Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish intervention. Foreign intervention in troubled times Polish-Lithuanian intervention
Russian-Polish war of 1609-1618 |
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1547 - 1721 |
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Russia lost Smolensk and Seversk lands, but avoided a personal union with the Commonwealth |
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Opponents |
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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Russian kingdom |
Swedish Empire (1609-1610) |
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Commanders |
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Stanislav Zholkevsky |
Vasily Shuisky |
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz |
Dmitry Shuisky |
Peter Konashevich |
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Sagaidachny |
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Russian-Polish war- An armed conflict between Russia and the Commonwealth, during which the Polish-Lithuanian troops occupied the Moscow Kremlin for two years (from 1610 to 1612). In Russian-language literature it is often referred to as Polish-Lithuanian intervention. One of the main events of the Time of Troubles.
Polish magnates invaded Russia, initially under the pretext of helping False Dmitry (in 1605), and then with the explicit goal of conquering the Russian kingdom. Officially, the Commonwealth, represented by King Sigismund III, entered the war after Tsar Vasily Shuisky concluded an alliance with the Kingdom of Sweden, hostile to the Poles (see the Vyborg Treaty of 1609). The tsarist army was defeated in the battle of Klushino, the Polish-Lithuanian army captured Moscow, captured Shuisky and tried to put Prince Vladislav in his place.
In 1612, the Second People's Militia liberated Moscow from the invaders, but the war flared until 1618, when Polish and Cossack formations ravaged the southern regions of the Russian state and besieged Moscow without success. The war ended with the signing of the Deulinsky truce, according to which, among other territorial losses of the Commonwealth, Smolensk was ceded.
Background (Dmitriad)
On August 15, 1604, the army of False Dmitry I invaded Russia from the territory of Poland. False Dmitry pretended to be the Moscow prince, and a significant part of his army were Cossacks. Only the Polish magnates Mniszeki from the territory of modern Western Ukraine supported the Pretender. False Dmitry owed his success not to the regular Polish army, but to the unpopularity of the Russian Tsar Boris. In May, after the death of Boris Godunov, the army stationed near Kromy swore allegiance to Dmitry. He sent him to Moscow, headed by Prince Vasily Golitsin, and he himself went to Tula. Convinced of the support of the nobles and the people, he moved to the capital. On June 1, 1605, Fyodor Borisovich Godunov was overthrown as a result of a coup. On June 10, he was killed, and 10 days later Dmitry solemnly entered the Kremlin. On July 18, False Dmitry was recognized by Tsarina Maria, the wife of Ivan the Terrible and the mother of Tsarevich Dmitry. On July 30, the wedding to the kingdom took place. Less than a year later, on May 17, 1606, False Dmitry was killed as a result of a coup, and the Poles who were with him in Moscow were partly killed, partly taken into custody and sent to the cities. Vasily Shuisky became king, whose legitimacy, however, was not recognized by a significant number of the population, who were waiting for the new coming of the “true king”.
In 1607, a new impostor appeared in Starodub - False Dmitry II, posing as Tsar Dmitry, who had miraculously escaped for the second time. A significant number of Polish "Rokoshans" - Confederate rebels who lost their uprising against Sigismund III ("Rokosh Zebrzydowski") immediately stuck to him. The most prominent of them were Prince Roman Rozhinsky, who became the de facto commander of the impostor's army, Alexander Lisovsky, Adam Vishnevetsky; then they were joined by the Usvyat elder Jan Piotr Sapieha, who fought on the side of the king during Rokosh. The Zaporozhye Cossacks were led by Galician Ivan Zarutsky. The impostor moved north, on April 30-May 1, 1608, he defeated Shuisky's troops near Bolkhov and laid siege to Moscow, setting up his camp near Tushin (see Tushino camp), from which he received the name of the Tushinsky thief.
Shuisky tried to resolve the situation by concluding a peace treaty with Sigismund (July 26), according to which he released all the Poles taken prisoner after the May events; Sigismund, in turn, undertook to withdraw his subjects from Tushin (which he could not do). The Poles were released, and among them Marina Mnishek, who was taken to the Tushino camp and immediately "recognized" her husband as an impostor. A significant part of Russia was under the rule of the Tushins, and famine began in besieged Moscow. In such a situation, Shuisky called on the Swedes for help against the Poles - on February 28, 1609, his nephew Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky concluded an agreement in Vyborg, according to which the Swedes undertook to put up an army against the Pretender, and Shuisky - to give the Korelsky district to the Swedes, to conclude an alliance with them against Poland and help the Swedes in recapturing Livonia from the Poles. The Russian-Swedish army of Skopin-Shuisky inflicted a number of defeats on the Tushins.
Siege of Smolensk
For his part, Sigismund III put forward the Russian-Swedish alliance directed against him as a casus belli and in September 1609, hoping to easily capture Russia, mired in turmoil, he laid siege to Smolensk, in which the voivode Shein defended himself with a 4,000-strong garrison. The invasion of Sigismund and his demand to the Tushino Poles to leave the impostor and go to the aid of the king caused a crisis in the Tushino camp. The Tushino Poles, who at first took Sigismund's demand with extreme hostility and even demanded that the king leave Russia, which they already considered theirs, in the end, for the most part, decided to unite with the king. The impostor fled to Kaluga, where he was joined by Cossacks, Tatars, and even part of the Poles. The rest, led by Rozhinsky, went to Volokolamsk, burning Tushino. The Tushino Russians, led by Mikhail Saltykov, finding themselves in a hopeless situation, in turn put forward the idea of calling the son of Sigismund, the Polish prince Vladislav Zhigimontovich, to the kingdom, who was 15 years old at that time, subject to his baptism into the Orthodox faith - which was achieved agreement with Sigismund near Smolensk.
Klushino battle and the occupation of Moscow by the Poles
Meanwhile, the Russian-Swedish army of Skopin-Shuisky solemnly entered Moscow, preparing to move to the rescue of Smolensk; but the young commander died unexpectedly, and the incompetent brother of the tsar, Dmitry Shuisky, was placed at the head of the army. On the way to Smolensk, he was attacked and defeated on the way near the village of Klushino by the Polish troops of the crown hetman Zholkievsky, mainly due to the betrayal of Delagardie's hired Swedes, to whom he refused to pay a salary, and the bad leadership of a poorly trained militia (July 4, 1610).
The collapse of Russian statehood
After that, Stanislav Zholkevsky moved to Moscow, where the indignant people, led by Zakhary Lyapunov, overthrew and imprisoned Shuisky in the monastery, after which the so-called Seven Boyars began to rule the city. In fact, his power did not extend beyond Moscow: in the west of Moscow, in Khoroshev, the Poles stood, led by Zholkevsky, and in the southeast, in Kolomenskoye, False Dmitry II, who had returned from Kaluga, with whom was the Polish detachment of Sapieha. The boyars were especially afraid of False Dmitry, because he had many supporters in Moscow and was at least more popular than them.
As a result, it was decided to negotiate with the Poles and invite the Polish prince Vladislav to the throne on the terms of his conversion to Orthodoxy, as had already been agreed between Sigismund and the Tushino delegation. On August 17 (27), 1610, an appropriate agreement was signed between the boyars and the hetman Zholkevsky, and Moscow kissed the cross of Vladislav, and an embassy headed by Prince Vasily Golitsyn was sent to the king near Smolensk to work out the conditions for the accession of Vladislav and a peace treaty with Poland. However, fearing the Pretender, the boyars went further and on the night of September 21 let the Poles into the Kremlin.
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However, almost all the cities, as soon as they heard that in Moscow they swore allegiance to Korolevich, with zeal they swore allegiance in the same way as in the capital, namely: Novgorod the Great, Charanda, Ustyug, Pereyaslavl Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Belo-ozero (Belozersk) , Silian cities (castles), and the whole tract to the Arkhangelsk port and to the Arctic Sea, also the whole Ryazan land to Nizhny Novgorod, located at the junction of the Volga and Oka rivers, also the cities that held the side of the deceiver, Kolomna, Tula, Serpukhov and all others , except for Pskov, which hesitated, and some Seversk cities, which still recognized the deceiver as the Tsar, and for that they were very anxious Zaporozhye Cossacks. From Kazan and Astrakhan, due to remoteness, there was still no news about whether they were satisfied with this act. But in all other close areas, as mentioned above, from Velikiye Luki, from Toropets and other cities, they were very pleased that, as they said, the Lord God gave them Prince Vladislav as Sovereign. Manuscript Zholkiewski |
Smolensk was also taken, after a 1.5-year siege, due to the betrayal of a defector who pointed out to the enemy a weak spot in the wall. The embassy, unable to agree on anything (since Sigismund did not want to either let his son go to Moscow or give up Smolensk), was eventually arrested by the king. In fact, the Poles began to rule Russia by the right of the conquerors, and Sigismund sent detachments to occupy the cities. In such a situation, a movement for the expulsion of the Poles began, uniting both the former "Tushins" and former supporters of Shuisky.
Occupation of Moscow
In early August, Zholkiewski set up camp from the west of Moscow. At the request of the king, to maintain order in the capital before the arrival of Prince Vladislav in Moscow, in October-November 1610, he brought his troops into Moscow without a fight. A few months later, Zholkevsky left for Smolensk. Alexander Gonsevsky was left at the head of the Moscow garrison.
In 1611, the First Militia was formed, with a core of Tushino Cossacks and Ryazan nobles, led by Dmitry Trubetskoy, Ivan Zarutsky and Prokopy Lyapunov. It moved towards Moscow, where, in turn, an uprising broke out, in which Prince Dmitry Pozharsky played an important role. The uprising was suppressed thanks to the burning of Moscow; shortly thereafter, the militias took Kitay-gorod, but the internal strife between the Cossacks and the nobles, which ended in the murder of Lyapunov, led to the flight of the nobles and the actual collapse of the militia.
In this situation, the Second Militia is formed in Nizhny Novgorod, headed by Pozharsky. In August, it appeared at the walls of Moscow, where the Cossacks of Trubetskoy and Zarutskoy still stood. On August 22 and 24, Polish reinforcements were defeated, marching towards Moscow under the command of the great Lithuanian hetman Khodkevich, who was forced to retreat along the Smolensk road. The consequence of Pozharsky's victory was the surrender of the Poles who were in the Kremlin.
Defense of Volokolamsk
In 1613 Dorogobuzh, Vyazma, Bely and others were taken back, but the attempt to take Smolensk ended in failure; detachments of Poles, Cossacks and Lithuanian people occupied Ukraine and the Seversk region.
Lisovsky's raid
In 1615, the Polish-Lithuanian light cavalry under the command of Pan Lisovsky made a trip deep into the territory of Russia, describing a large loop around Moscow, after which they returned to the lands of the Commonwealth. In total, up to 1200-2000 people participated in the raid. During the raid, the Oryol battle took place, where the squads of the second people's militia under the leadership of Prince Pozharsky entered into battle against the detachments of interventionists near Orel.
Campaign of Vladislav
In early June, the Polish army of Prince Vladislav (11 thousand people) moved from Vyazma and stationed in Yurkaev on the road between Mozhaisk and Kaluga. In July 1618 The Poles unsuccessfully tried to capture Mozhaisk, after which they moved to Moscow, where they were joined by the 20,000th Zaporozhian army, under the command of Hetman Sahaidachny. On September 17, Vladislav was already in Zvenigorod, and on September 20 in Tushino. On October 1, an attack was made on Moscow, which was repulsed; after an equally unsuccessful attack on the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (where the leader of the foxes died), Vladislav entered into negotiations with the Russians, which led to the conclusion of the Deulinsky truce, for 14.5 years; Smolensk, Chernigov and Seversk regions were ceded to the Poles, but Vladislav did not renounce his claims to the throne of Moscow.
The position of Shuisky's government was still very precarious due to the ongoing struggle between the various strata of the feudal class, which was actively invaded by foreign forces. The Polish-Lithuanian magnates and gentry, as well as the Catholic Church, did not give up hope of taking advantage of the aggravation of contradictions in Russia. The failure of the adventure of the impostor "Dimitri" did not stop them. In the summer of 1607, another “Dimitriy” appeared in the city of Starodub, who “miraculously escaped” in 1606 in Moscow. A part of the Polish gentry gathered to him, rebelling against their own king and hoping to make amends with the king by participating in the campaign of False Dmitry II (as he is called in literature). Dissatisfaction with the government of Shuisky pushed the Cossacks led by Ivan Zarutsky, the remnants of Bolotnikov's detachments, to False Dmitry II (whose identity remained unidentified). In Seversk Ukraine, in the Ryazan district, in Pskov, Astrakhan and other places, mass unrest continued.
In the spring of 1608, a number of cities in Seversk Ukraine swore allegiance to False Dmitry. In early June, he was near Moscow, but in the battles at Khimki and on Presnya he was stopped and set up his camp in Tushino, soon receiving the nickname "Tushinsky Thief". Almost simultaneously, a detachment of the gentry under the command of Sapieha began an unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, behind the walls of which the peasants gathered from the surrounding villages and villages courageously defended themselves.
