).

Rice. 6. Craters on the Moon ()

Rice. 7. Sunspots ()

Rice. 8. Phases of Venus ()

Rice. 9. Satellites of Jupiter ()

Naturally, since that time science has stepped far forward, and appearance, and accuracy of telescopes (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Computerized telescope ()

The most powerful telescopes are installed in observatories(from lat. observo - I observe) - scientific institutions where observations and studies of the weather, atmosphere, astronomical bodies are made (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Apache Point Observatory ()

The first observatory, according to scientists, was in Britain back in the Stone Age. This place is called stonehenge, the position of the stones in which is associated with astronomical phenomena (Fig. 12).

Rice. 12. Stonehenge ()

For an astronomer, the world is Universe or space. According to scientists, 15 billion years ago there was a powerful explosion, after which the Universe was formed.

In space, a huge number of celestial bodies: comets, meteorites, stars, planets, satellites. There are many galaxies in the Universe (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Milky Way Galaxy ()

One of them - galaxy milky way, consisting of 200 billion stars, of which the Sun is not the largest (Fig. 14).

The sun and 8 planets revolving around it form solar system(Fig. 15).

Rice. 15. Solar system ()

The first planet from the Sun - Mercury y, the second Venus, third - Earth, fourth - Mars, fifth - Jupiter, sixth - Saturn, seventh - Uranus, eighth - Neptune. For a long time it was believed that Pluto is the ninth planet in the solar system. However modern research gave reason to assign Pluto the status of a dwarf planet.

Even in ancient times, people understood that our life is possible only thanks to the Sun, and revered it as a deity. The sun deity had many names: in Ancient Greece The sun was called Helios, in Egypt - Ra, the ancient Scandinavians - Salt, and our ancestors the Slavs - Yarilo.

Sun is the closest star to Earth. This is a huge hot cosmic body (Fig. 16). The sun is spherical. The diameter of the Sun is 109 times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is 330,000 times the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is 150 million kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is 6 thousand degrees, and in its center - 15-20 million degrees.

Bibliography

1. Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. - M.: Ballas.
2. Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around 3. - M .: Publishing house "Fedorov".
3. Pleshakov A.A. The world around 3. - M .: Education.

1. Nsportal.ru ().
2. Astrolab.ru ().
3. Authorstream.com().

Homework

1. Answer yes or no to the following statements:
2. Earth is one of the planets in the solar system.
3. The sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas.
4. The mass of the Earth is 330,000 times the mass of the Sun.
5. The people who study astronomy are called astronauts.
6. The earth moves around the sun.
7. You can observe celestial bodies by looking through a telescope.
8. Make a short test (6 questions with three answers) on the topic "The Universe".
9. * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make a crossword puzzle on the topic "The world through the eyes of an astronomer."

Try to tell about the world from the point of view of an astronomer. Use this word for this: celestial bodies, stars, planets, sun, earth, moon. Listen to other guys. As a class, write the most complete story.

Answer. The story of the universe

We live in the world around us. From the point of view of astronomers, the world is the Universe or, in other words, the Cosmos. In ancient times, astronomers were called stargazers. People have been observing the stars throughout the history of their existence and have accumulated a lot of useful knowledge that they apply in their lives.

Our universe has no beginning and no end. She is limitless. No one can say when the universe appeared and when it will disappear. The universe is filled with many different celestial bodies. These include stars, planets, comets, meteors, meteorites. All of them are in constant motion. Are moving from different speed and direction.

The earth is also a celestial body. But it seems like a small grain of sand in the boundless space of the Universe. Earth is a planet. It revolves around the sun. The sun is an ordinary star. All celestial bodies that revolve around the sun make up the solar system.

The Earth has a satellite, the Moon, which in turn revolves around the Earth. All life in the universe is subject to the strict laws of nature.

Universe and solar system

C.7 Discuss!

It is often said: “Earth is our cosmic home, our spaceship Why can you say that about the Earth?

Answer. The earth is part of the universe or cosmos. Earth is a home for all people, animate and inanimate nature that surrounds a person. Our ship is inhabited by plants and animals. Between them, as on a ship, responsibilities are distributed. Someone produces oxygen, someone cooks food, and someone cleans up waste. On Earth, a person finds everything that is needed for his life - warmth, food, builds cozy dwellings. Earth protects us from meteorites, space storms and other dangers. We are in a certain space, beyond the boundaries of which you can go only on a spacecraft.

