Spelling literacy as a general language culture and a sign of literacy and personality education. Literacy concept. Rules and norms of the Russian language. The concept of speech culture What is literacy in our time

To collect statistical data, UNESCO, based on the above position, proposed to consider as literate those who have a minimum level of functional and minimum literacy, where the first means the level of literacy that makes it possible for an individual to fully function in a social environment, and the second means the ability to read and write. simple messages. The definition of the concept of “illiteracy” is associated with the position of the authors, either interpreting literacy as a competence, or including in the concept the use of these skills in various situations. According to the first, one is illiterate who cannot read and write at all. According to the second, this group also includes those who can read or write only the simplest sentences.
Next, it was necessary to determine the minimum and functional literacy. Thus, Venetsky proposes to replace the word minimal with basic and consider basic literacy as necessary literacy. He believes that a basic or minimum level of literacy corresponds to what Gray (1925) and Schall (1983) called the second level in developmental schemes, this may be the minimum level that is sufficient for subsequent independent reading for the purpose of self-education.
According to Gray, this is provided by at least four to five years of schooling, which is probably true today when most children in developed countries attend primary school for six years. However, the historical experience of Russia and America shows that it was possible to achieve literacy of the population in a shorter period of study. Thus, according to Venetsky, the basic level of literacy ensures the independent development of human literacy, and the necessary literacy, as a level depending on the social context of a particular country, changes over time as the economic and social situation in the country changes. Thus, he attributes the basic level of literacy to the individual and the required level of literacy to the social sphere of society. In the literature today you can find a number of concepts associated with the term “literacy”: traditional literacy, functional literacy, survival literacy, marginal literacy, adult functional literacy, cultural literacy, information literacy. Moreover, the word literacy is widely used in English-speaking countries and has essentially become a widely used concept. Thus, many organizations related to education have the word Literacy in their name: Literacy Volunteers of America, National Center on Adult Literacy, United Kingdom Literacy Association; it is also common in book titles: “Teaching Literacy from Using Information Technology: A Collection of Articles From the Australian Literacy Educators" Association (Joelie Hancock, Editor 1999). In other languages ​​(German, Swedish, Finnish, Russian) the term “literacy” has not yet been clearly defined and is used in different meanings.
Functional literacy remains a convenient and widely used term that defines capabilities beyond basic literacy and allows one to determine a person's level of performance using the written word. The quantity and quality of printed materials that people use varies over time and varies from country to country. The amount of printed materials and new technological tools require an increase in reading speed, comprehension speed and decision making.
The term “adult functional literacy” (Nafziger 1976) immediately raised the question of who should be considered an adult in this case. Again, referring to the recommendations set out in UNESCO documents, an adult in the context of the concept of literacy should be considered a person over 15 years of age.
If required literacy (or functional literacy) is an ability that is manifested in a social context, then adults in every country should be considered to be those from whom society expects such behavior. “Adulthood” is regulated by the laws of the country: at what age a person can have a passport, get a driver’s license, start working independently, join a club, participate in voting, travel independently, when he begins to take part in activities that cover his district, city, country. In most countries this age is defined as between 16 and 18 years. Venetsky believes that the word “functional” is superfluous here, because We are talking about the characteristics of literacy. Both functional and traditional (or necessary) literacy are almost synonymous concepts, only the first places emphasis on the everyday, and the second on the work context of their application. Marginal literacy and survival literacy are specific concepts of functional literacy, defining its lower limit. The concept of cultural literacy defines what each nation considers necessary to include in this concept.

Despite the widespread availability of educational institutions and the availability of all kinds of information, the problem of literacy still exists in modern times.

Definition

Literacy is the level of knowledge and skills in a particular area, as well as the ability to apply them in practice. The degree of mastery of a particular subject determines the level of accessibility of certain information for a person.

Initially, the concept of literacy was used to determine the level of reading and writing skills according to the norms of the native language. In the modern world, this concept has acquired a broader meaning and is now used to denote knowledge of a high degree in other areas of activity. There are such concepts as economic, legal, psychological, technological and scientific literacy.

Information Awareness

Literacy level is one of the most pressing problems in the current educational system. This implies not only the ability to find the necessary information, but also the ability to navigate an endless information flow, analyze and synthesize the acquired knowledge, benefiting from it and applying it in practice.