In an effort to release forces to fight against False Dmitry, the Shuisky government concluded a truce with Poland in July 1608, according to which both sides released prisoners captured during the adventure of the first impostor. Under this agreement, Marina Mnishek and her father were released from Moscow, but they ended up in Tushino. Having promised them 300,000 gold rubles and the entire Seversk land with 14 cities after accession to Moscow, False Dmitry II was "recognized" by Marina as her husband and "Tsarevich Dimitri". False Dmitry received an order from the Catholic Church - to introduce in Russia the union of the Catholic Church with the Orthodox Church, similarly to how it was done in Ukraine and Belarus, and also to transfer the capital Russian state from Moscow to one of the cities closer to Poland. While False Dmitry stood in Tushino, detachments of interventionists
scattered throughout the country, robbing, raping, oppressing the inhabitants. In response, popular uprisings broke out more and more often. Militias were created, which soon drove the interventionists out of Kostroma and Galich. Successfully withstood the siege and repelled the attacks of Yaroslavl, uprisings broke out in Murom and Vladimir. During 1609, the liberation movement swept through a significant part of the country to the north and northeast of Moscow.
While the masses were unfolding the struggle against the interventionists, many service people and even representatives of the nobility, dissatisfied with the Shuisky government, moved to Tushino. False Dmitry willingly accepted them, gave them lands and peasants as a reward, and promoted them in ranks. Some then returned back to Shuisky and received even higher ranks and new estates for this. These defectors were called "Tushino flights" among the people.
Tushino created its own state apparatus. Metropolitan Filaret, who suffered under Godunov, was brought from Rostov, captured by the Tushins, and "named" patriarch. So the father of the future Tsar Mikhail Romanov received the highest church rank in the camp of adventurers and traitors.
Start of the Swedish intervention
The Shuisky government also embarked on the path of collusion with foreign forces. It turned for help to the Swedish king Charles IX, who had long nurtured plans to seize the Novgorod land and Karelia from Russia and even earlier offered assistance in protecting these lands from the Commonwealth. Shuisky's government did not dare to rely on the mass popular movement against the interventionists that was developing in the country. An agreement with Sweden was reached at a heavy price - Shuisky renounced the terms of the Tyavzinsky peace and, in general, claims to the Baltic coast, gave the city of Korela with the county and allowed the free circulation of Swedish coins on the territory of Russia. Thus, the Swedish intervention was actually unleashed.
This caused great unrest among the population of the northwestern Russian lands, in Novgorod and Karelia, and in this situation the Pskovites preferred to swear allegiance to the impostor, but not to obey the Shuisky government, which allowed Swedish interventionists into the country.
In the spring of 1609, the young commander Prince Mikhail Vasilievich Skopin-Shuisky, using the help of the Swedish detachment under the command of Delagardi, struck a blow at the Polish-Lithuanian invaders and, relying on the militia of the northern cities, liberated the north of the country. However, the Swedes soon refused to continue participating in hostilities, demanding that they be paid the promised salary, and also immediately transferred Korela into their possession. Shuisky had no money, and he imposed heavy taxes on the people. In turn, this led to new unrest and uprisings against the feudal lords. In the Ryazan district, the Volga region, near Moscow and other places, new groups of rebels appeared.
Open intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian feudal lords
The appearance of Swedish troops on the territory of Russia made it possible for the Polish-Lithuanian rulers to launch an open invasion of Russia, because the Commonwealth and Sweden were at war. In the summer of 1609, the Polish king Sigismund III, at the head of a large army, moved directly to Smolensk. There were very few troops in it, because Shuisky assigned them to fight Tushin.
Shuisky's government, fearful of the people's movement and striving to liquidate it, opened the way for both Swedish and open Polish intervention. But again, the high patriotism of the masses was revealed with all its might. This was shown by the heroic defense of Smolensk, which did not surrender to the enemy and was held almost exclusively by forces - the townspeople and the peasant population gathered in the city. The defense of Smolensk, which was headed by the governor Mikhail Borisovich Shein, delayed the advance of the Polish troops for a long time. The Tushino camp soon crumbled, False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga with a handful of followers.
Remaining in a difficult situation after the flight of False Dmitry II, the “Russian Tushins” sent an embassy to King Sigismund III, headed by the boyar M. G. Saltykov. The agreement concluded on behalf of the Boyar Duma with the king in February 1610 provided for the accession of Vladislav, an alliance with the Commonwealth, the preservation of the privileges of the boyars in Russia and the strengthening of serfdom.
M. V. Skopin-Shuisky at the head of the troops in March 1610 solemnly entered Moscow. The nobles tried to use the increased authority of M.V. Skopin-Shuisky to overthrow Vasily Shuisky. But the young commander died unexpectedly - perhaps he was poisoned by Shuisky. The incompetent and cowardly brother of the tsar Dmitry Shuisky was placed at the head of the government troops. With a 40,000-strong army, D. Shuisky moved towards the Polish troops of Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky moving from Smolensk. In June 1610, Shuisky's troops in the battle near Klushino suffered a complete defeat. In this battle, the mercenary detachments were changed, one part of which went over to the side of the enemy, and the other, led by Delagardie, went north to secure the Russian lands that were passing under the rule of Sweden. Using the general dissatisfaction with the Shuisky government, False Dmitry II again stepped up his actions. He captured Serpukhov, took possession of Kolomna for a while, approached Moscow and stood in Kolomenskoye. Zolkiewski's troops approached Moscow from the west. The fate of the government of Vasily Shuisky was decided. On July 17, 1610, Vasily Shuisky was deposed from the throne and forcibly tonsured a monk by the nobles, headed by Zakhar Lyapunov, with the support of the townspeople of Moscow.
But the boyars headed by F. I. Mstislavsky took advantage of the results of the coup. In an effort to maintain the privileged position of the Moscow boyars and prevent the rise of the anti-feudal movement in the country, F. I. Mstislavsky called on Hetman Zholkevsky to come out of Mozhaisk to protect Moscow from False Dmitry 11 and then began negotiations with Zholkevsky regarding the recognition of Prince Vladislav on the Russian throne.
On August 17, 1610, in the Polish camp near Moscow, the Moscow boyars signed an agreement recognizing Prince Vladislav as the Russian Tsar, and on the night of September 21, 1610, the boyars secretly let the Polish detachments into Moscow. It's time hard times foreign intervention. As a result of the treacherous policy of the boyars, a significant part of the country, including the capital, was captured by foreign invaders, power in Moscow actually belonged to the Polish governor Gonsevsky, the boyar government, the so-called "seven boyars", headed by F. I. Mstislavsky, had no role in governance played. The calculations of some representatives of the boyars that the calling of Vladislav would help get rid of both False Dmitry II and Sigismund turned out to be untenable. The king refused to let Vladislav go and demanded an end to resistance in Smolensk. Attempts by some members of the embassy to persuade the defenders of Smolensk to lay down their arms before the Polish king were unsuccessful.
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FY LBOBMSCH UCHSEK VSCHMY, RP NEOSHYEK HETE UETSHEOP PUMBVMEOSCH B TEHMSHFBFE RTEPVTBPCHBOYK CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOSCH RTBCHMEOYS yChBOB IV of ... zPDSch PRTYYUOYOSCH UFBMY CHTENEOEN OBUFPSEEZP TBZTPNB TPDPCHPZP ENMECHMBDEOYS LOSTSEULPK OBFY ... rTEDUFBChYFEMY LOSTSEULYI TPDPCH PUFBCHBMYUSH LTHROSCHNY ENMECHMBDEMSHGBNY, OP YEE CHMBDEOYS ULMBDSCHCHBMYUSH FERETSH RTETSDE CHUEZP dv RPNEUFYK J CHSCHUMHTSEOOSCHI CHPFYUYO , TBIVTPUBOOSCHI RP CHUEK FETTYFPTYY UFTBOSHCH. We have chNEUFE DRYER PLPOYUBFEMSHOSCHN ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEN UYUFENSCH UFPMYYUOSCHI YUYOPCH A LPOGH RTBCHMEOYS yChBOB IV UMPTSYMBUSH RTBLFYLB, RTY LPFPTPK NPMPDSCHE RTEDUFBCHYFEMY OBFY OBYUYOBMY UMHTSVH B UPUFBCHE FYI YUYOPCH J YEE UCHSY have HEDOSCHNY PVYAEDYOEOYSNY the defects VPSTULYI PLBBMYUSH TBPTCHBOOSCHNY ".
U.30: "UPBLKHROPUFSH SELECH OLFH NO RTYACHB L FPH, YUFP TPDPCHBS DOBFSH, RTUCHTBFYSYBSUS H Obfsh Umkhtsimha, PTBCHIFEME PTCHPTPN, RTeufbm RTDFBCHMSFSF DMS ZPUKHDBTUFCEOPK FMBUFS. FBBS Umkhtsimmbes TBFSh, OE TBRBMBCHYBS, OE TBRBSOYEN About Revofy, OE NPSMB CheckCRBFS LLB UYBMB, URPUPVOBS RPLOPSFSF RTPCHIOGYEBMSTEKS DEFEK VPTEKI ON LBPEY-MIVP HOMEKHRYASOUS RTPFYCH GEOFTBSHOPK CHMBUFY.
pDOBLP X UPDBCHYEKUS UIFKHBGYY VSCHMB Y DTHZBS UFPTPOB. oE TBURPMBZBS UCHSSNY J CHMYSOYEN ON NEUFBI, BTYUFPLTBFYS, PRYTBCHYBSUS MYYSH ON RPDDETTSLH GEOFTBMSHOPK CHMBUFY, I CHTENEOOSCHN PUMBVMEOYEN RPUMEDOEK PLBSCHCHBMBUSH OEURPUPVOPK CHMYSFSH ON NEUFOPE PVEEUFCHP J URPUPVUFCHPCHBFSH RTELTBEEOYA CHPMOEOYK. fBLYN PVTBPN, HUFTBOYCH CHPNPTSOHA PRBUOPUFSH UP UFPTPOSCH OBFY, ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOBS CHMBUFSH PDOPCHTENEOOP HFTBFYMB CHBTSOSCHK LBOBM CHMYSOYS ON RTPCHYOGYBMSHOPE PVEEUFCHP, YUFP RTY CHPOYLOPCHEOYY CHOHFTYRPMYFYYUEULPZP LTYYUB VSCHMP YUTECHBFP UETSHEOPK PRBUOPUFSHA ".
RTEnd.: Tbouzdeais Uvyylpn Uymshop Okrupniobafe Uyfhbgya 2005 Z., LPDB CHISCHVKTSCH ZKHVTBFTPH - LLB RTBCHYMP, YUUUMB RTeDofbchyfekeek Refractor RPMYFYYUEULPK имфпстов, UPPTPCHBCHB About Thzvets XX-XXI CH. - VSCHMY OBNEOEOSCH OBBYUEOYSN RTEIDEOFULYI OBNEUFOILPC, YYUYUMB UFPMYUOSCHI DEFEMEK CHFPTPZP RMBOB (U RETURELFYCHPK CHSHCHDCHYTSEOIS ABOUT RETCHSHCHK YMY H RPTSDLE UUSCHMLY YSHCH nPULC). rTEDRPMBZBFSH X FFYI DESFEMEK UCHSHSH U NEUFOSCHN PVEEUFCHPN PUOPCHBOIK OEF, B KhTs UNPZHF MY POY HRTBCMSFSH TEZYPOBNY CH HUMPCHYSI LTYYUB Y UMBVPUFY GEOPTBMSHOPK CHMBUFY - VPZ CHEUFSH.
u.287: "... yChBO zTPOSchK J EZP RTEENOYLY UDEMBMY NOPZP LCA FPZP, YUFPVSCH THUULBS OBFSH RETEUFBMB VSCHFSH RPMYFYYUEULY PRBUOPK LCA NPULPCHULYI ZPUHDBTEK, UCHSY FPK MYFSCH ON NEUFBI have OBUEMEOYEN VSCHMY TBPTCHBOSCH, dv UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPK, CHMYSFEMSHOPK RPMYFYYUEULPK UYMSCH - TPDPCHPK OBFY - THUULBS BTYUFPLTBFYS RTECHTBFYMBUSH CH OBFSH UMHTSYMHA, FEUOP UCHSBOOHA U OBIPDSEEKUS CH nPULCHE TEYDEOGYEK NPOBTIB Y OBCHYUSEEK PF EZP NYMPUFEK. CHUE FFP UPRTCHPTsDBMPUSH TPUFPN TPMY Y OBYUEOYS UBNPZP YOUFYFHFB CHETIPPCHOPK CHMBUFY Y MYGB, CH LPFPTPN FFPF YOUFYFHF ZHYYYYUEULY CHPRMPEBMUS.