At the same time, we do not stand still. We move around the Sun at exactly the right speed. When moving, we pay attention to other celestial bodies in order to avoid collision with them. Our ship exactly matches its purpose and its inhabitants.

C.7 Check yourself

1. What does astronomy study?

Answer. Astronomy (Law of the stars - from the Greek words: "Astron" - star, "Nomos" - law) - the science of the Universe, studies celestial (cosmic) bodies, their origin, development and movement.

2. What is the Universe?

Answer. The Universe (space) is an immense space in which planets, stars and other celestial bodies are located. Celestial bodies: planets, stars, comets, asteroids, meteors, meteorites. In the universe, all bodies are in constant motion and move at great speed. Our planet Earth is also part of the Universe. Next to us are the Sun - an ordinary star, the Moon - a satellite of the Earth, planets that also revolve around the Sun.

3. What is the solar system?

Answer. The solar system is the Sun and celestial bodies moving around it, such as planets, comets, asteroids, cosmic dust. The sun is a source of light, heat and energy.

4. How can the solar system be depicted using a model?

Answer. To depict the solar system using a model, you can draw a circle in the center of the model, which will depict the Sun and 8 circles around the circle (orbits of the planets) so that each subsequent one is larger than the previous one. On each circle draw the planets, according to the distance from the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. It is necessary to adhere to the sizes of the Sun and planets. The sun is a huge hot star. The smallest planet is Mercury, the sizes of Venus and the Earth are approximately equal, Mars is almost 2 times smaller than the Earth. Neptune is slightly smaller than Uranus. Jupiter is the largest planet. Saturn is larger than Uranus but smaller than Jupiter.

5. Tell us briefly about the Sun?

Answer. The Sun is the closest star to the Earth. This is a huge and hot celestial body, radiating heat and light. The diameter of the sun is 109 times the diameter of our planet. The mass of the Sun is 109 times greater than the mass of the Earth. From the Earth, the Sun seems small because it is at a huge distance of about 150 million kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is very high (about 6000 degrees), inside the Sun the temperature is presumably 15-20 million degrees.

6. How to observe the sun so as not to spoil your eyesight?

Answer. The Sun can be observed only through protective dark glasses and only 1-2 minutes. It is strictly forbidden to observe the sun with the naked eye, through binoculars, a spyglass, a telescope, because it is dangerous for the eyesight. The sun shines very brightly and our eyes are not equipped to observe it without protective gear.

C.8 Find in additional literature, the Internet, new scientific information about the Sun or information about interesting celestial bodies of the solar system - comets, asteroids. Prepare a message.

Answer. Message.

The sun is the center of our solar system, a lot of what happens on Earth depends on it. Therefore, it is interesting to know what the Sun is like, what is happening there.

The Sun is an ordinary star, its age is about 5 billion years, the surface temperature is 5500C, the distance from the Earth is 149.6 million km. At the center of the Sun, the temperature reaches 14 million degrees.

The sun gives the Earth heat and light, supports life on our planet.

The Sun is a fireball of gas, 109 times the diameter of the Earth. More than a million celestial bodies the size of the Earth could fit inside such a ball.

There are spots on the surface of the Sun, bright flashes and explosions of colossal force occur. Solar flares and explosions throw a huge mass of electrically charged particles into space, which affects the Earth's atmosphere. When streams of electrically charged particles reach the Earth, they create amazing "curtains" of shimmering light in our sky, which are visible in the circumpolar regions and are called auroras. Powerful explosions occurring on the Sun are fraught with danger. Streams of electrically charged particles flying from the Sun disable power plants, destroying their equipment. Solar flares are also dangerous for astronauts: you should not go out into outer space when they happen. The particles emitted by the flash and carrying a lot of energy can harm the human body. On Earth, too, one should not be under the scorching rays of the Sun for a long time. You can get severe burns of the skin and its diseases, as well as cause a disorder in the activity of the heart and nervous system.

The existence of the Earth and life on it directly depend on the Sun. The question arises: how long will our luminary last? Scientists have come to the conclusion that the Sun will not exist forever, although it has an incredibly long life ahead of it. The Sun is now in middle age. Scientists suggest that over the next 5 billion years, the Sun will slowly warm up and increase slightly in size. When all the hydrogen in the Sun's central core is used up, the Sun will be three times as large as it is now. All the oceans on Earth will boil away. The dying Sun will swallow the Earth. Ultimately, the Sun will cool down, turning into a ball, the so-called white dwarf.

