The impact of construction on the environment. The impact of construction on the environment and measures to combat negative impacts. Atmospheric pollution during the operation of CHP

With an abstract approach, all environmental problems can be reduced to a person, to say that any negative impact on the environment comes from a person - a business entity, producer, consumer, carrier of technical progress, and simply an inhabitant of the planet. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze some aspects of human activity that have a particularly harmful impact on the environment, including production, transport, consumption, the use of modern technology, urbanization, etc., as the main sources of pollution and environmental degradation. This approach makes it possible to single out those areas of human activity that harm or pose a threat to the environment, to outline ways to correct or prevent them.

Until recently, it was considered indisputable that a person commits serious violations of the environment in the sphere of production activity. Factory and factory pipes were the main source of air pollution, industrial effluents - rivers and coastal sea waters. At the end of the 20th century, when transport and non-industrial activities replaced industry in terms of pollutants, industrial and agricultural production remain one of the main sources of environmental degradation. Let us consider in more detail the main sources of environmental pollution.

Energy production. Energy is the basis for the development of any region or sector of the economy. The growth rate of production, its technical level, labor productivity, and ultimately the standard of living of people are largely determined by the development of energy. The main source of energy in Russia and many other countries of the world is currently and will probably remain in the foreseeable future thermal energy obtained from the combustion of coal, oil, gas, peat, oil shale. Thus, in 1993, 956.6 billion kW/h of electricity was generated in Russia, including 662 billion kW/h by thermal power plants, 175 billion kW/h by hydroelectric power plants, and 1.19 billion kW/h by nuclear power plants.

The main sources of environmental pollution in the energy sector are thermal power plants. The most typical chemical and thermal pollution. If usually

If the fuel is incomplete, then when solid fuel is burned in boilers at thermal power plants or thermal power plants, a large amount of ash, sulfur dioxide, and carcinogens is formed. They pollute the environment and affect all components of nature. For example, sulfur dioxide, polluting the atmosphere (Table 13.3), causes acid rain.

Table 13.3

Atmospheric pollution during the operation of CHP

on different types of fuel, g/kW/h

Acid rains, in turn, acidify the soil, thereby reducing the efficiency of fertilizer application, change the acidity of waters, which affects the species diversity of the aquatic community. Significantly affects SO, and terrestrial vegetation.

In general, the energy sector in terms of emissions into the atmosphere accounts for 26.6% of the total emissions of the entire Russian industry. In 1993, the volume of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air was 5.9 million tons, of which dust - 31%, sulfur dioxide - 42%, nitrogen oxides - 23.5%.

Another source of environmental pollution in the energy sector is the discharge of polluted wastewater into water bodies. In the mid 90s. 20th century in Russia, out of 1.5 billion m 3 of wastewater requiring treatment, about 12% was discharged as standard-treated.

Numerous ash and slag dumps are the source of groundwater pollution. Groundwater is heavily polluted in the area of Kursk (CHPP-1), Nizhny Novgorod (Sormovskaya CHPP), Konakovo (Konakovskaya GRES).

Irkutsk, Rostov-on-Don, Saratov, Ulan-Ude, Khabarovsk, Chita, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are among the cities with the highest level of air pollution, where the determining factor is the influence of energy enterprises.

Metallurgical industry. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is one of the most polluting industries. The share of metallurgy accounts for about 40% of the total Russian gross emissions of harmful substances, of which gaseous substances account for about 34%. for solids - about 26% (Fig. 13.24).

Rice. 13.24. Gas emissions (before treatment) of the main

redistribution of metallurgical production

(without coke)

On average, per 1 million tons of annual productivity of plants ferrous metallurgy dust emission is 350 tons/day, sulfur dioxide-200, carbon monoxide-400, nitrogen oxides-42 tons/day.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the largest consumers of water. Its water consumption is 12-15% of the total water consumption by industrial enterprises of the country. About 60-70% of the wastewater generated in the technological process belongs to "conditionally clean" wastewater (they have only an elevated temperature). The remaining wastewater (30-40%) is contaminated with various impurities and harmful compounds.

The concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere and water environment of large metallurgical centers significantly exceeds the norm. An unfavorable ecological situation is observed in such metallurgical cities of Russia as Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novokuznetsk, Chelyabinsk, Cherepovets and others. .8% of total emission on industries). Magnitogorsk - 388 thousand tons, Novolipetsk - 365 thousand tons, Kachkanar mining and processing plant - 235.9 thousand tons. for high toxicity caused the excess of permissible sanitary and hygienic standards. On average per year, carbon disulfide concentrations were: in Magnitogorsk - 5 MPC, in Kemerovo - 3 MPC, benz (a) pyrene - in Novokuznetsk and Cherepovets -13 MPC, Magnitogorsk -10 MPC, Novotroitsk - 7 MPC, Nizhny Tagil - 5 MPC.

One of the leaders in environmental pollution continues to be non-ferrous metallurgy. In 1993, non-ferrous metallurgy emissions accounted for 10.6% of gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere of the entire Russian industry.

Atmospheric pollution by non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is characterized primarily by emissions of sulfur dioxide (75% of the total emissions into the atmosphere), carbon monoxide (10.5%) and dust (10.4%).

The main load on the air basin in terms of emissions of harmful substances is exerted by: the Yuzhuralnickel plant (Orsk) - 200.3 thousand tons, the Sredneuralsk copper smelter (Revda) - 101 thousand tons, the Achinsk alumina plant (Achinsk) - 85.9 thousand tons tons, Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant - 77.8 thousand tons, Mednogorsk copper-sulphur plant - 65.9 thousand tons.

Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have significant volumes of wastewater. In 1993, the discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies reached 537.6 million m 3 , including 132 million m 3 at the enterprises of the Norilsk Nickel Concern.

Waste water from non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises is contaminated with minerals, fluorine reagents, mostly toxic (contains cyanides, xanogens, oil products, etc.), salts of heavy metals (copper, nickel, lead, zinc, etc.), arsenic, sulfates, chlorides, antimony, fluorine and others.

Powerful sources of soil pollution, both in terms of intensity and variety of pollutants, are large non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. In cities where non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located, heavy metals are found in the soil cover, often in quantities exceeding the MPC by 2-5 times or more. Rudnaya Pristan (Primorsky Territory), where the lead plant is located, occupies the first place in terms of the total soil pollution index. Soil pollution is observed within a radius of 5 km around Rudnaya Pristan:

lead - 300 MPC, manganese - 2 MPC and others. The dangerous category of soil pollution includes the following cities: Belove (Kemerovo Region), where the lead content in the soil reaches 50 MPC; Revda (Sverdlovsk region) - mercury content - up to 7 MPC, lead - up to 5 MPC.

Chemical, petrochemical and pulp and paper industry. These industries are among the main pollutants of the air (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, chlorine, arsenic, mercury, etc.), water and soil (oil and petrochemical products, phenols and other toxic substances, sulfite wastewater from the pulp and paper industry, etc.). For example, in 1992, enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industries emitted about 1.6 million tons of pollutants into the atmosphere, which equaled approximately 6% of the total emissions in Russia. These releases caused soil contamination with metals above the MPC within a radius of up to 5 km around the cities where they are located. About 80% of 2.9 km 3 of wastewater was permanently polluted, which indicates the extremely inefficient operation of the treatment facilities of these enterprises. This negatively affects the hydrochemical state of water bodies. For example, the Belaya River above Sterlitamak (Bashkortostan) belongs to the III class (“dirty”). A similar state is noted with the waters of the Oka River after discharges from the factories of Dzerzhinsk, in which the content of methanol, cyanides, and formaldehyde sharply increases. After the discharge of wastewater from the Chapaevka Chemical Fertilizer Plant, the Chapaevka River becomes practically unusable due to the high pollution of its waters with pesticides.

Chemical and petrochemical industries are sources of groundwater pollution with metals, methanol, phenol in concentrations often reaching hundreds of thousands of MPC in areas of tens of square kilometers, which makes it impossible to use aquifers for drinking water supply.

The problem of environmental protection associated with the chemical, petrochemical and pulp and paper industries is especially relevant due to the increase in the proportion of synthetic products in the chemical industry, which do not decompose in the natural environment or decompose very slowly.