rPUMEDUFCHYS FBLPZP RPMPTSEOIS CHEEEK OE ЪBNEDMYMY ULBBFSHUS, LPZDB H ZPDSH UNHFSC CHSCCHYMBUSH OEURPUUPVOPUFSH FFK ьMYFSH LPOFTPMYTPCHBFSH Y TEZHMYTPCHBFSH UCHPUFYNY DECUFCHOY OB. Hairdryer UYMSHOEE FB MYFB CHPMBZBMB UCHPY OBDETSDSCH ON RTYIPD OPCHPZP ZPUHDBTS, LPFPTSCHK CHPUUFBOPCHYF FTBDYGYPOOSCHK PVEEUFCHEO // (U.288) OSCHK RPTSDPL J CHETOEF OBFY ITS FTBDYGYPOOPE RTBCHP HRTBCHMSFSH UFTBOPK CHNEUFE have NPOBTIPN ".
u.370-380 - BLMAYUEOYE, CH LPFPTPN BCHFPT PRTPCHETZBEF OELPFPTSCHE YUFPTYPZTBJYUEULIE NIZHSHCH. h DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY: 1) RPMSHULYE RTBCHSEYE LTHZY RP-TBOPNH RTEDUFBCHMSMY UEVE RETURELFYCHH CHBYNPPFOPYEOYK Y tHUULYN ZPUHDBTUFCHPN - PF DYOBUFYYUEULPZP UPAB, Y RETURELFYCHPK HOYY RP FYRH MYFPCHULPK (ZEFNBO tsPMLEChULYK), DP OYCHEDEOYS Thuy ON HTPCHEOSH YURBOULYI LPMPOYK H chEUF-yODYY (LPTPMSH uYZYNHOD III, LPFPTSCHK CHPPVEE MAVYM CHUE YURBOULPE); 2) RTYZMBYEOYE LPTPMECHYYUB chMBDYUMBChB (BCHZHUFPCHULPE UPZMBYEOYE 1610 C) VSCHMP DEMPN OE FPMSHLP vPSTULPK DHNSCH ( "UENYVPSTEYOB") OD CHUEI "YUYOPCH" NPULCHYYUEK J RPDDETTSYCHBMPUSH TEZYPOBI H, YVP HUMPCHYSNY RTYZMBYEOYS VSCHMP OE FPMSHLP RTYOSFYE RTBCHPUMBCHYS LPTPMECHYYUEN, OP J CHSCHCHPD RPMSHULP- MYFPCHULYI CHPKUL U THUULPK FETTYFPTYY, RTY UPITBOEOYY UHCHETEOYFEFB Y FETTYFPTYBMSHOPK GEMPUFOPUFY.
u.377 "yUUMEDPChBFEMY XIX C. RPUFPSOOP RPDYUETLYCHBMY, YUFP PDOPK dv PUOPCHOSCHI RTYYUYO OEHDBYUY CHPUFPYUOPK RPMYFYLY uYZYNHODB III VSCHM EZP LBFPMYYUEULYK ZHBOBFYN, EZP UFTENMEOYE OBUBDYFSH B tPUUYY LBFPMYYUEULHA TEMYZYA, Yuen IN TH PFFPMLOHM PF UEVS THUULPE PVEEUFCHP. uMEDHEF UPZMBUYFSHUS have UPCHTENEOOSCHNY YUUMEDPCHBFEMSNY B FPN, YUFP PE CHTENS UCHPYI RETEZPCHPTPCH have RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY THUULPZP PVEEUFCHB uYZYNHOD III OE RTEDRTYOYNBM LBLYI-MYVP RPRSCHFPL ULMPOYFSH THUULHA UFPTPOH RTYOSFSH LBFPMYYUEULHA TEMYZYA. OE RTERDTYOYNBMPUSH CH FP CHTENS Y YBZPCH RP UPODBOYA LBLYI-MYVP LBFPMYUEULYI HYUTETSDEOYK ABOUT FETTYFPTYY, BOSFPK LPTPMECHULPK BTNYEK.
u.376: UZMBYBFEMSHULPE, B RP UHFY RTEDBFEMSHULPE RPCHEDEOYE DESFEMEK vPSTULPK DHNSCH YNEEF UCHPE PVYASUOEOYE. “pFPTCBOOBS PF UCHPYI UCHSHEK ABOUT NEUFBI OBFSH UPITBOSMB FTBDYGYPOOKHA NPOPRPMYA ABOUT CHCHUYE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHE DPMTSOPUFY VMBZPDBTS RPDDETTSLE CHSHUYEZP OPUIFEMS ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOPK CHMBUFY. h HUMPCHYSI OBYUBCHYEKUS ZTBTSDBOULPK CHPKOSCH RTBCHSEBS MYFB PLBBMBUSH OEURPUPVOPK UETSHEOP CHMYSFSH ON ON RPMPTSEOYE NEUFBI, B PUMBVECHYBS GEOFTBMSHOBS CHMBUFSH VSCHMB OE H UPUFPSOYY UPITBOYFSH FTBDYGYPOOSCHE RTETPZBFYCHSCH OBFY B YEE RPMOPN PVYAENE. (...) rPDDETSLB OPCHPZP NPOBTIB DPMTSOB VSCHMB CHETOHFSH FFK UMYFE EE FTBDYGYPOOPE RPMPTSEOIE CH PVEEUFCHE. pFUADB EE DBMELP ЪBIPDSEBS HUFKHRYUYCHPUFSH RP PFOPIEOYA L UYZYINHODH III".
obzmsdosche RTYNETSHCH TBVPFSCH U YUFPYUOYLBNY DBEF TBDEM LOYZY, LPFPTSHCHK RPPUCHSEEO LTYYYUKH 1610 Z. bOBMYYTHS THUULYE Y RPMSHULYE DPLHNEOFSHCH Y NENHBTOSCHE UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHB, v. about. zhMPTS ChSCHSUOSEF CHZMSDSHCH TBMYUOSCHI RPMYFYYUEULYI UYM, URUPUPVUFCHPCHBCHYYI YMY RTPFYCHPUFPSCHYI YЪVTBOYA LPTPMECHYUB chMBDYUMBCHB ABOUT THUULYK FTPO. rTYCHEDEN OELPFPTSCHE ZHTBZNEOFSHCH LFPZP TBDEMB.
y. 185: “OBYVPMEE RPDTPVOPE PRYUBOYE UPVSCHFIK, RTYCHEDYYI L OYMPTSEOYA, B BBFEN Y RPUFTYTSEOYA GBTS ChBUYMYS, OBIPDYFUS CH “OPCHPN MEFPRYUGE”. UPZMBUOP LFPNH YUFPYUOILH, rTPLPRYK mSRHOPCH RTYUMBM ZPOGB L LO. chBUYMYA zPMYGSHCHOH, UCHPENKH VTBFH yBIBTYA "Y LP CHUEN UPCHEFOILPN", "UFPV GBTS chBUIMSHS CH ZPUHDBTUFCHB UUBDYFSH". rP UCHEDEOYSN, LPFPTSHCHE UTBH RPUME RETECHPTPFB UFBMY Y'CHEUFOSHCH u. tsPMLECHULPNKh, rTPLPRYK mSRHOPCH DEKUFCHPCHBM RP UPZMBYEOYA U mTSEDNYFTYEN II, LPFPTSCHK PVEEBM "OBCHEYUOP" RETEDBFSH RPD EZP CHMBUFSH tSBOSH. rPUME LFPZP bIBTYK mSRKHOPCH Y ZHEDPT iPNKhFPCh, CHSHCHEIBCH UP UCHPYNY "UPCHEFOILBNY" ABOUT mPVOPE NEUFP, UFBMY RTYYSCHCHBFSH OBUEMEOYE nPULCHSCH OYJMPTSYFSH GBTS chBUYMYS. BIBTYK mSRHOPCh // (186 in.) CHSCHUFHRBM PF YNEOY OBIPDYCHYYIUS B nPULChE PFTSDPCH TSBOULYI DCHPTSO, YUFP LBUBEFUS DTHZPZP RTEDCHPDYFEMS OEDPCHPMSHOSCHI - zhEDPTB iPNHFPChB, OP UPUFBCHYFEMSH "chEMShULPK MEFPRYUY" OBSCHCHBEF EZP "MHYUBOYOPN" USCHOPN VPSTULYN dv chEMYLYI MHL. well. iPNHFPC, PYUECHYDOP, CHSCHUFHRBM PF YNEOY OBIPDICHYIUS CH nPULCHE DEFEK VPSTULIYI BRBDOSCHI HEIDPCH, LPFPTSCHN MYYSH OYYMPTSEOYE GBTS chBUYMYS NPZMP PFLTSCHFSH DPUFHR L YI RPNEUFSHSN. Chui FP RPCHPMSEF DHNBFSH, YUFP CHSCHUFHRYCHYYI RTPFYCH yHKULPZP the defects VPSTULYI PVYAEDYOSMP PVEEE TSEMBOYE YVBCHYFSHUS OEZP PD, CE RTEDUFBCHMEOYS P FPN, YUFP RPUMEDHEF BFEN X TBOSCHI ZTHRR DCHPTSOUFCHB NPZMY UHEEUFCHEOOP TBUIPDYFSHUS.
RP-YOPNH OBYUBMP UPVSCHFIYK PRIUBOP CH ЪBRYULBI u. cPMLECHULPZP. pn EZP UCHEDEOYSN, UPVSCHFYS OBYUBMYUSH have FPZP, YUFP "OEULPMSHLP FSCHUSYU" the defects VPSTULYI PE ZMBCHE have BIBTYEN mSRHOPChSchN SCHYMYUSH GBTULYE RBMBFSCH H, J PF YEE YNEOY mSRHOPCh RPFTEVPCHBM, YUFPVSCH GBTSH chBUYMYK PUFBCHYM FTPO ( "RPMPTSY RPUP UCHPK"). ABOUT FFP GBTSh PFCHEFYM TKHZBFEMSHUFCHBNY Y RPRSHCHFBMUS HDBTYFSH mSRHOPCHB OPTsPN. OP TKHZBFEMSHUFCHBNY yKHKULYK OE PZTBOYYUIMUS. PO HLBBM RTYYEDYN, UFP UTEDY OII OEF VPST. rPUME LFPZP DEFI VPSTULYE Y OBRTBCHYMYUSH ABOUT mPVOPE NEUFP.
fBLYN PVTBBPN, RTPFYCHOYLY GBTS chBUYMYS U UBNPZP OBYUBMB PRYTBMYUSH ABOUT RPDDETTSLH VPMSHYPZP LPMYUEUFCHB OEDPCHPMSHOSCHI DEFEK VPSTULYI, RPUFBTBCHYIUS DPVYFSHUS DPVTCHPMSHOPZP GBUTEYUSH PFTS. lPZDB LFP OE HDBMPUSH, DEFI VPSTULYE UFBMY YULBFSH RPDDETSLY H RPUBDULPZP "NYTB"
UPUFBCHYFEMSH "OPCHPZP MEFPRYUGB" OE ZPCHPTYF P FPN, U RPNPESH LBLYI DPCHPDCH PTBFPTSCH UFTENYYUSH RTYCHMEYUSH "NYT" ABOUT UCHPA UFPTPOH. FFPF RTPVEM RPCHPMSEF CHPURPMOYFSH TBUULB l. vHUUPCHB. RP EZP UMPCHBN, POY ZPCHPTYMY P FPN, YuFP H GBTS chBUYMYS OEF "OY UYUBUFSHS, OY HDBYU CH RTBCHMEOYY", UFP PO Y EZP VTBFSHS RPUFPSOOP FETRSF OEHDBYUY ABOUT RPME VPS, "PFUEZP UFTBOB TBBPPLTSEFUS Y RTY". CHUE LFP ZPCHPTYF P FPN, UFP FBLPK RTBCHYFEMSH OEKHZPDEO vPZH, UMEDHEF OYJMPTSYFSH EZP Y ChSCHVTBFSH DTHZPZP GBTS, "LPFPTSCHK VSCHM VSH RTEDOBYUEO DMS LFPZP Y DBO vPZPN".
