Subordinate connection in a sentence. Complex sentence with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. A17. NOT with different parts of speech

Coordinating connection

Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases

III. Adverbial phrases

1. Phrases with an adverb (for example: very successful, still good).

2. Collocations with nouns (for example: far from home, alone with my son, shortly before exams).

Syntactic connection - formal structural relations between the components of syntactic units, revealing semantic connections (syntactic relations) and expressed by means of language.

Means of expressing syntactic connections in phrases and simple sentences:

1) forms of words:

· case form of nouns;

· number, gender, case of adjectives;

· person, number, gender of conjugated forms of verbs.

2) prepositions;

3) word order;

4) intonation (in written speech expressed using punctuation marks).

Syntactic connections are divided into coordinating and subordinating, which oppose each other based on the presence/absence of the “master” and “servant” relationship in the syntactic structure.

At essay the components are single-functional. This connection is characterized by the number of combined structural components, i.e. a sign of openness/closedness.

At closed coordinating connection only two of its components can be connected ( not a sister, but a brother; you love sadly and difficultly, but a woman’s heart is a joke). Must be expressed by adversative conjunctions ( A, But), gradational ( not only but; yes and), explanatory ( namely, that is).

With an open coordinating connection, an indefinite number of components can be connected at once. Can be expressed without conjunctions or using connectors ( And, Yes) and separating ( or, or, Also etc.) unions.

At subordination The role of the components in creating a design is different, they have different functions. The Russian language has different formal means of expressing subordinating relationships. These funds are grouped into three main types.

First view formal expression of dependence is the likening of the form of the dependent word to the forms of the dominant word; such assimilation is carried out in cases where the dependent word changes by cases, numbers and genders (this is an adjective, including pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers and participles), by cases and numbers (this is a noun) or by cases other than them. n. and, for some. excl., wine n. (numerals); eg: new house (new home, new home...), late passengers, my brother, first flight; tower house, giant plant; three tables, four tables, several athletes. The condition for the formation of such a connection is the possibility of coincidence in the connecting words of case, number and gender - in case of dependence of the adjective, or case and number, or only case - in case of dependence of the noun ( tower house, in the tower house..., nursery-new building, V nursery-new building...).

Second type formal expression of dependence - setting a dependent word in the form of an indirect case without a preposition or with a preposition (attaching the case form of a name to a word); in such a connection, the main word can be a word of any part of speech, and the dependent word can be a noun (including a pronoun-noun, cardinal and collective numeral): read a book, angry with the student, drive into the yard, pass for the groom, monitor the instruments, be in the city, work for seven, father's arrival, buying a house, award to the winners, math exam, city ​​on the Volga, scientifically gifted, alone with myself, stronger than death, someone in a mask, first from the edge.

Third type formal expression of dependence - the addition to the dominant word of a word that does not have forms of change: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund, which syntactically behave as independent words. The main word can be a verb, a noun, an adjective, a cardinal numeral, and also, when combined with an adverb, a pronoun-noun. With this type of connection, the formal indicator of dependence is the immutability of the dependent word itself, and the internal, semantic indicator is the emerging relationships: run fast, right turn, beige, saddle coat, golden side, sixth from left, three upstairs, order to advance, decide to leave, act smarter, older people, someone more experienced.

In modern Russian, there are traditionally three types of subordinating connections: coordination, control and adjacency. When distinguishing and defining these connections, not only strictly formal types of connection must be taken into account, but also the significant side of the connection inseparable from these types, i.e., the relationships arising on its basis.

Coordination- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by assimilating the form of the dependent word to the form of the dominant word in gender, number and case, or in number and case, or only in case, and means relations that are actually attributive: new house, someone else's, tower house, nursery-new building. The main word in agreement can be a noun, a pronoun-noun and a cardinal numeral in the form of noun-vin. n. With words that are informatively insufficient, agreement combines a defining meaning with a complementary meaning and thus acquires signs of a strong connection: fun thing, unfathomable things.

Control- this is a subordinating relationship, which is expressed by joining the dominant word of a noun in the form of an indirect case (without a preposition or with a preposition) and means a complementary or objective relationship or a contaminated one: object-complementary or object-defining. The main word in control can be a word of any part of speech: become a scientist, be in the dark, master of inventions, brooding, two students, alone with myself; read a book, buying a house, angry at everyone; run into rudeness; get home, move down the mountain..

