George Kelly: A Cognitive Theory of Personality. American psychologist George Kelly (George Alexander Kelly): biography. Personality Construct Theory George Kelly Theory
George Alexander Kelly(George Alexander Kelly) (April 28, 1905 - March 6, 1967) was an American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs.
George Kelly's theory
Main job Kelly published in 1955 - it is "Psychology of Personal Constructs". In it, the author sets out the author's concept of the human psyche. According to Kelly, all mental processes proceed along the paths of predicting the events of the surrounding world. Man is not a slave of his instincts, not an obedient toy of stimuli and reactions, and not even a self-actualizing self. A person in the framework of the theory of personal constructs is a scientist who studies the world around him and himself. The main concept of the theory is a construct, the main means of classifying objects of the surrounding world is a bipolar scale, for example, “good-bad”, “smart-stupid”, “teetotaler”. By assigning certain poles of constructs to objects, forecasting is carried out. On the basis of this theory, the Repertory Test of Role Constructs was created.
Kelly George Alexander- American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs. Within the framework of this theory, each person is considered as a kind of researcher who builds an image of the world around him with the help of certain categorical scales, or "personal constructors" that are peculiar to him. Based on this image of the world, hypotheses are put forward about events, planning and implementation of certain actions. To study these constructs, the method of "repertory grids" was developed.
Biography of George Kelly
Kelly was born in a farming community near Wichita, Kansas. At first he studied at a rural school, where there was only one classroom. Later, his parents sent him to Unchita, where he attended four high schools for 4 years. Parents Kelly were very religious, hardworking, did not recognize drunkenness, playing cards and dancing. The traditions and spirit of the Midwest were deeply revered in his family, and Kelly was an adored only child.
Kelly studied for 3 years at Friends University, and then one year at Park College, where he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics in 1926. At first he thought of pursuing a career as a mechanical engineer, but, partly influenced by inter-university discussions, he turned to social issues. Kelly recalled that his first psychology course was boring and unconvincing. The lecturer spent a lot of time discussing learning theories, but Kelly it didn't interest.
After college Kelly attended the University of Kansas, studying educational sociology and labor relations. He wrote a dissertation based on a study of leisure activities among Kansas City workers and received his master's degree in 1928. He then moved to Minneapolis, where he taught a speech development class for the Association of American Bankers and an Americanization class for future American citizens. He then worked at a junior college in Sheldon, Iowa, where he met his future wife, Gladys Thompson, a teacher at the same school. They got married in 1931.
In 1929 Kelly began to conduct scientific work at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. There, in 1930, he received a bachelor's degree in education. Under the guidance of Sir Godfrey Thomson, an eminent statistician and educator, he wrote a dissertation on the problems of predicting success in teaching. That same year, he returned to the United States at Iowa State University as a candidate for a PhD in psychology. In 1931 Kelly received a doctorate degree. His dissertation was devoted to the study of common factors in speech and reading disorders.
Kelly He began his academic career as a lecturer in physiological psychology at Fort Hay Kansas State College. Then, in the middle of the Great Depression, he decided that he should "do something else besides teaching physiological psychology." He became involved in clinical psychology without even being formally trained in emotional issues. During a 13-year stay at Fort Hayes (1931-1943) Kelly developed a program of mobile psychological clinics in Kansas. He traveled a lot with his students, providing the necessary psychological assistance in the system of public schools for public education. Based on this experience, numerous ideas were born that were later incorporated into his theoretical formulations. During this period, Kelly moved away from the Freudian approach to therapy. His clinical experience suggested that people in the Midwest suffered more from prolonged drought, dust storms, and economic hardship than from the forces of libido.
During the Second World War Kelly As a psychologist for the Naval Aviation Unit, he led a program to train local civilian pilots. He also worked in the aviation department of the Bureau of Medicine and Naval Surgery, where he remained until 1945. This year he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Maryland.
After the end of the war, there was a significant need for clinical psychologists, as many of the US military returning home had a variety of psychological problems. Indeed, World War II was an important factor in the development of clinical psychology as an integral part of the science of health. Kelly became a prominent figure in this field. In 1946, he entered the state level in psychology when he became professor and director of the department of clinical psychology at Ohio State University. For 20 years spent here, Kelly completed and published his theory of personality. He also ran a clinical psychology program for top graduate students in the United States.
