Test the individual's self-awareness and social behavior. Lesson in social science on the topic "self-awareness of the individual and social behavior." The problem of individual freedom
What is the source and what is the nature of awareness of one's own position, its uniqueness? Where does the inner consciousness of "I" come from?
If a person is a question of questions of philosophy, then the central point in the problem of a person is the question of the nature of a unique personal being. Philosophers explain consciousness, the spiritual principle in a person in different ways. According to Plato, consciousness is the remembrance of the eternal world of ideas in which the soul dwelt before being born into the world. It is easy to see that such an understanding actually goes back to the mythological views on the transmigration of souls. According to the British philosopher D. Locke, consciousness is the essence of developed and complicated systems of sensory perceptions. According to rationalist philosophers (who give priority to reason over feelings) such as R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, W. Leibniz, ideas are primordial and exist parallel to the material world and independently of it. According to such philosophers as the German M. Buber, the Frenchman E. Levinas, the Russian thinker M. Bakhtin, the Spirit originally inherent in man, in contact with other spiritual beings, is, as it were, embodied by them into a specific Soul.
The reason for such discrepancies is related to the fact that the human consciousness, "I", although it seems to be quite obviously given to everyone, is not comprehensible, since other objects are comprehended: a table, a chair, chemicals, planets, works of art, political events, etc. .d. cognizable objectively, i.e. as certain objects that exist outside the subject that knows them. The consciousness of one's own "I" is comprehensible not through objectification, but in some other, deeper way. "I" is not a fact, not an act, not an idea, it is both ideal and real. Moreover, the “I” always, as it were, stands outside space and time: it is always, at any moment in time, recognized as the “I-unchanging”, as the “I, which is precisely I”, and in its entirety.
The meaning of the problem of self-consciousness lies in the fact that the subject of self-consciousness is the bearer of freedom. And the problem of self-consciousness, thus, turns out to be at the center of any comprehension by a person of reality and himself, the possibility of knowing the dynamics of culture in general. The main problem is the extra-spatial, timeless beginning of self-consciousness, which lies outside the cognizable world, perhaps even preceding it. And then we are talking about freedom, the bearer of which is the subject of self-consciousness.
Since self-consciousness is difficult to bring under rational categories, a tradition has developed in philosophy of the rational indefinability of self-consciousness and the philosophical ideas of freedom or existence associated with it. Given outside of time and space, our "I" appears as something that does not belong to the outside world familiar to us, therefore the problem of self-knowledge reveals itself ultimately as a problem of the non-existent beginning of being, as a religious problem. The "I" is given in itself, but it cannot be its own foundation and needs some kind of foundation that lies outside the sensuously perceived world. Therefore, true self-knowledge is achieved only through correlation with a certain "absolute" beginning of all manifestations of reality, something free from this reality.
The problem of individual freedom
What is freedom? And is there freedom? After all, there are many authoritative worldview concepts - materialistic and religious - denying freedom. According to materialism, everything in the world is the result of cause-and-effect interactions. According to the religion of Protestantism, complete Divine predestination reigns in the world. Both the outstanding German philosopher F. Nietzsche and the supporters of behaviorism (from the English. behavior- behavior), according to which human behavior is completely determined by external influences.
But freedom is not so much a physical concept as "superphysical". Freedom is always something still unrealized; it is not yet being, but a certain possibility of being. It precedes being, it is that which "wants" to be embodied in being. In this sense, freedom acts as a kind of "groundless basis of being." Therefore, it is always so difficult to talk about freedom - it does not have specific characteristics, representing something indescribable and inexpressible. According to the Russian religious philosopher N. A. Berdyaev, even God the Creator, who is all-powerful over being, is not all-powerful over uncreated freedom.
Freedom appears only when human consciousness appears. The spiritual is thus directly related to freedom. Therefore, freedom appears as the only condition for adequate perception and comprehension of reality. The human essence is freedom, eternally waiting beyond the threshold of the human certainty of the world. The self-consciousness of the subject is the self-consciousness of freedom.