In many European secondary and higher educational institutions, the educational system is different from ours. The main difference is in teaching students to use information rather than take notes and memorize it by heart. Of course, memory development is no less important. However, according to such an education system, it is important not only to assimilate the material, but also to learn to independently draw conclusions and conclusions, find alternative solutions, see the relationship between seemingly different subjects of discussion, conduct a discussion, supporting one’s statements with logical arguments, and so on.

Varieties

Educational research activities include the following types of literacy:

• Reading and writing literacy.
• Proficiency in information media (computers and other gadgets).
• Ability to benefit from the telecommunications industry.
• Media literacy.
• Informational.

The last point combines the previous ones and is key. In the 21st century, you need to be able to cope with the information flow and have the ability to quickly find, perceive and transfer knowledge in a particular area.

Computer skills

This term was first proposed by the President of the Information Industry Association, Paul Zurkowski. This concept can be characterized as the ability to use a set of knowledge and computer skills to solve certain problems, plan various actions and anticipate their consequences. Since information technology is an integral part of society today, the ability to use a computer has become no less important than writing and reading skills. This knowledge can significantly speed up the process of searching for the necessary information in any field of science, art, culture or technology. Such technologies have greatly facilitated human interaction with a continuous flow of information.

Network literacy

Cultural level

Anyone who has been abroad has probably noticed that knowledge of a foreign language is often not enough to fully understand the local residents. This is due to the cultural and social characteristics of each country. Any language is not just a dry set of lexical units and grammatical rules, but a living system, constantly evolving through interaction with other cultures. It is impossible to master a foreign language perfectly without deliberately excluding the history, cultural experience and social norms of the country. Building cultural literacy involves more than just exposure to a wide range of basic knowledge. This is the freedom to use them. Therefore, cultural literacy is a concept that includes not only communication skills according to the rules of a particular language, but also a lot of other knowledge. These are etiquette, the ability to use figurative speech (idioms, metaphors, phraseological units), knowledge of traditions and customs, folklore, the moral and ethical side and much more.

Psychological literacy

This area includes all kinds of communication skills: the ability to establish contact, object, criticize, lead a discussion, persuade, speak in front of the public. In general, this includes everything related to issues of relationships and communication skills.

How to improve spelling literacy

There is an opinion that the ability to write correctly is innate. However, contrary to popular belief, acquiring this skill is available to everyone. The best way is to start early. Then the cognitive process will take place easily and naturally.

A child’s first educational activity is based on imitating the speech of others, so it is very important to create a favorable environment. Certain speech skills are formed thanks to parents: the ability to correctly place stress in words, construct sentences, find suitable phrases in each specific case and express themselves clearly. Therefore, it is very important to communicate with the child as much as possible, read fairy tales and poems aloud. A little later, when he learns to read on his own, the correct spelling of words and phrases will be memorized when repeated many times. In addition, there are various intellectual and logic games.

Causes of illiteracy

Compared to the recent past, it has now become much easier to search for any information. Almost everyone has the ability to use computer programs that track typos and find all kinds of textbooks, dictionaries and reference books. Nevertheless, the problem of literacy remains relevant to this day.

There are several reasons for the low level of knowledge of the native language:

• No need for reading. Books are increasingly being replaced by other entertainment: watching all kinds of TV shows, series, computer games, and so on. And any information can be found on the Internet. This threatens not only general illiteracy, but also a decline in intellectual level and a deterioration in creative thinking.
• Reading low-quality literature. Over the past decades, more and more entertainment literature has begun to appear, in which, in addition to the lack of useful information, you can find a lot of spelling, grammatical and stylistic errors.
• Chatting in Internet. Slang, abbreviations and careless spelling are common in various chats and forums. This style can become a habit. Unfortunately, for some people, literacy is something they can do without in everyday life.

Intellectual games and entertainment for children

So that the educational process does not seem burdensome to the child, it is necessary to conduct training in a playful way:

• Crosswords. This type of intellectual entertainment helps to increase vocabulary. In addition to regular crosswords with lists of word tasks, there are those in which the questions are presented in the form of pictures. This game will help your child learn to perceive and transmit information.
• Various oral word games: choosing a rhyme, choosing a city, searching for a word starting with a certain syllable, and so on.
• Games on paper: make up as many short words as possible from one long one, “Snake”, where each subsequent word begins with the last letter or syllable of the previous one, “Field of Miracles”, “Confusion” - a game in which you need to collect a word from mixed cards with letters .
• Tabletop and Russian version of "Erudite".
• Learning the rules in a playful way. This makes literacy examples much easier to remember:
  - “not wonderful, not beautiful, but dangerous and terrible: writing the letter t is in vain”;
  - “either, something, that, either - don’t forget the hyphen here”;
  - “I can’t bear to get married.”
• It is also very useful to develop. You can offer your child the following exercises: find ten differences between two pictures, show several patterns on a piece of paper, and then ask them to reproduce what they saw from memory.