In 1965 Kelly began working at Brandeis University, where he was invited to the chair of behavioral sciences. This post (a professor's dream come true) gave him great freedom to continue his own scientific research. He died in 1967 at the age of 62. Until death Kelly compiled a book of the countless talks he had given in the previous decade. A revised version of this work was published posthumously in 1969, edited by Brendan Maher.
Besides that Kelly was an outstanding teacher, scientist, theorist, he held key positions in American psychology. He was president of two divisions—clinical and advisory—at the American Psychological Association. He has also lectured extensively in the United States and abroad. In the last years of life Kelly paid great attention to the possible application of his theory of personality constructs in resolving various international problems.
The most famous scientific work Kelly- two-volume work "Psychology of personal constructs" (1955). It describes his theoretical formulations of the concept of personality and their clinical applications. Students who wish to learn about other aspects of the work Kelly, the following books are recommended: "New Directions in the Theory of the Personality Construct" "The Psychology of the Personality Construct" and "The Development of the Psychology of the Personality Construct" .
At times it seems that people have already studied everything that exists in the world. They made all the discoveries, invented nanotechnologies, and there is no longer a single area left, exploring which you can find something new and deduce your theory. But such a research environment still exists - human psychology. It seems that science will analyze its features for a very long time, but thanks to scientists such as George Kelly, things will move forward.
First years of life
George Alexander Kelly (George Alexander Kelly) is an eminent psychologist who entered the pages of the history of the development of psychology as the creator of the theory of personality constructs. The psychologist was born on April 28, 1905 in Kansas in a family of ordinary farmers. He received his primary education at a local rural school, where only one classroom was equipped. After graduation, George's parents send him to the nearest city, Wichita. There, George attends high school.
As for the psychologist's family, his parents were pious. Dancing and card games were not revered in their house. They deeply respected the traditions of the West, except for George, they had no more children.
University years
George Kelly, after completing school, studies at Friends University, where he spends 3 years. After that, he was educated at Park College for another year. There, in 1926, he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics. After his studies ended, Kelly thought to start working as a mechanical engineer. But due to the influence of the discussions that actively took place between universities, he became seriously interested in the social problems of society.
George Kelly recalls how in his first year the subject of psychology seemed very boring to him, the professor paid a lot of attention to theories, and they were not very interesting. But having become interested in social problems, he enters the University of Kansas. There he studies sociology, pedagogy and work relations. In 1928, he wrote a dissertation on the topic "The manner of spending leisure time by representatives of the working class of Kansas", for which he received a master's degree.
Pedagogical activity
On this desire to learn from George Kelly did not disappear. Immediately after receiving his master's degree, he moves to Scotland, where he conducts research work at the University of Edinburgh. There he meets a famous teacher - Godfrey Thompson - and under his guidance writes dissertations on the problems of successful teaching. Thanks to her, he was able to receive a bachelor's degree in teacher education in 1930. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he goes home to the University of Iowa. There he was introduced as one of the contenders for the degree of Doctor of Psychology.
Immediately after returning, he sits down to write a dissertation, in which he studied in detail the factors affecting speech and reading disorders. He defended his doctorate in 1931, and in the same year he married a university teacher, Gladys Thompson.
Career
The American psychologist began his career as a lecturer in physiological psychology at Fort Hayes. After the onset of the Great Depression, Kelly retrained as a professor of clinical psychology, although he was not particularly prepared for this.
George Alexander Kelly's tenure at Fort Hayes College spanned a full 13 years. During this time, the psychologist developed a program of portable clinics. Together with the students, the psychologist traveled around Kansas and provided psychological support to everyone, in particular, the main attention was directed to helping public schools.
For Kelly, this activity brought a lot of new knowledge. Based on the experience gained, he began to create a new theoretical basis for yet another psychological theory.
War and post-war years
The biography of George Kelly keeps memories of the terrible war and post-war years. When the Second World War began, the psychologist became the head of the program for the training and psychological support of civilian pilots, and is part of the naval aviation. Later transferred to the aviation medicine and marine surgery division. It provides all possible assistance until the end of 1945.