Adjacency is a subordinating relationship that exists in two forms, each of which receives an independent definition. There is a distinction between adjacency in the narrow sense of the word (or adjacency itself) and adjacency in the broad sense of the word (case adjacency). The actual junction - this is a connection in which the role of a dependent word is played by unchangeable words: an adverb, an unchangeable adjective, as well as an infinitive or gerund. In this case, various relations may arise: when the infinitive is adjacent - complementary (), objective ( learn to draw, agree to go), or adverbial determinatives ( come in and talk); when adjoining adverbs, gerunds - attributives ( To talk slowly, read faster, extremely interesting, city ​​at night, second from left) or determinative-replenishing ( be nearby, costly, be listed here, become smarter); when adjoining an unchangeable adjective - the actual attributives ( indigo, tsunami waves, mini skirt, older boy). A word of any part of speech can dominate in this connection.

Case adjunction- this is the attachment to the main word (any part of speech) of a case (without a preposition or with a preposition) form of a name with a defining meaning: come on the fifth of May, come in the evening, wooden spoon, city ​​on the Volga, house with two windows, checkered gray, handsome face, teapot lid, one step ahead, someone in blue, first in line. With case adjacency, attributive, subject-attributive relations arise, or - with informatively insufficient words that require an adverbial extender - adverbial-complementary ( be on the shore, be registered at the plant, cost a hundred rubles, long before dawn).

Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Possible difficulties	Good advice
It can be difficult to distinguish between a simple sentence complicated by homogeneous predicates and a complex sentence, especially if one of the parts of the complex sentence is an incomplete sentence. For example: I was late because I forgot my watch at home.	It should be remembered that homogeneous members of a sentence can only be connected by coordinating conjunctions. Do not confuse a coordinating conjunction, which connects parts of a complex sentence, and a coordinating conjunction, which connects homogeneous members of a sentence: I was tired and lay down to rest. - a conjunction connects homogeneous predicates; I was tired and I wanted to rest. - a conjunction connects parts of a complex sentence. If there is a subordinating conjunction in a dubious sentence, then you have a complex sentence, the second part of which is an incomplete sentence: I was late because I forgot my watch at home. I was in a hurry, but I was still late.
An isolated member of a sentence, a clarifying member of a sentence, an introductory construction, or a comparative phrase can be confused with a part of a complex sentence. For example: Having rounded a high cape, the ship entered the bay. Many gases, such as hydrogen, are lighter than air. I think his name is Ivan.	Make sure that this is part of a complex sentence with an independent grammatical basis, and not any of the listed structures. It should be especially noted that the target phrase with the conjunction so is the subordinate part of a complex sentence, the grammatical basis of which consists of a predicate expressed by an infinitive: To memorize the poem, she read it out loud six times.
If the subordinate clause is inside the main clause, you can make a mistake in counting the number of parts of a complex sentence (in the answer options for a task of this kind, the number of parts of a complex sentence is sometimes indicated).	Find the grammatical bases of the sentences that make up the complex. There are exactly as many parts to a sentence as there are grammatical principles. For example: He quickly studied what was then known in the field of mathematics, and even began his own research. The basis of the first part: he studied and studied. The basis of the second part: what was known. Therefore, a complex sentence has two parts.
It can be difficult to determine the types of connections between parts of a complex sentence with different types of connections. For example: It was impossible to stop: as soon as I stopped moving, my legs were sucked in and my footprints filled with water.	The type of connection is determined by the union. Find conjunctions that connect parts of a complex sentence. If there is no union between some parts, then the connection between them is non-union, if the union is coordinating or subordinating, then the connection is coordinating or subordinating, respectively. In the example given, the sentence consists of four parts. The first (it was impossible to stop) and the third (my legs were sucked in) are connected by a non-union connection, the second (as soon as I stopped moving) and the third (my legs were sucked in) are connected by a subordinating connection using a subordinating conjunction as soon as possible, the third and fourth (the footprints were filled with water) - a coordinating connection using the coordinating conjunction a.

Difficult sentence. Types of Complex Sentences

In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, connecting them with each other.

Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more simple clauses. Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, do not have their own purpose of utterance and are combined in meaning and pronunciation into one whole.

The storm has already subsided, the wind has weakened.

As it comes back, so will it respond.

The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.

Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined using intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).

The sun is shining over the lake, and the glare is blinding your eyes(union).

Sentences with conjunctions and allied words are divided into two groups: compound sentences, complex sentences.

Compound sentences are those in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses were opened wide at night.

The fur coat was moth-eaten, but the mittens were like new.

Complex sentences are those in which one of the sentences is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. An independent sentence as part of a complex sentence is called the main one, and a dependent sentence, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.