Credit "Man in the system of social relations"
Public and individual consciousness.
public consciousness- a set of collective ideas inherent in a certain era, public consciousness interacts with individual consciousness.
The structure of public consciousness:
psychological level (psychology)
theoretical level (ideology)
practical level (behavior)
Forms of public consciousness:
art (artistic consciousness)
science (philosophy)
morality
legal awareness (law)
religion
ideology (political consciousness) is the highest form of social consciousness
Forms of public consciousness depend on life, the structure of social institutions, the organization of the process of cognition, etc. Therefore, they are always closely connected with a certain type of public relations: economic, political, moral, aesthetic, relations between members of the scientific community.
mass consciousness- the stereotyped consciousness of ordinary citizens of a developed industrial society, which is being formed under the massive influence of the media and stereotypes of mass culture.
Political consciousness- this is a form of social consciousness, the totality of all the theoretical and political ideas and attitudes that spontaneously arise in people in a given era.
The socialization of the individual. social role.
social status the individual primarily influences his behavior. A data-driven behavior model status, commonly called social role.
There are the following types of social roles:
Psychosomatic (dependence on biological needs, human culture)
psychodramatic (dependence on the requirements of the environment)
social (dependence on the expectations of representatives of other social categories)
social role- it's kind of pattern of behavior, required from the carrier, of a certain status. Applying for this status, a person must fulfill all the role requirements assigned to this social position.
The process of implementing social roles as a whole is determined by the following factors:
biopsychological capabilities of a person that can contribute to or hinder the fulfillment of a particular social role
a personal model that defines a set of behavioral characteristics necessary for the successful fulfillment of a role
the nature of the role adopted in the group and the features of social control, designed to monitor the implementation of role behavior
the structure of the group, its cohesion and the degree of identification of the individual with the group.
In progress social roles certain difficulties associated with the need for a person to perform in various situations a set of roles. There are intra-role (the requirements of one role contradict each other), inter-role (the requirements of one role contradict another role), personal-role (the requirements of the role contradict the needs of the individual) role conflicts.
Social roles in adolescence.
Youth- this is a socio-demographic group, allocated on the basis of a combination of age characteristics.
Social roles in adolescence: son/daughter, brother/sister, grandson/granddaughter, student/student, worker, family man, sports participant, subculture participant, social movement participant, social interaction participant.
Features of the social status of youth:
transitivity
high level of mobility
acquiring new social roles
finding a place in life
career prospects
spiritual life of man.
Spiritual world- the inner, spiritual life of a person, which includes knowledge, faith, feelings, aspirations of people.
Spiritual world each can be correctly understood only in view of his belonging to social community in close connection with spiritual life of society.
A person who has a highly developed spiritual life, as a rule, has an important personal quality - spirituality. Spirituality means striving for the height of ideals and thoughts that determine the morality of all activities.
On the contrary, a person whose spiritual life is poorly developed is soulless, unable to see and feel all the diversity and beauty of the surrounding world.
At the highest level of human development, the motives, the meanings of his life activity are not personal needs and relationships, but highest human values. The assimilation of certain values, such as truth, goodness, beauty, creates value orientations, i.e. a conscious desire of a person to build his life and transform reality in accordance with them.
In a person's life, a special role is played by the landmarks of his life and activity, a kind of spiritual beacons, which, as a rule, have been developed by the centuries-old experience of mankind and are passed down from generation to generation. The most striking of them are moral and ideological guidelines.
outlook(briefly) is the totality of a person's views on the world that surrounds him.
outlook(complete) - a set of views, assessments, norms and attitudes that determine a person's attitude to the world around him, his place in it and act as guidelines and regulators of personality behavior.