After the war, there is a high need for psychological support in the country: the soldiers who returned home from the front had many problems with their mental state. At this time, the development of clinical psychology reaches a new level, and George Kelly brings a lot of new things to it. 1946 was a significant year for the psychologist, he was recognized as a state-level psychologist and given a position as head of the department of curative psychiatry and psychology at Ohio University. In this honorary position, Kelly spent almost 20 years.
During this time, he managed to create his own psychology of personality. Created a psychological support program for the best US university graduates. In 1965, the professor's long-time dream came true, he was invited to the Department of Sciences of Actions and Morals at Brandeis University. Together with a dream come true, he receives freedom for his research and continues to write a book consisting of numerous reports on psychology until the end of his life. He paid the main attention to the possibility of using the main components of the psychology of personal constructs for resolving international conflicts. George Kelly completed his glorious journey on March 6, 1967.
Bibliography
During his life, George Kelly not only became known as an outstanding medical psychologist who held leadership positions, but was also known as a researcher and writer. So, in 1955, a two-volume work entitled “The Psychology of Individual Constructs” was published, which describes the theoretical interpretations of the concept of “personality” and interprets variations in causal changes in personality constructs.
1977 was marked by the release of the work "New Trends in the Concept of Personal Constructs". In 1989, students of the Department of Psychology had the opportunity to get acquainted with Kelly's next book, The Psychology of Constructs. In 1985, a new work appeared on the shelves - "The Development of the Psychology of Constructs." All these books were published after the death of the scientist. He worked on them throughout his life, devoting every free minute to research. All his ideas and research were detailed in personal notes. Therefore, it turned out to systematize the professor's achievements and publish several more books.
Features of work
George Kelly can be considered the founder of cognitive therapy. When working with patients, he, like many other psychologists of that time, used psychoanalytic interpretations and was struck by the extent to which his wards accepted Freud's teachings. This was the beginning of an experiment: Kelly began to use interpretations from a variety of psychological schools and directions in his work.
This made it clear that neither the study of children's fears nor the digging into the past, which Freud recommended, were of fundamental importance. Psychoanalysis was effective only because it gave patients the opportunity to think differently. Simply put, Kelly found that therapy would only be successful if the client could reinterpret the accumulated experience and aspirations. This also applies to the causes of disorders. For example, if a person is sure that the words of someone who is higher in status are a priori true, then he will be upset if he hears criticism addressed to him.
Kelly helped his students understand their own attitudes and put them to the test. He was one of the first practicing psychologists to try to change the way a patient thinks. Today, this practice is considered the basis for many therapeutic methods.
Psychology of Personality
Following his convictions, George Kelly was sure that it was possible to find a theory that would suit each patient, and most importantly, would quickly recognize his system of the world. This is how the concept of personality constructs appeared. Within the boundaries of this direction, each person is a researcher who considers the world around him through personal categories, constructs that are peculiar only to an individual.
Kelly said that a person is not subject to his instincts, stimuli and reactions. Each individual is able to study the world in his own way, give the environment meanings, constructs and act within their framework. The psychologist defined constructs as bipolar scales. For example, "sociable-closed", "smart-stupid", "rich-poor". Due to the fact that the individual considers objects through these characteristics, it is possible to predict his behavior. Based on these developments, George Kelly created a special Repertory Test of Role Constructs, in short, the Rep Test.
Rap test
George Kelly once said: "In order to help a person, you need to know how he sees the world." Therefore, the Repertory Test was created. It is considered a good diagnostic technique and, perhaps, is more closely associated with personality theory than any other psychological test.
The rep test consists in the sequential execution of two processes:
- Based on the proposed list of roles, the patient must make a list of persons who correspond to these roles.
- The second process is the formation of constructs. To do this, the psychologist points to three written faces and asks the patient to describe exactly how two of them differ from the third. For example, if a list is selected from a friend, father and mother, then the patient can say that the father and friend are similar in their sociability, and the mother, on the contrary, is a rather reserved person. This is how the construct “shy-sociable” appears.