Transport and road complex and communication. The negative role of the transport and road complex in the deterioration of the quality of the environment in the 70-90s. 20th century is constantly increasing. Of the 35 million tons of harmful emissions, 89% are emissions from road transport enterprises (Fig. 13.25) and the road construction complex, 8% from rail transport, about 2% from air transport and about 1% from water transport.

Rice. 13.25. Sources of air pollution products

combustion (according to S. Singler, 1972)

Emissions from road transport in our country amount to about 22 million tons per year. More than 200 types of harmful substances and compounds, including carcinogenic ones, contain exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. Petroleum products, wear products of tires and brake linings, bulk and dusty cargoes, chlorides used as road de-icers pollute roadside lanes and water bodies.

Air pollution from asphalt plants is of great importance, since the emissions from these plants contain carcinogens. Currently operated asphalt mixing plants of various capacities emit from 70 to 300 tons of suspended solids into the atmosphere per year.

Every year, 450 thousand tons of dust, soot and other harmful substances are emitted at mobile road facilities that provide construction, repair and maintenance of public roads. Over 130 thousand tons of pollutants come from stationary sources of pollution.

The same enterprises discharge 43 million m 3 of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies.

From the operation of air transport, emissions into the atmospheric air in 1992 amounted to 280 thousand tons. Due to the high noise impact air transport, serious problems arise for residential areas adjacent to airports. There has been a marked increase in the proportion of the population affected by aircraft noise. This is mainly due to the expansion of the geography of airports that accept aircraft of more noisy types (Il-761, Il-86, etc.) compared to previously operated ones, for example, Tu-134, Tu-154, Yak-42, etc. 90s 20th century about 2-3% of the population of Russia is constantly exposed to aircraft noise that exceeds the regulatory requirements.

In 1992, in railway transport, the volume of emissions into the atmospheric air from stationary sources was 465 thousand tons, of which only 28.6% was captured and neutralized, and 71.4%, or 331.5 thousand tons, was released into the atmosphere, including solids - 98.2 thousand tons, carbon monoxide - 122.6 thousand tons, nitrogen oxides - 21.5 thousand tons. Emissions from mobile sources amounted to more than 2 million tons.

The increase in the general electromagnetic background, especially in large industrial centers. The main sources of electromagnetic fields are radio facilities, television and radar stations, thermal shops, high-voltage power lines (TL-500, TL-750).

Agriculture and forestry. Production activity in agriculture and forestry is most closely connected with the natural environment, since it takes place directly in nature. However, with the introduction of industrial methods, these industries have undergone significant changes that adversely affect the environment. The mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture is accompanied by pollution of atmospheric air by exhaust gases, pollution of roads by oils and gasoline. Mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as chemical plant protection products (pesticides) pollute the soil, water, and as a result can harm human health.

Unsustainable land use causes soil erosion, and unsustainable forest management leads to deforestation, which in turn causes changes in the flora and fauna, often leading to the extinction of some plant and animal species. In more detail, we will consider the consequences of production activities in agriculture and forestry in the sections on anthropogenic impact on vegetation and the impact of human agricultural activity on nature.

Military-industrial complex. The military-industrial complex (MIC) is one of the main users of natural resources, the impact of which on the environment has a great destructive power. The activities of the military-industrial complex have a negative impact on the environment not only during wars, but also in peacetime. The modern army, both in our country and abroad, requires ever-increasing spaces for its functioning. The size of the territory and the degree of impact on it increase many times during maneuvers and exercises. The deployment of such a huge military power causes a significant degradation of natural complexes over a vast territory.

Significant air and land pollution occurs during the production, testing and storage of conventional, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons.

Industrial complexes for the production of weapons consume colossal amounts of scarce raw materials and energy. For example, 9% of the world's metallurgy production is spent on military needs. According to the US, the construction and deployment of only one mobile interballistic missile requires 4.5 thousand tons of steel, 2.2 thousand tons of cement, 50 tons of aluminum, 12.5 tons of chromium, 750 kg of titanium, 120 kg of beryllium. Their operation is associated with a great environmental risk."

Tests of nuclear weapons also have a negative impact on the environment, which has devastating consequences for the flora and fauna, but the most dangerous is when a person is in the test zone (Fig. 13.26).

Rice. 13.26. Radioactive contamination from a nuclear explosion

(according to E. A. Kriksunov et al., 1995)

Tests entail the danger of radioactive exposure, which results in serious diseases (leukemia, thyroid cancer).

In recent years, it has become clear that disarmament and the destruction of weapons, primarily nuclear, chemical and biological, are associated with a huge environmental risk.

The most dangerous in the activities of the military-industrial complex are wars that bring extensive devastation. Wars have been a constant companion of man. From 1496 BC e. by 1861, people lived in peace for only 227 years, and fought for 3130 years. In the period from 1900 to 1938 there were 24 wars, and from 1946 to 1979 - 130 wars. Military operations usually cover vast territories of states, in the zone of which there is a direct destruction of the entire natural habitat.

Difficult at the end of the 20th century. imagine all the consequences of a nuclear war. But one thing is certain, that the main consequence of a nuclear war is such a strong global destruction of the natural environment and the socio-economic structures of human society, excluding a return to the pre-war state.

Measures to reduce the impact of the military-industrial complex on the environment undoubtedly include the problem of disarmament and the solution of any conflicts between states through peaceful negotiations. The probability of military conflicts is less, the higher the level of civilization and culture of the countries.

Any road is a strip alienated from the natural environment, artificially adapted to traffic with specified technical and environmental indicators.

For the ecological system, for the natural landscape, the road is an alien element. The denser the road network, the higher the intensity of traffic on them, the greater the public concern about their impact on living conditions. Large volumes of work are associated with a large consumption of natural resources, and, accordingly, emissions of pollutants into the biosphere.

The influence of transport on the ecological situation is very noticeable. It is manifested primarily by pollution of the air, water and land during the construction and operation of railways.

In the development and operation of railway transport facilities, one should take into account the properties of natural complexes - multi-connectivity, stability, commutativity, additivity, invariance, multifactorial correlation.

Multi-connectivity is expressed in the diverse impact of transport on nature, which can cause changes that are difficult to take into account.

Additivity is the possibility of multiparametric addition of various sources of technogenic and anthropogenic impact on nature, which can lead to unpredictable changes in nature.

Invariance is a property of ecosystems to maintain stability within the boundaries of regulated technogenic and anthropogenic impacts.

Sustainability is the ability of ecosystems to maintain their initial parameters under natural, technogenic and anthropogenic impacts.

Multifactorial correlation characterizes ecosystems in terms of their predetermination to random and non-random events with analytical connections between them.

Environment | Highway

Rice. 1. Scheme of interaction of individual elements of the system (road - environment)

The main task of designers is to find ways to harmonize technical solutions with natural factors. It is necessary that the construction of the road does not worsen the quality of the habitat by affecting it.

Technological processes of road construction

The technological processes of road construction that have an impact on the environment include:

cutting down trees, removing and moving the topsoil;

accumulation of waste on the territory;

traffic, operation of mechanisms and machines;

dismemberment of the landscape, alienation of the territory;

excavation of pits and trenches, movement, laying of soil and other materials during the construction of subgrade, installation of underlying layers and pavement bases;

production of materials and products at road construction enterprises;

installation of structures, welding works;

functioning of road construction support points.

Environmental pollution during the operation of road construction equipment (cranes, forklifts, mobile compressors, excavators, rollers, asphalt distributors, etc.) is temporary, due to the duration of the construction (repair) of the road and causes:

soil contamination with oil products as a result of spills, leaks (drains, washouts from the road lane and evaporation) of fuels and lubricants during refueling, operation, maintenance of equipment;

noise impact created by working machinery (equipment);

dust formation during the movement of vehicles and during the transportation of building materials.

The sources of emission of pollutants into the atmosphere during the construction and repair of the highway are: working construction equipment; dusty surfaces of the subgrade, soils in car bodies and during transshipment (transshipment); road transport involved in the transportation of building structures, soils and stone materials, as well as sites for filling the subgrade, sites for the construction of pavement, sites for ground building materials, sites for the installation of pipes, etc.

The construction of the road is associated with land allotment, as a result of which there is a withdrawal or alienation of land plots necessary for the placement of both the road itself and its structural elements and infrastructure elements (permanent allotment - directly the right of way and the reserve technological strip) and temporary allotment - for reserves , quarries and earth-carrying roads and for the facilities of the production base). The norms of land acquisition for the placement of highways and (or) road service facilities are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 02.09.2009 (as amended on 11.03.2011) No. 717 "On the norms of land acquisition for the placement of highways and (or) road service facilities" .