If you're in Myshkin(adverbial clause), go to the Efimkins(The main thing).

I want to find a pebble(The main thing), which you don't have(adverbial clause).

Complex sentences with various types of allied and non-union connections

If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected using coordinating conjunctions, others - using subordinating conjunctions, and others - without conjunctions. Such a sentence is called a complex sentence with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.

There was no one too strong vice in me that would have stood out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no picture-perfect virtue in me that could have given me some kind of picture-perfect appearance, but instead, in me there was a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and in such a multitude that I have never seen before in any person. (N.V. Gogol).

(This is a complex sentence consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by subordinating, coordinating and non-conjunctive connections.)

The parts of a complex sentence must be connected to each other using a coordinating or subordinating connection. What kind of connection is used in a complex sentence can be determined by the conjunction and some other important details. This is how they distinguish (SSP) and complex sentences (SPP).

To begin with, we should remember that a complex sentence consists of two or more grammatical bases that have a single semantic meaning. How these stems interact determines the type of sentence and the punctuation required.

For example, the sentence “I'll go for a walk” is simple, it has one grammatical basis. But if you add one more part to it (“I’ll go for a walk, but first I’ll do my homework”), you’ll get a SSP with two stems “I’ll go for a walk” and “I’ll do my homework,” where “but” acts as a coordinating conjunction.

What is coordinating communication? This is the interaction of two or more parts that are equal and independent of each other. Coordinating sentences are defined in two simple ways.

Necessary:

1. Asking a question from one grammatical basis to another is usually impossible in SSP: “The morning was cool, but I went for a bike ride.”
2. Try to divide the SSP into two separate sentences without losing the meaning: “The sun disappeared behind the hill, and the heads of the sunflowers drooped sadly” - “The sun went down” and “The heads of the sunflowers sadly drooped.” The meaning is not lost, but one sentence has turned into two separate ones.

Vivid examples can be found in Russian folklore: “The hair is long, but the mind is short”, “The woman dances, and the grandfather cries”, “The woman is with the cart, but the mare is lighter”; they are also found in descriptions of nature and texts of reflection.

Parts of the BSC are usually connected by conjunctions of the same name, which are divided into types: connecting (and, also, etc.), dividing (or, either, not that... not that, etc.) and adversative (but, but, but, etc.).

It is important to know! Coordinating connection can be used not only to connect simple sentences as part of a complex sentence, but also to connect homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases.

Subordinating connection

If two or more grammatical stems are used, and they are not equal, but depend in some order on each other, then this is a complex sentence with.

An IPP necessarily has a main part and a subordinate clause, and from the first to the second you can ask a defining question.

For example, “Vasya went out for a walk because his mother started spring cleaning.” The main part “Vasya went out for a walk”, from it we ask the question “why did he do this?” and in the subordinate part the answer is “because mom started spring cleaning.”

The secondary or subordinate part can act as a circumstance, definition or addition.

This type of interaction can be defined:

1. By asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
2. By highlighting the grammatical basics and identifying the main one.
3. Determine the type of union.

In writing, this relationship of parts is highlighted by punctuation marks, and in oral speech - by an intonation pause.

Types of subordinating connections

In order to correctly parse a sentence into parts and determine the types of subordinating connections, it is necessary to correctly identify the main part and ask a question from it to the subordinate clause.

The subordinate clause can be of several types:

1. The attribute answers the questions: which one? which? whose?
2. The indicative answers questions of indirect cases, i.e. everything except the nominative.
3. The adverbial answers the questions: where? Where? For what? where? Why? When? How?

Since the group of adverbial clauses is very large, subgroups are distinguished among them. Questions also help determine the species.

The adverbial adverbial clause is of the following types:

• time (when? how long?);
• places (where? to where? from?);
• reasons (why?);
• goals (for what? for what purpose?);
• mode of action and degree (how? to what extent? to what extent?);
• comparisons (how?);
• consequences (what follows from this?);
• conditions (under what condition?);
• concessions (in spite of what?).

Important! The type of subordinate clause is determined precisely by the question, and not by the type of subordinating conjunction or allied word. So, for example, the conjunctive word “where” can be used not only in adverbial clauses, but also in the attributive clause: “I’m rushing to that house (which one?) where I used to live.”