But all this will happen in billions of years, many thousands of generations will change on Earth. Stormy developing science and technology will allow mankind to discover new worlds and planets in the Universe and master them in advance for living and further development of mankind.

And today we should take care of our planet, follow the advice and requirements of environmentalists. After all, the preservation of life on Earth depends on each of us.

other celestial bodies.

Rushing at great speed and traveling along huge orbits laid in the universe, comets, as these celestial bodies are called, consist of a bright luminous head and an incredibly long (up to 100 million km) tail plume. These solitary wanderers can move away for a long time outside the solar system and return to rush closer to our planet, moving overcoming the gigantic distances of their orbit.

asteroids

Like planets, only very small in size, asteroids revolve around the Sun, they have a rocky surface structure and in some characteristics are similar to small planets, therefore they are sometimes called "minor planets". The largest accumulation of asteroids is located between Mars and Jupiter, this zone is called the "asteroid belt". Asteroids have a variety of sizes: small ones from a few tens of centimeters in diameter, like a kitchen saucepan, and large ones with a diameter of up to 250 km and more. So the largest of the known asteroids Ceres has a diameter of 1000 km. meteorites

Shooting stars are the name given to the meteor shower that occurs each year in early August and at other intervals throughout the year. Sometimes "shooting stars" meteorites can be seen with the naked eye, they flash like a spark that strikes the blue of the night sky for a fraction of a second. These are small particles of cosmic dust that fall to the Earth and, evaporating in the dense layers of the atmosphere, leave a short bright trace in the starry sky.

Near space. The astronomer sees the world much wider and more than the average man in the street. He sees through telescopes (infrared, ultraviolet, radar and optical) our Universe: myriads of stars, planets, asteroids, comets...

So, let's try to look at the world through the eyes of an astronomer. Into a telescope. The first space world that we will see is the world of the solar system, that is, the planets and small bodies that revolve around the sun. Red Mars, Venus glowing with a blue glow, the circle of Mercury like a fly against the background of a colossal hot ball of the Sun, the giants Jupiter and Saturn, surrounded by magic rings - this is what can be seen very well and clearly even not in the most powerful telescope.

Far space. But what happens beyond Saturn, near the most distant planets of the solar system Uranus and Neptune, because these depths are not so well illuminated by the Sun? Real dark abysses reign here... And beyond Neptune, the small bodies of the Kuiper belt glow a little: meteorites rush, small planets rotate, tailed comets march...

Super-powerful telescopes already make it possible to penetrate into the depths of our Milky Way Galaxy and view other galaxies, between which there are huge abysses of cosmic voids. Astronomers see the center of our Galaxy with a giant rotating galactic disk that is simply incomprehensible to us in size, they see a black hole in the very center of the galaxy, dead black extinguished stars, bright red and as if swollen fading luminaries, white and blinding supernovae ... Dwarf and giant planets, surrounded by the most incredible gas clouds, rings, glows, dozens of small planets, that is, satellites ...

Space in motion. And of course, the world before the eyes of the astronomer is by no means frozen and not icy, as space seemed to people before. Either the flash of the birth of a star will strike with rays, then the planet will explode from a collision with a large asteroid, then something will disappear in a black hole ... The astronomer sees an incredible and still almost completely unexplored, unfamiliar world ...

slide 1

slide 2

Astronomy is the science of cosmic bodies, the systems they form, and the universe as a whole. The word astronomy comes from two Greek words: astron, star, and nomos, law.

slide 3

Astronomers are people who study the stars.

slide 4

Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences. The first astronomers were called stargazers. It is known that even cavemen observed the starry sky, because its drawings were found on the walls of caves.

slide 5

The Babylonians were skilled observers, as were the Egyptians, who built pyramids according to the positions of the stars in certain constellations.

slide 6

People have watched the stars throughout their history. Records of astronomical observations indicate that this is approximately 5,000 years ago.
Chinese astronomer, 1675

Slide 7

Much later, instruments come to the aid of astronomers. This is what telescopes of the past and present look like.

Slide 8

Modern telescopes are very huge and complex devices that allow you to look into the depths of the universe for millions of light years. However, there are devices that allow you to look, or rather hear, even further - these are radio telescopes, where giant antennas simply “listen” to the Universe.

Slide 9

From the point of view of astronomers, the world is the Universe or Cosmos. These are other planets and stars, our planet Earth, its plants and animals, you and me - this is the whole Universe.