The creation of quarries entails not only land acquisition, but also leads to a change in the microclimate, the original terrain and the hydrography of the area. A large amount of dust and harmful gases are formed during mass explosions; inorganic dust, along with carbon monoxide, are the main pollutants of the atmosphere in quarries (Table 2). During the development of deposits in an open way, large areas of land destroyed by mining are formed, under certain meteorological conditions they become intense sources of dust formation.

Table 2. Dust concentration for various technological operations during road construction

The products and materials used in the technological processes of construction and repair of roads may contain substances that have a harmful and toxic effect:

Table 3

Name of work or production	Name of pollutants associated with the performance of work	Type of impact
Processing of tar into bitumen at compressor and non-compressor units	Carbon monoxide, Carbon disulfide, Hydrocarbons (in terms of C)
Preparation of asphalt concrete, concrete, cement mixture, crushed stone at crushing and screening plants (workshops, factories, landfills)	Carbonaceous dust containing free, silicon dioxide cement dust, limestone dust, Shale, oil, pitch coke
Asphalt concrete laying	carbon monoxide Hydrocarbons (in terms of C) hydrogen sulfide
parking lot and road equipment, places refueling, fuel storage	Kerosene (in terms of C) Solvent gasoline Alkalis, caustic (in terms of NaCl) Lead and its inorganic compounds (according to carbon monoxide Acrolein Gasoline fuel Silicon carbide (carborundum) Sulfuric acid Hydrogen sulfide mixed with C1 - C5 hydrocarbons Nitric acid Mineral petroleum oils
Painting works	White spirit (in terms of C)

	Turpentine (in terms of C)
Excavation	Carbon monoxide 65

o - with a sharply directed mechanism of action; a - substances that can cause allergic diseases in production conditions; to - carcinogens; f - aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action; p - irritating effect on mucous membranes and eyes: x - chemical burns; a - allergic reactions; n - effect on the nervous system.

Poisonous substances and materials used in the road sector include: toxic compressed and liquefied gases (chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, butane, propane), leaded gasoline, methanol (methyl alcohol), benzene, dichloroethane, acetone, antifreeze, aniline, resins (urea, synthetic) coumarone, epoxy, furforolaniline, tar, paint thinners, etc. Corrosive substances and materials include: acids (nitric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, butyric and others), alkalis, caustic soda, bitumen thinners, organic solvents, etc.

During the construction of the subgrade of roads, the first technological operation is the removal of the fertile layer (the upper humus part of the soil profile, which has chemical, physical and agrochemical properties favorable for plant growth). When cutting off the soil layer on the right of way and moving it for a certain distance, the soil is subjected to mechanical disturbance, which leads to a violation of the morphological structure of soils, and as a result, the transformation of the physicochemical, biochemical, water-physical properties of soils occurs:

a) soil erosion;

b) soil compaction as a result of construction, installation, transport and procurement works;

c) destruction of the soil structure (occurs when using road equipment without sufficient consideration of the physical and mechanical properties of the fertile layer);

d) swamping (change in the water regime of lands due to lack of drainage or rising groundwater);

e) drying (for example, associated with a decrease in the level of groundwater);

f) landslides (separation and movement down the slope of earth masses);

f) chemical contamination as a result of exhaust gases and possible leakage of fuels and lubricants;

g) destruction of indigenous vegetation.

In clearings in the ROW with a shallow groundwater level, in favorable geomorphological conditions, waterlogging processes are activated.

Possible impacts of the road on the geological environment, soil cover and land can manifest itself in a change in the stability of soil masses, resistance to erosion, fertility of the soil cover, and the manifestation of adverse exogenous processes (geological processes caused by the construction of the road are presented in Table 4).

Table 4. Geological processes caused by road construction

Construction processes	The nature of the direct impact on the environment	Effects
Development of quarries and reserves for obtaining soil, sand, gravel	Removal of soil cover. Local terrain changes	erosion sites. Landslides. Local change in flow. Violation of connections and unity of biogeocenosis
hydromechanization in reservoirs and hydrotransportation	Change in the natural shape of the channel. Watering in stacking areas	Water pollution. Erosion and sedimentation in riverbeds. Change of aquatic fauna.
Clearing the right of way, removing the soil layer	Removal of soil cover.	Increased erosion and deflation of the soil surface. Soil transfer. Violation of the structure of biogeocenosis
The device of embankments and dredging	Changes in the geomorphology of the area and the level of groundwater	Denudation processes, landslides. Change in the hydrological regime (flow systems). Drainage or flooding of the area. Dismemberment of biogeocenosis. Change in agrotechnical conditions
Arrangement of embankments and excavations in permafrost areas	Changes in the geomorphology of the area and the level of groundwater. Change in the depth of seasonal thawing of soils	Denudation processes, landslides. Change in the hydrological regime (flow systems). Drainage or flooding of the area. Dismemberment of biogeocenosis. Change of agrotechnical conditions. Soliflucation processes, thermal casters. Ice formation.
The device of embankments and excavations in areas of sandy deserts	Too. Removal of a stable surface layer	Strengthening denudation and deflation. Soil salinity change
The device of embankments and excavations in wetlands	Violation of the internal flow in the swamp.	Changing the feeding system of the swamp. Change in groundwater level on the sides of the embankment.
The device of embankments and excavations in mountainous terrain	Change in slope stability.	Landslide processes, talus. Change in the hydrological regime (flow).

The impact on surface water during the construction period is caused by:

Withdrawal of water for household and drinking needs and water disposal during the work of builders;

Pollution of natural waters with sewage, as well as waste generated during the construction period;

Coastal erosion. Changing the cross section of the channel;

Changing the shape of the stream, the cross-section of the channel, the flow of water;

Change of channel at bridge crossings.

The main possible impact on groundwater during construction and installation works is associated with the construction of the subgrade, which causes a change and redistribution of surface and, to a lesser extent, underground runoff, conditions for moistening the soil stratum in the area adjacent to the road. Deepening foundations under the groundwater level, laying culverts, building bridge supports, etc. reduces the cross-sectional area of the groundwater flow, this causes a rise in their level. Construction on wetlands and swamps without peat also leads to a rise in the level of groundwater. The most significant impact on watercourses and reservoirs will be caused by the construction of bridges at their intersections with the projected highway.

The noise generated during construction works is formed as a result of a complex summation of noise from various local sources of different sound power (bulldozers, excavators, compressors, pneumatic hammers, dump trucks).

The construction and reconstruction of roads are associated with the consumption of significant amounts of materials: the specific consumption per 1 km of the reduced length (2×3.5 m) of the road is (kg): bitumen - 650, metal - 820, thermoplastic - 0.0074, paint - 0.0062, metal (reinforcement) - 0.82, anti-icing reagents - 2.05. During the construction and repair of the road, as well as during its operation, the destruction of the soil cover at the construction site occurs, as well as pollution and littering of the adjacent territory (calculation of waste materials during construction (when using bulk materials - sand, crushed stone, asphalt concrete mixtures, concrete mixture; the use of lumber, bricks, electrodes, etc.; when installing reinforced concrete structures, etc.).

Engineering structures, which include bridge crossings, pipes, interchanges, tunnels of various types, retaining walls and protective structures, have their own specific impact on the environment. During the construction of bridge crossings, the coastline is reshaped, the cross section of the watercourse and the contours of the reservoir are changed, while the hydrological regime is disturbed, erosion and loss of the overall stability of the massif appear, at the same time, it often becomes necessary to protect fish stocks, since spawning grounds and wintering pits in which shoals of fish rush every year. Sources of pollution of the aquatic environment during the construction of bridges are: water agitation by clay particles during all types of earthworks in the channel and floodplain of the watercourse, as a result of channel erosion when it is constrained by permanent elements of the bridge and temporary auxiliary devices, ingress of oil products (fuel, fuel, etc.) , cement, mixture additives (etc.), construction site waste, etc.