Self-consciousness of the individual and social behavior.
self-awareness(public) - a person's awareness of his actions, feelings, thoughts, motives of behavior, interests, his position in society.
self-awareness(intrapersonal) - a person's awareness of himself as a person capable of making decisions and being responsible for them.
social behavior- the behavior of a person in society, designed to exert a certain influence on the surrounding people and society as a whole.
Types of social behavior:
mass (activity of the masses) - group (interaction of several people)
pro-social - anti-social
helping - competitive
deviant (deviating) - illegal
(meaningful) manifestation of good and evil, friendship and enmity
(meaningful) striving for success, power
(meaningful) confidence and self-doubt
Freedom and responsibility.
freedom(actions) - the absence of obstacles, frames, boundaries.
Freedom (moral) is the ability of a person to act in accordance with his goals and interests, to carry out choice.
freedom(needs) - conscious adherence to the need.
freedom(long) - this is regularity, constancy, inexorability in the implementation of moral requirements by a person.
freedom a person is inextricably linked with responsibility for their actions, duty and duties.
free will- the ability of a person to self-determination in their actions
Performed by students of MBOU "Secondary School No. 5" "6 A" class Koposova Anna, Krasnova Anastasia
Personal self-consciousness is such a person's ability that helps to realize one's own "I", as well as one's interests, needs, values, one's behavior and experiences. All these elements interact functionally and genetically, but do not evolve at once. This skill arises at birth and is modified throughout the development of a person. In modern psychology, there are three points of view on the origin of self-consciousness, but one is traditional among all directions. This is the understanding of self-consciousness as a genetically original form of human consciousness.
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Self-consciousness of the individual and social behavior. Worldview, its types and forms. Performed by students of MBOU "Secondary School No. 5" "6 A" class Koposova Anna, Krasnova Anastasia
Self-consciousness of the individual and social behavior. Worldview, its types and forms. Task: Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are associated with the concept of "worldview". Universe, worldview, system of values, worldview, beliefs. Find and write down a term not related to the concept of "worldview".
2. Prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Worldview". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
3. Write down the missing word in the diagram. social development evolution revolution
Self-consciousness is one of the forms of consciousness, manifested in the unity of self-knowledge and attitude towards oneself. Self-knowledge is the study by a person of his own mental and physical characteristics. Self-knowledge begins with self-knowledge. The knowledge of the properties of one's own personality proceeds in the process of activity and communication. Self-esteem is an emotional attitude towards one's own image.
Motives for turning to self-esteem Understanding oneself (search for accurate knowledge about oneself) Increasing one's own significance (search for favorable knowledge about oneself) Self-examination (correlation of one's own knowledge about oneself with the assessments of one's personality by others) Self-knowledge is closely related to such a phenomenon as reflection - the process of thinking of an individual about what is going on in his mind.
Behavior - a set of human actions performed by him in a relatively long period in constant or changing conditions. Activity consists of actions, behavior consists of actions.
The main types of social behavior
Types of social behavior
Worldview is a holistic view of nature, society, man, which is expressed in the system of values and ideals of the individual, social group, society. worldview Attitude emotional and psychological side of the worldview: feelings, moods Worldview Image of the world in visual representations Worldview Cognitive-intellectual side of the worldview Image of the world obtained as a result of its sensory perception Representation of the world on the basis of its rational explanation
The worldview may manifest: Dogmatism - a form of thinking and action, characterized by inertia, immobility, striving for authoritarianism; C skepticism is a philosophical direction that uses doubt in the cognitive possibilities of thinking; Reasonable criticism. Worldview is always associated with conviction - a stable view of the world, ideals and principles, the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds. Carriers of the worldview: an individual, a social group, society as a whole, humanity in a particular era.