Slide 10

Scientists believe that our Universe arose as a result of the so-called Big Bang, which occurred about 15 billion years ago. At the same time, a dense hot ball was formed, which began to rapidly expand, turning into the Universe. Many astronomers believe that the expansion continues today.

slide 11

Our life is possible only thanks to the Sun. People understood this even in ancient times and revered the Sun as a deity. They called it differently: in Ancient Greece - Helios, in Egypt - Ra, and our Slavic ancestors - Yarilo. Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun.
Yarilo
Helios

slide 12

Hymns were composed in honor of the Sun. Here is one of the hymns of the ancient Greek poet Homer: The sun in eternal motion makes the luminaries turn pale, the sun fills the limits with the purple radiance of the earth. The sun is a friend of the farmer, favorably to all sailors. The sun is the deity of days and nights, the crown and the beginning. Only his one of the gods reigning in the world, We are given to see ...

slide 13

To observe the vast expanses of space, special modern instruments and observatories are needed, so scientists use entire complexes of powerful telescopes, which are located in places where the air is especially transparent.
Observatory

Slide 14

The oldest observatories were built over seven thousand years ago. At first, these were circles of huge stones - megaliths, which formed astronomical instruments. Around 2800 BC In Britain, the construction of the Stonehenge complex began, which may have served as an observatory.

slide 15

Among the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, Greece, and later China, India, and before the discovery of America by Columbus, astronomy was held in high esteem. Accurate observations of the starry sky were carried out there, and for this, grandiose structures were erected, which have survived to this day.
Temple of the Sun in Mexico

slide 16

In the Middle Ages, the life of astronomers turned out to be very difficult, since their knowledge of the Universe was in many respects contrary to religion, and for the idea that the Earth was spinning, it was completely possible to get on the fire, which happened to the philosopher Giordano Bruno.
ancient indian observatory

Slide 17

How did the solar system come into being?
The solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust about 5 billion years ago. Some parts of the cloud turned out to be denser. Particles of gas and dust in these areas began to approach each other under the influence of forces of mutual attraction. Over time, they formed a ball. The ball condensed, decreased in volume and warmed up.

Slide 18

Gradually, it began to glow, turning into the embryo of the Sun, which took about 100 thousand years. The “embryo” rotated faster and faster, scattering part of the substance in space. At the same time, he continued to shrink and warm up. Finally, the "embryo" warmed up for the occurrence of a nuclear reaction; a huge amount of energy began to be released, and a new star shone. The ring of previously discharged matter began to gather into clots.

Slide 19

These clumps gradually became larger and larger, located at different distances from the Sun. Large clumps became the planets we observe today. The smaller ones turned into satellites of the planets, and the very small ones became asteroids.

Slide 20

The Sun is the closest to the Earth…… It is a huge…… cosmic body. The sun has the shape of …… The diameter of the Sun is …… times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ...... times greater than the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is ...... kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ...... degrees, and in its center - ...... degrees.
Enter the missing data in the text using the textbook.

slide 21

The sun is the closest to the Earth ... (star). This is a huge ... (hot) cosmic body. The sun has the shape of ... (ball). The diameter of the Sun is ... (109) times the diameter of the Earth. The mass of the Sun is ... (330 thousand) times the mass of our planet. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is … (150 million) kilometers. The temperature on the surface of the Sun is ... (6.000) degrees, and in its center - ... (15 - 20 million) degrees.

slide 22

The sun forms the center of our system. 9 planets revolve around it. 4 small planets located closest to the Sun - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars - are called internal. They have a hard surface. The remaining 5 planets are called outer. These are 4 gas giants - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, as well as a small solid planet made of stone and ice - Pluto.

slide 23

Mark each statement with a code sign, agreeing with me or disagreeing: 1. The Earth is one of the planets of the solar system. 2. The sun is the closest star to us, a hot ball of gas. 3. The mass of the Earth is 330 thousand times the mass of the Sun. 4. Specialists who study astronomy are called astronauts. 5. The earth moves around the sun. 6. You can observe the Sun by looking through binoculars or a telescope. pipe.
- Yes
- No
- I don't know

slide 24

An online lesson on this topic can be viewed: http://interneturok.ru/ru/school/okruj-mir/4-klass/tema/mir-glazami-astronoma
Website of Elena Beryukhova "School ABV" Design: Elena Beryukhova http://shkola-abv.ru