A high concentration of suspended sediments reduces the productivity of aquatic organisms and causes the extinction of the least resistant species from habitats in the impact zone of the bridge crossings under construction. The death of food organisms will lead to a decrease in the fish productivity of areas of water bodies that fall into the work area during the construction of bridges and the laying of culverts. Suspended mineral particles that enter watercourses during the redevelopment of the coastline, during the operation of construction equipment in channels and on the banks of rivers, degrade water quality, have a negative impact on the dynamics of the population of aquatic organisms, as a result, biotic relationships in the aquatic community are disrupted. When mineral particles settle, a vast area along the coast is covered with sediment, as a result of which the existing biotopes are destroyed, the cyclic reproduction of zooplankton, and the death of organisms at the larval stage of development is observed.

The impact on the flora and fauna of the territory at the stage of construction of the road begins with the cutting down of forest and shrub plantations and uprooting in the strip of the future corridor of the route and in areas for auxiliary facilities. As a result of anthropogenic load, the structure of phytocenoses changes: in the grass-shrub layer near the route, sensitive species of forest forbs (especially rare species) are likely to fall out, they are replaced by meadow and species, and synanthropization of the flora. During the construction of roads in swamps, the death of the moss cover, the disappearance of a number of marsh species and the appearance of ruderal, as well as rhizomatous hydrophilic plants (horsetails, reed grasses, cotton grass) are noted. The construction of roads affects the areas of habitats of animals, their forage lands. Animals experience disturbance factors (noise, vibration, light from working transport and construction equipment). During the construction of the road, barrier factors arise that prevent their free migration to places of temporary and permanent habitat, which makes it difficult to exchange the gene pool and search for food resources.

Use of natural resources

Compliance with the requirements of rational nature management set forth in environmental laws, sanitary norms and standards in the field of nature protection is mandatory in the design, construction and operation of railway lines, enterprises and structures. Road construction sites are determined in accordance with the development prospects of the industry and the requirements of land laws. Lands for the placement of road construction facilities are allocated by the state, taking into account the requirements for the rational organization of the territory of integrated land use. So, in the design and construction of roads, land is allocated for the roadbed, right of way and snow-protective afforestation.

Pollution is:

Mechanical - inert dusty particles in the atmosphere, solid impurities in water that do not enter into chemical reactions;

Chemical - gaseous, liquid and solid chemical compounds and substances that interact with the natural environment and change its chemical properties;

Physical (energy) - heat, noise, vibration, ultrasound, light energy, electromagnetic and radioactive radiation that change the physical characteristics of the environment;

Biological - a variety of microorganisms, bacteria, viruses that have appeared as a result of human activity and are harmful to him;

Aesthetic - violation of landscapes, the appearance of landfills, poor design, negatively affecting a person.

Environmental protection measures in the process of road construction

The construction camp and construction site are located outside the residential area to avoid additional impacts.

To reduce noise levels and dust content in the air, construction sites are fenced with standard enclosing structures. In summer, during dry periods, to reduce dust, technological dirt roads located at the construction site are moistened.

To ensure acceptable noise conditions, the construction work plan excludes work at night.

Upon completion of construction work, temporary structures, remnants of building materials and debris are dismantled and removed.

Prevention of road erosion and gullying

When solving the problem of saving land fertility, the most important is the preservation of the fertile soil layer, which is a complex organomineral system that requires certain conditions for its existence. Each hectare of the soil layer contains more than 1 ton of bacterial biomass, which ensures the vital activity of many plant and animal organisms and provides about 99% of human food. These very valuable fertile qualities of soils are relatively easily and quickly destroyed as a result of erosion, various mechanical damage, pesticides, organic and other substances. The process of restoring soil fertility is very complicated and lengthy, for example, it takes about 100 years to recreate a layer of fertile soil 10 cm thick.

The removal of the fertile soil layer is carried out, as a rule, in a thawed state during the warm and dry period of the year. In accordance with SNiP 3.06.03-85 "Roads", the fertile soil layer is removed both from the territories of permanent allotment occupied by the road structure, artificial structures, and from the territories allocated for temporary use for the placement of temporary buildings and structures, quarries and reserves, dumps of materials, etc. The fertile layer of soil may not be removed from the territories intended for the placement of temporary buildings and structures, warehouses and dumps of materials, access roads, parking of machines and mechanisms and other territories, if measures are taken to prevent its contamination with fuel lubricants, mixing with underlying soils and other materials and substances.

During the preparation of the territory for the subgrade with or without the installation of lateral reserves along the road, the fertile soil layer is shifted into the ramparts at the border of the right of way. The volume of shafts is determined by the need for natural soil for the reclamation of lateral reserves along the road, as well as for strengthening the slopes of the subgrade. The rest of the fertile soil is taken out and stored in piles at specially designated places. From here, it can be used for recultivation of concentrated quarries and reserves, areas of industrial sites, temporary roads and other areas of temporary allotment, increasing the fertility of unproductive lands and other agricultural purposes. For the passage of construction vehicles and other machines and mechanisms, as well as for the runoff of surface water in the shafts, cuts 4-6 m wide are arranged every 40-60 m.

Shafts of fertile soil along the border of the right of way create special unfavorable conditions for the subsequent construction of a subgrade. If the breaks are not properly arranged, the shafts retain moisture in the preparation area, which comes with atmospheric precipitation. This leads to the rupture of exposed sedimentary rocks, their saturation with moisture, which in the future can adversely affect the stability of the subgrade and other elements of the road structure. Therefore, on the basis of existing construction experience, it is not necessary to arrange a backlog when removing a fertile soil layer that exceeds the length of the grip for the construction of the subgrade.

Assessment of damage to forest and hunting grounds

Both theoretical and field studies of the transfer and dispersion of impurities ejected by the flow of moving cars and introduced into the plant masses by the air flow present significant difficulties due to the random nature of the appearance of cars and the non-stationarity of the process. In the spatial domain, an extended section of a one-way single-lane road is considered. It is assumed that the speeds of cars on the highway are the same and constant.

The appearance of cars at the beginning of the track is random and represents the simplest stream of events with a constant intensity. The track is blown by a horizontal air stream directed perpendicular to the road; it is assumed that the air flow velocity is constant and does not depend on the location and characteristics of the vehicles. The impurity concentration at an arbitrary point depends on the volume of exhaust gases emitted by all vehicles that are simultaneously in the area under consideration and are mobile point sources of pollution with a constant intensity.

The main part of the air masses flows around an obstacle in the form of a forest, while an insignificant part of this flow gets inside the forest. The gaseous admixture, carried by the wind deep into the forest, begins to drift at a much lower speed than in the main stream. As a result, the forest begins to play the role of a pollutant accumulator, retaining it even in the case when an external relatively clean air flow removes all impurities from the space surrounding the forest. A change in wind direction leads to the removal of accumulated impurities from the forest, which now plays the role of a secondary source of pollution.

The results of the calculations show that the forest is able to initially play the role of a pollutant accumulator, which later turns into a secondary source of pollution. The intensity of such a secondary source of pollution is lower than the initial one, however, the duration of exposure can be significant, depending on the size and characteristics of the forest, the time of accumulation of impurities when blown by a polluted stream.

As you know, green spaces play the role of a natural filter. They purify the air from harmful impurities. More active filters are trees that are resistant to pollution, with a large leaf area and a large amount of gas absorption and dust deposition.

The least gas-resistant plants grow on poor, acidic and moist soils. So, when a small amount of industrial gases enters the pine needles with the air, it cannot cope with their processing and is poisoned by them. At the same time, the Crimean pine, which is accustomed to rich calcareous soil, copes with the processing of harmful gases.

Forest flood prevention and culverts

To determine the estimated flow rate, it is necessary to perform the necessary topographic and geodetic work and surveys in the process of technical surveys. The main initial data are the plan of the basin with a description of its area, the length of the main ravine, the average slope of the ravine, slopes. In addition, it is necessary to establish the nature of the surface of the pool: vegetation, soil cover.

A basin is a piece of terrain from which water flows down to the projected culvert during rainfall and snowmelt. To determine the area of the basin, it is necessary to establish its boundaries on the map or on the ground. On the one hand, the boundary of the basin is always the road itself, and on the other hand, the watershed line that separates this basin from neighboring ones.

The calculation of the maximum flow rates is carried out on the basis of storm runoff and melt water runoff according to the formulas and methods set forth in the special literature. The larger of them is taken as the calculated one.

Small culverts are arranged at the intersection of the highway with streams, ravines, through which water from rains and melt water flows. The number of culverts depends on climatic conditions and terrain. Pipes and bridges must ensure the passage of water without harm to the road and road structures.