CHCHUFHRMEOYS FFY YNEMY KHUREI. RTYOCHA PPP "OPHPSP MEFPRYUGB", L DEFSN VNTSN RTYUPEDYYMBUSH "Chus NPULCHB th Chidpib ChP ZTBD (F. E. H LTNMSH) Ya will EFA EVPSCHUMCHPHPN ENTPBB BBB NPULCH-BOHPFBN". h ZMBCHOPN FFP UPPVEEOYE RPDFCHETSDBEFUS TBUULBPN l. VHUUPCHB, PFNEFICHYEZP, UFP FFP "NOPZYN CHBTSOSCHN RETUPOBNY LKHRGBN OE UMYYLPN RPOTBCHIMPUSH". // (d. 187) eUMY MF FPN, RETCHPN FBRE UPVSCHFYK, UCHEDEOYS UPITBOYMYUSH FPMSHLP DCHHI FELUFBI H, OP n DEKUFCHYSI UPCHBOOPZP FBLYN PVTBPN UPVTBOYS RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK "YUYOPCH" OBIPDYCHYYIUS nPULChE H, H ZPCHPTYFUS HTSE GEMPN TSDE YUFPYUOYLPCH.
lBL PFNEFIM u. well. rMBFPOCH, UBNP NEUFP UPSCHCHB UPVTBOIS CH TBMYUOSCHI YUFPYUOILBI HLBOP RP-TBOPNKH. eUMY "oPChSchK MEFPRYUEG" ZPCHPTYF P FPN, YUFP EPP UPVTBMPUSH B RTEDEMBNY ZPTPDB ON RPME X uETRHIPChULYI CHPTPF, FP, RP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH "lBTBNYOULPZP ITPOPZTBZHB" NPULPCHULYE "YUYOSCH" UPVTBMYUSH "X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF" NETSDH UFEOPK dETEChSOOPZP ZPTPDB J VETEZPN nPULChSch-TELY . oEMSHЪS OE UZMBUIFSHUS U u. well. rMBFPOCHSHCHN, UFP NPULPCHULIE "YUYOSCH" DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UPVTBFSHUS YNEOOP CH RPUMEDOEN, IPTPYP ЪBEEYEEEOOPN RTYTPDPK Y HLTERMEOYSNY NEUFE.
h Obekhopk Mymfetbmus Tsychp Pvukhsdbmus ChPRPPU PVA Obdychyuyus h White RTBCHP RTuTeoffhemium "Yuopch" Thulpzp PVEEUFCHB TEN Hubuft Rtlefbchyfhek PF "ZPTPDPCH" Thulpzp P Uhdshva Thulpzp FTPOB. lBL TSE PFOPUYMYUSH L LFPNH UPVTBOYA Y EZP TEOYOYSN UCHTENEOOOYL?
UPUFBCHYFEMSH "OPCHPZP MEFPRYUGB" RYUBM PV LFPN UPVTBOYY U SCHOPK, OEULTSCHCHBENPK OERTYSOSHA. RP EZP UMPCHBN, UTEDY HYBUFOILPCH LFPZP UPVTBOIS VSCHMY "NOPZYE CHPTSHCH", B VPST Y RBFTIBTIB DMS HYBUFYS CH OEN "CHSYB ... OBUYMSHUFCHPN", OB OEN "BCHPDYUYLY" "OBYUBYB CHPRYFY, UFPV GBTS ch rP-CHYDYNPNKH, RPD CHMYSOYEN LFYI CHSHCHULBJSCHCHBOIK Y at. well. rMBFPOCH OBCHBM UPVTBOYE X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF "OBTPDOSHCHN ULPRYEN". upUFBCHYFEMSH iTPOPZTBZHB TEDBLGIY 1617 Z., TEELP RPTYGBS OYMPTSEOYE IKhKULPZP, FBLCE RTEDUFBCHMSM EZP LBL TEEKHMSHFBF DEKUFCHYK LBLYI-FP "NSFETSOYLPCH".
pDOBLP UFPYF PFNEFYFSH, UFP BCHFPTSCH DTHZYI UPYOYOEOYK P UNHFE RYYHF PV LFPN UPVTBOYY CH YOPN, ZPTBDP VPMEE URPLPKOPN FPOE, OE CHSHTBTSBS UPNOOEIK CH BLPOOPUFY EZP TEYOYK. rTBCHDB, RP VPMSHYEK YUBUFY BCHFPTSCH, RYUBCHYE P UNKHFE, ZPCHPTSF P OYJMPTSEOY yHKULPZP LTBFLP, OE CHSHCHULBJSCHCHBS UCHPEZP PFOPYEOIS L RTPYUIPDSEENH. fBL RPUFHRBAF LO. y. th. yBIPCHULPK Y bCHTBBNYK RBMYGSCHO. pDOBLP UPITBOYMUS Y TSD RPDTPVOSCHI UPPVEEOIK U LPOLTEFOPK IBTBLFETYUFYLPK UPVTBOYS X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF. FBL, RP UPPVEEOYA BCHFPTB "CHEMSHULPK MEFPRYUY", "B nPULCHPA TELPA CH PVPJE" UPVTBMYUSH "VPSTE LOSSH JEDPT yCHBOPCHYU NUFYUMBCHULYK U FPCHBTSHCHEY UP CHUENY UMHTSYCHSHCHNY Y U UPTOYSHCHNY", FBL. RTEDUFBCHYFEMY CHUEI PUOPCHOSHI "YUYOPCH" THUULPZP PVEEUFCHB. BOBMPZYUOSCHN PVTBBPN IBTBLFETYYHEF LFP UPVTBOYE UPUFBCHYFEMSH "LBTBNJOULPZP ITPOPZTBZHB", USCHO VPSTULYK YЪ bTBNB- // (at. 188) UB vBYN vPMFYO. pVTBEEOYS HYBUFOILPCH UPVTBOYS L GBTA chBUYMYA PO OBSCCHCHBEF "YUEMPVYFSHEN CHUEK YENMY". fBLHA TSE IBTBLFETYUFYLH OBIPDYN Y CH TBOSHI TEBLGISI TBTSDOSCHI LOIZ, ZDE HLBSHCHCHBEFUUS, UFP GBTSh chBUYMYK PUFBCHYM FTPO "RP RTPIEOSHHA CHUEI MADEK nPULPCHULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB".
y LFPZP LTHZB FELUFPCH TELP CHSHDEMSEFUS UPUFBCHMEOOBS CH UTEDE UNPMEOULYI DCHPTSO "rPCHEUFSH P RPVEBI nPULPCHULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB". h OEK "ZPUHDBTECHSHCH VPSTE Y VMYTSOYE MADY", RTYMPTSYCHYE THLKH L PFUFTBOOEOYA YHKULPZP, PIBTBLFETYJPCHBOSH LBL MADY, OBIPDSEYEUS PE CHMBUFY DShSCHPMB, RPDPVOSHCHE YHDE. FFPF FELUF BUFBCHMSEF CHURPNOYFSH UMCHB LO. y. th. yBIPCHULPZP: "uNPMSOE TSE P FPN OEMBMP CH FBKOE RPULPTVEYB, B RPUPVYE HYUOYFY OE CHPNPZMY". PUECHYDOP, UTEDY OBIPDYCHYIUS H nPULCHE UNPMSHOSO RTPY'PYYEM TBULPM: YBUFSH YJ OYI PFYAEIBMB H MBZETSH L ZEFNBOH tsPMLECHULPNH, B DTHZBS DP LPOGB UPITBOSMB CHETOPUFSH UCHPENH GBTA.
fBLYN PVTBPN, IPMF H UPVTBOYY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY MYYSH OBIPDYCHYYEUS nPULChE VPSTE H, J DEFY VPSTULYE NPULPCHULYK RPUBDULYK "NYT" H ZMBBI UPCHTENEOOYLPCH EPP VSCHMP RTEDUFBCHYFEMEN "Chueca ENMY" CHRPMOE RTBCHPNPYUOSCHN TEYBFSH CHPRTPU P UHDSHVE YVTBOOPZP GBTS.
p FPN, UFP RTPYUIPDYMP ABOUT UPVTBOYY X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF, LTBFLPE UPPVEEOYE YNEEFUS FPMSHLP CH "OPCHPN MEFPRYUGE". RBFTYBTI ZETNPZEO "ODENOPZYE VTINE" (Puehuydop, Fe, LFP RtleOkdmesbm L Vmylpnh PLTKHETSEA GBTS) RChpbmisusch ChPTBFFSH RTpfych Oyjamzois Rushkulpzp, Op Cheschkezde Vicky Hufhrich DBCheaa Pufbms Khuboufoylpch Upttabus.
yЪMPTSEOYE TEYOYE UPVTBOIS X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF PDOCHTENEOOP U YI NPFICHYTPCHLPK OBIPDYN H ZTBNPFBI, TBUUSCHMBCHYIUS Yb nPULCHSCH RP ZPTPDBN. iBTBLFETOP, UFP TEYOYE PV PFUFTBOOYY GBTS chBUYMYS PF CHMBUFY OE UPRTCHPTsDBMPUSH UUSCHMLPK ABOUT LBLIE-MYVP OEDPUFPKOSHCHE RPUFHRLY GBTS. rTPUFP ZPCHPTYFUS, YUFP "CHUSLYI YUYOPCH MADY CHUEZP nPULPChULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB ... HUMSCHYB HLTBYOOSCHI ZPTPDPCH TFG CHUSLYI MADEK" YUFP GBTS chBUYMYS "ON nPULPChULPN ZPUHDBTUFCHE OE MAVSF J L OENH, ZPUHDBTA, OE PVTBEBAFUS J UMHTSYFSH ENH OE IPFSF" RPUFBOPCHYMY "VYFSH YUEMPN » ENH, «UFPV ZPUHDBTSH ZPUHDBTUFCHP PFUFBCHYM DMS NETSDPHUUPVOSHCHS VTBOY». fBLYN PVTBPN, DPUFBFPYUOSCHN PUOPCHBOYEN DMS OYMPTSEOIS RTBCHYFEMS VSCHMP FP, UFP YUBUFSH EZP RPDDBOOSCHI - TSYFEMY "HLTBIOOSCHI ZPTPDCH" (PYUECHYDOP, RTETSDE CHUEZP TSBOGSHCH) OE FPFSHTOE EPFSF CHYDEOBOSCHI fBLPE PVPUOPCHBOYE TEYOYS P OYJMPTSEOYY GBTS ZPCHPTYF P ZMHVPLPN RBDEOYY BCHFPTYFEFB OPUIFEMS CHCHUYEK ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOPK CHMBUFY. // (y. 189)
CHETSMYCHSHCHE PVPTPFSCH ZTBNPF P "YUEMPVYFSHHE CHUIY YUYOPCH" GBTA chBUYMYA MYYSH NBULYTHAF DMS YI YUYFBFEMS RTYOSFPE TEYOYE P EZP OYYMPTSEOYY. h FPN PFOPYEOYY ZPTBDP VPMEE RTSNP J PRTEDEMEOOP TEYEOYS UPCHEEBOYS VSCHMY UZHPTNHMYTPCHBOSCH H UPUFBCHMEOOPN FPZDB CE FELUFE RTYUSZY P CHTENEOOPN RPDYUYOEOYY (DP RPSCHMEOYS OPCHPZP GBTS) "CHUEI YUYOPCH" vPSTULPK DHNE LBL CHSCHUYENH PTZBOH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPK CHMBUFY "vSchChYENH ZPUHDBTA ... chBUYMYA yChBOPChYYuH CHUEB Thuy PFLBBFY Y ABOUT ZPUHDBTECHE DCHPTE OE VSHCHFY CHRETED ABOUT ZPUHDBTSHUFCHE OE UIDEFY. fBLYN PVTBYPN, OEBCHYUYNP PF TEBLGIY GBTS ABOUT "YUEMPVYFSH" ON DPMTSEO VSHCHM VSHCHFSH MYYEO FTPOB. pDOPCTENEOOP VTBFSHS GBTS, dNIFTYK Y YCHBO, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY PUFBCHYFSH UCHPY NEUFB H vPSTULPK DHNE (“U VPSTSHCH RTYZPCHPTE OE UIDEFY”). ChNEUFE U FEN UPVTBOYE ZPFCHP VSHMP RTEDPUFBCHYFSH VSCCHYENKH GBTA Y EZP VTBFSHSN ZBTBOFYY VEEPRPBUOPUFY (“Y OBN OBD ZPUHDBTEN Y OBD ZPUHDBTSCHOEA Y OBD EZP VTBFSHSNY HVYCHUFCHB OE HYYOYBYHL”).