Older children can already be encouraged to independently compose crossword puzzles, as well as write essays, short stories and poems. This will significantly increase the child’s intellectual level and help develop imagination and imaginative thinking.

It is also very important in the process of communication to eliminate possible correct use and combination of words and phrases (for example, dress and put on), put emphasis on words (calls, cakes) and more.

If some words cause difficulties, you can create a personal dictionary to write down difficult lexical units. Then you can do small dictations with these words. Another idea is “fill in the missing letter” style games. Repeated repetition will help to bring the correct spelling of words to automaticity.

Literacy is a skill that can be easily acquired or developed, but must be practiced regularly. Of course, the school will offer a large number of various exercises on phonetic, morphological and syntactic analysis. Therefore, it is not advisable to duplicate such activities at home. It is best to instill in a child a love of literature by offering him various genres, and conduct the educational process in a playful way. The main thing is that the training should be easy.

The importance of literature

Increasing literacy levels is one of the important parts of the educational process. Of course, an important role is played by memorizing the rules and norms of the native language with the subsequent consolidation of the material in practice. However, this may not be enough. Those who seek to improve their skills in perceiving and expressing thoughts should pay special attention to reading various literature. It is best to give preference to those authors who have a perfect command of words and colorfully describe what is happening. Reading good books helps develop eloquence, the ability to penetrate to the essence of things.

Intuitive literacy

This concept implies a person’s ability to correctly express thoughts in accordance with the norms of his native language, even though he does not know the rules. This kind of ability usually develops in people who read a lot. The spelling, punctuation system and stylistic features of the language are stored in memory. In addition, people who read develop good logical thinking, eloquence and the ability for philosophical reasoning.

The role of literacy in society

Of course, a person who knows how to correctly express his own thoughts, does not suffer from tongue-tiedness, expresses himself according to the stylistic norms of his native language and writes without errors, has a much better chance of receiving a prestigious education, and then finding a good job. General cultural awareness is no less important than professional education.

The importance of literacy is difficult to overestimate. This is one of the most important criteria that distinguishes a primitive and uneducated society from a progressive one. According to the world organization UNESCO, a high level of proficiency in oral and written language plays a key role in basic education, the victory over poverty and the sustainable development of society.

Literacy is traditionally understood as the degree of proficiency in writing and reading skills in one's native language. At the same time, with the spread of universal schooling, the requirements for literate people have increased: it is no longer just about being able to read and write, but writing in accordance with established standards of grammar and spelling. Without exaggeration, we can say that today's community of readers and writers is divided into two camps: ardent advocates of literacy and, of course, not its opponents, but those who treat it without any reverence. The first were jokingly nicknamed grammar nazis, since they demand strict adherence to the rules of grammar and are ready to pronounce a death sentence on a text in which they were able to detect the slightest error. Their opponents reasonably note that the main thing in the text is the content, and language is not a frozen set of rules, but a living and developing formation, the norms of which are constantly changing. In this lesson we will talk about how important literacy is when writing texts and how to develop it in yourself.

When you should and should not write correctly

This statement may seem seditious to many, but we will give the following advice: write without paying attention to grammar. The fact is that often excessive concentration on grammatical rules interferes with writing. It is difficult for a person to instantly put his thoughts into an ideal form from a grammatical point of view. As a result, his work stalls at a few sentences, and he is no longer able to move forward. Therefore, it is useful to practice so-called free writing ( free writing), during which a person simply expresses his thoughts, without correcting typos and mistakes, without thinking about punctuation marks and the correct construction of sentences.

However, this does not mean that you can forget about grammar altogether. The written text is not the final product yet, it is just a draft that is subject to multiple editing. Moreover, the last stage of editing is checking for compliance with language rules and correcting all possible language errors. Thus, our complete advice is this: do not pay attention to grammar while writing, but re-read the finished text several times and correct mistakes.