Most of the culverts are pipes. They do not change the driving conditions of cars, do not hamper the roadway and shoulders, and do not require changing the type of road surface.

Generally construction industry has a negative impact on natural complexes. In construction areas, especially industrial ones, there is a high level of air, water, and soil pollution. This happens at all stages of construction: during design and survey work, during the construction of roads and quarries, directly during work at the construction site.

The main sources of pollution during construction work are: drilling and blasting, construction of pits and trenches, the use of a hydraulic method of excavation, deforestation and shrubs, burning the soil with fires, quarrying, damage to the soil layer and washout of pollution from the construction site, the formation of construction waste dumps, emissions vehicles and other mechanisms operating in the construction zone.

The impact of construction production on the environment can be direct and indirect. For example, directly in the course of construction work, the destruction of ecosystems on the territory of the construction site, pollution of soils, surface and groundwater with construction waste. Indirect pollution occurs, for example, through the choice of building materials and their use. Thus, negative impacts on the natural environment already occur during the extraction of raw materials for building materials, their production, transportation, etc.

AT table 5.2 an example of an environmental assessment of some types of construction work is presented and the main types of negative impacts and measures to minimize them are given.

Table 5.2. Some negative impacts on the environment during various types of construction work and measures to minimize and prevent them

Types of jobs
Construction site organization	Formation of construction waste and departure of polluted vehicles; surface runoff pollution; soil erosion; landscape change, etc.	Equipping exits from the construction site with points for washing the wheels of vehicles; installation of storage bins or organization of a special site for collecting garbage, transportation of garbage using closed trays; removal of garbage and excess soil to the places specified by the Customer. Organization of industrial and domestic wastewater treatment; prevention of "outflow" of underground waters during drilling operations and their pollution during works on artificial fixation of weak soils. Protection against erosion during the release of water from the construction site; organization of cutting and storage of the soil layer; correct layout of temporary roads and access roads. Replanting and fencing of preserved trees; ensuring the exclusion of wildlife from the construction site, etc.
Transport, loading and unloading operations, operation of compressors, jackhammers and other construction equipment	Pollution of atmospheric air, soil, groundwater, noise pollution, etc.	Equipment for vehicles transporting bulk cargo with removable awnings. Providing places for loading and unloading of dust-like materials (cement, lime, gypsum) with dust-collecting devices. Provision of noise barriers for construction equipment locations (during construction near residential buildings, etc.)
Welding, insulation, roofing and finishing works	Emissions into the environment of harmful substances (gases, dust, etc.)	Organization of proper storage and transportation of flammable and hazardous materials (gas cylinders, bituminous materials, solvents, paints, varnishes, glass and slag wool), etc.
Types of jobs	Main types of impacts (environmental problems)	Preventive measures to reduce stress
Stone and concrete work	Waste generation and the possibility of air pollution Vibration and noise loads	Processing of natural stones in specially designated places on the construction site; provision of work sites with dust-collecting devices. The use of vibration devices that meet standards, as well as vibration and noise protection devices, etc.

When designing a facility, measures should be taken to prevent the discharge of polluted wastewater and prevent direct pollution of ground and surface waters.

At the construction site, it is necessary to organize a system for the removal of rainwater and melt water into the existing storm sewer networks.

As preventive measures against pollution of surface runoff, organized discharge and removal of waste, regular cleaning of the territory should be provided.

Reducing the impact on surface water during the construction of the facility is achieved by fulfilling the following conditions:

The construction site must be kept clean;

Dry closets should be used for the domestic needs of workers.

In order to avoid the removal of soil from the construction site to the carriageway of city streets, it is necessary to install hard-surfaced entrances before the start of construction, and during construction, wash the wheels of vehicles with water.

construction waste will be formed both during the dismantling of existing buildings and during the construction of a new building.

The amount of waste during construction is determined in accordance with RDS 82-202-96 based on the norms of waste and intractable losses of materials in% as required.

Waste types:

1) soil formed during excavation, not contaminated with hazardous substances;

2) broken concrete products, concrete waste in lump form;

3) cement mortar waste in lump form;

4) natural wood products that have lost their consumer properties;

5) waste of asphalt concrete and/or asphalt concrete mixture in lump form;

6) residues and cinders of welding electrodes;

7) steel scrap not sorted;

8) stump uprooting waste;

9) waste of branches, branches from logging;

10) building gravel that has lost its consumer properties;

11) sand waste not contaminated with hazardous substances;

12) waste bitumen, asphalt in solid form;

13) breaking building bricks;

14) containers from under paintwork materials;

Removal of construction waste from the site is carried out by the Contractor to the nearest industrial waste landfill under agreements with organizations licensed to handle waste. Scrap metal is delivered by the Customer to the Vtorchermet processing plant.

Building materials

Ecological characteristics of the used

Recently, to characterize the construction process, the term “life cycle of a construction object” (LCSO) is increasingly used, which is understood as a chronologically expressed sequence of stages (stages) of its creation and disposal.

The allocation of the sequence of stages of the ZhTsSO is due to the fact that the international ISO standards, which are beginning to be introduced in our country, provide for the creation of mandatory operational control over the promotion of construction products throughout the life cycle of a construction object - from design to disposal (ISO 14040 standard). The assessment of environmental conditions for the impact of the life cycle of an object on the environment is set out in ISO 14042.

The expediency of identifying individual stages of the LCSO can be illustrated by the example of one of the components of this cycle - the production of building materials. According to foreign experts, the assessment of the life cycle of building materials should include an environmental impact assessment on the environment of the very process of extracting natural raw materials used for the production of building material, an assessment of the environmental safety of its production, an assessment of the composition and properties of the building material, as well as the possibility of its processing and reuse. use in the disposal of the object.

Environmental support of the life cycle of building materials at individual stages allows us to assess not only the intensity of their negative impact on the environment (pollution, waste generation, consumption of natural resources, etc.), but also to more accurately determine the energy consumption at each stage.

The impact of the construction production of the reinforced concrete plant on the atmospheric air. The construction of a reinforced concrete plant has a significant negative impact on the air basin in the form of pollution with harmful gas and dust emissions and various aerodynamic disturbances.

The production of building materials and building structures makes the most significant contribution to air pollution. Suffice it to say that the global cement industry annually emits more than a million tons of nitrogen oxide emissions and a huge amount of CO 2 , significantly worsening the state of natural ecosystems.

A significant emission of dust in industrial premises is observed in the manufacture of building materials such as cement, concrete, silicate products, as well as reinforced concrete, wood and metal building structures. Ancillary industries actively emit dust, for example, warehouses with finished cement products. Polydisperse dust containing up to 20% SiO 2 is released both during loading and unloading operations and during transportation of finished products.

The dust content of the air in the premises during the production of the most important binder material - cement reaches 100120 mg/m 3 (with the dust content of the surrounding technosphere -1.7-1.9 mg/m 3). Active sources of dust and gases in cement plants are handling equipment, drying drums, ball mills and especially clinker rotary kilns.

In addition to dust, emissions of toxic gases, heavy metals, radionuclides and other harmful substances lead to a significant deterioration in the sanitary and environmental situation near existing construction industry enterprises.

No less dangerous is the environmental situation that develops in the workshops of the reinforced concrete plant during the production of non-standard metal structures (dust of metals and their scales, welding aerosols, carbon dioxide, manganese and other harmful substances).

During the production of cement, the air is polluted within a radius of up to 3 km or more. The surroundings of cement plants often turn into lifeless yellowish-gray spaces. In the area of action of the largest cement production in Europe - JSC "Maltsevsky Portlandcement" with an annual emission of pollution up to 90 thousand tons, extensive areas of damage and drying out of the most valuable pine plantations were noted.

The development of deposits of non-metallic building materials is accompanied by air pollution with gas and dust emissions from the operation of quarry equipment and machines (bulldozers, conveyors, excavators, dump trucks, etc.).

Particularly large emissions of organic and inorganic dust occur during open-pit mining and explosive extraction of minerals. A cloud of dust can extend for many kilometers; settling on the soil, dust pollutes it and reduces fertility.

No less pollution of the atmosphere is created during the transportation of mined bulk mineral raw materials transported in open wagons and in car bodies. In these cases, tens of thousands of tons of natural building materials are blown out.