Types of communication in NGN

Since such a sentence often contains several subordinate clauses at once, it should also define subordinate relations:

• Consistent submission. Each subordinate clause refers to a word from the preceding clause ("I was humming a song I heard yesterday when we were walking in the park").
• Homogeneous submission. The structure resembles homogeneous members of a sentence. Subordinate clauses answer one question and refer to the same word in the main sentence, while subordinating conjunctions can be different (“After what happened, I didn’t understand how to live and what to do next, how to forget everything and start life again”). The placement of punctuation marks follows the same rule as punctuation for homogeneous members of a sentence.
• Parallel subordination. Subordinate clauses refer to the same main sentence, but answer different questions: “I was bored there, despite the crowd of people, because no one was interesting to me there.”

Important! There may also be sentences with combined subordination.

Subtleties of punctuation

It is equally important to know what punctuation marks should be placed in the SSP and SPP, because the parts are necessarily connected by a conjunction - an auxiliary part of speech that is not inflected, not conjugated and connects homogeneous members or simple sentences as part of a complex one. It is the conjunction that helps to understand what type of connection is used in a sentence.

Coordinating and subordinating connections in sentences involve the use of conjunctions of the same name. Moreover, any of them is necessarily highlighted by a comma on paper, and when reading - by an intonation pause.

Subordinating conjunctions include: what, how, so that, barely, only, when, where, from where, so much, to what extent, as if, as if, because, if, despite that, although, etc.

The coordinating connection in a sentence and phrase determines the use of conjunctions: and, yes, not only, also, but also, also, as ..., so, or, either, then, but, however, also, also, that is, etc.

But sentences can also be non-conjunctive, in which case its parts are separated not only by a comma (“The sun has risen, the roosters have begun their morning songs as usual”), but also by other punctuation marks:

• with a colon: “I told you: you can’t be late!”
• semicolon: “The stars lit up in the sky, filling the night with light; sensing the night, a wolf howled on a high hill in the distance; a night bird screamed nearby on a tree.”
• dash: “It’s pouring like buckets outside - it’s impossible to go out for a walk.”

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Let's sum it up

The presence of complex sentences makes written and oral speech bright and expressive. They can often be found in fiction and journalistic articles. The presence of complex structures allows a person to correctly and consistently express his thoughts, as well as show his level of literacy. Errors in punctuation, on the contrary, indicate low speech culture and illiteracy.

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Among sentences 3-10, find a complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(3) Something has closed in Fyodor. (4) My head was empty. (5) In class, when they picked him up, he stood up, confused, not knowing what to say, and the guys already started giggling at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev. (6) But Fyodor did not seem to hear this either. (7) His body seemed to have lost the ability to sense, and his soul to feel. (8) After classes, he got on the bus and went to the old district.

(9) On one of these visits, an excavator operator loading crushed stone into a dump truck shouted to Fedor:

- (10) Hey, guy! Clean up your dovecote!

Correct answer: 5

A comment:

A complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses must, firstly, be complex, that is, have subordinating conjunctions; secondly, it is necessary that the subordinate clauses answer different questions, this is precisely the main feature of parallel subordination; thirdly, there must be at least three basics.

Proposition 5 meets all these conditions.

[In class, (when he raised), he got up, confused, not knowing], (what say), and the guys already started giggling at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev.

Simple sentences within a complex sentence (SPP) are highlighted in brackets; stems are in italics.

What you need to know:
In a complex sentence there can be not one subordinate clause, but two, three, four or more. Subordinate clauses are connected not only with the main part of the sentence, but also with each other. This connection can be different in nature:

Homogeneous Subordination

Subordination is considered homogeneous, and subordinate clauses are considered homogeneous under two conditions:

1. If subordinate clauses refer to the entire main clause or to the same word.
2. They are clauses of the same type.

Example: She knew that the girls looked warily at the closed door of the room, that they felt connected... (Yu. German).

[ - = ], (what - =), (what = -)...

Note

The subordinating conjunction (or allied word) in the second of the homogeneous subordinate clauses may be absent, but it can be easily restored from the first subordinate clause, for example: He was no longer afraid, although the thunder crackled as before and (although) lightning striped the whole sky (A. Chekhov). Pay attention to the absence of a comma between the two subordinate clauses: there is none, since the subordinate clauses are homogeneous and are connected by the conjunction I.

[ = ], (although - =) and ((although) - =).

Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination

If of the two conditions of homogeneous subordination only one is satisfied and the other is not, then we are dealing with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination.
Thus, subordinate clauses with heterogeneous subordination either refer to one thing, but at the same time are subordinate clauses of different types, or, being subordinate clauses of the same type (usually these are attributive clauses), refer to different words.

Example: When we got up, it was impossible to understand what time it was (A. Chekhov).

(When - =), [then = ], (which -).