RPUMEDHAEYE UPVSCHFIS CH TBOSCHI YUFPUOYLBI PRYUBOSCH RP-TBOPNKH. eUMY UPUFBCHYFEMSH "oPChPZP MEFPRYUGB" UFTENYMUS (IPMF J OE RTSNP) BTPDYFSH X YUYFBFEMS UPNOEOYS H BLPOOPUFY DEKUFCHYK RTPFYCHOYLPCH yHKULPZP, OP OEYCHEUFOSCHE UPUFBCHYFEMY TBTSDOSCHI BRYUEK, OBRTPFYCH, PRYUSCHCHBMY UPVSCHFYS, RPUMEDPCHBCHYYE B RTYOSFSCHN ON UPVTBOYY TEYEOYEN, FBL, YUFPVSCH X YUYFBFEMS OE VSCHMP OYLBLYI UPNOEOYK Ch FPN, UFP CHUE RTPFELBMP BLPOOP Y RP PVPADOPNKH UZMBUYA UFPTPO. uPZMBUOP FPNH YUFPYUOYLH, I RTPUSHVPK PUFBCHYFSH FTPO A GBTA chBUYMYA OBRTBCHYMYUSH "RBFTYBTI UP Chuen UPVPTPN DB VPSTE LOSSH yChBO nYIBKMPChYYu chPTPFSchOULPK DB zhEDPT yChBOPChYYu yETENEFECh TH RP RTPYEOSHA CHUEI MADEK nPULPChULPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB GBTSH chBUYMEK ZPUHDBTUFCHP PFUFBCHYM J UYAEIBM ON UCHPK DCHPT". PDOPCTENEOOP "VPSTE ENKH Y CHUYE MADY LTEUF GEMPCHBMY RP BRYUY, UFP OBD OIN OILBLPCHB DHTOBOE HYUOYFY Y FEUOPFSCH OILBLLPK OE DEMBFSh". uPUFBChYFEMSh "lBTBNYOULPZP ITPOPZTBZHB" vBYN vPMFYO OYYUEZP OE OBEF LTEUFPGEMPCHBOYY P, OP B PUFBMSHOPN TYUHEF RTPYUIPDSEEE BOBMPZYYUOSCHN PVTBPN: GBTSH "RP VPSTULPNH J CHUES ENMY YUEMPVYFSHA J UPCHEFH zETNPZEOB RBFTYBTIB ... ZPUHDBTUFCHP PUFBCHYM". fBLPE PUCHEEEOYE UPVSCHFIK CHPUIPDYF, LBL RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS, L PZHYGYBMSHOSHCHN ZTBNPFBN P OYJMPTSEOY YIKHKULPZP.
uPPVEEOIS DTHZYI YUFPYUOILPCH TYUHAF UHEUFCHEOOP YOHA LBTFYOH. fBL, UPZMBUOP "OPCHPNKh MEFPRYUGH", DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP L GBTA chBUYMYA U UPVTBOIS X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF VSHCHM RPUMBO LO. yCHBO NYIBKMPCHYU CHPTPFSHCHOULYK, OP CHNEUFE U OIN L GBTA PFRTBCHYMYUSH // (at. 190) "BCHPDYUYLY", F.E. FE DEFI VPSTULYE PE ZMBCHE U BIBTYEN MSRHOPCHSHCHN LPFPTSCHE RETCHSHCHNY RPFTEVCHBMY EZP OYJMPTSEOIS. sing "GBTS chBUIMSHS Y GBTYGH UCHEDPYB U RTEUFPMB" - PYUECHIDOP, RTPFYCH YI CEMBOYS. UPUFBCHYFEMSH "OPCHPZP MEFPRYUGB" RPDUETLYCHBEF, UFP RBFTYBTI ZETNPZEO OE YNEM PFOPIEOYS L LFPNH "UMPNKh UPCHEFKh". CHEMSHULPK MEFPRYUY FBLCE YUYFBEN, UFP, LPZDB GBTSh CHBUYMYK CH PFCHEF OB PVTBEEOYE L OENH LO. th. n. ChPTPFSHCHOULPZP PFLBBMUS PUFBCHYFSH FTPO, FPZDB "ECP U GBTUFCHB UUBDYMY".
rP-CHYDYNPNKh, YNEOOP LFB, CHFPTBS CHETUYS UPPFCHEFUFCHHEF DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPK LBTFYOE UPVSCHFIK. h LFPN UMEDHEF YULBFSH PVYASUOEOYE FPZP, RPYUENKH UPDBFEMI MEFPRYUOSCHI FELUFPCH OYYUEZP OE OBAF P "BLURY" U ZBTBOFYSNNY VEEPRPBUOPUFY DMS YHKULPZP. CHETPSFOP, UBRYUSH LFB HFTBFIMB UCHPA UIMH, LPZDB GBTSh PFLBBMUS PUFBCHYFSH FTPO RP UCHPEK CHPME.
o'yptsoien GBTS, Chbuimis h Dchchufchphese PCHFPFFFCHFCHBSIU PO ULBBEYE, BCHTBNYS RBMigshchob - TboulbBeffefus PDOB FB Tse Yufptis, RPMSHAEBSUS DPskeyen X Yuumedpchbadek. uPZMBUOP FPNH TBUULBH, CHSCHUFHRMEOYA the defects VPSTULYI RTPFYCH GBTS chBUYMYS RTEDYEUFCHPCHBMB YEE OEZMBUOBS DPZPCHPTEOOPUFSH have RTYYEDYYNY RPD nPULChH UFPTPOOYLBNY mTsEDNYFTYS II PV PDOPCHTENEOOPN OYMPTSEOYY PVPYI UPRETOYYUBAEYI RTBCHYFEMEK. lPZDB ON UMEDHAEYK DEOSH RPUME OYMPTSEOYS yHKULPZP RTEDUFBCHYFEMY UFPTPO CHUFTEFYMYUSH X dBOYMPChB NPOBUFSCHTS, UFPTPOOYLY mTsEDNYFTYS II «RPUNESYEUS NPULPCHULYN Maden RPPTSIH YEE J" J LBFEZPTYYUEULY PFLBBMYUSH OYMBZBFSH UCHPEZP RTBCHYFEMS.
rTYOSFSh FH YUFPTYA B DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSCHK ZHBLF NEYBEF OP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP, YUFP P FBLPK DPZPCHPTEOOPUFY OYYUEZP OE OBAF OH RTYVMYTSEOOSCHK GSS rEFTB uBREZY, UPUFBCHMSCHYYK DOECHOYL EZP RPIPDB, OH UMHTSYCHYYK B CHPKULE uBREZY TPFNYUFT th. vHDIMB. bryuy h doechoyle p. R. CUT TYUHAF YOHA LBTFYOH UPVSHFIK. RPD 26 YAMS (O. UF.) CH DOECHOYLE PFNEYUEOSCH MYYSH UFSHYULY RPD UFEOBNY UFPMYGSCHCH. 27 YAMS, HOBCH P OBYUBCHYIUS CH nPULCHE CHPMOEOYSI, MTEDNYFTYK II PFRTBCHYM FKDB ZTBNPFH, BDTEUPCHBOOKHA "CHUEN VPSTBN Y NYTH" CHEYUETPN Yb nPULCHSCH L ChPKULH mTSEDNYFTYS II CHSHYMP DCHPE DKHNOSHCHI VPST, UPPVEYCHYI P OYMPTSEOY YHKULPZP Y CHTENEOPK RETEDBYUE CHMBUFY H THLY vPSTULPK DKhNShch. "lPZDB OBBY RPDYAEIBMY L UBNSCHN CHPTPFBN, — BRYUBOP CH DOECOYLE, — nPULCB PVTBEMBUSH U ONY MAVEOP, UFTEMSFSH OE RTYLBMBMY. at OBYNYNY YDPTPCHBMYUSH Y CHEYUETPN RTPUYMY LUEVE, PVEEBSUSH BBCHFTB CHUFKHRIFSH U OBNY CH RETE- // (at. 191) ZPCHPTSHch. 28-CP mTsEDNYFTYK II of, PTSYDBS OBYUBMB RETEZPCHPTPCH, RPEIBM DEA HFTPN A nPULChE, OP DTHZBS UFPTPOB RETEZPCHPTPCH CHEUFY OE UFBMB, B CHNEUFP FPZP RPUMEDPCHBMP PVTBEEOYE A UPRTPCHPTSDBCHYYN uBNPChBOGB THUULYN MADSN "Hm UCHPEZP GBTS UVTPUYMY (FBL) UVTPUSHFE J BL UCHPEZP". rPUME RPMHDOS NPULPCHULIE RHYLY UFBMY UFTEMSFSH RP FEN NEUFBN, ZDE EDYM mTSEDNYFTYK II. Yuj Lpofelufb Rpchefchpchbuz SuOd Uvodhef, YuFP RPUME EYAMPETSOYSK TBUYUFSPSP OBNPHUBEG TBUYUFSCHCHCHBM About Rapduyuyoye NPUTCHCH BBCH, PBPMEDPCHBCHB КВБСЧМИ Прббмпушку ДМС ез езп, с. R. CUT OERTYSFOPK OEPTSYDBOOPUFSHHA. LBL RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS, DBOOSCHN LFPZP UPCHTENEOOOPZP UPVSCHFISN Y IPTPYP YOZHPTNYTPCHBOOPZP PVP CHUEN, UFP RTPYUIPDYMP CH MBZETE MTEDNYFTYS II, YUFPYUOILB, UMEDHEF PFDBFSH RTEDRPYUFE.
ChNEUFE U FEN LFP OE POBUBEF, UFP YUFPTYS, TBUULBBOOBS b. ZPMYGSHCHN Y UPUFBCHYFEMEN "OPCHPZP MEFPRYUGB", DPMTSOB TBUUNBFTYCHBFSHUS LBL RMPD CHCHNSHUMB LFYI BCHFPTPCH. RP-Xydainpnh, about UPTPF HT BTVBFFCHE PDOPPE BTZHNEUFCH PDOPZP YYUMPETSOYS GBTS Chbuimis RTichpdimus FPF DPRCHPD, YuFP HFPN Uphpn Umkhyuby Ufptpooyli Mscednimfis II FBLTSP PFLBCHFUS PF UPCHESP GBTS. oEUMHYuBKOP B ZTBNPFBI, UPPVEBCHYYI P OYMPTSEOYY GBTS chBUYMYS, ZPCHPTYMPUSH, YUFP, RPLB IN UYDYF ON FTPOE, EZP RTPFYCHOYLY "L nPULPChULPNH ZPUHDBTUFCHH OE PVTBEBAFUS" B LPZDB IN HKDEF, OP "The Chueh VSCHMY B UPEDYOEOSHE J UFPSMY B RTBCHPUMBCHOHA LTEUFSHSOULHA CHETH Chueh BPDOP ". OP BDKHNBOOSCHK RMBO PLBBMUS OETEBMYJPCHBOOSCHN: UFPTPOOILY MCEDNYFTYS II PFLBBMYUSH EZP OYJMPTSYFSH. FEN UBNSCHN PYO YЪ CHBTSOSCHI DPCHPDCH CH RPMShЪKH DEFTPOYBGYY GBTS chBUYMYS FETSM UYMX, EZP RPMPTSEOYE PVYAELFYCHOP HMHYUYBMPUSH, Y RPSCHMSMYUSH CHPNPTSOPUFY DMS EZP CHPЪCHTBBEEOIS L CHMBUYS.
oELPFPTSHCHE UCHEDEOYS P RPRSHFLBI GBTS chBUYMYS CHETOHFSH UEVE FTPPO PVOBTHTSYCHBAFUUS H BRYULBI y. cPMLECHULPZP. RP EZP UMPCHBN, yKHKULYK, IPFS Y OBIPDYMUS ABOUT UCHPEN DCHPTE RPD UFTBTTSEK, YNEM CHPNPTSOPUFSH RPDDETSYCHBFSH UCHSHSH UP UCHPYNY UFPTPOOILBNY CH UFPMYGE. LBL TBUULBSHCHCHBM ZPOEG ZEFNBOB CH MBZETE RPD uNPMEOULPN, DMS OBDPTB OB OYMPTSEOOSCHN RTBCHYFEMEN L OENH RTYUFBCHYMY DCHPYI VPST - MSCHLPCHB Y OBZPZP. LBL UMEDHEF YJ DPOPUB, RPDBOOPZP RPUME RTYOEUEOYS RTYUSZY ABOUT YNS LPTPMECHYUB chMBDYUMBCHB, VPSTYO LO. vPTYU NYIBKMPCHYU MSCHLPCH VSCM PDOIN Y OBYVPMEE VMYELLYI L gbta chBUYMYA MADEK UTEDY YUMEOPCH vPSTULPK DHNSCH, Y YUETE OEZP LFY LPOFBLFSCH Y NPZMY PUHEEUFCHMSFSHUS. b VSHCHYE RTYVMYTSEOOSCHE yHKULPZP, CHPCHSHCHIEOOOSCHE YN, ZPFPCHSH VSCHMY UPDEKUFCHPCHBFSH EZP // (at. 192) CHPCHTBEEOYA L CHMBUFY (“UFPV PRSFSH UIDEFSH ABOUT nPULC”). h DPOPUE OBCHBOSH YI YNEOB: LO. dBOYMP NEGLYK, YЪNBKMPCHSCHCH, ChBUYMYK vPTYUPCHYU UHLYO, RPUFEMSHOYYUK VSCCHCHYEZP GBTS YCHBOYU zTYZPTSHECHYU bDPDHTPCH Y OELPFPTSCHE DTHZYE. LTPNE FPZP, RP UMPCHBN tsPMLECHULPZP, yKhKULYK RSHCHFBMUS RTYCHMEYUSH OB UCHPA UFPTPOH UFTEMSHGPCH, LPFPTSCHI, RP EZP PGEOLE, CH nPULCHE VSCHMP PLPMP 8 FSHCHUS. h UCHSHY U FFYN UFPYF CHURPNOYFSH P FPN, UFP GBTSh chBUYMYK CH 1609 Z. PUCHPPVPDYM UFTEMSHGPC PF HRMBFSCH UHDEVOSCHI Y YUBUFY FPTZPCHSCHI RPYMYO. rPFPNKH OEZP VSCHMY Y'CHEUFOSHCHE PUOPCHBOIS OBDESFSHUS, UFP UFTEMSHGSCH NPZHF CHSHCHUFKHRIFSH CH EZP ЪBEIFKH.