In general, the test usually offers 25-30 roles that are considered significant for everyone. Similarly, 25 to 30 triads are isolated, and after each triad, a new construct is generated in the patient. Constructs tend to be repeated, but in each test there are approximately 7 main directions.
Features and Application
George Kelly and the personality construct theory revolutionized psychiatry. Thanks to the repertoire test, the subject can not only freely express his thoughts, but:
- Provides the most representative figures.
- The constructs obtained as a result of such research are indeed the prism through which a person cognizes the world.
- The constructs used by the subjects give the psychologist a clear idea of how the patient sees his past and future.
In addition, the Rep test is one of the few developments in psychology that can be used in any area. Just by choosing the right roles, you can get countless constructs. So, in 1982, a Rep test was made to determine the constructs used by perfume buyers. Subsequently, the obtained constructs were used by advertising agencies. The advertisement created thanks to this material had a high conversion rate.
George Kelly studied human psychology all his life and achieved considerable success. And even today, the results of his research are used in various spheres of life.
George Alexander Kelly (April 28, 1905 – March 6, 1967) was an American psychologist and author of personality construct theory.
George Kelly's theory
Kelly's main work, published in 1955, is The Psychology of Personality Constructs. In it, the author sets out the author's concept of the human psyche. According to Kelly, all mental processes proceed along the paths of predicting the events of the surrounding world. Man is not a slave of his instincts, not an obedient toy of stimuli and reactions, and not even a self-actualizing self. A person within the framework of the theory of personal constructs is a scientist who studies the world around him and himself. The basic concept of the theory is a construct, the main means of classifying objects of the surrounding world is a bipolar scale, for example, “good-bad”, “smart-stupid”, “teetotaler”. By assigning certain poles of constructs to objects, forecasting is carried out. On the basis of this theory, the Repertory Test of Role Constructs was created.
Kelly (Kelly) George Alexander - American psychologist, author of the theory of personality constructs. Within the framework of this theory, each person is considered as a kind of researcher who builds an image of the world around him with the help of certain categorical scales, or "personal constructors" that are peculiar to him. Based on this image of the world, hypotheses are put forward about events, planning and implementation of certain actions. To study these constructs, the method of "repertory grids" was developed.
Biography of George Kelly
Kelly was born in a farming community near Wichita, Kansas. At first he studied at a rural school, where there was only one classroom. Later, his parents sent him to Unchita, where he attended four high schools for 4 years. Kelly's parents were very religious, hardworking, did not recognize drunkenness, playing cards and dancing. The traditions and spirit of the Midwest were deeply revered in his family, and Kelly was an adored only child.
Kelly attended Friends University for 3 years and then one year at Park College, where he received a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics in 1926. At first he thought of pursuing a career as a mechanical engineer, but, partly influenced by inter-university discussions, he turned to social issues. Kelly recalled that his first psychology course was boring and unconvincing. The lecturer spent a lot of time discussing learning theories, but Kelly was not interested.
After college, Kelly attended the University of Kansas, studying educational sociology and industrial relations. He wrote a dissertation based on a study of leisure activities among Kansas City workers and received his master's degree in 1928. He then moved to Minneapolis, where he taught a speech development class for the Association of American Bankers and an Americanization class for future American citizens. He then worked at a junior college in Sheldon, Iowa, where he met his future wife, Gladys Thompson, a teacher at the same school. They got married in 1931.
In 1929, Kelly began research work at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. There, in 1930, he received a bachelor's degree in education. Under the guidance of Sir Godfrey Thomson, an eminent statistician and educator, he wrote a dissertation on the problems of predicting success in teaching. That same year, he returned to the United States at Iowa State University as a candidate for a PhD in psychology. In 1931, Kelly received his doctorate. His dissertation was devoted to the study of common factors in speech and reading disorders.