Classification of worldview types Theocentrism (priority is given to God) Nature-centrism (priority is given to nature) Anthropocentrism (priority is given to man) Social-centrism (priority is given to society) Knowledge-centrism, science-centrism (priority is given to knowledge, science) 1 Progressive Reactionary 2 Revolutionary (priority of the new, justification of the need transformation of existing being) Conservative (priority of maintaining the status quo) 3
everyday (is the product of people's everyday life) religious (associated with the recognition of the supernatural, the hope that they will receive what they are deprived of in their lives) philosophical (associated with the theoretical substantiation of the content and methods of achieving generalized knowledge about reality, with the establishment of norms, values and ideals) scientific (theoretical understanding of the results of scientific activity of people, the generalized results of human cognition
Human self-consciousness is a complex mental phenomenon that is made up of emotions and instincts, thoughts and interests, personality type, cultural and social environment in which the individual lives. In his inner world, a person can feel like an artist, entertainer, political or social leader, an outstanding athlete, entrepreneur, or anyone else. Such self-perceptions of the individual may or may not correspond to the real resources, abilities and talents of the person. Mismatch of the dominants of self-consciousness with the achieved results, with the attitude of others, can lead to psychological conflicts, which is reflected in social behavior.
Every person from a very early age voluntarily or involuntarily evaluates his personality, behavior and abilities, comparing himself with other members of society. Positive assessments add self-esteem to the individual, negative ones lead to annoyance, an underestimated level of claims, psychological breakdowns, aggression, deviant (deviant) behavior.
A person's self-consciousness is formed gradually, over the years absorbing the values of the surrounding world, forming models for imitation or rejection of any actions. For different countries and peoples, this period of the formation of self-consciousness is usually estimated by a different time period - in some cultures it is 16-18 years, in others 21 years. Before this age, which is also called coming of age, it is believed that the individual cannot be fully aware of his actions, that is, he incompetent in whole or in part. In practical terms, this means that a person with an unstable self-consciousness cannot elect and be elected to state and municipal positions, cannot bear full responsibility for the offenses and crimes committed, have a permit to carry weapons, buy and consume alcohol and tobacco.
The formation of self-consciousness and thinking are processes hidden from superficial observation; people around cannot say with certainty that this or that individual has reached the proper level of self-consciousness. Of course, you can conduct tests and qualifying exams that reveal the level of knowledge, skills, abilities or physical fitness of a particular person. But the degree of development of self-awareness cannot be directly measured, although this can be very important in order to prevent betrayal in law enforcement agencies, corruption in government agencies, and theft of intellectual property in the corporate sector.
Representatives behaviorism and a number of other scientific areas rightly believe that self-consciousness and the unconscious are unobservable, the brain and mind are a “black box”, but behavior can be studied and through it to obtain information about thought processes and behavioral constants embedded in the human genetic memory. In this case, science is a good help. ethology studying the behavior of animals, and partly of people. The study of social hierarchy in packs, mutual assistance in family relationships, cooperation in joint hunting, mating games and collisions - all this provides useful information for a better understanding of human behavior in society.
Crime remains a big problem for humanity, which in itself represents some kind of antisocial behavior. Robbery and murder, hooliganism and theft, kidnapping and terrorism - all this is the result of antisocial (delinquent) behavior. Similarly, illegal political actions can be considered - various Maidans, unrest, "rose revolutions". Some individuals violate the law because of selfish motives and greed, the other because of violated (as it seems to them) justice.
For the executive and legislature, it is very important prediction of social behavior citizens who approve or disapprove of certain political, economic and social decisions. Indicators such as the growth of crime, strikes, protests, hidden discontent are widely used by sociologists who present the results of their surveys to government agencies and the public. Graphs of protest moods and popularity ratings of political leaders can accurately predict future public behavior.
Behavior- a set of actions of a person committed by him in a relatively long period in constant or changing conditions.
Two people may be engaged in the same activity, but their behavior may be different. If activity consists of actions, then behavior consists of actions.
To refer to human behavior in society, the concept of "social behavior" is used.
social behavior- the behavior of a person in society, designed to exert a certain influence on the surrounding people and society as a whole.