RP UCHEDEOYSN, LPFPTSCHNY TBURPMBZBM tsPMLECHULYK, PVEURPLPEOOOSCHE BLFICHOPUFSHHA OYMPTSEOOPZP RTBCHYFEMS VPSTE RTYOSMY TEYOYE RTYOKHDYFEMSHOP RPUFTYUSH EZP CH NPOBIY. pDOBLP THUULYE YUFPYUOYLY DBAF YOHA YBTBLFETYUFYLH UPVSCHFIK. pUPVEOOP RPLBBFEMSHOP AF YUFP UPUFBCHYFEMY TBTSDOSCHI BRYUEK, UFBTBFEMSHOP RPDYUETLYCHBCHYYE BLPOOSCHK IBTBLFET J UPVTBOYS X bTVBFULYI CHPTPF, J RTYOSFSCHI PBN TEYEOYK, J RPUMEDPCHBCHYEK BFEN RTPGEDHTSCH OYMPTSEOYS GBTS chBUYMYS, DBCHBMY UPCHUEN Johan IBTBLFETYUFYLH RPUMEDPCHBCHYYN UPVSCHFYSN. rPUFTYTSEOYE GBTS chBUYMYS, RP YI HFCHETSDEOYSN, RTPYYPYMP "UBNPCHPMSHUFCHPN", "VE RBFTYBTYYEZP CHEDPNB Y VPSTULPZP RTYZPCHPTTB". h Lbuuufce PtzboBFFTPF OBUMMCHUFCHRIMY PRUFTYSOYS CHCMYBRYM DEFIA VOLYUMYE, YoyGybftshchki Rtychshchi Khvduchekhrmeyok RTpfych Oykulpzp, Uyychkbaf Khczechkbat HzChopchb bbtbt IPNHFFCH. eUFEUFCHEOOP, UFP LFY MADY UFTENYMYUSH OE DPRHUFYFSH CHPCHTBEEOYS GBTS ABOUT FTPO. chNEUFE U OYNY DEKUFCHPCHBM TSD DTHZYI DEFEK VPSTULYI — PYO YЪ LOSEK pVPMEOULYI CHBUYMYK FAZHSLIO, LO. zhEDPT yCHBOPCHYU CHPMLPOULYK, CHSHVPTOSHCHK DCHPTSOYO YBMELUYOB, DPTPZPVKhTsBOYO zBCHTYMP zTYZPTSHECHYU RHYLYO. VYPZTBJYUEULYE DBOOSCHE PV LFYI MYGBI RPDFCHETSDBAF UPPVEEOIS ZTBNPF, UFP GBTEN VSCHMY OEDCHPMSHOSCH DEFI VPSTULYE "HLTBIOOSCHI ZPTPDCH". pn PGEOLE UPUFBCHYFEMEK TBTSDOSCHI BRYUEK, B CHSCHUFHRMEOYY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY "OENOPZYE DCHPTSOE" (DEFY VPSTULYE, CHIPDYCHYYE H UPUFBCH ZPUHDBTECHB DCHPTB) PUOPCHOHA CE NBUUH HYUBUFOYLPCH UPUFBCHMSMY "DEFY VPSTULYE ZPTPDPCHSCHE J CHUSLYE NPULPCHULYE ENULYE MADY".
UPPVEEOYE PV BLFICHOPN HYBUFYY NPULPCHULPZP RPUBDB CH CHCHUFHRMEOYY RTPFYCH chBUYMYS yHKULPZP RPDFCHETTSDBEFUUS Y RPMSHULYNY YUFPYUOILBNY. h UCHPEN DPOEYEOYY UYZYNHODH III PF 23 YAMS / 2 BCHZHUFB 1610 Z. at. tsPMLECHULYK UPPVEBM, UFP dNYFTYK Y yCHBO YKHKULYE FBLTS PLBBMBMYUSH "CH PRBUOPUFY PF NYTB" Y PVTBFYMYUSH L ZEFNBOKH U RTPUSHVPK P BEYFE. // (U. 193) UPZMBUOP OBYVPME RPDTPVOPNKh UPPVEEOYA "OPCHPZP MEFPRYUGB", FPMRB DCHPTSO Y ZPTPTsBO, OEDPPMSHOSHHI YKHKULYN, CHPTCHBMBUSH L OENH ABOUT DCHPT Y RPFTEVCHBMB, YUFPVSHCHUS ON NPO RPUFTY. lPZDB yHKULYK PFLBBMUS, PVTSD RPUFTYTSEOIS VSCHM UCHETIEO OBUIMSHOP, B YOPYUEULYE PVEFSH RTPYOPUYM b OEZP LO. CHBUYMYK FAZHSLIO. rPUME LFPZP NPOBIB RPOECHPME PFCHEMY H yuHDPC NPOBUFSHCHTSh. CHUE LFP CHSCCHBMP TEELPE OEDPCHPMSHUFCHP RBFTIBTIB. according to "GBTS... chBUIMSHS OBTY-GBYE NYTULIN YNSOEN, GBTEN, B FPPP LOSSH CHBUIMSHS RTPLMYYBYYE AND GENERAL EZP YOPLPN", OP FFPF RTPFEUF OYUEZP KhTS Y'NEOYFSHOE NPZ. at RMBOBNY CHPЪCHTBEEOYS chBUYMYS yHKULPZP L CHMBUFY VSCHMP RPLPOYUEOP, Y THUULYK FTPPO PLPOYUBFEMSHOP UFBM CHBLBOFOSHCHN.
H RTYURYULE L Ryushnh Uimeshnhodi III PF 28 yams, Udmebopk 30 Yumb, Utbi RP RPMKHYUEYY RETSISHSI YUCHUFYK P OBMLSOYYY OKHKULPZP, ZEFNBO TSPMLECHULICK PHEYCHBM RPPMCEYE LLB Yulmayufemshop VBZPRTYSFOPE DMS Rpmshulpzp Lbodydbfb. RP EZP UMPCHBN, RPUME OYJMPTSEOIS GBTS CHBUYMYS "VPSTE Y CHUE RTPUFSHCHE MADY RTYOEUMY RTYUSZH OILPNKH OE RPDYOSFSHUS, LTPNE LPTPMECHYUB EZP NYMPUFY". uLPTP, PDOBLP, ZEFNBOH RTYYMPUSH HVEDYFSHUS, YUFP Dempo PVUFPYF DBMELP OE FBL VMBZPRTYSFOP, LBL software RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP DHNBM, J YUFP ENH RTYDEFUS CHEUFY CHEUSHNB OBRTSTSEOOHA J UMPTSOHA VPTSHVH, YUFPVSCH DPVYFSHUS UPZMBUYS THUULYI "YUYOPCH" UPVTBCHYYIUS B nPULChE, YVTBFSH LPTPMECHYYUB chMBDYUMBChB UCHETYN ZPUHDBTEN. »
y. 325: "RPOEA TSDB YUMEDPCHBFEK, RBFEBTI MCNDNIFTS II RBFBTI PFLTSKPP RTYCHBM Handheld Thulpzp ZPUHDBTUFCHB LEFBUBYA RTPFYCH RPMCHULP-MIFPCHLYY YOPETCHEFHPCH VPTBCP RTBCHIFEMCHUFCH h Whiteche.
xCE THUULIE UPCTENEOOOYLY RP-TBOPPNKH PRYUSCHCHBMY DEKUFCHYS, RTEDRTYOSFSHCHE RBFTYBTYPN ABOUT THVETS 1610/1611 ZZ. pn NOEOYA PDOYI, RBFTYBTI MYYSH "PVMYYUBM" DEKUFCHYS "MYFPCHULYI MADEK" J "NPULPCHULYI YNEOOYLPCH" OP DE RTYSCHCHBM A CHPUUFBOYA RTPFYCH OHYE, RP HFCHETTSDEOYSN DTHZYI "ZPTPDB" RPDOSMYUSH ON CHPUUFBOYE YNEOOP RP RTYSCHCHH RBFTYBTIB. URPTSCH UPCTENEOOILPC RPMHYUYMY RTPPMTSEOIE H URPTBBI YUUMEDPCHBFEMEK.
LBL RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS, TEYOYA CHPRTPUB NPZKhF URPUPVUFCHPCHBFSH Y'CHEUFIYS UPCHTENEOOOSCHI UPVSCHFISN RPMSHULYI YUFPYUOILPCH, LPFPTSHCHE OE VSCHMY Y'CHEUFOSHCH HYUBUFOILBN DYULKHUYY. rTETSDE CHUEZP ЪDEUSH UMEDHEF OBCHBFSH RYUSHNP p. bBDYLB, PFRTBCHMEOOPE Yb MBZETS RPD uNPMEOULPN 8 SOCHBTS O. UF. 1611 C h FPN RYUSHNE BDYL UPPVEBM UCHPENH RBFTPOH, YUFP, HOBCH P UNETFY mTsEDNYFTYS II, RBFTYBTI RHVMYYUOP BSCHYM "FYI mEZLP FERETSH RPZBOSCHI TBVPKOYLPCH YUFTEVYFSH NPTSEN Q, X LPZDB OCU UPZMBUYE VHDEF J PDYO FPMSHLP ENME OERTYSFEMSH H". fPZDB CE PO CHSHCHTBYM UCHPE HVETSDEOYE, YuFP PVEEBOYS RTYUMBFSH LPTPMECHYUB - PYO PVNBO, B CHMBUFSH OBD tPUUYEK IPYUEF BICHBFIFSH LPTPMSh. fBLYN PVTBBPN, L FPPNH READING H MBZETE RPD uNPMEOULPN VSCHMP YJCHEUFOP, YUFP RPUME UNETFY MTEDNYFTYS II RBFTYBTI RKHVMYUOP ZPCHPTYM, YUFP UMEDHEF ChPUUFBFSH RTPFIYCH OEKCHBOSHCHI RT.
oEULPMSHLP RPJCE, CH LPOGE SOCHBTS, bDYL HCE NPZ UPPVEYFSH OCHSHCHE Y'CHEUFIS P RPMPTSEOY DEM H tPUUYY. RPMPTSEOYE LFP, RP EZP UMPCHBN, UETSHEP KHIKHDYYMYUSH, FBL LBL "RBFTYBTI CHVHOFCHBM MADEK", HLBSCCHBS OB FP, UFP LPTPMSH OE CHSHCHRPMOSEF UCHPY PVEEBOYS. FBL LBL DBMEE CH RYUSHNE ZPCHPTYFUS, UFP "PFRBMY" OYTSOYK OPCHZPTPD Y TSBOSH, PYUECHYDOP, UFP RBFTIBTI, LBL UFP RBFTYBTI, LBL UFBMP Y'CHEUFOP CH UNPMEOULPN MBZETE, "CHVKHOFCHBM" YNEOOPPDFEMI ZEPTPH. UDEMBPSH LFP PO NPZ, MYYSH RPUSHMBS FKHDB UCHPYI ZPOGCH YMY UCHPY ZTBNPFSCH.
UPPVEEOYS LFYI UCHTENEOOOSHI UPVSCHFISN RYUEN BUFBCHMSAF UP CHUEK UETSHEPUFSHHA PFOEUFYUSH L ЪBSCHMEOYA b. Forestulpzp on the RetrestsPchptBI RPD UNPMEULPN, YUFP 8 Ochbits 1611 Z. Rbftibti Pfartbchima from Chbuimine Yutfpchchen "Unhfoha ZTBNPFH" h Otsoyk OPSPTPD, PFLHDB of its Urrey Tbuushchmiusch h Lputpnh, ZBMYYY DTHZYE ZPTPDB. // (193). FELUF DPLHNEOFB, RPRBCHYYK B THLY zPUEChULPZP, VSCHM dH RTEDYASCHMEO THUULYN RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN ON RETEZPCHPTBI ( "J NShch CHBN ZTBNPFH YUYFBEN") RPFPNH NPTSOP PFOEUFYUSH have DPCHETYEN A EZP RETEULBH UPDETTSBOYS ZTBNPFSCH "lOSSh zhEDPT yChBOPChYYu nUFYUMBChULYK UP Chuen YOSCHNY VPSTBNYY DKHNIGHT MADSHNY nPULCHH MYFCHE CHSCHDBMY, B CHPTB, DEC, CH lBMHZE HVYFP, Y SING IN ... UPVTBCHUS CHUE CH EVPT, UP CHUENY ZPTPDSH MYY L nPULCHE ABOUT MYFPCHULYI MADEK. UPDETTSBOYE LFPZP UPPVEEOIS OBIPDYFUS H RPMOPN UPPFCHEFUFCHYY U FEN, UFP UPPVEBAF P DEKUFCHYSI Y OBUFTPEOYSI RBFTYBTIB DTHZYE YUFPYUOYLY. pRSchF LPOFBLFPCH have vPSTULPK DHNPK B OPSVTE 1610 Z. DPMTSEO VSCHM HVEDYFSH RBFTYBTIB B FPN, YUFP VPSTE "nPULChH mYFChE CHSCHDBMY" B UPPVEEOYE P "UNETFY CHPTB" DPMTSOP VSCHMP RPLBBFSH THUULYN MADSN, YUFP B UFTBOE PUFBMUS "FPMSHLP PDYO OERTYSFEMSH" RTPFYCH LPFPTPZP UMEDHEF CHSHCHUFKHRIFSH U PTHTSYEN CH THLBI.