Kelly began his academic career as an instructor in physiological psychology at Fort Hay Kansas State College. Then, in the middle of the Great Depression, he decided that he should "do something else besides teaching physiological psychology." He became involved in clinical psychology without even being formally trained in emotional issues. During a 13-year stay at Fort Hayes (1931-1943), Kelly developed a program of traveling psychological clinics in Kansas. He traveled a lot with his students, providing the necessary psychological assistance in the system of public schools for public education. Based on this experience, numerous ideas were born that were later incorporated into his theoretical formulations. During this period, Kelly moved away from the Freudian approach to therapy. His clinical experience suggested that people in the Midwest suffered more from prolonged drought, dust storms, and economic hardship than from the forces of libido.
During World War II, Kelly, as a psychologist for the Naval Aviation Unit, led a program to train local civilian pilots. He also worked in the aviation department of the Bureau of Medicine and Naval Surgery, where he remained until 1945. This year he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Maryland.
After the end of the war, there was a significant need for clinical psychologists, as many of the US military returning home had a variety of psychological problems. Indeed, World War II was an important factor in the development of clinical psychology as an integral part of the science of health. Kelly became the pre-eminent figure in the field. In 1946, he entered the state level in psychology when he became professor and director of the department of clinical psychology at Ohio State University. During his 20 years here, Kelly completed and published his personality theory. He also ran a clinical psychology program for top graduate students in the United States.
In 1965, Kelly began working at Brandeis University, where he was invited to the chair of behavioral sciences. This post (a professor's dream come true) gave him great freedom to continue his own scientific research. He died in 1967 at the age of 62. Until his death, Kelly compiled a book of the countless talks he had given over the previous decade. A revised version of this work was published posthumously in 1969, edited by Brendan Maher.
Besides the fact that Kelly was an outstanding teacher, scientist, theorist, he held key positions in American psychology. He was president of two divisions - clinical and advisory - in the American Psychological Association. He has also lectured extensively in the United States and abroad. In the last years of his life, Kelly paid much attention to the possible application of his theory of personality constructs in resolving various international problems.
Kelly's most famous scientific work is the two-volume work The Psychology of Personality Constructs (1955). It describes his theoretical formulations of the concept of personality and their clinical applications. The following books are recommended for students wishing to become familiar with other aspects of Kelly's work: New Directions in Personality Construct Theory, The Psychology of the Personality Construct, and The Development of the Psychology of the Personality Construct.
KELLY GEORGE ALEXANDER.
George Alexander Kelly was born April 18, 1905 in the USA. In his youth, he studied rather mediocrely and, only while studying at the university, became interested in psychology. His first articles appeared in the 1930s. 20th century and were devoted to practical psychology, problems of communication.
In the late 1930s J. Kelly became interested in the problems of personality psychology. The theories that existed at that time did not match the views of the young scientist, so he decided to create his own concept. To do this, he even had to develop a special method for studying personality, called the "method of repertory grids."
After defending his doctoral dissertation, J. Kelly taught at the university and simultaneously conducted laboratory research. He was a talented experimenter and actively applied his method. As a result, he developed a new concept of personality, called the theory of personality constructs. This theory appeared, among other things, because of the disappointment in behavioral and non-behavioral theories that had matured in scientific circles. It has become a new word in psychology and in many respects anticipated the emergence of the cognitive direction. On April 15, 1955, J. Kelly's book "The Psychology of Personality Constructs" was published. In this work, the author examined how a person builds a holistic image of the world in his mind and how, with the help of this image, he can predict and control the events and behavior of the people around him.
The key concept of the theory of personality constructs created by J. Kelly, which forms the core of personality, is the concept of "personality construct" - a generalization from previous experience, a classification and evaluation standard created by the personality and tested by it on its own experience. Personality in the theory of personality constructs is an organized system more or less important constructs And to understand a person, it is enough to know the constructs that he creates and uses, the events included in these constructs, and how they relate to each other.
If the construct facilitates the adequacy of predicting events, it is retained by the individual; if the forecast is not confirmed, then the construct is revised or excluded. The effectiveness of this structure is tested by the individual in terms of its predictive effectiveness, the degree of which may vary. The personal construct organizes and regulates behavior, reconstructs the system of relationships, realizing the understanding of objects in their similarities and differences, constructing the image of "I".