There are many types of so-called social behavior, the most important of which are: mass; group; prosocial; antisocial; helping; competitive; deviant (deviating); illegal.
Examples:
antisocial:
1) A student of 11th grade sits on the last desk all the time, without communicating with any of the students.
2) A fight between 11th grade students.
competitive:competitions were held among 11th grade students, the behavior of students is competitive.
helping:a student of grade 11a, not understanding the topic of physics, asked her friend, also a student of grade 11a, to explain the material to her. this girlfriend's behavior is helpful.
deviant: 11th grade student Vasya Pupkin, without looking up from the computer all day, plays CS, this addiction is calledGambling (gambling addiction) is a form of deviant behavior.
Bulk Behavior – activity of the masses, which does not have a specific goal and organization e.g. fashion, panic, social and political movements, etc.
group behavior- joint actions of people in a certain social group, which is the result of the processes taking place in it.
prosocial behavior- human behavior, which is based on pro-social motives, i.e., motives for providing people with kindness, help and support.
Example:
Creation of charitable foundations.
The man sitting on the couch saw the advertisement. It said that you need to send an SMS, and the money received from the SMS will go to help children.
In recent years, the following types of behavior have acquired special significance for the state of society, the position of a person and his fate:
- associated with the manifestation of good and evil, friendship and enmity between people;
- associated with the desire to achieve success and power;
associated with self-confidence or self-doubt.
The types of social behavior are based on patterns accepted in society, which include mores and customs.
Mores and customs, being unwritten rules, nevertheless determine the conditions of social behavior.
Job Sample
A1. Choose the correct answer. Are the following statements about social behavior correct?
A. Social behavior is manifested in purposeful activity in relation to other people.
B. Social behavior is based on socially accepted patterns, which include mores and customs.
1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both statements are correct
4) both judgments are wrong
Answer: 3.
Deviant behavior
Deviant behavior- this is behavior that deviates from the generally accepted, socially approved, most common and established norms in certain communities at a certain period of their development.
deviant- an individual who differs in his personal characteristics and behavioral manifestations from generally accepted norms: social, psychological, ethnic, pedagogical, age, professional and others.
Classification of deviant behavior
Definition of "Deviant Behavior" according to different sciences:
Social sciences: social phenomena that pose a real threat to the physical and social survival of a person in a given social environment, the immediate environment, a team of social and moral norms and cultural values, a violation of the process of assimilation and reproduction of norms and values, as well as self-development and self-realization in that society, to which the person belongs.
Medical approach: deviation from the norms of interpersonal interaction accepted in a given society: actions, deeds, statements made both within the framework of mental health and in various forms of neuropsychiatric pathology, especially at the borderline level.
Psychological approach: Deviation from socio-psychological and moral norms, presented either as an erroneous anti-social model of conflict resolution, manifested in violation of socially accepted norms, or in damage to public well-being, others and oneself.
V. N. Ivanov identifies two levels of deviant behavior:
1. Pre-criminogenic: petty offenses, violation of moral standards, rules of conduct in public places, avoidance of socially useful activities, use of alcohol, drugs, toxic drugs that destroy the psyche, and other forms of behavior that do not pose a danger.
2. Criminogenic: actions and deeds expressed in criminal criminal acts.
The "core" of deviant behavior in the classification of F. Pataki are:
- "pre-deviant syndrome" - a complex of certain symptoms that lead a person to persistent forms of deviant behavior. Namely:
- affective type of behavior;
- family conflicts;
- aggressive type of behavior;
- early antisocial behaviors;
- negative attitude towards learning;
- low level of intelligence.
The classification of V.V. Kovalev is built on three different bases:
1) socio-psychological:
Antidisciplinary behavior;
asocial;
illegal;
Autoaggressive.
2) clinical and psychopathological:
Pathological;
Non-pathological deviations.
3) personal-dynamic.