Consistent submission

With sequential subordination, subordinate clauses are connected to each other as if in a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (this is a subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the first (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree), the third - to the second (subordinate clause of the 3rd degree), etc.

Example: It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that happen when the weather has settled for a long time (I. Turgenev).

[ = - ], (which =), (when - =).

With sequential subordination, a combination of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunction word (what if, what when, what why, etc.) is possible. In such cases, the second clause appears inside the first.

It so happened that when we were driving, there was not the slightest swell (M. Prishvin).

[ = ], (what, (when - =), =)

Combined submission

In a complex sentence with a large number of subordinate clauses, combined subordination is possible (homogeneous and parallel, homogeneous and sequential, sequential and parallel; homogeneous, sequential and parallel).

Example:In the evening the storm became so intense that it was impossible to hear whether the wind was humming or thunder roaring.(I. Goncharov) (consistent and homogeneous submission)

[ - = ], (what =), (= whether -) or (= -).

(consistent and homogeneous subordination).

Example: To move forward, look back often, otherwise you will forget where you came from and where you need to go(L. Andreev).

(To =), [ = ], (otherwise - =), (from where - =) and (where =).

(homogeneous, parallel and sequential submission).

If the dependent word answers the question how? and is an adverb, then the adjacency connection is used in the phrase. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Agreement is a subordinating relationship in which the dependent word agrees with the main word in the form of gender, number and case. A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence.

Go to the garden - management, go there - adjoining. If there is a preposition between the main word and the dependent word, then you have control. When adjoining, the dependent word is an infinitive, adverb or gerund. In the complex interaction of two organisms, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility to distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections.

See what a “subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:

Examples: writing poetry, faith in victory, satisfied with the answer. This pair of words should not be written out, since the grammatical foundations in which the words are connected by a coordinating connection, that is, have equal rights, are NOT a phrase. The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. Subordination is a subordinating relationship, a formally expressed dependence of one syntactic element (word, sentence) on another.

PARATAXIS - linguistic. the coordinating connection of two or more clauses within one complex sentence; connection between parts of a sentence. All types of subordinating connections: control, coordination, reflection, adjunction express the dependent position of one word in relation to another. The subordinating relationship is most often expressed using various inflectional suffixes of number, case, and possessive suffixes.

Sometimes the gender, number and case of nouns associated with management are the same, so in such cases it is possible to confuse management with agreement, for example: the director of a college. If the dependent word does not change, then this is a phrase with management: from the director of the college - to the director of the college. Sometimes it is difficult to establish which word in a phrase is the main one and which is the dependent one, for example: slightly sad, I like to eat.

In phrases in the form of a verb + infinitive, the main word is always the verb, and the dependent word is the infinitive. Syntax is a section of grammar that studies the structure and meaning of phrases and sentences. Based on the number of grammatical stems, sentences are divided into simple (one grammatical stem) and complex (more than one grammatical stem).

You mean: Now I saw that the rain had stopped↓, ↓ that the cloud had moved on.↓ By the way, I listened to this option for myself - at first glance, it seems possible. 1. There cannot be a descending phrase in the middle of the SPP - otherwise the intonation of the enumeration, and with it the coordinating connection, will be preserved. They also write about this on the Internet. When the main word changes, the dependent word also changes.

In the categories of pronouns, there are two homonymous (identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning) categories. Distinguish between the prepositional case form and the adverb. 1) Determine the main word by asking a question from one word to another. We determine the part of speech of the dependent word: mechanically is an adverb. 3. If you need control, look for a noun or pronoun that is not in the nominative case.

I was in third grade when I caught a bad cold. Mom called an ambulance and we went to the local hospital. Subordination is characterized by irreversible relationships between parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without damaging the overall content. Examples: little boy, summer evening; our doctor, on Lake Baikal. Examples: female astronaut, excellent student. 4](word order, lexicality and intonation).

The independent part in it is called the main part, and the dependent part is called the subordinate part. Suddenly, the insidious prisoner stunned me with the handle of a pistol, as you guessed (uncommon introductory sentence, where the highlighted words are subject and predicate), my own pistol.”

Example 2. SPP: NOW AND I SAW THAT THE RAIN IS ENDED, THE CLOUD IS GOING FURTHER. There are three types of subordinating relationships between the main and dependent words in a phrase: agreement, control and adjacency. In a complex sentence, a subordinating relationship exists between the main and subordinate clauses. Students and the examiner are not collocations, because the connection between words is coordinating, not subordinating (that is, it is impossible to distinguish between the main and dependent words).