What are the types of speech?

Introduction

Russian language lesson. The teacher announces the grades for the next essay and explains the reasons for assigning one or another point. Finally, he opens your notebook. And suddenly he gives out something like: "And you, (your surname), deuce! The type and style of speech in the text do not at all correspond to those indicated in the task." You are perplexed: "What are the types of speech? What is their meaning? And in general, what kind of animals are these - styles and types of speech?" Today we will consider the question of the latter.

Types of speech

Let's start with the interpretation of this term. The type of speech is a method of explanation that is chosen by the author and focuses on describing or talking about reality. There are three of them: narrative, description and reasoning. They are polar opposites.

Description

The description text should answer such questions: what is the described object, how does it look, what are its inherent properties. You can finish it with a general impression or (if there are several objects) a common feature. Here is an example of a description of one object: "There was a large apple on the table. The leaf on the handle was still fresh - it means that it had recently been plucked from the tree. The skin of the apple was two-colored: one half was bright yellow, the other was red, just burgundy. From the falling ray of the sun it is beautiful and tempting this apple must have been very juicy, tasty and crumbly." As you can see, the part of speech that should appear most often in the description is the adjective. You can also use participles, short adjectives and participial phrases.

reasoning

Unlike narrative and description, which seek to depict the surrounding reality, reasoning conveys the sequence of human thoughts. The text of this type can be proof, explanation or reflection. He must answer such questions: what is the cause of this event, what are the consequences and what does it mean. The reasoning plan should be as follows: thesis - a thought that is being pondered or that is being proved / refuted, arguments proving / refuting or weighing all the pros and cons, conclusion - proof / refutation or the final decision. Here is a sample discourse text: A painful struggle began inside me. What to do? To take an apple or not to touch it? It can be seen that it is very tasty, and it would be a sin not to try it. But if I take the apple now, my grandmother will discover the loss, will be offended and will no longer invite me to visit her. And here is such a wonderful garden, and most importantly - friends live here! And grandmother, if she wants, will cook any goodies better than one apple. It's decided - I won't touch it, but we'll see."

Narration

A narrative text has the following features: a clear and precise sequence of events, they must be transmitted, the text must have tangible boundaries of space and time. The plan of what is happening should be as follows: exposition, plot, development of action, climax, denouement. Which parts of the text are these points is easier to show with an example text: "For several hours we played in the grandmother's garden with Jacek and Tadeusz. I was very glad that I met my old friends. The weather was wonderful, and no one bothered us to communicate [exposition]. Suddenly I heard my grandmother's voice calling: "Martina, come into my room!" [tie]. The friends nodded. I went to my grandmother's house, wondering what she needed. She was lying on the bed in her bedroom and, apparently, again suffered from a headache. Grandmother asked me to bring a glass of water and pills that were in the kitchen cabinet. I obeyed and went there. Having taken water and taking pills, I already wanted to go to the bedroom, but my attention was completely captured by the kitchen table. Oh, there was something to see! This is something completely fabulous ... And yet, with an effort, I tore my eyes away and went to the bedroom [Development of action]. Grandmother thanked me, put a couple of pills in her mouth and washed them down with water. She immediately felt so much better that she got out of bed. Then she looked at me carefully and asked if I would like to eat an apple that is on the kitchen table. I nodded vigorously. Then my grandmother went to the kitchen, cut the apple into three parts, handed them to me and ordered me to take one for myself, I give the other two to friends.[climax]. I quickly rushed to Jacek and Tadeusz, and we divided the pieces of the apple among ourselves. When they were eaten, my friends were called by their parents. They got up, thanked their grandmother and quickly ran home.[denouement]." As you can see, the verbs of the past tense of the perfect form predominate in the narrative.

Combining speech types

However, in many works, writers often combine everything into one text. One of them may even occur in a few small pieces among the others. Let's try to combine the examples from the paragraphs about types of speech into one text: " For several hours we played in Grandma's garden with Jacek and Tadeusz. I was very glad that I met my old friends. The weather was wonderful, and no one bothered us to communicate. Suddenly I heard my grandmother's voice calling: "Martina, come into my room!". The friends nodded. I went to my grandmother's house, wondering what she needed. She was lying on the bed in her bedroom and, apparently, again suffered from a headache. Grandmother asked me to bring a glass of water and pills that were in the kitchen cabinet. I obeyed and went there. Having taken water and taking pills, I already wanted to go to the bedroom, but my attention was completely captured by the kitchen table. Oh, there was something to see! This is something absolutely fabulous... There was a big apple on the table. The leaf on the handle was still fresh, which means it had recently been plucked from the tree. The skin of the apple was two-tone: one half was bright yellow, the other was red, just burgundy. From the falling ray of the sun, it shone beautifully and temptingly. Probably, this apple is very juicy, tasty and crumbly. A painful struggle began inside me. What to do? To take an apple or not to touch it? It can be seen that it is very tasty and it would be a sin not to try it. But if I take the apple now, my grandmother will discover the loss, will be offended and will no longer invite me to visit her. And here is such a wonderful garden and most importantly - friends live here! And grandmother, if she wants, will cook any goodies better than one apple. It was decided - I will not touch it, but we'll see. Still, with an effort, I tore my eyes away and went to the bedroom. Grandmother thanked me, put a couple of pills in her mouth and washed them down with water. She immediately felt so much better that she got out of bed. Then she looked at me carefully and asked if I would like to eat an apple that is on the kitchen table. I nodded vigorously. Then grandmother went to the kitchen, cut the apple into three parts, handed them to me and ordered one to take for herself, I give the other two to friends. I quickly rushed to Jacek and Tadeusz, and we divided the pieces of the apple among ourselves. When they were eaten, my friends were called by their parents. They got up, thanked their grandmother and quickly ran home."

Output

See what a good story it turned out when we combined all three types of speech. But even using only one essay can turn out just as well, especially now that you know the features of each of them.