J. Kelly wrote that all personal constructs have two opposite poles: emergent (the pole of similarity of the elements of the construct) and implicit (the pole of contrast). To create a construct, at least three elements are required, two of which must be similar to each other, and the third must be different from the first two. In anticipation of events, a person selects constructs that seem relevant, and then chooses which of the poles of relevant constructs will be applied. The choice of the pole of a construct is called a difficult choice in the theory of personality constructs.
In accordance with the nature of the control exercised over the elements, J. Kelly singled out specific types of personality constructs: anticipatory, constellatory and suggestive. The anticipatory construct is responsible for the standardization of its constituent elements. A constellation construct can simultaneously belong to different areas, but is constant only in its own area. The suggestive construct leaves its elements open to alternative constructs and allows the individual to be open to new experiences.
Constructs as complex formations have a number of properties. First, they are characterized by a range of applicability, which includes all events for which a construct can be applicable. This property arises because all constructs have a limited range of applicability, although the limits of the range may vary from construct to construct. Secondly, there is a focus of applicability of the construct, specific to each person.
The third important property of the construct is the degree of its permeability, in which they can differ. A permeable construct admits into its range of applicability elements not yet construed within its boundaries. The impenetrable construct embraces the phenomena that make up its original basis and remains closed to the interpretation of new experience. The degree of permeability and impermeability of constructs is relative. Permeability refers only to the scope of the construct - the construct is, by definition, impervious to experience outside the range of applicability.
Depending on the features of applicability, J. Kelly distinguished the main and peripheral constructs. According to the degree of stability and immutability, he also distinguished between basic and situational personal constructs, and according to the features of the range - comprehensive and particular constructs. They can also be rigid, i.e. giving a constant forecast, or free, allowing you to make different forecasts under similar conditions.
The totality of personal constructs is a system with a complex hierarchy and many subsystems. Since the construct is not assimilated from the outside, but is built exclusively by the person himself, it is always defined individually. In his work, J. Kelly gave examples of personal constructs that a person uses to assess everyday life, "agitated - calm", "smart - stupid", "male - female", "religious - non-religious", "good - bad" and "friendly - hostile".
This book can be seen as an attempt to combine scientific and humanistic approaches to the study of human personality. Here Kelly made an attempt to overcome the discrepancy between the theoretical concepts of personality, created at different times, and the practical problems of each individual person. Thus, he came to the idea of creating a kind of metatheory that can be applied both to scientific research and to specific problems of an individual. The basic principle of Kelly's approach was the same perception of the psychologist and the subject. He understood a person as a scientist, a researcher who builds his own image of the world. According to Kelly, each person constantly draws conclusions from the information that comes to him, puts forward hypotheses and checks their correctness. He tries to predict events, his own behavior and the behavior of others, while taking into account all the information received from the outside. Thus, the approach of this scientist was very different from generally accepted principles. Instead of the object approach used by most psychologists of that time, J. Kelly proposed a subjective one.
A feature of this book is also that in it the author contrasted his theory of personality with other concepts that understand a person as passively subject to the influence of external forces, depending entirely on chance and subject to internal, subconscious irrational drives.
George Alexander Kelly died in 1962. In psychology, he acted as an innovator, since his ideas anticipated the development of science by several years. He created an original theory of personality, which was deeply scientific and at the same time had practical significance. Kelly contrasted it with the views of behaviorists, he understood each person as a researcher who is constantly engaged in building his own "image of the world" with the help of constructs.
Grace Kelly. The Snow Queen During the filming of Dial M for Murder, Alfred Hitchcock ironically referred to Grace Kelly as the Snow Queen. But this nickname did not suit her at all, since in fact the actress became famous on the set of this and others.
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Grace Kelly. Princess of the American Dream The life of Grace Kelly is an example of how any dream can come true - you just have to dream with all your might. She lived to the fullest and was able not only to succeed in her profession - cinema - but also to get, as he wrote
Grace Kelly PRINCESS OF THE AMERICAN DREAM Grace Kelly's life is an example of how any dream can come true - you just have to dream with all your might. She lived to the fullest and was able not only to succeed in her profession - cinema - but also to get, as he wrote
A PRINCESS ON SCREEN AND IN LIFE Grace Kelly
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Introducing Grace Kelly: the one who believes in dreams The future model and TV star, Queen of Hollywood and Princess of Monaco - in other words, a superstar - was born on November 12, 1929. But before she reached all these heights, she was just Grace Patricia, the third of four children in
Grace Kelly Flirting Academy Criminal passions, romances, scandals and rumors... Phew! We've grown tired of discussing Grace's personal life before we even get to the fictional movie flirting that's based on the love triangle (or square). In fact,
Grace Kelly Style Guide First, let's take a look at the basics of Grace's style without unnecessary frills (and lace).