Dust in the atmosphere can play not only a negative, but also a positive role. Without dust particles, there would be no clouds or fogs. However, a large amount of dust reduces the total radiation, which leads to a decrease in the amount of solar energy, and this adversely affects biotic communities. And, of course, one should not forget about the toxicity of many types of dust, their ability to be carriers of pathogenic bacteria, etc.

However, the most radical measure to protect the air basin from pollution should be considered the greening of technological processes and, first of all, the creation of closed technological cycles, low-waste and waste-free technologies that exclude harmful pollutants from entering the atmosphere.

Unfortunately, the current level of development of the greening of technological processes, the introduction of closed technological cycles, etc. insufficient to completely prevent emissions of toxic substances into the atmosphere. Therefore, various methods of cleaning exhaust gases are widely used at construction industry enterprises, however, from the point of view of the future, dust and gas cleaning devices have no prospects.

The task of architectural and planning solutions also includes the environmentally appropriate mutual placement of emission sources and populated areas, taking into account the direction of the winds.

The impact of the construction production of the precast concrete plant on water resources. Modern construction has a multifaceted negative impact on both the underground and, in particular, the surface hydrosphere.

The water shell of the Earth's surface is a necessary and extremely sensitive component of the natural environment to pollution and other types of anthropogenic impact. Like other types of ecosystems, the aquatic ecological system has the corresponding limits of anthropogenic impact, the excess of which can cause disruption of relationships within ecosystems and irreversible phenomena in the biosphere.

There are the following main types of construction impact on aquatic ecosystems:

1) intensive water consumption, up to the depletion of water resources;

2) pollution and clogging of surface water bodies with sewage and construction debris;

H) changes in the water regime of rivers (silting, etc.) during the construction of various facilities.

Construction is a major consumer of utility and drinking water, and mainly technical water. Huge amounts of water are consumed for the preparation of concrete and cement mortars, cooling of engines, aggregates and other technological installations, washing of construction machines and mechanisms, heat supply, hydraulic testing of structures, domestic needs of the builders themselves, etc.

One of the most water-intensive industries in the industry includes factories for reinforced concrete products and structures, cement plants, enterprises producing gypsum and ceramic products, wet cement, etc. For example, steaming reinforced concrete and concrete structures consumes 500-800 kg of steam per 1 m 3 products.

A significant amount of water is consumed by operating ready-mixed concrete plants. In European countries, water is used not only for mixing concrete, but also in large volumes for washing drums of concrete mixers, mixing equipment, wheels of concrete trucks, not only at the end of the shift, but also during the day.

It follows from the above data that huge volumes of construction production (for example, more than 10 thousand ready-mixed concrete plants are currently operating in Europe alone) also require a significant amount of water.

The environmentally dangerous depletion of water resources under conditions of their unreasonable exploitation can lead to the depletion of water reserves. Water depletion is understood as an unacceptable reduction in their reserves within a certain territory or a decrease in the minimum allowable surface runoff. Both lead to unfavorable environmental consequences, violate the established ecological ties in the human-biosphere system.

Construction can be a serious factor in the pollution of the surface hydrosphere. First of all, this occurs when wastewater from the construction industry is discharged into water bodies in an untreated (or insufficiently purified) form.

At the plant for the production of racks of contact networks, water is used as a solvent, absorber, coolant, coolant, etc. The volume of wastewater is determined by such factors as the capacity of the enterprise, the features of the production technology, the type of product and material, etc.

The composition of wastewater from construction industry enterprises is quite complex - it is a heterogeneous mixture of various impurities of mineral and organic origin, including hydroxides of a number of metals, various toxic compounds, hydrocarbons (oils, fuel oil, etc.), etc.

Surface water bodies and rivers are complex ecosystems that are very sensitive to anthropogenic impacts. When untreated wastewater is discharged, its chemical composition changes, mineralization increases, the active reaction of the environment changes, new toxic substances appear, etc. Physical properties (color, smell, taste, etc.) deteriorate sharply. Reservoirs pass into the category of polluted and bring a significant dissonance and functioning of the natural system.

The ecological state of the surface hydrosphere is also disturbed by changes in the hydrological regime of rivers caused by the construction of underwater and other hydraulic structures, the development of coastal quarries of building materials, which is manifested in the reshaping of banks, deepening of the channel, etc.

The construction production of the precast concrete plant can have a negative impact on the underground hydrosphere in various ways. Firstly, it often significantly pollutes groundwater with its waste, secondly, it depletes their water resources, and, thirdly, it creates conditions for the development of unfavorable geological processes (flooding, karst, etc.).

The main sources of groundwater pollution associated with construction are sewage from construction industry enterprises, polluted runoff from construction sites and temporary storage of building materials, as well as leachate from construction and household waste dumps. Pollutants infiltrate through the soil aeration zone and enter underground aquifers.

Ground and surface waters are protected from the negative impact of construction through a set of measures aimed at preventing (preventive measures), limiting and eliminating the consequences of their pollution, clogging and depletion.

To protect the hydrosphere from pollution, the following protective measures are envisaged:

· reducing the volume of wastewater discharged by construction industry enterprises through the development of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the introduction of closed-loop water supply systems;

· forced treatment of industrial waste water. According to the Water Code of the Republic of Belarus, during the construction and operation of any facilities, including construction facilities and construction industry enterprises, the discharge of wastewater into water bodies without treatment is prohibited;

· Allocation on any water body (river, pools, lake, etc.) of a water protection zone with a width of 0.1 to 1.5 km or more. Within the water protection zones, any construction, plowing of land, dumping of garbage and production waste, etc. is prohibited. The water protection zone is marked with a special sign.

The impact of the construction production of the precast concrete plant on the soil. The lithosphere, more precisely, its upper part, is exposed to the greatest negative impact during construction work in comparison with other natural spheres.

The construction of a reinforced concrete plant activates the most dangerous geological processes in the near-surface zone of the earth's crust - landslides, flooding, karst, subsidence, etc.; pollutes, litters and litters the soil cover and soil massifs; alienates huge areas of the most valuable lands, while sharply reducing the area of natural ecosystems.

Soil is an invaluable, practically non-renewable natural resource, the most important biological adsorbent and pollution neutralizer. At the same time, the soil is subjected to a very strong anthropogenic impact, since it is the first lithospheric layer from the earth's surface. It manifests itself in pollution and littering, "sealing", the development of erosion processes, alienation (withdrawal), etc.

In the process of construction activities, soils are easily polluted with garbage, cement, sewage, oil products, and toxic substances. The main sources of pollution: construction waste dumps, gas and smoke emissions, building materials at the time of their transportation and storage, without meeting technical requirements, flushing of polluted water from the construction site, etc.

Near construction industry enterprises (cement, asphalt concrete plants, etc.), soils can be intensively polluted from above as a result of gas and dust emissions. Toxicants accumulating in the soil will pose a danger to populations of any organisms, including humans, for a long time.

The soil cover of agroecosystems is irreversibly disturbed during the alienation of land for the construction of industrial facilities, cities, towns, for laying roads, pipelines, communication lines, during the open mining of deposits of natural building materials, etc. The greatest environmental damage during construction is caused to the environment precisely by the fact that for the construction of facilities, access roads, significant land areas are allocated for permanent and temporary use. According to the UN, more than 300,000 hectares of arable land are irretrievably lost every year during the construction of cities and roads in the world. Of course, these losses are inevitable, but they must be reduced to a minimum.

The soil, like all land in general, is protected by law. Builders are obliged to efficiently and rationally use the soil cover, to prevent its unauthorized removal, damage, pollution, clogging and depletion.

Description of work

The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that one of the pollutants of the atmosphere is the construction industry. Construction is one of the most powerful anthropogenic factors affecting the environment. The anthropogenic impact of construction is diverse in nature and occurs at all stages of construction activity - from the extraction of building materials to the operation of finished facilities. The purpose of the work: to assess the ecological state of the atmosphere of the object of study (construction site).

Introduction
Chapter 1 Influence of grain processing and flour milling enterprises on air pollution
1.1. Enterprise characteristics
1.2. The main substances - pollutants in the construction industry
1.2. Dust characteristic
1.3. Environmental pollution in the production of building materials and industrial waste disposal
Chapter 2 The degree of pollution of the atmosphere of the object under study
2.1. Characteristics of the object of study
2.2. Description of the studied methods
2.3. Climatic conditions of the territory
2.4. Results processing
Conclusion
List of used literature

The work contains 1 file

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

ORENBURG STATE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Geology and Geography

Department of Ecology and Nature Management

COURSE WORK

in the discipline "Atmosphere of industrial enterprises"

Assessment of the ecological state of the atmosphere of the object of study (CJSC Khleboprodukt-1)

OGU 656600.5096.11 OO

Work manager

Shabanova S.V.