Why is it ultimately important to write correctly? Let's start with the fact that language rules are not arbitrary regulations of linguists, invented to torment people. They developed naturally during the historical development of language, and their role is to unify writing methods so that we can understand each other's texts. If a unified set of grammar did not exist, then written communication would be impossible. Therefore, you should not consider following grammatical rules as a favor that you are doing to your teacher or linguistic scientist. Remember that this is a condition for the existence of writing in general.

Further, illiterately written text repels the reader. Firstly, if the text contains many obvious errors, this indicates that the author did not even bother to re-read his creation. From here, the reader makes a legitimate conclusion that the author does not respect him, palming him off with unfinished work. And if the author did not focus on the reader, then why read his text at all? Secondly, human perception is designed in such a way that even if we ourselves make mistakes when writing, we will certainly see them in someone else’s text. This means that many readers, without noticing it themselves, turn into grammar Nazis in the process of reading. At the same time, many are inclined to reason like this: if the author was unable to master school grammar, then is it worth taking his text seriously at all; most likely, he has problems with logic, with the ability to structure his thoughts, with the depth of elaboration of the material, etc. Although such reasoning is not always correct, without thinking about grammar, the author can lose a significant proportion of readers.

Beyond this, the common argument - “It is the content that matters, not the form” - is incorrect. Communication researchers have long formulated the following principle: “The medium is the message,” i.e. “The medium of transmission is the message.” The principle, if you think about it, is quite obvious. At least writers have been using it since ancient times. If we apply this principle to our topic, it turns out that form is inseparable from content; it also works to produce it. The simplest illustration of this thesis is that errors (especially punctuation) obscure the meaning of the text.

Finally, failure to comply with the rules of the Russian language can lead to a comic effect that the author did not intend to create. For example, seeing the inscription “Xth Congress of Journalists,” everyone immediately understands that the congress was poorly organized, and that the journalists who came to it were so-so. Although in this case it is obvious that a negative characterization of the congress was not part of the author’s plans.

How to learn to write correctly?

In theory, a Russian language course in high school provides us with all the necessary knowledge in order to write competently. Unfortunately, practice shows that many never manage to master it. Of course, we cannot list and explain all the rules of the Russian language in this lesson. Our goal is to give some simple tips that will tell you how to independently fill the gaps in your knowledge of the Russian language if you have the appropriate motivation.

There is a common belief that you can learn to write correctly if you read a lot of good classical literature. It is based on the belief that when reading, people acquire the visual appearance of a word and then, in the process of writing, restore it using visual memory. In our opinion, the importance of reading for literacy development is somewhat overestimated. Of course, reading quality literature is always useful. This will enrich your vocabulary and help you develop a good style. However, when it comes to literacy, there are several challenges. Firstly, not everyone has developed visual memory, especially for small details. Secondly, when reading, people are usually absorbed in the content of the text and do not set themselves the goal of paying special attention to spelling words or constructing sentences. Finally, many errors arise not because a person does not know how to spell this or that word, but because of incorrect declension, lack of understanding of the difference between -tsya and -tsya, confusion in combined and separate writing, incorrect punctuation marks, etc. In this case, reading is completely useless: you need to know the rules. Thus, read as much as possible, but to improve your literacy, follow these recommendations:

Re-read your text after writing. Most errors occur due to inattention. If the author is completely absorbed in the process of formulating his thoughts, then he can no longer follow the spelling of words or the placement of commas. A simple check will help you easily identify and correct errors and typos. It may also be helpful to reread your text from back to front. This technique will allow you to get rid of the effect of your eyes sliding over the text and read each individual word.

Use the spelling and punctuation checker built into your text editor. Naturally, such a check is not ideal: text editors often do not know many words and cannot correctly understand the syntax, but they will at least help correct some gross errors and point out fragments that require increased attention. Many people are annoyed by the constant underlining of words and sentences with multi-colored lines. In this case, you can disable the built-in check while writing, but enable it while editing the text.

Use dictionaries and reference books on the Russian language. An educated person is not the one who knows everything, but the one who knows where to find the necessary information. There is nothing catastrophic in the fact that a person does not know or does not remember some rules. The main thing is not to forget to look in the right book when necessary. Here is a small list of dictionaries and reference books on the Russian language that are useful to have on hand (or bookmarks):

• Rosenthal D.E. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, and literary editing
• Lopatin V.V. Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete Academic Reference
• Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
• Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language
• Buchkina B.Z., Kalakutskaya L.P. Together or separately? (Experience of a reference dictionary)
• Kolesnikov N.P. Words with double consonants: Dictionary-reference book
• Dictionary of foreign words
• Zaliznyak A.A. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language
• Rosenthal D.E. Management in Russian: Dictionary-reference book

Create tables and charts. They are an ideal way to structure and remember complex material. For example, you can create a table of noun declensions or punctuation patterns in complex sentences. In principle, there are already ready-made reference books “Russian language in tables and diagrams”, but we advise you to create tables yourself. To do this, you will need to really understand the topic, which will certainly help you remember it, and you will be able to organize the material in exactly the way that is most convenient for you. It is convenient to keep such tables on your desktop and refer to them in case of doubt regarding a particular rule.