th. b. iCHPTPUFYOYO CH 20-E ZZ. XVII CH. LBL RYUBM HYUEOSCHK LOSSH, "OEDPUFPYF DHIPCHOH YUEMPCHELH UHEEE DETBFY ABOUT LTPCHPRTPMYFYE RPHYUEOYEN Y PFVEZBFY Y HDPMSFYUS PF NYTULYI". pDOBLP DMS RBFTIBTIB CHPKOB, L LPFPTPK PO RTYSCHCHBM, CHCHUE OE VSCHMB PVSCHYuOPK CHPKOPK. iPPS CH RETEULBIE b. zPUEChULPZP CHPRTPU P RTYYUYOBI RPIPDB A nPULChE, A LPFPTPNH RTYSCHCHBM zETNPZEO, VSCHM PVPKDEO NPMYUBOYEN, B YOSCHI YUFPYUOYLBI, LBL MF FPN VHDEF ULBBOP OYTSE, UPDETTSBFUS SUOSCHE HLBBOYS, YUFP zETNPZEO RTYSCHCHBM YZOBFSH RTYYEMSHGECH PF LPFPTSCHI YUIPDYF PRBUOPUFSH OE FPMSHLP LCA UFTBOSCH, OP fl ICH CHET. l CHPKOE BY UPITBOEOYE "YUFYOOPC CHETSHCH" PF PRBUOPUFY, ZTPSEEK UP UFPTPOSCH MBFYOULYI ETEFYLPC, RBFTYBTI, LPOEYUOP, UYUYFBM UEVS CHRTBCHE RTYYSHCHCHBFSH.
uHEEUFCHEOOP DPRPMOSAF TBUULB b. zPUECHULPZP RETEULB RBFTYBTYYI ZTBNPF H ЪBRYULBI y. nBULECHYUB. PYUEOSH CHBTSOSCHN RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS EZP UPPVEEOYE, UFP CH LFYI ZTBNPFBI RBFTYBTI PUCHPPVPTSDBM THUULYI MADEK PF RTYUSZY, RTYOEUEOOOPK ChMBDYUMBCHH. pn UCHPENH RPMPTSEOYA B THUULPN PVEEUFCHE zETNPZEO VSCHM DRYER EDYOUFCHEOOSCHN MYGPN, LPFPTPE VSCHMP RTBCHPNPYUOP UPCHETYYFSH FPF BLF, UOYNBCHYYK CHBTSOSCHK RUYIPMPZYYUEULYK VBTSHET, HDETTSYCHBCHYYK THUULYI MADEK PF RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHYS YVTBOOPNH ZPUHDBTA J MYGBN, RTEDUFBCHMSCHYYN ON THUULPK RPYUCHE EZP YOFETEUSCH.
dTHZPE CHBTSOPE DPRPMOOEOYE - FFP UPPVEEOYE y. nBULECHYUB P GEMSI FPZP RPIPDB L nPULCHE, L LPFPTPNKh RTYYSHCHCHBM RBFTIBTI. yFP - PYUYEEOYE UFTBOSHCH PF OERTYSFEMS Y YYVTBOYE ZPUHDBTS "YUCHPEK LTPCHY", RTY LPFPTPN CH UFTBOE UPITBOYFUS YUFYOOBS CHETB. MHYUE // (U. 327) RTUFHRYFSH FBL, Yuen RTyoyunbFSP "GBTS YEY Mbfylpzp TPDB, LPFPTPZP UYMPK UHAF ONN HUM THLY, Chumad PBC LLPTPEN RTydef Hrbdpl Schuez Ohnmy y Obtpdb Somewall, TBPTEYE IBNPK".
lPZDB ZTBNPFSCH RBFTIBTIB RPRBMY H THLY b. ZPUECHULPZP, RPUMEDCHBMY TERTEUUIY. "dSHSLY, RPDSHSUYE Y CHUSLE DCHPTCHSHCHE MADY" RBFTIBTIB VSCHMY BTEUFPCHBOSHCH, "B DCHPT EZP CHEUSH TBZTBVMEO", OP FP OE RTYCHEMP L TBTSCHCHKH EZP UCHSHEK U ZPTPDBNY 'BNPULPCHOPZP LTBS. 12 SOCHBTS CH OYTSOYK OPCHZPTPD CHETOKHMYUSH EZP RPUMBOGSCH L RBFTIBTIKH, LPFPTSCHK "RTYLBJSCHCHBM U ONYY...TEYUSHA" YDFY RPIPDPN ABOUT nPULCH.
zTBNPFSch J PVTBEEOYS RBFTYBTIB PTYEOFYTPCHBMY THUULPE PVEEUFCHP OF TH VEHUMPCHOHA RPUMEDPCHBFEMSHOHA LPOZHTPOFBGYA have tEYuShA rPURPMYFPK LBL have YUBUFSHA MBFYOULPZP NYTB PF LPFPTPZP YUIPDYMB HZTPB UHEEUFCHPCHBOYA ZPUHDBTUFCHB, OBTPDB J YUFYOOPK CHETSCH.
pVPUOPCHBOYA FBLPK PTYEOFBGYY UMHTSYMY Y DTHZYE FELUFSHCH, CHPOYLYYE CH LTHZH TSYFEMEK nPULCHSCH, TBDEMSCHYI CHZMSDSCH RBFTIBTIB. ЪDEUSH RTETSDE CHUEZP UMEDHEF OBCHBFSH FBL OBSCCHCHBENHA "ZTBNPFKH UNPMSHOSO", RTYUMBOOKHA CH OYTSOYK OPCHZPTPD CH LPOGE SOCHBTS 1611 Z. lBL HVEDYFEMSHOP RPLBMBM y. well. rMBFPOCH, ZTBNPFB RTEDUFBCHMSMB UPVPK UCHPEPVTBBOPE BZYFBGIPOOPE RTPYCHEDEOYE, LPFPTPE DPMTSOP VSCHMP RPDOSFSH THUULPE PVEEUFCHP ABOUT VPTSVH U "MYFPCHULYNY MADSHNY".
zTBNPFB UPDETTSBMB PVTBEEOYE PF YNEOY RTYUSZOHCHYI chMBDYUMBCHH UNPMEOULYI RPNEEYLPCH L OBUEMEOYA nPULCCHSCH. ZTBNPFB OBYUYOBMBUSH U LPOUFBFBGYY FPZP, YUFP Y POY, Y TSYFEMY nPULCHSCH "DBMYUSH VE CHUSLPZP RTPFYCHMEOYS MYFPCHULYN MADSN", YUFPVSHCH UPITBOYFSH UCHPA CHETH, TSYOSH Y YNHEEUFCHP. OP FFY PTSYDBOYS OE PUHEEUFCHYMYUSH. rTBCHPUMBCHOBS CHETB "RPTKhZBOB", ITBNSCH "TBBPTEOSCH", UNPMSHOSOE, RTIEIBCHYE CH LPTPMECHULYK MBZETSH RPD uNPMEOULPN, YUFPVSC CHSHCHLHRIFSH YЪ RMEOB UCHPYI VMYЪLYI, MYYSH RPFETSMY UCHPYY DEOSHY pF "MYFPCHULYI MADEK" Y OEMSHЪS PTSYDBFSH OYUEZP IPTPYEZP, FBL LBL "CHBU TSE CHUEI nPULPCHULYI MADEK... Cabrmayuooshk DFZPCHPT OE VKHDAF Khschpmoo, th LPTPMechyu h BeshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhФПП ППФХРСП, ЮФП ДБФШ ЛПТППСЕЧYYUB About NPulpchulpe ZPUHDBTUFCHP NENP Scientificship Zpuchdbtufchb ». VPMEE FPZP, H ZTBNPFE DBMEE ZPCHPTYMPUSH, UFP RP TEYOYA "CHUIK YENMY" ABOUT UEKNE "RPMPTSEOP P FPN, YUFPV CHSCCHEUFSH MKHYUYI MADEK Y PRHUFPIYFSH CHUA ENMA Y CHMBDEFY CHUEA ENMEA nPULPCHULPA". h DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY RPDPVOSCHI TEYEOYK RTYOSFP OE VSCHMP: ON UEKNE 1609 Z. CHPRTPU P CHPKOE have tPUUYEK OE PVUHTSDBMUS, B UMEDHAEYK UEKN UPVTBMUS MYYSH B UEOFSVTE 1611 Z. pDOBLP FY HFCHETTSDEOYS RPSCHYMYUSH SAT ON RHUFPN NEUFE // (328 in.) W OHYE EUFSH CHUE PUOPCHBOYS CHYDEFSH TEBLGYA ABOUT RPSCHYCHYYEUS CH RPMSHULPK RHVMYGYUFILE FEI MEF RTEMPTSEOIS RTECHTBFYFSH tPUUYA H LPMPOYA TEYUY rPURPMYFPK RP PVTBGBGH YURBOULYI LPMPOIK H bNETYLE.
eUMMY RBFTIBTI ZETNPZEO MYYSH CH PVEEK ZHPTNE ZPCHPTYM P FPN, YuFP OE UMEDHEF RPMBZBFSHUS OB HCHETEOYS RPMSHULP-MYFPCHULPK UFPTPOSCH, FP UPDBFEMY CHPOLCHBOYS RPDLTEREYMY DPFCHTEYNFEYNSCHFCHETHEYNSCH. rPDYUOYCHYYUSH, RPDYETLYCHBMPUSH CH CHPЪCHBOY, THUULIE MADY "CH CHEYUOKHA TBVPFH Y CH MBFYOUFCHP RPYMY". eUMMY POY OE IPFSF PLBBFSHUS CH RPTBVPEEOYY Y HFTTBFIFSH UCHPA CHETH, POI DPMTSOSCH "CHUEA ЪENMEA PVEEA UVBFY ЪB RTBCCHPUMBCHOKHA LTEUFSHSOULHA CHETH, RPLBNEUFB EEE UCHPVPDOSHCHOE CH TH".
pDOPChTENEOOP have FYN RTYSCHCHPN A CHPUUFBOYA TBDY URBUEOYS UFTBOSCH J CHETSCH CHPCHBOYE UPDETTSBMP J PVMYYUEOYE OBIPDSEYIUS B nPULChE "RTEDBFEMEK LTEUFSHSOULYI" LPFPTSCHE ZPFPCHSCH UMHTSYFSH BCHPECHBFEMSN "DMS UCHPEZP OEOBUSCHFOPZP ZTBVMEOYS". yNEOOP POY RTYYSHCHCHBAF LPTPMS RTYKFY Y BICHBFIFSH nPULCHKH: “fPMSHLP, DE, OE RTYFFY UBNPNKH LPTPMA UP NOPZYNY MADNY L nPULCHE YOE CHSHCHCHEUFY U nPULCCHCH MHYUYI MADEKA Y nPULPCHY, MENFDEFPCHOE Y nPULCHSHCH MHYUYI MADEKHA Y nPULPCHY”. pYuEChYDOP, RMBOSCH NPULPCHULYI UFPTPOOYLPCH uYZYNHODB III RPMHYUYMY PZMBULH, J FP URPUPVUFCHPCHBMP HFCHETTSDEOYA RTEDUFBCHMEOYS P VPSTULPN RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHE H nPULChE LBL great lot, ZPFPCHPK TBDY UCHPYI LPTSCHUFOSCHI YOFETEUPCH URPUPVUFCHPCHBFSH RPLPTEOYA tPUUYY BICHBFYUYLBNY.
Unitary enterprise UFPTPOOILBNY PUCHPPVPDYFEMSHOPZP DCHYTSEOIS CH nPULCHE VSCHMP UCHSBOP RPSCHMEOYE, RP-CHYDYNPNKh HZHECHTBME 1611 Z., EEE PDOPZP BZYFBGIPOOPZP RTPIYCHEDEOYS - "OPCHPK RPCHEUFY P RTEUMBUYBCHOPN tN". its BCHFPT UOPCHB (Y EEE VPMEE RPDTPVOP) PVPUOPCHCHCHBM RPMPTSEOIS, UPDETTSBCHYEUS CH "CHP''CHBOY UNPMSHOSO". LBL J BCHFPTSCH CHPCHBOYS, BCHFPT "oPChPK RPCHEUFY" RPDTPVOP DPLBSCHCHBM, YUFP OE UMEDHEF OBDESFSHUS ON AF YUFP tEYuSh rPURPMYFBS UFBOEF CHSCHRPMOSFSH HUMPCHYS BCHZHUFPCHULPZP DPZPCHPTB "RPOETSE PF DBCHOSCHI MEF NSCHUMSF ON OBYE CHEMYLPE ZPUHDBTUFCHP Chueh Sing PLBSOOYLY VEVPTSOYLY J". chPRTELY DPZPCHPTH B UFTBOE OBIPDYFUS J TBPTSEF ITS YOPENOPE CHPKULP, LPFPTPE PDOYI HVYCHBEF, B Y DTHZYI CHYNBEF "VENETOSCHS J OERPDYASFOSCHS LPTNSCH" W B nPULChE YOPENOSCHK ZBTOYPO RTYFEUOSEF ZPTPTSBO, UYMPK PFVYTBS X OHYE RTYZMSOHCHYEEUS YNHEEUFCHP: RPUBTSEOOSCHK ON lBEOOPN DCHPTE "UNETD" zhEDPT bODTPOPCh RETEUSCHMBEF L uyzyjnkhodkh "CHEMILPE GBTULPE UPLTPCHIE", UPVTBOOPE "PF NOPZYI MEF NOPZYNY ZPUHDBTY - UBNPDETTSGSCH, CHEMYLYNY LOSY Y GBTY CHUEB THUIY".