Kelly bag "Personal style is mainly determined by the lady's bag." The Christa Vale Kelly bag is the accessory most associated with Grace and her Look. She was often photographed with a Herm?s bag in the mid-50s - for example, at the Cannes Film Festival in 1955 and 1956, and
The main wardrobe of Grace Kelly The film "Mad Men" has become a real find for fans of Grace, lovers of high fashion and style a la Kelly. Here are the real facts about Kelly's wardrobe staples, without which her inspired look would be
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Little phonebook Grace Kelly Shops New YorkBloomingdale's504 BroadwayNew YorkNY 10,012,212 729 5900www.bloomingdales.comBanana Republic Flagship StoreRockefeller Center626 Fifth AvenueNew YorkNY 10,020,212 974 2350www.bananarepublic.comGAP Flagship Store1212 Sixth AvenueNY 10036, New York212 730 1087www.gap.comLondonFortnum and Mason181 Piccadilly, LondonW1A 1ER0845 300 1707www.fortnumandmason.comJo Malone23 Brook Street, LondonW1K
Grace Kelly Foundation After the death of his wife, Prince Rainier continued her noble work, supporting the activities of a charitable foundation organized to help young promising artists. “In the thirtieth year of its existence,” is reported on the main
Grace Kelly and the Music Of all her virtues, this is what makes us joyfully sing and try to hit a high note, as Grace did in High Society. Composer Cy Coleman staged the musical Grace about her, which premiered in Holland in 2001. IN
Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier By the time of her meeting with the prince of the tiny Principality of Monaco, Rainier, American actress and movie star Grace Kelly had already become famous. Her film partners have included crowd idols such as Clark Gable, Eva Gardner, Harry Cooper and Marlon.
Dolly returns home in cute short shorts, which from a distance can easily be mistaken for an element of underwear. For example, it happened with Mrs. Smith, looking for a girl out of the window. Mrs. Smith's verdict is simple - the girl leads a life far from high moral principles, and the number of her young people, to put it mildly, is excessive. But how are shorts and their length related to human morality? For Dolly herself, maybe there is no connection. Mrs. Smith, however, has a personality construct of her own that has allowed her to unequivocally—and unprintably—appraise her neighbor.
What is a personality construct and how does it appear?
A personal construct, according to the theory of the American psychologist George Kelly, is an abstraction or generalization from previous experience, a classification and evaluation standard created by a person and verified by her on her own experience. Simply put, a construct is our own definition that helps to evaluate certain phenomena or situations and works as a kind of “label”. A mandatory property of any construct is its dichotomy - bipolarity, the presence of two poles:
- The pole of similarity (another name is emergent) is activated when two objects, phenomena or people being compared are somewhat similar and resemble each other in terms of compared characteristics.
- Pole of contrast (implicit) - the compared objects are completely different in the compared parameters.
Kelly did not delve into the origins of the appearance and differences of constructs in humans - he only noted that for the formation of a construct, at least three observable objects are needed, two of which are similar, and one is radically different from them. However, now we can confidently state the fact that the life experience of a person becomes the basis of the constructs. Our observations of various life events result in a certain system, a picture of the world with a general set of cause-and-effect relationships. Of course, everyone's experience is subjective - that's why the constructs sometimes differ so much.
Returning to the example described in the introductory paragraph - Mrs. Smith, based on her life experience, did not appreciate Dolly and her clothes. However, a fashion designer who lived across the street admired the girl's style and called her "elegant" to himself. And Dolly herself simply prefers "simple and comfortable" clothes. And, yes, all these are also personal constructs, the difference of which, as we see, sometimes reaches the limit.