Learn the basics of morphology and syntax. Their knowledge is the key to spelling. Briefly put, morphology is a branch of linguistics that studies parts of speech, word structure, word formation and inflection. To correctly write a word, first of all, you need to determine which part of speech it belongs to: noun, adjective, numeral, verb, participle, particle, adverb, etc. Then you need to understand in which part of the word the problem arose (the same school analysis of the word according to its composition): root, prefix, suffix, ending. Having determined the part of speech and part of the word, you can already understand which particular rule will apply in this particular case.

The same applies to syntax. You need to be able to identify its component parts in a sentence: subject, predicate, definition, complement, circumstance, application, introductory construction. All punctuation rules are based on this ability to highlight parts of a sentence. If you learn to see the structure of words and sentences, remembering and applying rules will no longer be difficult for you.

If your weak point is spelling, then try using one of the following techniques. First, check the unstressed vowels at the root by selecting words with the same root, where the stress falls on these main ones. For example, I recently encountered the following error: “I am cured of this disease.” To write correctly " cured", and this is easy to check using the words " treats" And " doctor" Secondly, try writing difficult words on a sticky note, highlighting problematic letters with font size and color: “ privilege», « Saturday" Thirdly, you can use the association method. As an illustration, in the word " milk“Unstressed vowels in the root can be associated with the bagels that we eat with milk and which are shaped like the letter “O”. We remembered bagels, we remembered how to spell the word. Finally, try to memorize typical cases. This method can be especially effective for memorizing combined and separate spellings of words. For example, firmly remembering that the word “ vice president” is written with a hyphen, you will no longer experience difficulties with words similar to it: “Deputy Prime Minister”, “Vice Consul”, etc.

If punctuation is particularly difficult, then it is useful to remember that punctuation marks are designed to reflect pauses and intonation nuances of speech in writing. Therefore, it can be useful to read the sentence out loud and pay attention to how you pronounce it, where you pause, what words you put emphasis on. Where you notice pauses and accents, there should be punctuation marks. Here are all the general tips that can be given regarding literacy development.

Online course “Russian language”

There are not so many topics in the Russian language in which people most often make mistakes - about 20. We decided to devote the course “to” to these topics. During the classes, you will have the opportunity to practice competent writing skills using a special system of multiple distributed repetitions of material through simple exercises and special memorization techniques.

Test your knowledge

If you want to test your knowledge on the topic of this lesson, you can take a short test consisting of several questions. For each question, only 1 option can be correct. After you select one of the options, the system automatically moves on to the next question. The points you receive are affected by the correctness of your answers and the time spent on completion. Please note that the questions are different each time and the options are mixed.

LITERACY - knowledge of the laws and rules of the native language, combined with solid skills in using them in oral and written speech. The UN Demographic Commission recommended defining the elementary concept of G. as “the ability to read and write an ordinary letter in k.-l. language." The UNESCO Committee of Experts on the Normalization of Educational Statistics, convened in 1951, recommended the following definitions: 1) a person who can read, comprehend and write simple text on topics from everyday life is considered literate; 2) a person who can read with comprehension, but cannot write a short and simple summary on a topic from everyday life, is considered illiterate. A level of education higher than elementary education, to which the term “functional education” is assigned, means theoretical and practical knowledge necessary for participation in all types of cultural and social activities.

According to B.S. Gershunsky, G. is polystructural (see Gershunsky B.S. Philosophy of Education for the XXI Century, M., 1998, p. 71). In the modern understanding, g. is no longer just the ability to read, write and count... In the minimum required volume, but in a strictly scientific and at the same time in a form accessible to students, the most important objective characteristics and parameters of nature, society, man, his spiritual, moral, personal foundations and guidelines, as well as ways of knowing these characteristics and parameters in natural unity with the relationships formed towards them. A literate person is, first of all, a person prepared for further enrichment and development of his educational potential. G. provides a person with certain starting opportunities. Social justice requires that these opportunities be equal for all people, regardless of their individual differences. The most important actual pedagogical characteristic of gymnastics is the accessibility of mastering it for everyone, excluding irreversible cases of severe pathology in the physical and mental development of a person.