CHUE LFP, RP NOOEOYA BCHFPTB "rPCHEUFY", UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHPCHBMP P // (at. 329) FPN, UFP uYZYINKHOD III OE FPMSHLP OE TSEMBEF RTYUMBFSH USCHOB CH nPULCHKH, OP "Y UBN DE TSYFY OE IPEEF". FSTSEMSCHN RPMPTSEOYEN, CH LPFPTPN PLBBMBUSH tPUUYS, LPZDB "Y'CHEMUS" "GBTULYK LPTEOSH" Y OBYUBMYUSH UNKhFSHCH, LPTPMSh IPYUEF CHPURPMSh'PCHBFSHUS, YuFPVSH TBBPTYFSH Y RPTBVPUHFYFSHP ZPUUYFSH. LPTPMSH IPYUEF, ZPCHPTYMPUSH Ch "rPCHEUFY", "OBU LPOEYUOP RPZKHVYFE Y RPD NEU RPDLMPOYFY, Y RPD-THTSYS OBLY Y PFTPDSH H TBVPFH Y CH IPMPRY RPTBVPFYFY Y RTYTSYFYE GENERAL RPZTBVYFY". chMBUFSH OBD RPLPTEOOOPK Y TBBPTEOOOPK UFTBOPC PO IPUEF RETEDBFSH CH THLY UCHPYI "RPDTHYuOILPCH", LPFPTSCHE VHDHF UPVITBFSH DMS OEZP "DBOY-PVTBLY CHUSLYS FSTSLYS".
uEKYuBU, RPLB LPTPMECHULBS BTNYS BDETTSBOB RPD uNPMEOULPN, LPTPMSH ULTSCHCHBEF UCHPY OBNETEOYS J PVNBOSCHCHBEF THUULYI MADEK, OP, LBL FPMSHLP ENH HDBUFUS PCHMBDEFSH ZPTPDPN th in UNPTSEF UP UCHPYN CHPKULPN RTYKFY L "GBTUFCHHAEENH ZTBDH" Chueh FY MPCHEEYE RMBOSCH OBYUOHF PUHEEUFCHMSFSHUS.
bChFPT OE FPMSHLP UFTENYFUS TBCHESFSH Chueh CHPNPTSOSCHE YMMAYY YUYFBFEMS PFOPUYFEMSHOP RPMSHULPZP LPTPMS J EZP RPMYFYLY BY PDOPCHTENEOOP HVETSDBEF YUYFBFEMS, YUFP FPF OE DPMTSEO TBUUYUYFSCHCHBFSH TH ON AF YUFP VPSTULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP B nPULChE UNPTSEF BEYFYFSH EZP YOFETEUSCH. Inty "Ogenmedtsgsh" TPBUFMYYUS HNSHCH NEKHEGEK UBCHEY VSHFI ... OE RP UBCHDS DPUFPYOSHUFCHU EU RPPPNH PTFIMIUMYUSE UFBFS PTHDYEN H Pukheufchmeoy Rambopch Rpmshulpzp LPTPMS. FFY MADY, VPSTYO n. h. UBMFSHCHLPCH Y EZP UFPTPOOILY, "NOPZYI NBMPCHTENEOOSHCHN VPZBFUFCHPN Y UMBCHPA RTEMSHUFYMY Y YOSHI BLPTNYMY Y CHEDE UCHPY UMHIY Y DPVTPIPFSHCH RPYUFPOCHYMY Y RPYYOBBD". y YTPOYEK Y CHPЪNHEEOYEN RYUBM BCHFPT "rPCHEUFY" P "UNETDE" ZHEDPTE BODTPOCHE, BL LPFPTSHCHN "RPMGSHCH CHEMYGSCH CHUSLYI YUYOPCH MADY... IPDSF Y NYMPUFY Y HLBB PF OEZP UNPFTSF". rTBCHDB, OELPFPTSHCHE YJ "CHSHCHUPLYI YUYOPCH Y VPSTULYI TPDCH", LPFPTSHCHE OBIPDSFUS CH nPULCHE "RP CHUEI RP OBU TsBMEAF Y TBDSF", OP POY "OE NPZKhF OYYUECHP HYUYOYFY YOE UNEAF UFBFY".
Ye Chuzp BFPZP Umvedhef PDYO Zambhchp KSCHPD: Thulia Mady, OE RPMBZBSush Oh about LPZP, DPMCSEZHES CHSFSHUS OBB PTHTSYE YEBTBCHPUMKHOKHPTULE BBB Chuu Chellpe Zpuchdbtufchp, RTBCHPUMPCHP. rTYNETPN LCA OHYE DPMTSOSCH UMHTSYFSH BEYFOYLY uNPMEOULB, PFLBSCHCHBAEYEUS UDBFSH ZPTPD LPTPMECHULPK BTNYY "CHEMYLYE RPUMSCH" FTEVHAEYE PF LPTPMS CHSCHRPMOEOYS HUMPCHYK BCHZHUFPCHULPZP DPZPCHPTB, RBFTYBTI zETNPZEO, PDYO RTPFYCHPUFPSEYK RTPYULBN YNEOOYLPCH B nPULChE.
"OPChBS RPCHEUFSH" RTEDUFBCHMSEF PUPVSCHK YOFETEU, B YUBUFOPUFY pn // (d. 330) FPNH, YUFP, CHSCHULBSCHCHBS NSCHUMY J UPPVTBTSEOYS, PYUEOSH VMYLYE A HAIR DRYER, LPFPTSCHE YMBZBMYUSH B ZTBNPFBI RBFTYBTYEZP LTHZB, BCHFPT FPZP RTPYCHEDEOYS SCHOP OE VSCHM B LPOFBLFE have FYN LTHZPN MADEC. iBTBLFETOP, UFP PO RTJSCCHBM THUULYI MADEK RPDOSFSHUS ABOUT CHPUUFBOYE, DBCE OE YNES PF RBFTIBTIB "UMPCHEUOPZP RPCHEMEOYS Y THYUOPZP RYUBOYS". fBLPZP "RPCHEMEOYS" YOE NPZMP VSHCHFSH, FBL LBL RBFTIBTI RP UCHPENKH RPMPTSEOIA OE NPZ "RPCHEMECHBFY OB LTPCHSH DETKOHFY". UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, P TBUUSCHMBCHYIUS RP UFTBOE U OBYUBMB 1611 Z. RBFTIBTYI ZTBNPFBI PO OYUEZP OE OBM.
FPF RTYNET RPLBSCHCHBEF, YUFP OBVMADEOYS B UPVSCHFYSNY, RTPYUIPDYCHYYNY RPUME BCHZHUFPCHULPZP DPZPCHPTB, RTYCHPDYMY TBOSCHI MADEK A UIPDOSCHN CHSCHCHPDBN P FPN, YUFP PF RPMSHULP-MYFPCHULPK UFPTPOSCH OE RTYIPDYFUS TSDBFSH OYYUEZP IPTPYEZP, J THUULYE MADY, OE TBUUYUYFSCHCHBS ON RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP B nPULChE, DPMTSOSCH CHSFSHUS B PTHTSYE , YUFPVSH Y'ZOBFSH Y' UFTBOSH YOPENOSHCHE CHPKULB.
pUPVPZP CHOYNBOYS BUMHTSYCHBAF RTYOBOYS BCHFPTB B BLMAYUYFEMSHOPK YUBUFY EZP UPYUYOEOYS, YUFP IN DEA RTYOBDMETSYF A DRYER CHETIBN THUULPZP PVEEUFCHB, LPFPTSCHE of the ECE OEDBCHOP YULBMY NYMPUFEK PF LPTPMS, J YUFP ENH FBLYE NYMPUFY VSCHMY PLBBOSCH ( "CE X b OHYE OSCHOE RPTSBMPCHBO EMP"). FEN UBNSCHN RPSCHMEOYE "rPCHEUFY" UMEDHEF TBUUNBFTYCHBFSH LBL CHBTSOSCHK UINRFPN BTPTsDBAEEZPUS TBULPMB CH UTEDE UFPMYUOSCHI "YUYOPCH", TBOEE CHNEUFE U UMEOBNY vPSTULPK DKhNSCH YULKHOBCHNYI III.
Russian-Polish war of 1609-1618, also known as Polish-Lithuanian intervention- an armed conflict between Russia and the Commonwealth, during which the Polish-Lithuanian troops occupied the Moscow Kremlin for two years (from 1610 to 1612). One of the main events of the Time of Troubles.
Polish magnates invaded Russia, initially under the pretext of helping False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II (in 1605 and 1607-1609), and then with the explicit goal of conquering the Russian kingdom. Officially, the Commonwealth, represented by King Sigismund III, entered the war after the conclusion by Tsar Vasily Shuisky of an alliance with the Kingdom of Sweden, hostile to the Poles (see the Vyborg Treaty of 1609). The royal army was defeated in the battle of Klushinsky, the Polish-Lithuanian army captured Moscow, captured Shuisky and tried to put Prince Vladislav in his place.
The collapse of Russian statehood
In the city, the First Militia was formed, with a core of Tushino Cossacks and Ryazan nobles, led by Dmitry Trubetskoy, Ivan Zarutsky and Prokopy Lyapunov. It moved towards Moscow, where an uprising broke out in turn, in which Prince Dmitry Pozharsky played an important role. The uprising was put down; shortly thereafter, the militias took Kitai-Gorod, but internal strife between the Cossacks and the nobles, culminating in the murder of Lyapunov, led to the flight of the nobles and the actual disintegration of the militia.
In this situation, the Second Militia is formed in Nizhny Novgorod, headed by Pozharsky. In August, it appeared at the walls of Moscow, where the Cossacks of Trubetskoy and Zarutskoy still stood. On August 22 and 24, 1612, Polish reinforcements were defeated, marching towards Moscow under the command of the great Lithuanian hetman Khodkevich, who was forced to retreat along the Smolensk road. The consequence of Pozharsky's victory was the surrender of the Poles who were in the Kremlin.
1613-1617 Siege of Smolensk
The campaign against Smolensk, by decision of the Zemsky Sobor, became the first military operation revived Russian army at the final stage of the war. The army assembled for the march on Smolensk in the middle of 1613, according to the list, numbered 12,250 people. Russian troops occupied both Vyazma (July 7, 1613) and Dorogobuzh without a fight. The capture of Belaya, which was a truly important outpost on the Lithuanian frontier, was a great success. The prospect of a difficult siege, the appearance of a large Russian army and generous promises forced the mercenaries to surrender the city, and they did this despite the active resistance of the Lithuanian garrison. After these successes, the army approached the main goal of their campaign - Smolensk. The Russian governors had high hopes for the surrender of the city, like Belaya. The fact that the rate was placed on capitulation, and not the assault on the fortress, is also evidenced by the actions of the Russian troops. During the entire time of the siege, not a single attempt was made to storm or dig, and powerful and numerous Russian siege artillery was not sent to Smolensk at all. The actions of the siege troops were limited to the construction of fortified prisons and the erection of fences on all roads leading to Lithuania.
In the middle of 1614 successes gave way to failures. Several defeats in minor skirmishes did not lead to the withdrawal of Russian troops, but soon the Lithuanians managed to break through the blockade and transfer reinforcements and supplies to Smolensk. The chance to quickly return Smolensk was missed and a long siege of the city began. The Poles and Lithuanians, at first, could not take active action against the siege army. In 1615 in the Smolensk region, small skirmishes continued, interspersed with negotiations. Despite partial successes, the siege as a whole did not produce results. Lithuanian detachments managed to break into the fortress twice more and carry out carts. The position of the besieging army was rather difficult.
In the second half of 1616, the Lithuanians, in turn, began to take more active steps. Velizh elder Alexander Gonsevsky, having gathered available forces, crossed the Russian border and camped near Smolensk. In November, the Gonsevsky detachment (up to 2000 people) made a maneuver and camped between Dorogobuzh and Smolensk, in the village of Tverdilitsy, thereby interrupting the supply of the siege army along the Great Moscow Road. To fight the Lithuanians in January 1617, a new army began to equip, led by the prince