"_____" _________________ 2009

Executor

Student gr.08- OOS

Fatikhova A.A.

"_____" _________________2011

Orenburg 2011

Introduction……………………………………………………………………....…...3

Chapter 1 Influence of grain processing and flour milling enterprises on atmospheric air pollution ………………………………………………..5

1.1. Characteristics of the enterprise…………………………………...….. .............5

1.2. The main substances - pollutants in the construction industry ....... 6

1.2. Characteristics of dust………………………………………………………

1.3. Environmental pollution in the production of building materials and disposal of industrial waste……………………….…..13

Chapter 2 The degree of pollution of the atmosphere of the object under study

2.1. Characteristics of the object of study………………………………….... 20

2.2. Description of the studied methods……………………....……….………….20

2.3. Climatic conditions of the territory………………………………………21

2.4. Processing of results………………………………………………………..23

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………41

List of used literature…………………………………………..42

Annex A…………………………………………………………………..43

Introduction.

Until recently, the main task of construction was the creation of an artificial environment that provides the conditions for human life. The environment was considered only from the point of view of the need to protect against its negative impacts on the newly created artificial environment. The reverse process of the impact of human construction activities on the natural environment and the artificial environment on the natural environment has become the subject of consideration relatively recently. Only certain aspects of this problem, to the extent of practical necessity, have been studied and solved (for example, the removal and disposal of waste, care for clean air in settlements).

Speaking about the impact on the environment of construction, one should distinguish, on the one hand, construction as the most important branch of the national economy, and on the other hand, construction as a product of this industry: urbanized territories, highways, etc. As a branch of the national economy, construction needs a large amount of various raw materials, building materials, energy, water and other resources, the production of which has a strong impact on the environment. Serious violations of landscapes and environmental pollution are associated with the conduct of work directly on the construction site. These violations begin with the clearing of the construction site, the removal of the vegetation layer and the implementation of earthworks. When clearing a construction site that was previously used for development, a significant amount of waste is generated that pollutes the environment when burned, or clutters up landfills, which changes the morphology of the sites, worsens hydrological conditions, and contributes to erosion. The degree of impact on the environment depends on the materials used for construction, the technology of erecting buildings and structures, the technological equipment of the construction industry, the type and quality of construction machines, mechanisms and vehicles, and other factors.

The territory of construction sites becomes a source of pollution of neighboring areas: exhaust and noise of car engines, waste incineration. Water is widely used in construction processes - as components of solutions, as a coolant in heating networks; after use, it is discharged, polluting groundwater and soil. However, the construction itself is a relatively short process. The situation is much more complicated with the impact on the nature of objects that are products of construction - buildings, structures and their complexes - urbanized territories. Their impact on the environment has not yet been sufficiently studied, therefore, almost all environmental measures are advisory in nature.

The purpose of the work: to assess the ecological state of the atmosphere of the object of study (construction site).

To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved:

to study the theoretical aspects of the impact of the construction industry on air pollution;
to identify the main substances - pollutants of the construction industry and how the environment is polluted in the production of building materials and industrial waste disposal
to investigate the impact of the construction site of the OSU educational building on the atmosphere of the adjacent territory
process the results.

Chapter 1. The impact of the construction industry on air pollution.

1.1. Construction and environment

Industry is the main source of air pollution. Among the sources of pollution may be construction, which is associated with the extraction of natural building materials, products and parts, the production of construction work at construction sites. Air pollution adversely affects the condition of buildings and structures.

Environmental protection measures include all types of human activities. In construction activities, such activities include: urban planning measures aimed at the environmentally sound location of enterprises, settlements, etc. Architectural construction measures that determine the choice of environmental space-planning and design solutions. The choice of environmentally friendly materials in the design and construction. The use of low-waste and waste-free technological processes and industries in the extraction and processing of building materials. Construction and operation of treatment facilities and devices. Land reclamation. Measures to combat erosion and soil pollution. Measures for the protection of water and subsoil, and the rational use of mineral resources.

Stone and metal structures are destroyed, paints fade and collapse, monuments perish. In order to reduce air pollution, maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances were established.
The hydrosphere is called the water shell of the earth, located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere, consisting of a combination of oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, etc. and including atmospheric water vapor.

Irrigation is the largest consumer of water, the construction industry is in second place, and municipal utilities are in third place. The interaction of cities with the hydrosphere is not difficult to imagine. A person cannot live without water, and therefore uses it in everyday life, both in everyday life and in his activities. In turn, man pollutes the world's waters with various types of waste /3/.

Production waste should be understood as residues, materials or semi-finished products formed during the manufacture of products and have lost their consumer properties in whole or in part, as well as products of physical-chemical or mechanical processing of raw materials, the production of which was not the purpose of the production process and which can be used in folk farm as a finished product after appropriate processing or as a raw material for processing.

The reverse process of the impact of human construction activities on the natural environment and the artificial environment on the natural environment has become the subject of consideration relatively recently. Only certain aspects of this problem have been studied and solved.

Construction as a branch of the national economy needs a large amount of various raw materials, building materials, energy, water and other resources, the production of which has a strong impact on the environment /1/.