Traditional ideas that the formation of education is only and exclusively the prerogative of the school, and mainly only its initial level, require significant adjustments. In those days when education was limited only to mastering the basic skills of reading, counting and writing, it was indeed possible to limit oneself to the elementary level of a comprehensive school. But such a representation, according to B.S. Gershunsky, hopelessly outdated. The emergence of the phenomenon of functional literacy (education), usually considered against the background of justly criticized mass (in certain areas) functional illiteracy, significantly expanded the time frame for a person to acquire certain components of literacy. The concept of lifelong education, which is so actively implemented in many countries of the world, is by no means connected only with purely professional postgraduate education of adults in order to improve their professional qualifications or professional retraining. Within the framework of this concept, no less importance is given to the issues of eliminating general and functional illiteracy, providing every person at any stage of his life path with the opportunity to eliminate gaps in his educational status.

Materials used in the book: Psychological and Pedagogical Dictionary. / Comp. Rapatsevich E.S. – Minsk, 2006, p. 134-135.

Literacy is a certain degree of proficiency in reading and writing skills in accordance with the grammatical norms of the native language. In relation to the characteristics of the population, it is one of the basic indicators of its socio-cultural development.

The specific content of the concept of literacy is historically variable and tends to expand with the growth of social requirements for the development of an individual: from basic skills to read, write, and count - to the possession of a certain complex of various socially necessary knowledge and skills that allow a person to consciously participate in social processes (the so-called .functional literacy).

Literacy is, in a broad sense, knowledge of the laws and rules of a subject combined with solid skills in using them in the process of activity. The content of the concept and the level of literacy change in connection with the general cultural growth of the people and the requirements for literacy at a certain stage of the economic, political and cultural development of the country, depending on the existing social and state system in it.

Literacy is the degree to which a person has the skills to write and read in their native language. Traditionally, the word “literate” means a person who can read and write or only read in any language.

In the modern sense, it means the ability to write according to established rules of grammar and spelling. People who can only read are called “semi-literate.”

In statistics, literacy refers to a person's ability to read, understand and write short, simple text relevant to their daily life.

Formation of functional literacy of students in Russian language lessons is one of the main tasks of a language teacher.

One of the main tasks of teaching the Russian language in primary school is the formation of literacy. The importance of this task is due to the fact that literacy is an integral part of the general linguistic culture and ensures the accuracy of expression of thoughts and mutual understanding in written communication.

The stages of literacy development work are divided into stages in such a way that each new exercise is closely related to the previous one, builds on it and takes a step forward.

At the first stage of work, children learn to accurately and quickly identify the stress in a word and correctly designate a stressed sound in writing with the corresponding vowel letter.

Students get acquainted with words whose spelling is determined by pronunciation, and are convinced that a spelling error cannot be made in such a word, that is, it may not have a spelling at all.

At the second stage, the ability to evaluate each vowel sound of a word is developed, that is, to distinguish which sound is in a strong position and which is in a weak position through listening comprehension of the word.

At the third stage, a new way of writing words is mastered - writing with omission of vowels in a weak position.

A letter denoting any unstressed vowel sound (except u, ы, у) is difficult to write in a word. Therefore, an unstressed sound cannot be immediately designated by a letter - it must first be recognized. And this is not easy. We will learn how to check the letter later. In the meantime, instead of vowel letters in a weak position, we will put gaps.

At the fourth stage, the ability to determine which sound unambiguously indicates a letter is developed, and which can be indicated by different letters with the same sound.

The next step forward (fifth stage) is the perception of spelling by ear.

The sixth stage is choosing the correct option from the available set. This skill is practiced in 1st grade when learning the root as a meaningful part of a word.

As new topics and, accordingly, new rules are studied, other techniques for checking the spelling of words are added. The development of competent writing skills in schoolchildren is based on the acquisition of grammatical theory and spelling rules, which are effective only if they are accurately, appropriately and quickly applied.

Spelling rules can be learned and can be applied only on the basis of the level of proficiency in phonetics, grammatical, word-formation material, as well as a developed and activated vocabulary and phonemic hearing.