Fundamental postulate of the theory
George Kelly wrote that his whole theory is based, in fact, on only one Fundamental Postulate, which he himself characterized as an assumption. The postulate, in turn, is supplemented by eleven consequences, which are also rather conjectural. That is, Kelly did not insist on the unconditional fidelity of his theory and emphasized that, by and large, these are only assumptions. The Fundamental Postulate sounds like this: "Personal processes in the psychological plan are directed along those channels, in the course of which a person anticipates events."
Let us explain - a person is entirely aimed at developing the ability to predict events in order to simplify his life. Constructs serve a person as a means of "prediction", a marker, a label that we use based on our experience. This is convenient - so as not to reinvent the wheel every time something new "threatens" to fit into our picture of the world. But a person does not need personal constructs, with the help of which it is impossible to predict at least an approximate development of events. A construct will not be used (or it will have to be fundamentally redrawn) if it is unreliable and has not been confirmed in the course of personal experience. This is called "permeability" - the degree of predictability and the ability to explain events when using any construct.
Characteristics of personality constructs:
- "Permeability", which we talked about above.
- The focus of applicability is the situation in which the construct is applied. For the smart-stupid construct, a situation in which you need to quickly learn something and reproduce a skill may well be a focus of applicability.
- The range of applicability is how many events one construct can cover for explanation. For example, a person, an act, a thing, a character trait can be evaluated as “good-bad” ... But “dry-wet” is a construct with a much smaller range of applicability. With it, probably, we will evaluate only the degree of humidity of some material object - and not an act or a situation.
J. Kelly noted that in any person whose mental development fits within the framework of the norm, it is noted:
- 1) The desire to evaluate their constructs and check the correctness of their interpretations of behavior and attitudes towards other people.
- 2) Set to change the constructs in case of their predictive inefficiency.
- 3) The desire to expand the range, scope and scope of their constructive system.
- 4) Well developed repertoire of social roles.
Consequently, the theory is not at all about the rigidity of consciousness and the abundance of patterns in the minds of people, as it might seem. A person armed with just a couple of constructs and not thinking about the correctness of their application is, according to Kelly, no longer a fully mature person.
“Are constructs necessary at all?” - the reader may ask. At present, when stereotyped thinking is considered bad manners and is increasingly rejected by society, this interest is quite understandable. After all, the theory of personality constructs, which openly postulates that we all use labels every day, can also cause some rejection if not properly understood.
Let's think about why we need constructs:
- 1) We will not be able - and there is no need - for each new situation to invent our own understanding, definition and assessment. Our system of internal and external norms and rules of behavior will suffer from this - after all, we will no longer be able to evaluate anything. Now imagine how the disappearance of the constructs "honest-false", "legal-illegal" and others will affect the world as a whole!
- 2) Constructs are a great memory organizer. Without them, we can hardly remember and be able to tell something. The speed and quality of thinking, our ability to identify events and people will deteriorate.
- 3) Personal constructs are bright colors, opposites and contrasts that give us both partiality and the most complete picture of the world. All life without them will turn for us into one continuous gray spot without poles and contrasts.
The theory of personal constructs just emphasizes the idea of the bipolarity of everything in this world - and of themselves in particular. Personality constructs can make our life much easier - but they can also simplify it to a banal labeling. They can be used to determine one's opinion, and with exactly the same success - for a one-sided judgment. However, does one pole exist without the other, the opposite - and, if so, could we determine this without having the necessary contrast of thinking? For example, "good-evil" is the oldest construct known to mankind with perhaps the widest focus and range of application.
List of sources used:
- 1. Ermine P., Titarenko T. Psychology of personality: a dictionary-reference book. - Zhytomyr: Ruta, 2001. - 329 p.
- 2. Kelly J. Psychotherapy of constructive alternativeism: the psychology of a personality model, in Sat: Techniques of counseling and psychotherapy / Comp.: W.S. Sahakian. - M .: "April-press"; "Eksmo-press", 200
- 3. Malanov SV, Methodological and theoretical foundations of psychology. - Voronezh: NPO "MODEK", 2005 - 336 p.
Editor: Chekardina Elizaveta Yurievna
