Main types of speech are description , narration and reasoning .

Description- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any phenomenon of reality is depicted by listing its constant or simultaneously present signs or actions (the content of the description can be conveyed on one frame of the camera).

In the description, most of all, words denoting qualities, properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are used.

Verbs are more often used in the form of the imperfect form of the past tense, and for special clarity, figurativeness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and inconsistent) and denominative sentences.

For example:

The sky was clear, clear, pale blue. Light white clouds, lit from one side with a pink glow, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in other places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From behind the horizon, like giant spread fingers, golden stripes stretched upward across the sky from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A. I. Kuprin)

The description helps to see the subject, to present it in the mind.

Narration- this is a type of speech, with the help of which it is told about any events in their temporal sequence; successive actions or events are reported (the content of the narrative can be conveyed only on a few frames of the camera).

In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the form of the past tense of the imperfective form ( came, saw, developed etc.).

For example:

And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The Great Dane suddenly fell on its back, and some invisible force pulled it off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly gripped the astonished Jack's throat... Jack propped himself up with his front legs and shook his head furiously. But an invisible “something” squeezed his neck so tightly that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A. I. Kuprin)

Narrative helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.

reasoning- this is a type of speech, with the help of which any position, thought is proved or explained; talks about the causes and consequences of events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).

In reasoning texts, a special role belongs to introductory words indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation ( firstly, secondly, so, therefore, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating unions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order to, because, although, in spite of the fact that etc.)

For example:

If the writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he writes about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.

But if the writer sees well what he writes about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire novelty, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. G. Paustovsky)

The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are rather arbitrary. At the same time, any one type of speech is not always presented in the text. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narrative with elements of reasoning, etc.

Speech styles

Speech styles- these are systems of speech means, historically established and socially fixed, which are used in communication, depending on the sphere of communication or the sphere of professional activity.

There are five main styles of speech in Russian.

1. Scientific style.

2. Journalistic style.

3. Official business style.

4. Literary and artistic.

5. Conversational.

Scientific style is used in the field of scientific activity. The genres in which it is implemented are the writing of dissertations, term papers, tests or theses, scientific articles, lectures, abstracts, abstracts, theses. The main characteristic of this style of speech is logic, clarity and the absence of any manifestation of emotions on the part of the author.

journalistic the style of speech, like the previous one, refers to the book style and is used not only to convey this or that information, but also to influence the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers who need to be convinced or interested in something. The journalistic style is typical for speeches at various meetings, newspaper articles, analytical and informational radio and television programs. This style is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness.

Official business style is characterized by several basic properties. This is clarity, lack of emotional presentation, standardity and conservatism. It is used when writing laws, orders, memorandums, statements, business letters and various legal documents. Standard writing is expressed in the writing of these documents according to an established scheme - a template. Specific vocabulary and morphology are used.

Literary and artistic style - differs from other book styles in that when writing his works, the author can use almost any of the above styles. And since literature reflects all spheres of human life, vernacular, dialects, jargon are also used here. It is also characterized by emotionality. Literary and artistic style is used in fiction.

Colloquial the style of speech is not bookish. It is used in everyday communication between people in various everyday situations. Since speech is not prepared in advance during a conversation, the characteristic features are the incompleteness of the expressed thought and emotionality.