1.2. The main substances are pollutants of the construction industry.

1.2.1. cement dust

An important problem of modern production is the protection of the environment from emissions of dust and harmful gases into the atmosphere. A high concentration of dust in emissions causes great harm to the natural environment, leads to the irretrievable loss of a large amount of raw materials and finished products. Industrial dust is the smallest solid particles released during crushing, grinding and mechanical processing of various materials, loading and unloading bulk cargo, etc., as well as formed during the condensation of some vapors. Cement dust in the production of cement appears as a result of the processing of finely dispersed mineral materials. The total amount of dust collected at cement plants is up to 30% of the total output. Up to 80% of the total amount of dust is emitted with gases from clinker kilns. The dust carried out from the furnaces is a polydisperse powder, containing 40-70% in the wet method of production, and up to 80% in the dry method of fractions with a size of less than 20 microns. Mineralogical studies have determined that the composition of the dust contains up to 20% of clinker minerals; of which dicalcium silicate and modifications - 8-10, dicalcium ferrite and tetracalcium aluminoferrite - 10-12, free calcium oxide - 2-14, alkalis - 1-8%. The bulk of the dust consists of a mixture of burnt clay and undecomposed limestone. The composition of dust significantly depends on the type of furnaces, the type and properties of the raw materials used, as well as the method of capture. The most dispersed and highly alkaline dust is deposited in electrostatic precipitators. The specific surface of dust in electrostatic precipitators reaches 5000-8000 cm2/g, and dust in settling chambers - 1000-4000 cm2/g, which depends on the nature of the fired raw material and the firing mode, in particular the temperature and gas flow rate /5/. The content of alkaline oxides in the dust caught by electrostatic precipitators ranges from 3 to 25%. Various types of dust that are of interest for use are formed in the production of various materials: lime, expanded clay, etc. Waste generated in the production of asbestos-cement products ( asbestos cement waste), are divided into dry and wet: the first includes the battle of asbestos-cement products, cutting sheets and pipes, chips from mechanical processing of pipes; to the second - precipitation in water purification devices. The composition of dry waste is the same as that of asbestos-cement products. Wet waste mainly consists of hydrated and carbonized cement grains with an admixture of fine asbestos fibers. With a high water content, they acquire the properties of a pulp, and when rubbed and mixed, they form a plastic dough. The average density of this type of waste in the dried state is 250-300 kg / m3, thermal conductivity is 0.052-0.064 W / (m ° C). Significant amounts of waste in the form of ceramic and cullet are formed at ceramic enterprises and construction sites. At ceramic enterprises using solid fuel in the form of waste (up to 10 m3 for every 100 thousand bricks), kiln residues are also formed, consisting of a mixture of fuel ash with a small amount of unburned coal and ceramic fines. One of the most important characteristics of dust is its dispersion. The dispersion of dust is understood as the set of sizes of all particles that make up the dust system. The results of the study of the disperse composition of dust generated during the production of Portland cement clinker indicate that the dust emitted from pollution sources is polydisperse. The content of the dust fraction less than 10 microns increases from 10.75 to 75% as the material passes through the technological process. The finest dust is formed during the roasting of raw materials in rotary kilns of the dry production method /7/. Cement plants, despite the significant variety of raw materials used and the technological equipment used, for the most part have a similar production scheme. Dust-collecting devices are installed at all technological units that emit dust at cement plants, which allow not only to return a significant amount of the finished product or semi-finished product, but also to prevent dust pollution of the air basin of cement plants and adjacent territories. The dust background from cement plants is formed mainly due to three sources of dust emission: rotary kilns, cement mills and silos. The main source of dust emission are clinker kilns. In most cases, the amount of dust emitted into the atmosphere with gases from furnaces reaches 80% of the total amount of dust emitted during the cement production process. During normal operation of modern rotary kilns for the wet process of clinker production, the removal of dust from the kiln in relation to the weight of dry material fed into the kiln is usually 5-8%. Heat exchange devices, mainly chain curtains, which are not only heat exchangers, but also a kind of device that traps dust carried out of the furnace by gases, have a great influence on the amount of dust entrainment. It is necessary to fully use the heat transfer properties of chain curtains to save energy. The current state of the art makes it possible to expand the chain curtain up to a temperature of 1200°C (furnace temperature) and thereby achieve the highest efficiency of the curtain's heat exchange performance. To limit the chain zone to 850°C instead of increasing to the maximum temperature means to reduce the possible yield of clinker by 3.0-5.0% with the same energy consumption. Currently, most enterprises in dust collection systems use electrostatic precipitators installed twenty or more years ago and providing a degree of purification of 95-98% or 300-800 mg/m3 of dust at the outlet. Today, many enterprises are forced to solve the issue of replacing morally and physically obsolete electrostatic precipitators, and are again guided by electrostatic precipitators as familiar equipment /6/. However, today only the best foreign electrostatic precipitators with 5-7 fields provide residual dust content at the level of 50-100 mg/m3. at the same time, the dimensions of such filters are much larger than the existing ones. Significant disadvantages of electrostatic precipitators include the complexity of the design, the impossibility of stable operation under conditions of a changing chemical and physical composition of the working environment, residual electrification of the trapped dust particles, which often does not allow it to be returned to production. As a technical system, the electrostatic precipitator has reached its limit of development and can no longer follow the tightening emission requirements. A good alternative to electrostatic precipitators today can be bag filters with pulsed regeneration. The operation of bag filters is based on the ability of materials to retain dust that is larger than the holes present in these materials. The advantages of modern bag filters are based on several factors. The main one is the appearance of synthetic materials obtained by a non-woven method. With high breathability, they are almost an order of magnitude stronger than conventional ones. These materials have many new properties and, first of all, high heat resistance - up to 300°C, but these are very expensive fabrics. The most widely used fabrics with heat resistance up to 150°C. The appearance of these fabrics contributed to the birth of a fundamentally new method of sleeve regeneration - pulsed blowing with compressed air. There are no moving parts in these baghouses, which greatly improves operational reliability. Bag filter equipment is much lighter than ESP equipment of similar capacity and requires less space. The cost of bag filters is 2-5 times cheaper than electrostatic precipitators. The main advantage of the new generation of bag filters is their efficiency, when dedusting furnace gases it reaches 99.9%, which is much higher than that of electrostatic precipitators. Dust captured by dedusting plants is a valuable raw material for the production of building materials and therefore must be returned to production lines. Utilization of captured dust in production is one of the conditions for creating waste-free industries. Of greatest interest is the use of dust in the process of cement production in the cement plant itself, which can be solved by returning the dust to the kiln, using the dust as an additive in cement grinding, firing it in a separate dry kiln, etc. However, such a method of disposal is not always appropriate, since the possibility of returning dust to the furnace mainly depends on the amount of alkali in the sludge and on their accumulation in the dust during its capture in the electrostatic precipitator. The increased content of alkali oxides in the dust, if the latter is fed into the kiln, reduces the quality of the clinker. At the same time, it was found that only with a low content of alkali oxides in the sludge up to 0.7-0.8%, the entire amount of dust captured in electrostatic precipitators can be freely fed into the furnace without affecting the quality of the resulting clinker. Due to the different content of alkaline oxides in the dust captured by the fields of the electrostatic precipitator, it is possible to return to the furnace not its entire amount, but only a part, for example, only I or I and II of the filter fields. When dust is returned to the kiln, the mass concentration of dust in the gases in front of the electrostatic precipitators, depending on the method of supply, increases by 10-35%, the specific consumption of raw materials decreases by 8%, and the fuel consumption for firing by 6%. Dry kiln dust with a high concentration of alkali cannot be returned to the kiln. It must be removed and subjected to leaching. Currently, kiln dust has been successfully used as an additive to the raw mass in the manufacture of silicate bricks. Dust from electrostatic precipitators in the production of cement is also used as a fertilizer for liming acidic soils in agriculture. It is of interest to use dust captured by dust cleaning systems for the production of colored medical glass and for obtaining thin heat-shielding films on sheet glass with an absorption coefficient in the IR range of 39-25%. The dust of electrostatic precipitators of cement plants contains a lot of alkalis and is close in composition to the initial raw material for glass production. Its introduction into the mixture makes it possible to remove the chalk and reduce the amount of soda, dolomite and alumina /8/.

1.2.2. brick rubble

brick rubble has a bulk density of 800-900 kg / m3, it is possible to obtain concrete with an average density of 1800-2000 kg / m3, i.e. 20% lighter than conventional heavy aggregates. The use of brick crushed stone is effective for the manufacture of large-pore concrete blocks with an average density of up to 1400 kg/m3. Hearth residues are used in the manufacture of concrete blocks and as hydraulic additives. In the production of facade ceramics, facing faience tiles, and sanitary construction products, cullet is used as part of fireclay ceramic mixtures to enrich masses and improve the properties of finished products. A significant amount of waste in the form of underburning is formed during the production of agloporite. The unfinished product is returned to the sintering machines, which helps to increase the gas permeability of the charge, as well as improve the agglomeration process of the agglomerate structure and its quality. Waste in the form of dust is formed during the firing of expanded clay gravel. This dust can be used as an emaciating component of ceramic masses. When mixing claydite dust with alkaline solutions, it, like other aluminosilicate materials, acquires the ability to harden and form an artificial stone, which can be used in the production of building products. In the industry of mineral wool production, a significant amount of waste is generated in the form of "kinglet" and substandard mineral fiber. These wastes are largely utilized by returning them to the furnace for obtaining mineral melt, which makes it possible to reduce the specific consumption of raw materials by 15-20%. A significant part of the waste is sent to dumps. Mineral wool production waste contain particles of "kinglet" 0.1-5 mm in size, aggregates and welds up to 800 mm in size. Chemical composition of waste (% mass): 5Yu2 - 42-45, A1203 - 12.5-14, Re203 - 10-13, CaO - 22-25, TiO2 - 0.8-0.9, M 0 - 3.5 -3.9, Ka20 - 1.8-2.0, K20 - 1.2-1.3. Mineral wool production waste can be used to produce wall blocks. With regard to concretes based on basalt wool production waste, it has been experimentally established that the use of gypsum-containing binders is more effective. This is due to their ability to provide dense contact structures with vitreous filler. The vitreous structure of the bead surface is the reason for the low strength of concretes based on cement binder. In order to increase the strength of concrete, the effect of filling the concrete mixture with finely dispersed components was studied. As fillers, basalt fly-away dust was used - waste from crushing basalt rock and cement dust. In concretes based on mineral wool production waste, the introduction of a filler not only improves the microstructure of the cement stone due to the expansion of cement grains, but also increases the adhesion of neoplasms to the filler. Basalt fly dust, having a chemical affinity with the filler, ensures the adhesion of the cement binder to the glass phase, reduces volumetric deformation and stress at the interface between the surface of the filler and the cement stone. The cement dust of kilns contains soluble alkalis that chemically interact with the surface of the glass phase of the filler to form compounds that promote adhesion to the cement stone in the early and late periods of concrete hardening. Glassy wastes of mineral wool production after grinding have the ability to harden when mixed with an alkaline solution. On the basis of such binders and various fillers, including those obtained from sintered waste of mineral wool production, it is also possible to produce wall, heat-insulating and other products /2/.

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